Journal articles: 'Microwave resonator technique'

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Stanovov, Vladimir V., Sergey A. Khodenkov, Aleksey M. Popov, and Lev A. Kazakovtsev. "The Automatic Design of Multimode Resonator Topology with Evolutionary Algorithms." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051961.

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Microwave electromagnetic devices have been used for many applications in tropospheric communication, navigation, radar systems, and measurement. The development of the signal preprocessing units including frequency-selective devices (bandpass filters) determines the reliability and usability of such systems. In wireless sensor network nodes, filters with microstrip resonators are widely used to improve the out-of-band suppression and frequency selectivity. Filters based on multimode microstrip resonators have an order that determines their frequency-selective properties, which is a multiple of the number of resonators. That enables us to reduce the size of systems without deteriorating their selective properties. Various microstrip multimode resonator topologies can be used for both filters and microwave sensors, however, the quality criteria for them may differ. The development of every resonator topology is time consuming. We propose a technique for the automatic generation of the resonator topology with required frequency characteristics based on the use of evolutionary algorithms. The topology is encoded into a set of real valued parameters, which are varied to achieve the desired features. The differential evolution algorithm and the genetic algorithm with simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation are applied to solve the formulated problem using the dynamic penalties method. The experimental results show that our technique enables us to find microstrip resonator topologies with desired amplitude-frequency characteristics automatically, and manufactured devices demonstrate characteristics very close to the results of the algorithm. The proposed algorithmic approach may be used for automatically exploring the new perspective topologies of resonators used in microwave filters, radar antennas or sensors, in accordance with the defined criteria and constraints.

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Haq, Tanveerul, and Slawomir Koziel. "Rapid Design Optimization and Calibration of Microwave Sensors Based on Equivalent Complementary Resonators for High Sensitivity and Low Fabrication Tolerance." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021044.

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This paper presents the design, optimization, and calibration of multivariable resonators for microwave dielectric sensors. An optimization technique for the circular complementary split ring resonator (CC-SRR) and square complementary split ring resonator (SC-SRR) is presented to achieve the required transmission response in a precise manner. The optimized resonators are manufactured using a standard photolithographic technique and measured for fabrication tolerance. The fabricated sensor is presented for the high-resolution characterization of dielectric substrates and oil samples. A three-dimensional dielectric container is attached to the sensor and acts as a pool for the sample under test (SUT). In the presented technique, the dielectric substrates and oil samples can interact directly with the electromagnetic (EM) field emitted from the resonator. For the sake of sensor calibration, a relation between the relative permittivity of the dielectric samples and the resonant frequency of the sensor is established in the form of an inverse regression model. Comparisons with state-of-the-art sensors indicate the superiority of the presented design in terms of oil characterization reliability. The significant technical contributions of this work include the employment of the rigorous optimization of geometry parameters of the sensor, leading to its superior performance, and the development and application of the inverse-model-based calibration procedure.

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Zhi, Qingong, Wenhan Guan, and Yongjing Guo. "Pyrolysis Process of Microwave-Enhanced Recovery of Sucker Rod Carbon Fiber Composite." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400118.

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This paper recycles and reuses sucker rod carbon fiber composite by microwave technique. The high temperature dielectric parameters of sucker rod carbon fiber composite were tested with the perturbation technique of cylindrical resonator. The structure and performance of the recovered carbon fiber samples were characterized by testing methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results show that: the carbon fiber of sucker rod is good at absorbing microwaves. During microwave pyrolysis, the heating rate can reach 359.46 (℃/min), which greatly shortens the processing time. In addition, the microwave technique does not affect chemical bonds and functional group types, and the resulting recycled carbon fibers can be recycled well.

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Saleh, Khaldoun, Pierre-Henri Merrer, Amel Ali-Slimane, Olivier Llopis, and Gilles Cibiel. "Study of the noise processes in microwave oscillators based on passive optical resonators." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 3 (April 23, 2013): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000354.

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Two types of optoelectronic oscillators delivering high spectral purity microwave signals are presented in this paper. These oscillators use the Pound–Drever–Hall laser stabilization technique to lock the laser carrier onto two different types of passive optical resonators featuring high-quality factors: a fiber ring resonator (FRR) and a whispering gallery mode monocrystalline disk-shaped micro-resonator. The different noise processes occurring inside these oscillators are discussed. Particular attention is given to the conversion of the laser's amplitude and frequency noise into RF phase noise via the laser stabilization loop and the resonator, and via the photodetector nonlinearity as well. A modeling approach using CAD software is also proposed to qualitatively evaluate laser noise conversion through the optical resonator. Moreover, different contributions of nonlinear optical scattering noise are discussed, mainly in the case of the FRR-based oscillator. When controlling these nonlinear optical effects in the case of the FRR, low-phase noise operation of the oscillator has been achieved, with a −40 dBc/Hz noise level at 10 Hz offset frequency from a 10.2 GHz RF carrier.

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Ranjan, Apoorv, Adam Patel, Xingxing Wang, and Alexey Shashurin. "Thomson microwave scattering for diagnostics of small plasma objects enclosed within glass tubes." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0111685.

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In this work, coherent microwave scattering in the Thomson regime was demonstrated for small-scale plasmas enclosed within a glass tube and validated using a well-known hairpin resonator probe technique. The experiments were conducted in a DC discharge tube with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a length of 7 cm. Thomson microwave scattering (TMS) diagnostics yielded electron number densities of about 5.9 × 1010 cm−3, 2.8 × 1010 cm−3, and 1.8 × 1010 cm−3 for air pressures in the discharge tube of 0.2, 0.5, and 2.5 Torr, respectively. Measurements using the TMS technique were consistent across the tested microwave frequencies of 3–3.9 GHz within the margin of error associated with non-idealities of the IQ mixer utilized in the circuit. The corresponding densities measured with the hairpin resonator probe were 4.8 × 1010, 3.8 × 1010, and 2.6 × 1010 cm−3. Discrepancies between the two techniques were within 30% and can be attributed to inaccuracies in the sheath thickness estimation required for correct interpretation of the hairpin resonator probe results.

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Tsuchimoto, Yuta, and Martin Kroner. "Low-loss high-impedance circuit for quantum transduction between optical and microwave photons." Materials for Quantum Technology 2, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ac5ac4.

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Abstract Quantum transducers between microwave and optical photons are essential for long-distance quantum networks based on superconducting qubits. An optically active self-assembled quantum dot molecule (QDM) is an attractive platform for the implementation of a quantum transducer because an exciton in a QDM can be efficiently coupled to both optical and microwave fields at the single-photon level. Recently, the transduction between microwave and optical photons has been demonstrated with a QDM integrated with a superconducting resonator. In this paper, we present a design of a QD-high impedance resonator device with a low microwave loss and an expected large single-microwave photon coupling strength of 100s of MHz. We integrate self-assembled QDs onto a high-impedance superconducting resonator using a transfer printing technique and demonstrate a low-microwave loss rate of 1.8 MHz and gate tunability of the QDs. The corresponding microwave photon decay time of 88 ns is longer than the time necessary for the optical-microwave transduction process as well as the transmon-resonator swap operation time. This feature will facilitate efficient quantum transduction between an optical and microwave qubit.

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Ejaz, Tahir, Hamood Ur Rahman, T. Tauqeer, Adnan Masood, and Tahir Zaidi. "Shield Optimization and Formulation of Regression Equations for Split-Ring Resonator." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4754192.

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Microwave resonators are widely used for numerous applications including communication, biomedical and chemical applications, material testing, and food grading. Split-ring resonators in both planar and nonplanar forms are a simple structure which has been in use for several decades. This type of resonator is characterized with low cost, ease of fabrication, moderate quality factor, low external noise interference, high stability, and so forth. Due to these attractive features and ease in handling, nonplanar form of structure has been utilized for material characterization in 1–5 GHz range. Resonant frequency and quality factor are two important parameters for determination of material properties utilizing perturbation theory. Shield made of conducting material is utilized to enclose split-ring resonator which enhances quality factor. This work presents a novel technique to develop shield around a predesigned nonplanar split-ring resonator to yield optimized quality factor. Based on this technique and statistical analysis regression equations have also been formulated for resonant frequency and quality factor which is a major outcome of this work. These equations quantify dependence of output parameters on various factors of shield made of different materials. Such analysis is instrumental in development of devices/designs where improved/optimum result is required.

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Boudkhil, A., B. Mansouri, M. Chetioui, M. Damou, A. Lallam, and N. Benahmed. "Coupling Matrix Designing of a Cross-Coupled ‎Resonator Waveguide Filter Based on a Fast ‎Tuning and Step by Step Optimization ‎Technique." Advanced Electromagnetics 11, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v11i2.1758.

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This paper presents an efficient hybrid method of filter modeling that combines a fast tuning step to global optimization technique to design a new topology of a 4th order cross-coupled resonator bandpass microwave filter. The method can rapidly extract the coupling matrix from the electromagnetic (EM) simulated scattering parameters (S-parameters) of a rectangular waveguide resonator bandpass filter with losses that will be implemented in a computer-aided tuning tool to develop a high performance microwave bandpass filter design simulated by successively adding a one resonator each time of a set of sequential tuning iterations within the ANSYS-HFSS. This minimizes the time of designing of the microwave filter's structure as well as permits to ‎build a higher waveguide filter's order providing a complex ‎cross-coupling‎. A filter parameters’ manual-coarse adjustment is finally achieved by implementing a step by step optimization tool based on the EM-simulator as a fast process for ideal refinement to the partial circuital response.

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SHI, LIBIN, YUNFEI WANG, YUYANG KE, QUANWU WANG, ZHEN ZHANG, GUOHUA ZHANG, SHENG LUO, et al. "THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE FILMS AND THE SUBSTRATES ON THE MICROWAVE PROPERTIES Of YBCO THIN FILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2007): 3224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920704424x.

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The microwave properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x / LaAlO 3 (YBCO/LAO) and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x / MgO (YBCO/MgO) thin films have been investigated by microstrip resonator technique. The penetration depth λ0(0 K ) and the microwave surface resistance Rs can be obtained by analyzing the experimental data of the temperature dependence of resonant frequency, unload quality factor of the microstrip resonator. The stress in the two thin films can be obtained from their XRD patterns. The result shows that the stronger stress in YBCO/LAO thing film makes it have larger microwave surface resistance at lower temperature.

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Yoo, Hyun Jun, Jong Chel Kim, Arsen Babajayan, Song Hui Kim, and Kie Jin Lee. "Nondestructive and Non-Contact Characterization Technique for Metal Thin Films Using a Near-Field Microwave Microprobe." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1457.

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We observed the surface resistance of metal thin films by a nondestructive characterization method using a near-field scanning microwave microprobe (NSMM). The NSMM system was coupled to a dielectric resonator with a distance regulation system. To demonstrate the ability of local microwave characterization, the surface resistance dependence of the metallic thin films has been mapped nondestructively.

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Rendale, Maruti, Shrihar Mathad, and Vijaya Puri. "Resonance shifting by ferrite thick film superstrate." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 15, no. 3 (2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1803275r.

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Fritless thick films of Ni-Co-Zn ferrites were fabricated by screen printing technique on alumina substrates. Structural analysis was undertaken using X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy techniques. A new approach for the determination of complex permittivity (?' and ?'' ) using microwave property perturbation is unveiled. Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator (MSRR) with and without the thick film substrate was used for the microwave transmission studies in the frequency region of 8-12 GHz. The microwave conductivity of the thick films lies in the range of 1.779 S/cm to 2.296 S/cm. The penetration depth is also reported within the X-band of microwave frequencies.

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Nguyen, Thach G., Kiplimo Yego, Guanghui Ren, Andreas Boes, and Arnan Mitchell. "Microwave engineering filter synthesis technique for coupled ridge resonator filters." Optics Express 27, no. 23 (November 7, 2019): 34370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.034370.

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Tian, Kun Peng, Gao Feng Guo, Jun Hu Wang, and En Li. "Measurement of Complex Permittivity of Insulating Substrates with an Open-Ended Coaxial Resonator." Advanced Materials Research 1052 (October 2014): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1052.427.

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A novel cavity perturbation technique utilizing open-ended coaxial resonator is presented in order to measure the complex permittivity of insulating substrates at microwave frequencies. This technique can afford quite high accurate measurement results without singularities, and simply. According to the operation frequency of the resonator, the geometric parameters of the resonator are designed. Based on the perturbation technique, a new formulaic method of data analysis has been proposed which can extract complex permittivity of samples, and with the resonant frequency and the quality factor shift, one can calculate the complex permittivity of the measured materials. Experiment has been conducted with the quartz and sapphire to verify the formulaic, and the test results fully verify the correctness of the proposed method.

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Mathad, Shridhar, Maruti Rendale, Roopali Jadhav, and Vijaya Puri. "Study of lead free ferroelectrics using overlay technique on thick film microstrip ring resonator." Processing and Application of Ceramics 10, no. 1 (2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1601041m.

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The lead free ferroelectrics, strontium barium niobates, were synthesized via the low cost solid state reaction method and their fritless thick films were fabricated by screen printing technique on alumina substrate. The X band response (complex permittivity at very high frequencies) of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator perturbed with strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6) in form of bulk and thick film was measured. A new approach for determination of complex permittivity (?? and ???) in the frequency range 8-12GHz, using perturbation of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator (MSRR), was applied for both bulk and thick film of strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6). The microwave conductivity of the bulk and thick film lie in the range from 1.779 S/cm to 2.874 S/cm and 1.364 S/cm to 2.296 S/cm, respectively. The penetration depth of microwave in strontium barium niobates is also reported.

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Jasińska, Laura, Krzysztof Szostak, Milena Kiliszkiewicz, Piotr Słobodzian, and Karol Malecha. "Ink-jet printed ring resonator with integrated Microfluidic components." Circuit World 46, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-11-2019-0176.

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Purpose The main purpose of this study is to test the performance of the ink-jet printed microwave resonant circuits on Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) substrates combined with microfluidic channels for sensor applications. Normally, conductive patterns are deposited on an LTCC substrate by means of the screen-printing technique, but in this paper applicability of ink-jet printing in connection with LTCC materials is demonstrated. Design/methodology/approach A simple microfluidic LTCC sensor based on the microstrip ring resonator was designed. It was assumed the micro-channel, located under the ring, was filled with a mixture of DI water and ethanol, and the operating frequency of the resonator was tuned to 2.4 GHz. The substrate was fabricated by standard LTCC process, and the pattern of the microstrip ring resonator was deposited over the substrate by means of an ink-jet printer. Performance of the sensor was assessed with the use of various volumetric concentrations of DI water and ethanol. Actual changes in concentration were detected by means of microwave measurements. Findings It can be concluded that ink-jet printing is a feasible technique for fast fabrication of micro-strip circuits on LTCC substrates, including microfluidic components. Further research needs to be conducted to improve the reliability, accuracy and performance of this technique. Originality/value The literature shows the use of ink-jet printing for producing various conductive patterns in different applications. However, the idea to replace the screen-printing with the ink-jet printing on LTCC substrates in connection with microwave-microfluidic applications is not widely studied. Some questions concerning accuracy and reliability of this technique are still open.

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Yasin, Azhar, Nayab Gogosh, Syed Irfan Sohail, Syed Muzahir Abbas, Muhammad Farhan Shafique, and Abdelhady Mahmoud. "Relative Permittivity Measurement of Microliter Volume Liquid Samples through Microwave Filters." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062884.

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This paper proposes a concept of dielectric characterization of low-volume liquid samples using the coupling coefficient of filters. The concept is validated through a two-pole substrate integrated waveguide filter in which the liquid under test is mounted on the coupling section between the two resonators. Unlike the conventional resonator perturbation method reported many times in the literature, this technique uses the coupling coefficient for sensing. The liquid sample is collected in a capillary tube and carefully positioned on the coupling section of the filter; the coupling coefficient of the two resonators varies compared to the relative permittivity of the sample; thus, an empirical model is established. The proposed sensor has been tested to compute the permittivity of different alcohols. Binary solutions of ethanol and water have also been characterized to calculate the volume ratio and relative permittivity as a proof-of-concept. The obtained results show that the proposed sensing technique is capable of characterizing a low quantity of liquids (≈44 µL) with good accuracy, and a worst case measured error of only 6.8% is noted. The ease of integration with other circuitry, low cost, reusability with no deterioration, and adaptability of the proposed sensor makes it a suitable choice for the chemical as well as for the pharmaceutical industry.

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Sghir, Elmahjouby. "Development of Compactness of Reconfigurable LPF/BSF Using a Simple Technique for Radar Applications." ITM Web of Conferences 48 (2022): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224802001.

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In this paper a new compact reconfigurable low pass/band stop filter using a miniature omega resonator placed in a small DGS in the ground. The reconfiguration in frequency response can be achieved with the same topology and the same dimensions by changing just the position of channel slot which connect the omega resonator to the metallic ground without any other requirements. Several advantages obtained with this structure based on the use of one omega resonator cell such as simplicity of fabrication, very low insertion loss in the pass bands, a high rejection in the stop band with a sharp transition. This filter is suited for many areas of modern communication applications and microwave technology since it shows a simple frequency reconfiguration with a several benefits such a good wide rejection of out of bands signals, high selectivity, compactness and small losses and seize, with total area of 9.08×10mm2 .

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Peng, Cuiling, Xiaolong Chen, Huiting Huan, Liping Huang, Jinsong Zhan, and Lixian Liu. "Noncontact measurement of sub-micrometer ultrasonic vibration by near-field microwave." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 17 (May 7, 2022): 174901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079164.

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In this article, we proposed a noncontact testing scheme for micrometer to sub-micrometer level ultrasonic vibration mainly generated by laser ultrasound upon the novel utilization of near-field microwaves. The measurement was performed based on a Ku-band near-field resonator-probe, which was optimized to perceive the low amplitude out-of-plane vibration in the ultrasonic range. A near-field electromagnetic measurement theory was established to help analyze the sensitivity and responsivity of the resonator-probe outfit. The electric field parameters were extracted with respect to the port based on a lumped-circuit model, which was further validated using a finite-element model. Experiments were carried out with respect to a piezoelectric ceramic disk designed to generate vibrations of desired amplitude, which is compatible to that in laser ultrasonic testing. The accuracy of the technique was assessed by comparing with the laser vibrometer measurement results. It was verified that the proposed near-field microwave probe can achieve considerable accuracy in perceiving sub-micrometer ultrasonic vibration up to 180 kHz.

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Kraszewski, A. W., T. S. You, and S. O. Nelson. "Microwave resonator technique for moisture content determination in single soybean seeds." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 38, no. 1 (1989): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.20002.

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Peterson, R. L., and R. F. Drayton. "A CPW T-resonator technique for electrical characterization of microwave substrates." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 12, no. 3 (March 2002): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7260.989861.

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Taber, R. C. "A parallel plate resonator technique for microwave loss measurements on superconductors." Review of Scientific Instruments 61, no. 8 (August 1990): 2200–2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141389.

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JACOB, MOHAN V. "LOW LOSS DIELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 17 (July 10, 2009): 3649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209063122.

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The microwave properties of some of the low cost materials which can be used in high frequency applications with low transmission losses are investigated in this paper. One of the most accurate microwave characterization techniques, Split Post Dielectric Resonator technique (SPDR) is used for the experimental investigation. The dielectric constants of the 3 materials scrutinized at room temperature and at 10K are 3.65, 2.42, 3.61 and 3.58, 2.48, 3.59 respectively. The corresponding loss tangent values are 0.00370, 0.0015, 0.0042 and 0.0025, 0.0009, 0.0025. The high frequency transmission losses are comparable with many of the conventional materials used in low temperature electronics and hence these materials could be implemented in such applications.

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WANG, YUNFEI, LIBIN SHI, LIPING CHEN, SHENG LUO, GUOHUA ZHANG, XUEQIANG ZHANG, CHUNGUANG LI, HONG LI, GUANGCHENG XIONG, and YUSHENG HE. "THE MICROWAVE PROPERTIES OF THE DOUBLE-SIDED THIN FILM MgB2 RESONATOR." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2007): 3493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207044810.

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Double-sided magnesium diboride ( MgB 2) thin films have been grown on double-sided polished sapphire substrates by the technique of hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD). The zero resistance temperature ( Tc ) of the films is higher than 37 K. The microwave characteristic of the double-sided MgB 2 thin films at 8.7GHz is studied systematically by the microstrip resonator technique. Surface resistance of the thin films is extracted by analyzing the resonance curves at different temperatures, and it is 1.2 mΩ at 11K.

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Mallmann, E. J. J., A. S. B. Sombra, J. C. Goes, and P. B. A. Fechine. "Yttrium Iron Garnet: Properties and Applications Review." Solid State Phenomena 202 (May 2013): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.202.65.

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Due to a fast progress in the development of communication systems, the dielectric and magnetic ceramics (ferrites) have become attractive to be used in devices. Although the ferrites of the spinel type were the first material to be used in the microwave range, garnets have smaller dielectric losses and, therefore, are chosen for many applications. High demands for modern electric applications in magnetic materials results in new techniques and products being permanently studied and researched, with a consequent appearance of new solutions for a wide applications series. This work presents the study of the ferrimagnetic composite, constituted by Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) phases, through solid state synthetic route and submitted to high-energy mechanical milling. Additionally, experiments were made in order to evaluate the electric and magnetic behavior of the composites at radio frequency and microwave range and then later suggest an adequate technological application. The composites were efficient as ferrite resonator antennas (FRAs) and microstrip antennas (thick films deposited on metalized surface alumina substrate by screen-printing technique), in the microwave frequency range. The experiments with FRAs showed satisfactory results due to the control of the antennas radiation characteristics and their tuning by the use of an external magnetic field. The composite resonators studied in this work can be important to the development of a third generation (3G) wideband antennas to cell phones and other wireless products.

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Li, En, Shu Ke Hao, Yun Peng Zhang, and Yong Gao. "Measurement of Complex Permittivity of Materials Using a Double-Ridge Waveguide Resonator." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.154.

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A double-ridge waveguide resonator loaded with rod like dielectric material was analyzed based on the electromagnetic simulation software HFSS and microwave resonant cavity perturbation technique in this paper. The perturbation method is used to calculate the complex permittivity of the material due to the change of the resonator's tiny change. The calculation expression of complex permittivity was deduced and proper test system was built for the validation at several specific frequencies, the resonant parameters of the cavity were measured by the external Agilent vector network analyzer, according to the calibration of standard quartz sample, the complex permittivity of the quartz, sapphire and PTFE samples were calculated. Experimental result showed that the method has a good performance for measuring the complex permittivity of low dielectric loss dielectric materials.

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Barannik, A. A., Alexey Gubin, I. А. Protsenko, S. Vitusevich, M. V. Vovnyuk, and Nikolay T. Cherpak. "ON WGM RESONATOR TECHNIQUE FOR MICROWAVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPERCONDUCTORS IN NORMAL STATE." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 78, no. 17 (2019): 1559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v78.i17.50.

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Jacob, Mohan V., Janina Mazierska, Dimitri Ledenyov, and Jerzy Krupka. "Microwave characterisation of CaF2 at cryogenic temperatures using a dielectric resonator technique." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 23, no. 14 (January 2003): 2617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(03)00183-3.

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Sofin, R. G. Sumesh, R. N. Karekar, and R. C. Aiyer. "Novel technique to detect rancidity of oils using microwave microstrip ring resonator." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 33, no. 5 (April 24, 2002): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10327.

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Choudhury, Balamati, Sangeetha Manickam, and R. M. Jha. "Soft Computing Techniques for Mutual Coupling Reduction in Metamaterial Antenna Array." Journal of Optimization 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/252806.

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Application of soft computing techniques for various metamaterial designs and optimizations is an emerging field in the microwave regime. In this paper, a global optimization technique, namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for the design and optimization of a square split ring resonator (SSRR) having a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. The PSO optimizer yields the structural parameters, which is further simulated and validated with the optimized value. This optimized structure results in the mutual coupling reduction in a microstrip antenna array designed for wireless application.

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Reznik A. N. and Vostokov N. V. "Microwave Resonant Spectroscopy of Semiconductors with MicrometerResolution." Technical Physics 92, no. 3 (2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.03.53272.262-21.

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We have proposed and experimentally verified a local method ofmicrowave resonant spectroscopy of semiconductors. The microwave circuit ofthe spectrometer based on the Cascade Microtech probe station is equippedwith a coaxial resonator of special geometry. As result, the measurementaccuracy of the previously developed volt-impedance spectroscopy method wasgreatly increased. A technique for spectrometer calibration and resonantmeasurements of the complex impedance of the probe-sample system has beendeveloped. We have measured the impedance of test structures with Schottkycontacts of 30-60 μm in diameter on a single-crystal GaAs wafer at severaldiscrete frequencies in the range of 50-250 MHz . The nontrivial resistiveproperties of the structures are studied, which consist of the excessresistance that is 1-2 orders higher than the spreading resistance for thealternating current in the unperturbed region of the semiconductor. Thediscovered effect is presumably associated with the a.c. charge modulationon deep levels of the semiconductor. A model calculation of the impedancespectrum has been performed, which demonstrates a good agreement with theexperimental spectra. Keywords: Microwave microscope, near field, probe, resonator, impedance, semiconductor.\

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Reznik A. N. and Vostokov N. V. "Microwave Resonant Spectroscopy of Semiconductors with Micrometer Resolution." Technical Physics 92, no. 3 (2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.03.53718.262-21.

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We have proposed and experimentally verified a local method of microwave resonant spectroscopy of semiconductors. The microwave circuit of the spectrometer based on the Cascade Microtech probe station is equipped with a coaxial resonator of special geometry. As result, the measurement accuracy of the previously developed volt-impedance spectroscopy method was greatly increased. A technique for spectrometer calibration and resonant measurements of the complex impedance of the probe-sample system has been developed. We have measured the impedance of test structures with Schottky contacts of 30-60 μm in diameter on a single-crystal GaAs wafer at several discrete frequencies in the range of 50-250 MHz. The nontrivial resistive properties of the structures are studied, which consist of the excess resistance that is 1-2 orders higher than the spreading resistance for the alternating current in the unperturbed region of the semiconductor. The discovered effect is presumably associated with the a.c. charge modulation on deep levels of the semiconductor. A model calculation of the impedance spectrum has been performed, which demonstrates a good agreement with the experimental spectra. Keywords: Microwave microscope, near field, probe, resonator, impedance, semiconductor.

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32

Babajayan, Arsen, Jong Chul Kim, Song Hui Kim, Barry Friedman, and Kie Jin Lee. "Glucose Biosensing Using a Near-Field Microwave Microprobe." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1048–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1048.

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We observed the glucose concentration of solutions using a near-field microwave microprobe (NFMM). Instead of the usual invasive technique, we take the advantage of the noncontact and noninvasive evaluation capabilities of an NFMM. The NFMM with a high Q dielectric resonator allows observation of small variations of the permittivity due to changes in the glucose concentration. By measuring the reflection coefficient we could observe the concentration of glucose with a detectable resolution to 0.5 mg/ml (0.05 %). The glucose biosensor using a NFMM provides an unique approach for glucose monitoring for diabetes.

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Kraszewski, A. W., and S. O. Nelson. "Microwave resonator technique for moisture content and mass determination in single soybean seeds." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 43, no. 3 (June 1994): 487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.293475.

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34

Seron, D., H. Kokabi, F. R. Ladan, C. Martinet, and G. Alquié. "Nonlinear microwave properties of YBaCuO thin films studied with the coplanar resonator technique." Physica C: Superconductivity 372-376 (August 2002): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(02)00794-3.

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35

Sun, Jia‐Jing, Sheng Sun, Xi Yu, Yongpin P. Chen, and Jun Hu. "A deep neural network based tuning technique of lossy microwave coupled resonator filters." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 61, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31866.

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36

Qasrawi, A. F., and S. N. Abu Alrub. "Yb/WO3/Ga2S3/Au multifunctional electronic hybrid devices fabricated as tunneling diodes, MOSFETS, microwave resonators and 5G band pass/reject filters." Chalcogenide Letters 19, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2022.194.267.

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Herein, Tungsten trioxide-gallium sulfide heterojunctions which are prepared by the thermal evaporation technique under a vacuum pressure of 10-5 mbar are employed as active media to fabricate a multifunctional device. The WO3/Ga2S3 (WG) heterojunctions which are deposited onto Yb substrates and top contacted with Au pads of areas of 1.5× 10 −2 cm2 displayed electronic hybrid device structure composed of two Schottky arms connected to a 𝑝𝑛 junction. The constructed Yb/WG/Au devices showed tunneling diode characteristics with current conduction dominated by thermionic emission and quantum mechanical tunneling. In additions, the capacitance-voltage characteristic curves indicated the formation of PMOS and NMOS under reverse and forwards biasing conditions demonstrating a metal oxide semiconductor fields effect (MOSFET) transistor characteristics. Moreover, the impedance spectroscopy tests on the devices have shown that the device can perform as tunable microwave resonator suitable for 5G technologies. The resonator showed frequency based capacitance tunability and displayed microwave band pass/reject filter characteristics. The microwave cutoff frequency of the Yb/WG/Au band filters reaches 9.65 GHz with voltage standing wave ratios of 1.06 and return loss factor of ~29 dB.

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37

Zhukov, B. V., and S. I. Borbulev. "Single resonator microwave device for monitoring the complex dielectric constant of liquid fuels and lubricants." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.18.

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A simplified structural diagram of a single-cavity microwave dielectric meter designed to control the complex permittivity of liquid fuels and lubricants is presented. The structural diagram of the microwave sensor of the dielectrometer, made in the form of a parallelepiped, inside which waveguide paths, a resonator, controlled and reference generators, mixing and detector diodes and attenuators is considered. A general view of the lower part of the microwave sensor housing is given. The technique of initial tuning of the microwave sensor is considered, during which the initial frequencies of the controlled and reference oscillators are set and the range of electronic frequency tuning of the frequency of the controlled generator is determined. A method for calibrating a dielectrometer with an empty cuvette is presented. This method makes it possible to determine the suitability of the cuvette for its use in measuring the complex dielectric constant of samples of fuels and lubricants, and to exclude the influence of the dispersion of the dielectric constant of the material of the cuvette on the results of measuring the complex dielectric constant of fuels and lubricants. The technique of studying the parameters of samples of fuels and lubricants is considered, based on which the measurement data are presented on a complex plane for analyzing the results obtained. A technique for studying the difference between a fuel and lubricant sample and its standard is presented, which includes measuring the parameters of an empty cell, measuring the real and imaginary components of the complex dielectric constant of the fuel and lubricant sample and its standard, and analyzing the differences between their real and imaginary components on a complex plane.

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Sebastian, Anju, Dona Joseph, Aswathi P. V., Sikha K. Simon, Bindu C, Joseph V. P., and Jolly Andrews. "Complex permittivity measurement technique using metamaterial broadside coupled split ring resonator." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 10 (September 14, 2022): 105104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097361.

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A simple and effective method for the determination of complex permittivity of dielectric materials at microwave frequencies using a Broadside Coupled Split Ring Resonator (BCSRR) metamaterial structure is presented. A single BCSRR unit cell placed between the transmitting and receiving probes of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is used as the test probe. Resonance frequencies and bandwidths of transmission curves, measured with and without the sample placed over the BCSRR test probe, are used to determine the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity by treating the BCSRR as an LC resonant circuit. Relevant equations connecting equivalent capacitance and resonance frequencies are derived from the basic equivalent circuit parameters of the BCSRR through a quasi-static analysis by considering the fringing fields in its vicinity, especially on the top and bottom. Accuracy of the theoretical formula derived for determining the complex permittivity using the BCSRR is verified through experiments and simulations.

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Feng, Tao, Tian Wen Pang, Wei Qiang Sun, and Sheng Yong Xu. "Microwave Near-Field Detection of the Ion Concentration in Sealed Fluidic Systems." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.904.

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We have developed a near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) system that contains a high-quality factor resonator, a sharp metallic probe tip, a 6-degree scanning stage and a vector network analyzer. By applying incident GHz microwaves through the probe tip over samples under test and measuring the magnitude and phase shift of the reflection parameter S11, we have precisely detected the ion concentration of electrolytes in a variety of fluidic systems which are sealed under a 50 μm thick dielectric cover. As expected, the measured magnitude of S11 monotonically increases with the ion concentration, but not linearly, and is sensitive to the tip-sample spacing. This technique offers a useful way for on-site, real-time monitoring of the changes in electrolyte fluids of limited volume in a sealed device. Further work is needed to reveal the exact correlation between the deflection magnitude and ion concentration.

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Al-Zoubi, Omar H., and Hameed Naseem. "Enhancing the Performance of the Microwave Absorbing Materials by Using Dielectric Resonator Arrays." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3658247.

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We present a technique for enhancing the performance of microwave absorbing materials in terms of weight, thickness, and bandwidth. The introduced technique is based on fabricating the microwave absorbing (MA) material in a structure comprised of an array of circular cylinder dielectric resonators (CDR) backed by a perfect electric conductor (PEC) ground plane. Numerical electromagnetic methods are employed to study the properties of the proposed MA array structures, where 3D full wave simulation using finite-element method is implemented. The obtained results show that the performance of the MA-CDR arrays significantly outperforms that of a flat layer composed of the same material and having equivalent thickness. A flat layer of MA material with thickness of 5 mm backed by perfect electric conductor (PEC) shows as low as -50 dB reflection loss (RL) peak and ~3 GHz 10-dB bandwidth, whereas an MA-CDR array, composed of the same MA material, of height of 4 mm can achieve as low as ~−50 dB RL peak and ~12 GHz 10-dB RL bandwidth.

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Cheng, Chien Min, Kai Huang Chen, Yuan Tai Hsieh, Fuh Cheng Jong, and Shih Fang Chen. "Develop Dual-Mode DGS Bandpass Filters Using High Quality Factor Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Substrates." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1115.

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Aluminum Oxide microwave dielectric ceramics exhibit good microwave dielectric characteristics and suitable be used in the microwave devices. In this letter, using screen-printing technique and Ag/Pd paste, a novel dual-mode 2.4 GHz microstrip bandpass filter with U-shaped defected ground structure is screen printed on the Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3, relative dielectric constant=9.8) microwave dielectric ceramic substrate. In addition, a pair of input/output microstrip lines are designed to be 50 Ω and coupled to a λ/4×λ/4 square loop resonator. And in the ground plane, a U-shaped defected ground structure is used toλ excite the degenerate modes, which can be considered as a perturbation element to control the odd-mode frequency and -3 dB bandwidth of the bandpass filter. Finally, the coupling effects between these degenerate modes are presented and detailed investigated.

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42

Malik, Jagannath, Parth C. Kalaria, and Machavaram V. Kartikeyan. "Complementary Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna for dual-band WiMAX/WLAN (3.5/5.8 GHz) applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 4 (March 5, 2013): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000123.

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A proximity-fed complementary Sierpinski gasket fractal with equilateral triangular shape resonator in multilayer structure to achieve dual-band behavior for WiMAX and WLAN applications has been proposed. An electromagnetic coupled stacked structure of two different patches operating at two frequencies (3.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.8 GHz wireless LAN) has been designed for dual-band wireless applications. Proposed antenna was simulated using CST Microwave Studio based on the finite integration technique (FIT) with perfect boundary approximation (PBA). Finally, the proposed antenna was fabricated and some performance parameters were measured to validate against simulation results. The design procedures and employed tuning techniques to achieve the desired performance are presented.

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43

Andreone, A., A. Cassinese, A. Di Chiara, M. Iavarone, F. Palomba, A. Ruosi, and R. Vaglio. "Microwave measurements of superconducting Nb/sub 3/Sn films by a microstrip resonator technique." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 1772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.620926.

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44

Reyes-Vera, Erick, G. Acevedo-Osorio, Mauricio Arias-Correa, and David E. Senior. "A Submersible Printed Sensor Based on a Monopole-Coupled Split Ring Resonator for Permittivity Characterization." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081936.

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This work presents a non-invasive, reusable and submersible permittivity sensor that uses a microwave technique for the dielectric characterization of liquid materials. The proposed device consists of a compact split ring resonator excited by two integrated monopole antennas. The sensing principle is based on the notch introduced by the resonators in the transmission coefficient, which is affected due to the introduction of the sensor in a new liquid material. Then, a frequency shift of the notch and the Q-factor of the proposed sensor are related with the changes in the surrounding medium. By means of a particular experimental procedure, commercial liquids are employed to obtain the calibration curve. Thus, a mathematical equation is obtained to extract the dielectric permittivity of liquid materials with unknown dielectric properties. A good match between simulated and experimental results is obtained, as well as a high Q-factor, compact size, good sensitivity and high repeatability for use in sensing applications. Sensors like the one here presented could lead to promising solutions for characterizing materials, particularly in determining material properties and quality in the food industry, bio-sensing and other applications.

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Susial, Rodrigo, Ángel Gómez-Hernández, Daniel Lozano-Martín, Dolores del Campo, M. Carmen Martín, and José J. Segovia. "A novel technique based in a cylindrical microwave resonator for high pressure phase equilibrium determination." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 135 (August 2019): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2019.03.027.

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46

Rabinowitz, Yossi, Ariel Etinger, Asher Yahalom, Haim Cohen, and Yosef Pinhasi. "Microwave Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for Color Grading Diamonds." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123507.

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A diamond’s color grading is a dominant property that determines its market value. Its color quality is dependent on the light transmittance through the diamond and is largely influenced by nitrogen contamination, which induces a yellow/brown tint within the diamond, as well as by structural defects in the crystal (in rare cases boron contamination results in a blue tint). Generally, spectroscopic instrumentation (in the infrared or UV–visible spectral range) is used in industry to measure polished and rough diamonds, but the results are not accurate enough for precise determination of color grade. Thus, new methods should be developed to determine the color grade of diamonds at longer wavelengths, such as microwave (MV). No difference exists between rough and polished diamonds regarding stray light when the MW frequency is used. Thus, several waveguides that cover a frequency range of 3.95–26.5 GHz, as well as suitable resonator mirrors, have been developed using transmission/reflection and resonator methods. A good correlation between the S12 parameter and the nitrogen contamination content was found using the transmission/reflection method. It was concluded that electromagnetic property measurements of diamonds in the MW frequency range can be used to determine their nitrogen content and color grading. The MW technique results were in good agreement with those obtained from the infrared spectra of diamonds.

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Bogart, Timothy, W. J. Everson, Rick D. Gamble, Ed Oslosky, David Snyder, Eugene Furman, Steve Perini, and M. Lanagan. "Microwave Dielectric Loss Characterization of Silicon Carbide Wafers." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.733.

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Semi-insulating silicon carbide (SiC) wafers are important as substrates for high frequency devices such as AlGaN-GaN HEMT’s. A nondestructive characterization technique has been developed to measure the dielectric properties of SiC wafers in the GHz frequency range where the devices will operate in order to validate wafers for high yield working devices. The dielectric loss is measured at approximately 16 GHz in a split microwave cavity. Initial results show a correlation where the dielectric loss decreases as the resistivity increases, where the resistivity was measured using a Contactless Resistivity Mapping system (COREMA). The uniformity of dielectric loss across SiC wafers was evaluated using a split post dielectric resonator cavity fixed at 5.5GHz to measure the dielectric loss at five points on a wafer. Dielectric loss as a function of temperature from room temperature to 400°C was also studied.

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Vahapoglu, Ensar, James P. Slack-Smith, Ross C. C. Leon, Wee Han Lim, Fay E. Hudson, Tom Day, Tuomo Tanttu, et al. "Single-electron spin resonance in a nanoelectronic device using a global field." Science Advances 7, no. 33 (August 2021): eabg9158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg9158.

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Spin-based silicon quantum electronic circuits offer a scalable platform for quantum computation, combining the manufacturability of semiconductor devices with the long coherence times afforded by spins in silicon. Advancing from current few-qubit devices to silicon quantum processors with upward of a million qubits, as required for fault-tolerant operation, presents several unique challenges, one of the most demanding being the ability to deliver microwave signals for large-scale qubit control. Here, we demonstrate a potential solution to this problem by using a three-dimensional dielectric resonator to broadcast a global microwave signal across a quantum nanoelectronic circuit. Critically, this technique uses only a single microwave source and is capable of delivering control signals to millions of qubits simultaneously. We show that the global field can be used to perform spin resonance of single electrons confined in a silicon double quantum dot device, establishing the feasibility of this approach for scalable spin qubit control.

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Siddiky, Air Mohammad, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Sabirin Abdullah, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Nissren Tamam, and Abdelmoneim Sulieman. "Body-Centered Double-Square Split-Ring Enclosed Nested Meander-Line-Shaped Metamaterial-Loaded Microstrip-Based Resonator for Sensing Applications." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 6186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186186.

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The strong localization of the electric and magnetic fields in metamaterial-based structures has attracted a new era of radiation fields in the microwave range. In this research work, we represent a double split ring enclosed nested meander-line-shaped metamaterial resonator with a high effective medium ratio layered on a dielectric substrate to enhance the sensitivity for the material characterization. Tailoring a metallic design and periodical arrangement of the split ring resonator in a subwavelength range introduced field enhancement and strong localization of the electromagnetic field. The design methodology is carried out through the optimization technique with different geometric configurations to increase the compactness of the design. The CST microwave studio is utilized for the extraction of the scattering computational value within the defined boundary condition. The effective parameters from the reflection and transmission coefficient are taken into account to observe the radiation characteristics for the interaction with the applied electromagnetic spectrum. The proposed metamaterial-based sensor exhibits high sensitivity for different dielectric materials with low permittivity values. The numerical data of the frequency deviation for the different dielectric constants have shown good agreement using the linear regression analysis where the sensitivity is R2 = 0.9894 and the figure of merit is R2 = 0.9978.

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Ghigo, Gianluca, Michela Fracasso, Roberto Gerbaldo, Laura Gozzelino, Francesco Laviano, Andrea Napolitano, Guang-Han Cao, et al. "High-Frequency ac Susceptibility of Iron-Based Superconductors." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031079.

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A microwave technique suitable for investigating the AC magnetic susceptibility of small samples in the GHz frequency range is presented. The method—which is based on the use of a coplanar waveguide resonator, within the resonator perturbation approach—allows one to obtain the absolute value of the complex susceptibility, from which the penetration depth and the superfluid density can be determined. We report on the characterization of several iron-based superconducting systems, belonging to the 11, 122, 1144, and 12442 families. In particular, we show the effect of different kinds of doping for the 122 family, and the effect of proton irradiation in a 122 compound. Finally, the paradigmatic case of the magnetic superconductor EuP-122 is discussed, since it shows the emergence of both superconducting and ferromagnetic transitions, marked by clear features in both the real and imaginary parts of the AC susceptibility.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave resonator technique'

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