Academic literature on the topic 'Microwave pyrolysi'
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Journal articles on the topic "Microwave pyrolysi"
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Bartoli, Frediani, Briens, Berruti, and Rosi. "An Overview of Temperature Issues in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis." Processes 7, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100658.
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Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technique to convert waste polymers and biomass into raw chemicals and fuels. However, this process involves several issues related to the interactions between materials and microwaves. Consequently, the control of temperature during microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a hard task both for measurement and uniformity during the overall pyrolytic run. In this review, we introduce some of the main theoretical aspects of the microwaves–materials interactions alongside the issues related to microwave pyrolytic processability of materials.
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Sun, Jing, Wen Long Wang, Chun Yuan Ma, and Qin Yan Yue. "Study on the Promotion Effect of Microwave-Metal Discharge on the Microwave Pyrolysis of Electronic Waste." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.843.
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This paper discussed the role of microwave-metal discharge on the microwave induced pyrolysis of electronic waste. Two kinds of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) were selected as the representatives of electronic waste and their pyrolysis processes under both conventional and microwave heating schemes were studied comparatively to reveal the effect of metal discharge. The copper-clad laminated printed circuit board (PCB) is deficient in absorbing microwaves, leading to inefficient microwave pyrolysis of this kind of electronic waste. The discharge caused by introducing metalliferous materials with metal tips or corners in the electromagnetic fields can result in high local temperature and complement the deficiency in the microwave absorption. The pyrolytic process can be promoted greatly by the thermal effect of discharge in the beginning and the enhanced consequent wave-absorption capacity as a result of the generated pyrolytic coke.
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Ayatullah, Maulana Wahyu, and Harwin Saptoadi. "Pengaruh Temperatur Pada Microwave Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Low Density Polyethylene Dengan Katalis Zeolite/Kalsium Oksida." Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences 1 (October 31, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pspfs.v1i.140.
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In general, the use of oil palm parts can be utilized by industry, but it is different from oil palm shells which become waste. The high use of plastic is proportional to the waste generated. So far, both types of waste are problems that have not been resolved. The utilization of waste shell waste and low-density polyethylene using the pyrolysis method. Microwave technology has been widely used as a heat source in the pyrolysis process. The advantages of using microwaves in pyrolysis are fast and selective heating, efficient energy use, and control of pyrolysis products. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Pyrolytic-oil from the pyrolysis of waste oil palm shells and Low-density polyethylene. The research was conducted using a microwave with temperature variations of 400oC, 450oC, 500oC, 550oC and 600oC. The composition of the main ingredients consisted of 75 grams of palm shells, 75 grams of low-density polyethylene plastic, 56.25 grams of a zeolite catalyst, 56.25 grams of calcium oxide and 131.25 grams of charcoal carbon absorber. The results showed the effect of temperature on pyrolytic-oil productivity; as the temperature increases, the product gas increases. The lowest density value at a temperature of 400oC is 966.8 Kg/m. The lowest viscosity at a temperature variation of 500oC is 2.1 Mpa.s. The highest acidity value is at a temperature of 550oC.
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Shi, Kai Qi, Tao Wu, Hai Tao Zhao, Edward Lester, Philip Hall, and Yao Dong Wang. "Microwave Induced Pyrolysis of Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.127.
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Microwave heating has attracted much attention recently due to its nature of volumetric heating and instant heating. In this study, microwave heating was adopted not only as a heating method but also an approach to enhance the pyrolysis of biomass. Microwave induced pyrolysis was carried out at 500°C with silicon carbide as a microwave energy absorber. Conventional pyrolysis of gumwood was also conducted under the same operating temperature as microwave-enhanced pyrolysis. The yields of pyrolytic bio-oil and bio-gas under microwave heating are 8.52 wt% and 73.26 wt% respectively, which are higher than the products obtained via conventional methods under similar operating conditions. A series tests were performed to compare the difference between the yields of pyrolytic products, i.e. gaseous products (bio-gas), liquid products (bio-oil) and solid products( bio-char). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatograph (GC) were used in this study to characterize the morphology of bio-chars, the composition of bio-gas and bio-oil respectively. The bio-oil produced via microwave pyrolysis has simpler constituents compared with that produced via conventional pyrolysis. The proportion of syngas (H2+CO) and methane (CH4) in the gas product produced under microwave-enhanced pyrolysis are 62.52 vol % and 22.41vol % respectively, which are higher than those in the products of conventional pyrolysis. It is clear that microwave-enhanced pyrolysis has shown a great potential as an alternative method for biomass conversion.
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Foong, Shin Ying, Rock Keey Liew, Bernard How Kiat Lee, and Su Shiung Lam. "Microwave Pyrolysis Combined with CO<sub>2</sub> and Steam as Potential Approach for Waste Valorization." Key Engineering Materials 914 (March 21, 2022): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-q43662.
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Microwave pyrolysis combined with CO2 and steam environment is investigated for its feasibility as an alternative method for waste disposal. The combined use of CO2 and steam under microwave radiation created a synergistic effect in enhancing the thermal cracking of waste material during pyrolysis. The motivation of using CO2 is to replace N2 as carrier gas during pyrolysis as an effort to reduce the production of potent greenhouse gas. In this study, different types of microwave pyrolysis are performed including conventional, CO2 and CO2+steam on waste particleboard. It was found that the utilization of steam and CO2 affect the final pyrolytic products yield and composition. Incorporating CO2 and steam in microwave pyrolysis decreased the yield of char by 33% but increased the yield of bio-oil by 108%. Biochar obtained under CO2 showed well-developed and cleaner pore structure compared to biochar produced under N2. Our results demonstrate that the utilization of CO2 and steam in microwave pyrolysis shows great potential to convert wastes into value-added char and bio-oil with desirable properties.
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Brickler, Colten A., Yudi Wu, Simeng Li, Aavudai Anandhi, and Gang Chen. "Comparing Physicochemical Properties and Sorption Behaviors of Pyrolysis-Derived and Microwave-Mediated Biochar." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042359.
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Biochar’s ability to amend and remediate agricultural soil has been a growing interest, though the energy expenses from high-temperature pyrolysis deter the product’s use. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the pyrolysis efficiency while ensuring the quality of produced biochar. The present study utilized three types of feedstock (i.e., switchgrass, biosolid, and water oak leaves) to produce biochar via conventional slow pyrolysis and microwave pyrolysis at different temperature/energy input. The produced biochar was characterized and comprehensively compared in terms of their physiochemical properties (e.g., surface functionality, elemental composition, and thermal stability). It was discovered that microwave-mediated biochar was more resistant to thermal decomposition, indicated by a higher production yield, yet more diverse surface functional groups were preserved than slow pyrolysis-derived biochar. A nutrient (NO3-N) adsorption isotherm study displayed that microwave-mediated biochar exhibited greater adsorption (13.3 mg g−1) than that of slow pyrolysis-derived biochar (3.1 mg g−1), proving its potential for future applications. Results suggested that microwaves pyrolysis is a promising method for biochar production.
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Caroko, Novi. "Pirolisis Campuran PET dan LDPE Menggunakan Oven Microwave." JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) 5, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmpm.v5i1.11947.
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Meningkatnya kebutuhan manusia terhadap produk plastik khususnya yang berbahan PET dan LDPE berdampak pada sampah yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh daya keluaran microwave (600 W dan 800 W) pada proses microwave-assisted pyrolysis sampah PET dan LDPE. Penelitian ini mencakup tiga langkah: preparasi sampel, analisis termogravimetri, dan analisis studi kinetik. Hasil studi kinetik menunjukan bahwa peningkatan daya keluaran microwave mengakibatkan peningkatan temperatur maksimum, laju kenaikan temperatur, laju kehilangan massa, dan nilai kalor. Energi aktivasi pirolisis LDPE lebih rendah dibandingkan PET. Hasil uji GC-MS menunjukan pyrolytic oil PET didominasi oleh senyawa asetaldehid, sedangkan pada LDPE didominasi senyawa fenol. Daya keluaran microwave paling efektif yang digunakan untuk memperoleh pyrolytic oil dari PET adalah 800 W, sedangkan LDPE adalah 600 W.
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Diaz, Fabian, Yufengnan Wang, Tamilselvan Moorthy, and Bernd Friedrich. "Degradation Mechanism of Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis." Metals 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080565.
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Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is still a topic of scientific interest. Commonly, spent LIBs are pretreated by mechanical and/or thermal processing. Valuable elements are then recycled via pyrometallurgy and/or hydrometallurgy. Among the thermal treatments, pyrolysis is the most commonly used pre-treatment process. This work compares the treatment of typical cathode nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) material by conventional pyrolysis, and by a microwave assisted pyrolysis. In the conventional route, the heating is provided indirectly, while via microwave the heating is absorbed by the microwaves, according to the materials properties. The comparison is done with help of a detailed characterization of solid as well as the gaseous products during and after the thermal treatment. The results indicated at least three common stages in the degradation: Dehydration and evaporation of electrolyte solvents (EC) and two degradation periods of EC driven by combustion and reforming reactions. In addition, microwave assisted pyrolysis promotes catalytic steam and dry reforming reactions, leading to the strong formation of H2 and CO.
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Leong, Swee Kim, Farid Nasir Ani, and Cheng Tung Chong. "Production of Syngas from Controlled Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Crude Glycerol." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.584.
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Conversion of crude glycerol into synthesis gas was studied by using controlled microwave-assisted pyrolysis method. Pyrolysis of crude glycerol in the presence of carbonaceous catalyst was performed in a fixed bed reactor under oxygen-deficient environment using a domestic microwave. The effects of inert carrier gas flow rate and pyrolysis temperature on the product yield were investigated. Characterisation of the gaseous product showed that hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide are the main components in the gaseous product. High temperature and low inert carrier gas flow rate are effective in pyrolysing crude glycerol due to sufficient energy and residence time for complete cracking of vapour into small gaseous molecules. Peak hydrogen yield of 35.2% by volume was obtained at the carrier gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and 600 °C.
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Giorcelli, Mauro, Oisik Das, Gabriel Sas, Michael Försth, and Mattia Bartoli. "A Review of Bio-Oil Production through Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030561.
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The issue of sustainability is a growing concern and has led to many environmentally friendly chemical productions through a great intensification of the use of biomass conversion processes. Thermal conversion of biomass is one of the most attractive tools currently used, and pyrolytic treatments represent the most flexible approach to biomass conversion. In this scenario, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be a solid choice for the production of multi-chemical mixtures known as bio-oils. Bio-oils could represent a promising new source of high-value species ranging from bioactive chemicals to green solvents. In this review, we have summarized the most recent developments regarding bio-oil production through microwave-induced pyrolytic degradation of biomasses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microwave pyrolysi"
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Al, Sayegh Hassan. "Microwave pyrolysis of forestry waste." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.576151.
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This thesis reports a fundamental study of the unassisted pyrolysis of wood using microwave energy for the production of bio-oils. The majority of previous work on the microwave pyrolysis of woody biomass to produce bio-oils has been performed in domestic type multimode cavity based microwaves ovens and has concluded that attaining temperatures required for pyrolysis (500°C) is not possible due to the microwave transparent nature of the material. To overcome this, many researchers have resorted to adding microwave susceptible doping agents to stimulate heating of the wood through conductive heat transfer. Although this method generates overall process effects, it does not realise the unique heating characteristics that microwave energy may offer, such as volumetric and highly selective heating. An in-depth study of the effect of temperature on the dielectric properties concluded that at room temperature, wood is a relatively good microwave absorber with a loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.20 at 2.142 GHz compared to water which has a tan δ of 0.15 under the same conditions. However, as temperature is increased, wood starts to become microwave transparent as the inherent moisture (the microwave significant material from a microwave heating point of view) evaporates causing a decrease in tan 15. Dielectric property results indicated that wood can be classified as a microwave transparent cellular matrix of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin containing a microwave absorbing phase (water). Selective heating of the bound water before evaporation may be used to heat the remaining bulk to pyrolysis temperatures of circa. 500°C It has been demonstrated that the rate of heating has a marked effect on the microwave susceptibility of the wood above 300°C. As heating rate increases, wood remains microwave responsive up to pyrolysis temperatures of 500°C. At a heating rate of 2°C/min, tan δ was measured at 0.03 at 2.142 GHz, whilst at a heating rate of 15°C/min, tan δ increased more than six fold to 0.19 under the same conditions. A TMo1n applicator was designed and fabricated for the pyrolysis of wood, based directly upon the dielectric properties of the wood feed. This, coupled with automatic tuning to minimise reflected power and increase energy efficiency, ensured a high bulk power density of ~108 W/m3 with 1kW of microwave power compared to a domestic microwave oven which would only generate ~104 W/m3 in the wood under the same conditions. Such a high power density leads to a high heating rate which is required to overcome the decrease in tan 0 shown at lower heating rates in the earlier work. As opposed to the majority of literature, this work has categorically shown that the unassisted microwave pyrolysis of wood to produce bio-oil is technically feasible. This could lead to the full utilisation of the benefits of microwave heating and the unique heating gradients generated that may be beneficial for this process. To test the benefits microwave heating may offer, a matrix of batch pyrolysis tests was carried out to determine the effect of power density, particle size, moisture content and residence time on the yield of bio-oil, char and gas produced from pine and spruce samples. An increase in bulk power density from 1.7x107 to 7.5x107 W/m3 increased bio-oil yield from 29% to 55%. A further increase in power density had no effect on the yield of bio-oil. This body of work showed that the dimensions and geometry of the sample are important factors affecting the yields of products produced. Even though microwave energy heats volumetrically, sample cooling is still constrained to conventional heat loss models (conduction, convection and radiation). Results showed that minimising heat loss and maximising bulk power density can lead to higher bio-oil yields. It was demonstrated that as residence time increased (using a constant power of 1kW), the yield of bio-oil also increased from 13% at 90 seconds to 39% at 180 seconds. These results are the opposite to those observed from conventionally heated pyrolysis experiments as the longer residence promotes cracking of the bio-oil into incondensable gases, causing a decrease in bio-oil yield. This may lead to a potential benefit in utilising microwave heating in this process as expensive rapid quenchers need not be designed. From the particle size range tested, an optimum particle size of 25 mm was found to maximise bio-oil yield. This is much greater than the optimum particle size in conventionally heated pyrolysis (<1mm) and has major implications for the economics of scale up as projected comminution energy requirements are drastically reduced from around 800 kWhr/tonne to 50kWhr/tonne.
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Abdul, Halim Siti. "Biomass pyrolysis using microwave technology." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17555/.
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A series of biomass wastes from Malaysia known as Malaysian wood pellets, and rubberwood were employed in the present work. Using these materials as the feedstock, two different heating techniques; external heating by means of conventional slow pyrolysis (SP) and volumetric heating by means of microwave pyrolysis (MP) were carried out. Two distinct temperatures; 500°C and 800°C were used. The main objective was to characterise both the microwave-pyrolysed products and slow pyrolysed products including the influence of temperature so as to compare and contrast in terms of yield, and composition of the char, oil and high-value fuel gas (H2) or syngas (H2+CO). Whilst there is an increasing interest in comparing microwave pyrolysis with conventional pyrolysis, much of the research work done in the past focussed on using domestic microwave ovens with power control features where indirect temperature measurements were carried out at different power and time settings. In the present research, the control feature for both heating techniques is similar, where the user can conveniently set the desired pyrolysis temperature and therefore, this would allow for a more direct and reliable comparison of products obtained from conventional pyrolysis and microwave pyrolysis. The research found that the use of the microwave oven system to conduct pyrolysis boosted the production of oil but reduced the total gas yield. The char proportion also reduced when microwave heating method was applied. This research also revealed that the configuration of the microwave oven with mode stirrer and bottom-fed waveguide that produces a cyclic controlled output power of 1000 W at any set temperature has yielded different results when compared to previous studies and so provides a new understanding for the microwave pyrolysis community. The results demonstrated that the microwave-pyrolysed chars were slightly more porous than slow-pyrolysed chars at 500°C. However, at a higher temperature of 800°C, lower surface area was obtained from microwave pyrolysis which can be attributed to significant damage to the char structure as the consequence of high power supplied into the cavity and high temperature used. SEM microphotographs revealed that microwave pyrolysis at 500°C led to the formation of char with clearly defined pore structure. In the case of gaseous product, both heating approaches were found to produce a comparable level of H2+CO content except those produced by MP at higher temperature (800°C). Regarding bio-oil quality, the microwave-pyrolysed oil was found to present compounds with higher aliphatic content and contain less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, which is an added quality value as PAH is toxic to the environment. As demonstrated in the present work, employing a microwave oven to conduct pyrolysis process leads to a great time saving where the woody samples required only 8-10 minutes and 15-16 minutes to reach 500 and 800ºC respectively. On the other hand, the electric furnace used to conduct conventional pyrolysis process demonstrated a slower performance where the time required to reach 500 and 800ºC were about 49 and 72 minutes respectively. This again emphasizes that microwave oven is powerful to speed up the pyrolysis process due to the nature of rapid heating within the internal body of the sample. Additionally, from the viewpoint of energy consumption, microwave oven used approximately 62% less energy than the electric furnace to conduct pyrolysis process and therefore leads to greater energy saving. In the present work, COMSOL Multiphysics software has successfully demonstrated solutions of the numerical coupled electromagnetic and heat transfer equations. The results extracted from the simulation using specified cavity geometry, dielectric properties and thermal properties were seen to agree reasonably well with the experimental data in terms of the temperature profile and heating behaviour of the biomass. The location of hot spots and cold spots from the simulation also agreed with that observed from the experiment. The simulation work has proved that the inhomogeneity of temperature of the biomass is reflected by the local occurrence of hot spots and cold spots. These are influenced by the standing waves of different electric field concentration formed at different areas inside the cavity, and this phenomenon is very common for biomass treatment in a microwave environment. The effect of different positions of the waveguide is remarkable where the bottom-fed microwave energy oven was shown to have a poor electric field distribution. However, when simulation was done on combining the effect of having the microwave energy fed from the bottom and the presence of the mode stirrer, the electric field was greatly improved with the heating distribution of the biomass resembling that obtained from the side-fed microwaves energy oven (usually refers to a common home microwave oven). The effect of having a mode stirrer rotating inside the microwave oven is also pronounced where the mode stirrer acts to stir the electric field strength within the cavity so that a more uniform heating within the biomass can be achieved. The simulation work also demonstrated that the amount of microwave power absorbed in the biomass materials varies according to the changes in loading height of the biomass, and sample positioning inside a microwave oven also contributes to the electric field distortion and heating behaviour of the biomass. Interestingly from the simulation, for a specified microwave cavity, an optimum bed size of biomass was found at 50mm height where maximum microwaves energy absorption takes place. In this sense, more microwaves energy can be converted into heat thereby ultimately helping the biomass to reach the desired pyrolysis temperature in shorter time. The COMSOL modelling on microwave heating therefore has shown to be simple and practical for use as a framework in predicting temperature profile of the biomass and intensity of the electric field.
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Ludlow-Palafox, Carlos. "Microwave induced pyrolysis of plastic wastes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620655.
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Adam, Mohamed A. B. "Understanding microwave pyrolysis of biomass materials." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41301/.
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Global challenges related to energy security, resource sustainability and the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels have led to an increasing need for switching to the use of clean and sustainable resources. Bio-oil produced through pyrolysis has been suggested as one of the sustainable alternatives to fossil resources for power generation as well as chemicals and biofuels production. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process during which the biomass feedstock is heated in an inert atmosphere to produce gas, liquid (bio-oil) and solid (char) products. Microwave heating has been considered a promising technique for providing the energy required for biomass pyrolysis due to its volumetric and selective heating nature which allows for rapid heating in a cold environment. This helps to preserve the product quality by limiting secondary reactions. The aim of this research was to study the interactions between biomass materials and microwave energy during pyrolysis, and to develop a reliable and scalable microwave pyrolysis process. The dielectric properties of selected biomass materials were studied and found to vary significantly with temperature due to the physical and structural changes happening during pyrolysis. The loss factor of the biomass materials was found to reach a minimum value in the range between 300 oC and 400 oC followed by a sharp increase caused by the char formation. A microwave fluidised bed process was introduced as an attempt to overcome the challenges facing the scaling-up of microwave pyrolysis. The concept of microwave pyrolysis in a fluidised bed process was examined for the first time in this thesis. A systematic approach was followed for the process design taking into account the pyrolysis reaction requirements, the microwave-material interactions and the fluidisation behaviour of the biomass particles. The steps of the process design involved studying the fluidisation behaviour of selected biomass materials, theoretical analysis of the heat transfer in the fluidised bed, and electromagnetic simulations to support the cavity design. The developed process was built, and batch pyrolysis experiments were carried out to assess the yield and quality of the product as well as the energy requirement. Around 60 % to 70 % solid pyrolysed was achieved with 3.5 kJ·g-1 to 4.2 kJ·g-1 energy input. The developed microwave fluidised bed process has shown an ability to overcome many of the challenges associated with microwave pyrolysis of biomass including improvement in heating uniformity and ability to control the solid deposition in the process, placing it as a viable candidate for scaling-up. However, it was found to have some weaknesses including its limitations with regards to the size and shape of the biomass feed. Microwave pyrolysis of biomass submerged in a hydrocarbon liquid was introduced for the first time in this thesis as a potential alternative to overcome some of the limitations of the gas-based fluidised bed process. Batch pyrolysis experiments of wood blocks submerged in different hydrocarbon liquids showed that up 50 % solid pyrolysis could be achieved with only 1.9 kJ·g-1 energy input. It was found that the overall degree of pyrolysis obtained in the liquid system is lower than that obtained from the fluidised bed system. This was attributed to the large temperature gradient between the centre of the biomass particle/block and its surface in the liquid system leaving a considerable fraction of the outer layer of the block unpyrolysed. It was shown that the proposed liquid system was able to overcome many of the limitations of the gas-based systems.
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Lam, Su Shiung. "Microwave-induced pyrolysis of waste automotive oil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610406.
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Wauts, Johann André. "Catalytic microwave pyrolysis to produce upgraded bio-oil." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61344.
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To assess the performance and future possibilities of catalytic microwave pyrolysis, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted on a widely available biomass feedstock, Eucalyptus grandis. Non-catalysed microwave pyrolysis was conducted under varying conditions to determine important factors of the microwave pyrolysis process and to conduct a basic performance evaluation. Future possibilities of microwave pyrolysis were determined by comparison to available technologies. Calcined Mg-Al LDH clay (layered double oxide or LDO) was used as catalyst to improve the quality of the pyrolysis process and its products. The heating and reaction mechanisms for microwave pyrolysis show that it offers distinct advantages over conventional pyrolysis. The main advantages are rapid and efficient volumetric heating, as well as acceptable yields at lower temperatures (much lower than those required by conventional pyrolysis), which can possibly lead to significant energy savings.
Comparing the performance of a modified domestic microwave to an off-the-shelf microwave unit (Roto Synth) proved that cheap and comparative microwave research is possible. The yields from the domestic microwave products compared very closely to those of the Roto Synth unit, each having yields for char, oil and gas of 47.9%, 33.2%, 18.9% and of 46.8%, 32.7%, 20.55% respectively. The cost of the modified domestic setup was ~1% of that of the off-the-shelf unit. The use of a quartz reactor and slight adjustments to the stepper motor driver and thermocouple are recommended for future use.
The pyrolysis process was found to be very dependent on power and power density. Higher powers increase the liquid and gas yields and a critical power density was identified between 800W and 1000W. The effects of power density were interesting and led to conclusions regarding the penetration depth of microwaves which could possibly play a significant role in the scale-up of microwave pyrolysis technology.
Microwave pyrolysis undeniably has several advantages over conventional pyrolysis. However, for it to become competitive, microwave fast pyrolysis technologies need to be developed through the use of mixed bed reactors that can achieve fast heating rates. Possible candidates include rotating cone and fluidised bed reactors. Hybrid technology also provides unique advantages and has huge potential. Comparison of pyrolysis technologies is difficult without good data on continuous microwave pyrolysis reactors, and therefore the development of such reactors is recommended for future research.
Catalysis of microwave pyrolysis with LDO proved effective. The catalyst promoted the formation of volatiles (gas and liquid), even when present in small ratios. It also promoted the formation of esters and even anhydrides and small fractions of hydrocarbons at high catalyst ratios. The catalyst activity led to increased water yields. This indicated that it removes oxygen from the pyrolysis products, thereby improving their quality. The catalyst was believed to be limited by the low temperatures used in this investigation and higher temperatures might increase the release of CO2 and should be investigated. Significant reduction in the total acid number (TAN) and an improved dry-basis heating value were also achieved by the addition of the catalyst. The water content increased from 50% to 70%, the TAN reduced from 174 mg KOH/(g oil) to 72 mg KOH/(g oil), and the calorific value increased from 19.1 MJ/kg to 21.5 MJ/kg.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Chemical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Russell, Alan Donald. "Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641.
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Plastics play an enormous role in modern manufacturing, but the extraction and refining of raw materials, followed by the synthesis of plastics themselves, represents an enormous energy investment into a product that is all too often simply “thrown away” into a landfill after a single use. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a recycling technique that allows the recovery of chemical value from plastic waste by breaking down polymers into useful smaller hydrocarbons using microwave heat in the absence of oxygen. This dissertation examines the use of a catalytic activated carbon bed in this procedure, using high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a model plastic. Initial tests with the batch input of HDPE produced a condensed pyrolysis oil comprising 35.5–45.3% aromatics, with the remainder primarily short-chain aliphatics. This oil was approximately three times lighter than that produced in the absence of catalyst, with a narrower range of molecular masses that matched those of the liquid transport fuels petrol and diesel (C5–C21). The non-condensable gases that resulted were short-chain aliphatics that could be used as feedstock for the creation of new chemicals (such as virgin HDPE), or fuels such as natural gas and LPG. The development of apparatus capable of adding sample in a continuous fashion enabled the processing of larger quantities of HDPE, and resulted in condensed products with a significantly higher aromatic content (>80% at 450°C), and which encompassed a somewhat narrower range of molecular masses compared with those produced in the batch mode; this was due to differences in kinetics and residence time that resulted from the different modes of sample introduction. As a result of processing larger quantities of HDPE it became apparent that the activated carbon deactivated over time, with a bed able to process around 3.5 times its mass in HDPE at 450°C before any significant changes in output products occurred. The decomposition of HDPE proceeds via thermal scission and radical-mediated mechanisms; high energy surface active sites facilitate the transfer of hydrogen and radicals, and this enhances overall cracking and lowers the activation energy for the formation of aromatics. Analysis of material deposited on the surface of the activated carbon confirmed that deactivation occurred through coking, with both cracking and deactivation thought to be enhanced by the formation of microwave-induced microplasmas. Overall, the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using activated carbon produces a much narrower range of more valuable products compared with non-catalytic processing. While the process is not likely to be economic in its current form owing to the relatively rapid deactivation of the activated carbon, future configurations incorporating online reactivation may be able to economically provide a second use cycle for these materials, avoiding expending energy to extract and process increasingly scarce new raw material from the surface of the earth.
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Ogunkeyede, Akinyemi Olufemi. "Conventional and microwave pyrolysis remediation of crude oil contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35190/.
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The Nigerian economy has relied heavily on crude oil production since independence in 1960. As a consequence, it has seen an influx of multinational petroleum companies with oil exploration and associated activities having significant environmental impacts, particularly oil leakage and spillage into soil and the overall degradation of the ecosystem in the Niger Delta area. This study aims to find a viable solution to the remediation of polluted soil by comparing two thermal remediation techniques, namely microwave pyrolysis and traditional pyrolysis, which has been investigated using a Gray-King retort. The polluted soil was first examined to ascertain the distribution of the soil organic carbon (SOC) with 78% found to be solvent extractable in dichloromethane/methanol, while 95 % was thermally labile and removed under hydropyrolysis (HyPy) conditions at 550 °C. The remaining 5 % of the SOC was composed of a recalcitrant residue being defined as the black or stable polyaromatic carbon fraction. The solvent extractable organic matter (EOM) was then further separated into the maltene (free phase) and asphaltene (bound phase) fractions together for comparison with a sample of Nigerian crude oil provided by the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Nigeria. The Nigerian crude oil is a light crude oil with the percentage of maltene (95.2 %) was far higher than the asphaltene (4.8 %). A closer margin was observed in the percentage between the maltene (88.3 %) and asphaltene (11.7 %) in the soil EOM due to biodegradation. The biomarker profile of the EOM was compared with that of a Nigerian crude oil to confirm that the EOM contains the crude oil in the soil. Their biomarker profiles revealed that the source inputs were terrigenous from deltaic settings, of Late Upper Cretaceous age and deposited under oxic conditions. Oleanane (a pentacyclic triterpene, abundant in oils from the Niger Delta) was present in both the crude oil and EOM and the hopane and the sterane distributions (m/z 191 and m/z 217 respectively) were similar in every respect, which indicates that the probable source of the pollutant crude oil in the soil is similar in composition to the Nigerian crude oil. Accordingly, the polluted soil was treated with microwave pyrolysis and Gray-King pyrolysis to remove the crude oil pollutant. The maximum average recovered products from the thermal remediation process with Gray-King pyrolysis is 99.4 % TOC and maximum crude oil pollutant removed by Gray-King pyrolysis was 85.3 % TOC with maximum oil recovery of 70 % TOC from all the different treatment conditions, while the shortest treatment time condition gave the lowest gas yield of 10.2 % TOC. This implies that 100 % removal with respect to EOM and 89 % removal with respect to HyPy as discussed above. Furthermore, the polluted soil was also treated with microwave pyrolysis with maximum pollutant removal of 77 % TOC, which is 98.7 % removal with respect to EOM and 81 % with respect to HyPy. In conclusion, Gray-King pyrolysis removed more of the soil organic carbon than microwave pyrolysis, but the latter does have advantages regarding operability and greater output within a short treatment time.
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Shi, Kaiqi. "Microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass coupled with catalytic reforming for hydrogen production." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30406/.
Full textAbstract:
Pyrolysis of biomass is a promising and sustainable approach to produce value-added chemicals and biofuels. In order to achieve a high yield of hydrogen-rich syngas from pyrolysis of biomass, the microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass coupled with catalytic reforming was studied systematically in this research. Firstly, microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass was carried out and compared with conventional pyrolysis under the same processing conditions. Characterisations of biomass, pyrolytic char, bio-oil and biogas were conducted to investigate the differences between microwave-enhanced and conventional pyrolysis. It was found that certain types of carbon nano materials were formed on the surface of microwave pyrolytic chars. More biogas was produced via microwave heating, in which the highest H2 content reached 48.2vol.% during the course of microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of bamboo at 800°C. Most of the syngas contents produced from microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass were above 80vol.% at 800°C. Generally, biomass could be converted into biofuel efficiently with microwave-enhanced process. Secondly, in order to increase hydrogen production, microwave-enhanced pyrolysis coupled with catalytic reforming (MPCCR) at 600°C was studied. In catalyst screening, Ni and Fe were applied as active compounds loaded onto different supports such as molecular sieves (13X), Al2O3 and natural minerals. In addition, activated carbon was employed as a reforming agent. It was found that Ni-13X catalyst resulted in a low yield of bio-oil and high yield of biogas around 75wt.%, which was the highest among all the catalysts investigated. It was also observed that activated carbon played a significant role in increasing biogas product and reducing bio-oil yield to less than 1wt.% in both conventional and microwave-enhanced pyrolysis coupled with reforming. MPCCR with Ni-13X and activated carbon enhanced cracking reactions of bio-oil, and subsequently lowed bio-oil yields and narrowed products distribution simultaneously. The maximum H2 content reached 55vol.% by MPCCR of bamboo using activated carbon as the reforming agent. Compared with conventional reforming, there was a sharp increase of H2 yield via microwave-enhanced reforming, resulting in a hydrogen-rich syngas with a high ratio of H2 to CO. Therefore, it is concluded that microwave irradiation enhances the reforming process. Finally, in this study, a novel method for catalyst-free synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from biomass was developed. MWCNTs with a diameter of 50 nm and a wall thickness around 5 nm have been successfully prepared via microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of gumwood at 500 °C. The mechanism for the growth of such carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was proposed as follows: volatiles were released from the biomass and left behind char particles; these char particles then acted as substrates, mineral matter in char particles (originating from biomass) acted as the catalyst, and the volatiles released act as the carbon source gas; the volatiles then underwent thermal and/or catalytic cracking on the surface of char to form amorphous carbon nanospheres; the carbon nanospheres subsequently self-assembled to form multi-walled CNTs under the effects of microwave irradiation. In summary, microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass has the potential to produce high yield of hydrogen-rich syngas not only at high temperatures but also at low temperatures when it is coupled with catalytic reforming processes. It has also been demonstrated that microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass could be used to produce MWCNTs at low temperatures. It can therefore be concluded that microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of biomass is an effective and efficient approach for the conversion of biomass into value-added products under mild conditions.
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Goodman, Steven. "The microwave induced pyrolysis of problematic plastics enabling recovery and component reuse." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23937.
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Recent trends toward the effective utilisation of petroleum derived materials to increase the sustainability of their use (both for economic and environmental reasons), has resulted in an increased interest in the development of recycling methods for plastics including Acrylonitrile- co-Butadiene-co Styrene and Poly Vinylchloride. The recycling of these waste plastics that include mixed monomer compositions and halogens poses a great problem, with their decomposition making them hard to recycle due to loss of their material properties or through the production of problematic compounds e.g. HCl, PCBs, PCDD, and PCDF etc. This work has investigated the microwave induced decompositions of these plastics and explored the potential of a carbon (a microwave absorber) assisted microwave decomposition process. This culminated in the examination of the carbon assisted microwave decomposition of ABS and the potential of a one and two step process for the de-hydrochlorination, then pyrolysis of PVC, which is an untried and novel approach for PVC recycling. . The influence of microwave power, exposure time, along with the effect of the proportion of carbon, was investigated for its influence upon the yields of gases, oils, chars and product components. The proportions of gases, oils and chars were quantified in terms of their product distribution and subsequently analysed for their properties/composition by TGA, FT-IR, GCMS, Py-GCMS and bomb calorimetry. From their analyses product distributions in the oils and gases were derived and decomposition mechanisms evaluated. From these investigations it was found that the microwave decomposition process of both plastics was possible and demonstrated great versatility, with oil yields for ABS of between 2wt.% to 70wt.% and gas yields of 28wt.% to 77wt.% achieved in processing times as little as 3 minutes. From this it was also possible to identify that high quantities of monomer were also able to be recovered, significantly greater than that of a thermal process (39.5%TiC as to 34.5%TiC respectively for styrene monomer). For PVC, it was identified by initial investigations that the de-hydrochlorination of PVC was possible, confirming results of Ito et al., (2006) and Moriwaki et al., (2006). However, the discovery of amplitude dependent heating was of significant interest, not previously identified in any microwave decomposition process. It was also recognized that pyrolysis was not possible after de-hydrochlorination of PVC occurred as a result of the reduction in the materials ability to absorb microwaves (lesser dielectric constant), due to chlorine was removal. Hence it was necessary to investigate the use carbon additive to enable achieving sufficient temperatures to induce the pyrolysis of the remaining polyene structure. The identification of key parameters and ensuing relationships with microwave power, heating rate and temperatures was identified herein, giving the first detailed account of the relationship between specific polymer types and microwaves during a pyrolysis process.
Book chapters on the topic "Microwave pyrolysi"
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Kaiqi, Shi, Wu Tao, Yan Jiefeng, Zhao Haitao, Hall Philip, and Lester Edward. "Microwave Enhanced Pyrolysis Of Gumwood." In Progress in Sustainable Energy Technologies: Generating Renewable Energy, 699–707. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07896-0_44.
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Ludlow-Palafox, C., and H. A. Chase. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes." In Feedstock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics, 569–94. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470021543.ch21.
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Kurian, Jiby, and G. S. Vijaya Raghavan. "Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass: An Overview." In Biofuels and Biorefineries, 185–206. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2732-6_7.
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Kaplas, Tommi, Yuri Svirko, Konstantin Batrakov, Polina Kuzhir, and Sergey A. Maksimenko. "Microwave Properties of Ultrathin Pyrolytic Carbon Films." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 239–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7478-9_13.
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Sreelakshmy, Kombath, and Nangarthody Sindhu. "Modelling and Simulation of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Plastic." In Waste Management and Resource Efficiency, 891–903. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1_75.
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Ghosal, Manoj Kumar. "Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Agricultural Residues for Biofuels Production." In Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies, 409–69. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003347316-7.
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Beneroso, D., J. M. Bermúdez, A. Arenillas, and J. A. Menéndez. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Organic Wastes for Syngas-Derived Biopolymers Production." In Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Microwave, 99–127. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9612-5_6.
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Wang, Lu, Hanwu Lei, and Roger Ruan. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis for Production of Biofuels." In Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Microwave, 251–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9612-5_12.
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Hadidi, Kamal, Makhlouf Redjdal, Eric H. Jordan, Olivia A. Graeve, and Colby M. Brunet. "Uniform Microwave Plasma Pyrolysis for the Production of Metastable Nanomaterials." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 99–104. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118744109.ch11.
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Saleem, Rishmail, Muhammad Yasin Naz, Shazia Shukrullah, and Bilal Shoukat. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Materials into Hydrogen and Carbon." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 157–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6688-0_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Microwave pyrolysi"
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Polaert, Isabelle, Lilivet Ubiera, Lokmane Abdelouahed, and Bechara Taouk. "MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS IN A ROTATORY KILN REACTOR: DEEP CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PYROLYTIC LIQUIDS PRODUCTS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9807.
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The pursuit of sustainable relationship between the production and consumption of energy has accelerated the research into new fuels alternatives, and mainly focused on new technologies for biomass based fuels. Microwave pyrolysis of biomass is a relatively new process which has been long recognized to provide better quality bio-products in shorter reaction time due to the direct sample heating and the particular heating profile resulting from the interaction of biomass with the electric field component of an electromagnetic wave [1,2]. During the course of this research, flax shives were pyrolysed using a rotatory kiln reactor inside a microwave single mode cavity using a range of power between 100 and 200 watts, to reach a temperature range between 450 °C and 650°C. The liquid bio-oil samples recovered in each case were analyzed though gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to identify and quantify the different molecules presents and paying a particular attention to the BTX’s concentration. More than two hundred compounds were identified and grouped into families such as carboxylic acids, alcools, sugars for a deep analysis of the results. The effect of the operating conditions on the proportion of gas, liquid and char produced were studied as well as some properties of the pyrolysis products. In most cases, carboxylic acids were the dominating chemical group present. It was also noticed that the increase of temperature enhanced the carboxylic acids production and diminished the production of other groups, as sugars. Finally, pyrolysis oils were produced in higher quantities by microwaves than in a classical oven and showed a different composition. The examination of the pyrolytic liquid products from different biomass components helped to determine the provenance of each molecule family. On the operational side, the rotatory kiln reactor provided a fast and homogeneous heating profile inside the reactor, desired for fast pyrolysis. The high temperature was maintained without making hot spots during the reaction time. The microwave irradiation setup consisted in a single-mode cavity, a system of plungers, incident and reflected power monitors, an isolator and a 2.45 GHz continuous microwave generator with a power upper limit of 2000 watts. The plunger system was calibrated to maintain a range of reflective wave between 5 and 15%, taking advantage of a minimum of 85 percent of the applied power. In conclusion, the developed microwave pyrolysis process gives a clear way to produce an exploitable bio-oil with enhanced properties. References Beneroso, D., Monti, T., Kostas, E., Robinson, J., CEJ, 2017.,316, 481- 498. Autunes E., Jacob M., Brodie, G., Schneider, A., JAAP, 2018,129, 93-100.
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Putra, Putri Humairah Monashofian, Shaifulazuar Rozali, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, and Aida Idris. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Polypropylene with Iron Susceptor." In International Technical Postgraduate Conference 2022. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.141.29.
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The improper disposal of plastic waste and low recycling rate have caused various environmental issues around the world. Therefore, microwave metal pyrolysis approach is proposed to efficiently convert plastic waste into liquid fuel, wax and gaseous by-products. This study aims to investigate the effect of different parameters such as microwave power and mass of metal on the product formation of the pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP). The experimental study was conducted in a closed glass reactor with a capacity of 500 ml, in a modified 2.45 GHz microwave, at a pressure of 1 atm and nitrogen is flowed at 0.5 L/min. The plastic was mixed with iron (Fe) powder and pyrolysed for 30 min. The produced pyrolysis vapor was condensed in a two-stage condenser where the oil formed was subsequently collected in a flask. The increase in microwave power from 500 to 700 W increased the oil yield of PP with iron powder from 22.4 to 54.5 wt.% and decreased the wax yield from 40.2% to zero. The increase in mass of iron powder from 5 to 10 g improved the oil yield from 20.0 to 54.5 wt.%, while the oil yield slightly decreased to 50.1 wt.% at 15 g. The pyrolysis oil formed has high calorific value of 45-46 MJ/kg comparable with the commercial fuel, thus the fuel can be blended with pure diesel to reduce the portion of fossil fuel in diesel combustion engine application.
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Fei Yu, Roger Ruan, Shaobo Deng, Paul Chen, and and Xiangyang Lin. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21481.
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Shi, Kaiqi, Tao Wu, Jiefeng Yan, Haitao Zhao, and Edward Lester. "Microwave enhanced pyrolysis of gumwood." In 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2013.6893653.
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Serio, Michael, Joseph Cosgrove, Marek Wójtowicz, Kanapathipillai Wignarajah, and John Fisher. "Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Solid Waste." In 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5124.
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Wang Jun, Chen Mingqiang, Liu Shaomin, Chen Minggong, Fan-fei Min, Sui Qianqian, Wanghua, and Wang Guangce. "Pyrolysis of Ulva rigida by microwave heating." In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930921.
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Mathiarasu, A., and M. Pugazhvadivu. "Studies on microwave pyrolysis of tamarind seed." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (NCECB). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0005644.
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Shoujie Ren, Hanwu Lei, Lu Wang, Quan Bu, Shulin Chen, Joan Wu, and Roger Ruan. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Sawdust Pellet." In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37300.
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Xiaoya Guo, Bo Zhou, and Yong Zheng. "Study on microwave radiation pyrolysis of biomass." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icset.2008.4747031.
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Robinson, Megan, and Zoya Popovic. "SCALABLE MICROWAVE WASTE-TO-FUEL CONVERSION." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9839.
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This paper presents an efficiency study for scalable microwave waste management. When waste with carbon content is subjected to volume power densities on the order of 0.25W/cm3 at GHz frequencies, it converts to solid coke fuel with oil and gas bi-products that can further be processed for fuel, leaving no trace. For an efficient process, a well-controlled uniform RF field should be maintained in a non-uniform and time-variable material. We are developing a 2.45-GHz active microwave cavity with solid-state (GaN) spatially power combined sources for lower volumes, Fig.1. In the energy balance calculations, the input energy into the system consists of the waste chemical energy and the DC electrical energy used to obtain the RF power with an efficiency that can reach 70% for kW power levels. The efficiency of RF power conversion to heat in the waste mass is calculated from full-wave simulations for typical waste mixtures and ranges from 10 to 90% depending on the material and cavity filling. The output energy estimates are collected from various pyrolysis process descriptions, e.g. [1], with the total energy being that of the solid fuel (35MJ/kg) and oil caloric values, e.g. 40MJ/kg for plastics and about 10-15MJ/kg for nonplastics [2]. A byproduct is flue gas which can be converted to Syngas [3]. The total worse-case carbon footprint balance (0.3-3) calculations will be presented. Fig. 1. Block diagram of active microwave cavity for waste to fuel conversion. References D. Czajczyńska, “Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 3, p. 171. Sept., 2017. J.A. Onwudili, “Composition of products from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: effects of temperature and residence time,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 86 p. 293–303. Nov., 2009. S. Chunshan, "Tri-reforming of methane: a novel concept for synthesis of industrially useful synthesis gas with desired H2/CO ratios using CO2 in flue gas of power plants without CO2 separation." Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem 49, no. 1 (2004): 128.