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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave processing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 May 2022

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1

McArdle, Phillip. "Microwave Myths and Tissue Processing." Microscopy Today 15, no. 1 (January 2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500051129.

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Microwave-assisted preparation of histological samples has been performed for decades; what began with a few pioneering researchers has now become a routine and accepted practice in many clinical and research laboratories. Reliable, reproducible microwave protocols have been developed for a variety of operations: LM and EM processing, decalcification, fixation, special stains, antigen retrieval and more. Laboratories employing microwave procedures often do so for several compelling reasons: in addition to the expected time savings (often on the scale of orders of magnitude), improved morphology, retained immunoreactivity, and the elimination of hazardous reagents are benefits typically realized as well.Despite the increasing availability of laboratory microwaves, consumer-grade (“kitchen”) microwaves continue to be used, almost invariably due to cost considerations. (EBS has maintained since 1992 that a kitchen microwave has no place in the lab.) At any time in the US there are hundreds of microwave models to choose from: a dizzying array of sizes, wattages, options, and configurations await the shopper.

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2

Belkhir, Kedafi, Guillaume Riquet, and Frédéric Becquart. "Polymer Processing under Microwaves." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3961233.

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Over the last decades, microwave heating has experienced a great development and reached various domains of application, especially in material processing. In the field of polymers, this unusual source of energy showed important advantages arising from the direct microwave/matter interaction. Indeed, microwave heating allows regio-, chemio-, and stereo-selectivity, faster chemical reactions, and higher yields even in solvent-free processes. Thus, this heating mode provides a good alternative to the conventional heating by reducing time and energy consumption, hence reducing the costs and ecological impact of polymer chemistry and processing. This review states some achievements in the use of microwaves as energy source during the synthesis and transformation of polymers. Both in-solution and free-solvent processes are described at different scales, with comparison between microwave and conventional heating.

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3

Singh, Satnam, Dheeraj Gupta, and Vivek Jain. "Microwave melting and processing of metal–ceramic composite castings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 7 (September 1, 2016): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416666900.

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Applications of metal–ceramic composites are increasing in advanced materials field; however, efficient utilization of these materials depends on the cost involved in processing and structure–properties correlations. Processing of materials through microwave energy has already been accepted as a well-established route for many materials. In this work, composites of nickel-based metallic powder (matrix) and SiC powder (reinforcement) were successfully casted by microwave heating. The mechanism for the development of composite castings using microwaves is discussed with proper illustrations. The results of microstructure analysis of the developed cast revealed that uniform equiaxed grain growth with uniform dispersion of reinforcement. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that during microwave heating some metallurgical changes took place, which led to higher microhardness of cast. Micowave processed casting revealed lower defects (~1.75% porosity) and average Vickers microhardness of 920 ± 208 HV. This work reports the successful applications of microwaves in manufacturing, in the form of melting and casting of metallic powders.

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4

Gulshan, F. Ryhanath, N. Aravindha Babu, Jayasri Krupaa, and K. M. K. Masthan. "Microwave tissue Processing." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.04395.x.

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5

Peterson, E. R. "Microwave chemical processing." Research on Chemical Intermediates 20, no. 1 (January 1994): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856794x00108.

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6

Cuomo Jerome, J., D. Gelorme Jeffrey, Michael Hatzakis, A. Lewis David, Jane Shaw, and J. Whitehair Stanley. "5340914 Microwave processing." Environment International 21, no. 3 (January 1995): XXII—XXIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)99301-h.

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7

Zubair, Mukarram, Rebecca Ferrari, Omar Alagha, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Nawaf I. Blaisi, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, and Mohammad Saood Manzar. "Microwave Foaming of Materials: An Emerging Field." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112477.

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In the last two decades, the application of microwave heating to the processing of materials has to become increasingly widespread. Microwave-assisted foaming processes show promise for industrial commercialization due to the potential advantages that microwaves have shown compared to conventional methods. These include reducing process time, improved energy efficiency, solvent-free foaming, reduced processing steps, and improved product quality. However, the interaction of microwave energy with foaming materials, the effects of critical processing factors on microwave foaming behavior, and the foamed product’s final properties are still not well-explored. This article reviews the mechanism and principles of microwave foaming of different materials. The article critically evaluates the impact of influential foaming parameters such as blowing agent, viscosity, precursor properties, microwave conditions, additives, and filler on the interaction of microwave, foaming material, physical (expansion, cellular structure, and density), mechanical, and thermal properties of the resultant foamed product. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for developing industrial microwave foaming processes are identified, and areas for potential future research works are highlighted.

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8

Lloyd, Isabel K., Yuval Carmel, Otto C. Wilson Jr., and Geng Fu Xu. "Microwave Processing of Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.857.

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Microwave (MW) processing is advantageous for processing ceramics with tailored microstructures. Its combination of volumetric heating, a wide range of controlled heating rates, atmosphere control and the ability to reach very high temperatures allows processing of 'difficult' materials like high thermal conductivity AlN and AlN composites and microstructure control in more readily sintered ceramics such as ZnO. MW sintering promotes development of thermal conductivity in AlN (225 W/mK) and its composites (up to 150W/mK inAlN-TiB2 and up to 129 W/mK in AlN-SiC when solid solution is avoided). In ZnO, heating rate controls sintered grain size. Increasing the heating rate from 5°C/min. to 4900°C decreases grain size from ~10 μm (comparable to conventional sintering of the same powder) to nearly the starting particle size (~ 1μm). Microstructural uniformity increases with sintering rate since ultra-rapid MW sintering minimizes the development of thermal gradients due to heat loss.

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9

Agrawal, Dinesh K. "Microwave processing of ceramics." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 3, no. 5 (October 1998): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(98)80011-9.

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10

Katz, Joel, Richard Silberglitt, S. Komameni, and David Clark. "Microwave Processing Symposium Report." Materials and Processing Report 3, no. 4 (July 1988): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08871949.1988.11752184.

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11

Minasian, R. A., E. H. W. Chan, and X. Yi. "Microwave photonic signal processing." Optics Express 21, no. 19 (September 23, 2013): 22918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.022918.

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12

Clark, D. E., and W. H. Sutton. "Microwave Processing of Materials." Annual Review of Materials Science 26, no. 1 (August 1996): 299–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.26.080196.001503.

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13

Capmany, José, José Mora, Ivana Gasulla, Juan Sancho, Juan Lloret, and Salvador Sales. "Microwave Photonic Signal Processing." Journal of Lightwave Technology 31, no. 4 (February 2013): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2012.2222348.

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14

James, S. J. "Microwave processing and engineering." Endeavour 11, no. 3 (January 1987): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90222-5.

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15

J. Binner. "Microwave processing of materials." Materials & Design 12, no. 4 (August 1991): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(91)90172-z.

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16

Kowalski, S., M. Lukasiewicz, S. Bednarz, and M. Panuś. "Diastase number changes during thermaland microwave processing of honey." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 1 (January 30, 2012): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/123/2010-cjfs.

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The presented paper covers the preliminary studies on microwave inactivation of honey enzymes described as diastase number (DN). All the investigations were done on commercially available honey from Polish local market. Microwave processes were compared to the conventional ones. In the case of conventional conditions, the constant rate of diastase enzyme inactivation was estimated using the first order kinetics. In the case of microwave heated samples, it was impossible to establish the rate constant; however, the investigation proved the suitability of such kind of processing for short-term thermal treatment of honey.  

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17

Binner, Jon, and Bala Vaidhyanathan. "When Should Microwaves Be Used to Process Technical Ceramics?" Materials Science Forum 606 (October 2008): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.606.51.

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This paper attempts to shed light on why the stand alone microwave processing of technical ceramics, despite being one of the most popular field with respect to volume of research performed, is still struggling to achieve priority status with respect to commercialisation. To obtain some answers to this enigma and determine when microwaves should be used to process technical ceramics, three case studies are explored. The conclusion is that microwaves should be used to process technical ceramics when specific advantage can be taken of the intrinsic nature of microwave energy and not simply as an alternative energy source. In addition, it is concluded that from a commercialisation view point hybrid processing is often a better approach than the use of pure microwaves.

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18

Palma, Vincenzo, Daniela Barba, Marta Cortese, Marco Martino, Simona Renda, and Eugenio Meloni. "Microwaves and Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review on Selected Catalytic Processes." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020246.

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Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.

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19

Kandagal., Zaheerabbas B., V. G. Akkimaradi, and A. N. Sonnad. "A Review on Green Technology Material Processing Through Microwave Energy." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21353.

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20

Booske, John H., Reid F. Cooper, and Ian Dobson. "Mechanisms for nonthermal effects on ionic mobility during microwave processing of crystalline solids." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 2 (February 1992): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.0495.

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Models for nonthermal effects on ionic motion during microwave heating of crystalline solids are considered to explain the anomolous reductions of activation energy for diffusion and the overall faster kinetics noted in microwave sintering experiments and other microwave processing studies. We propose that radiation energy couples into low (microwave) frequency elastic lattice oscillations, generating a nonthermal phonon distribution that enhances ion mobility and thus diffusion rates. Viewed in this manner, it is argued that the effect of the microwaves would not be to reduce the activation energy, but rather to make the use of a Boltzmann thermal model inappropriate for the inference of activation energy from sintering-rate or tracer-diffusion data. A highly simplified linear oscillator lattice model is used to qualitatively explore coupling from microwave photons to lattice oscillations. The linear mechanism possibilities include resonant coupling to weak-bond surface and point defect modes, and nonresonant coupling to zero-frequency displacement modes. Nonlinear mechanisms such as inverse Brillouin scattering are suggested for resonant coupling of electromagnetic and elastic traveling waves in crystalline solids. The models suggest that nonthermal effects should be more pronounced in polycrystalline (rather than single crystal) forms, and at elevated bulk temperatures.

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21

Komarneni, Sridhar, Rajyalakshmi Pidugu, Qing Hua Li, and Rustum Roy. "Microwave-hydrothermal processing of metal powders." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 7 (July 1995): 1687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1687.

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Novel microwave-hydrothermal processing has been developed by us recently for the synthesis of a wide variety of ceramic powders. Herein, we report the use of microwave-hydrothermal processing to synthesize several metal powders such as Cu, Ni, Co, and Ag by reducing their corresponding metal salts or hydroxides with ethylene glycol. Metal powders have been produced extremely rapidly a (few minutes) by microwave catalysis. The kinetics of metal powder synthesis have been increased by at least an order of magnitude by microwave-hydrothermal processing compared to the conventional refluxing process in ethylene glycol at about 195 °C.

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22

Schichnes, Denise, Jeffrey A. Nemson, and Steven E. Ruzin. "Microwave Protocols for Plant and Animal Paraffin Microtechnique." Microscopy Today 13, no. 3 (May 2005): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500051658.

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The microwave oven is a valuable tool for light and electron microscopy microtechnique labs. Tissue processing times, traditionally taking up to two weeks, have been reduced to a few hours as a result of the implementation of microwave technology (Kok et al., 1988, Gibberson and Demaree, 2001). In addition, the quality of the tissue preparations has improved dramatically. Microwave ovens have also evolved since their first use in the laboratory. Early experiments were conducted using relatively crude commercial microwave ovens. Now, labs use microwave ovens with temperature probes, strict control over the magnetron (which generates the microwaves), variable power supplies, chamber cooling, and high microwave field uniformity.

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23

Nangia, Rajat, Amita Negi, Abhiney Puri, Sucheta Bansal, Rakhi Gupta, and Megha Mittal. "Comparison of conventional tissue processing with microwave processing using commercially available and domestic microwaves." Indian Journal of Oral Sciences 4, no. 2 (2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-6944.119932.

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24

Gartshore, Alexandra, Matt Kidd, and Lovleen Tina Joshi. "Applications of Microwave Energy in Medicine." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040096.

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Microwaves are a highly utilized electromagnetic wave, used across a range of industries including food processing, communications, in the development of novel medical treatments and biosensor diagnostics. Microwaves have known thermal interactions and theorized non-thermal interactions with living matter; however, there is significant debate as to the mechanisms of action behind these interactions and the potential benefits and limitations of their use. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the implementation of microwave technologies within the medical industry.

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25

Ertörer, Osman, E. Fakıoglu, I. Sirer, Ç. Öncel, and Mehmet Ali Gülgün. "Microwave Assisted Processing of Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.765.

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26

Olaniyi, Idowu Joseph. "Microwave Heating in Food Processing." BAOJ Nutrition 3, no. 1 (September 13, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24947/baojn/3/1/00123.

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27

YOSHIMURA, YURIKA, and TAKERU OHE. "Textile Processing by Microwave Heating." FIBER 66, no. 10 (2010): P.339—P.343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.66.p_339.

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28

TAKIZAWA, Hirotsugu. "Microwave Processing of Inorganic Materials." Shikizai Kyokaishi 82, no. 2 (2009): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.82.56.

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29

Clark, David E., Diane C. Folz, and Jon K. West. "Processing materials with microwave energy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 287, no. 2 (August 2000): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00768-1.

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30

Yoshikawa, N. "Microwave Processing of Metallic Materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 424 (October 13, 2018): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/424/1/012041.

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31

Capmany, J., D. Pastor, J. Mora, B. Ortega, and M. Andrés. "Photonic processing of microwave signals." IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics 152, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-opt:20050018.

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32

Thostenson, E. T., and T. W. Chou. "Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30, no. 9 (September 1999): 1055–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(99)00020-2.

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33

Ramaswamy, H., and F. R. van de Voort. "Microwave Applications in Food Processing." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 23, no. 1 (February 1990): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(90)70194-0.

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34

Chandrasekaran, S., Srinivasan Ramanathan, and Tanmay Basak. "Microwave material processing-a review." AIChE Journal 58, no. 2 (October 5, 2011): 330–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12766.

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35

DATTA, ASHIM K., and P. MICHAEL DAVIDSON. "Microwave and Radio Frequency Processing." Journal of Food Safety 65 (November 2000): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2000.tb00616.x.

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36

Chekanova, A. E., E. A. Eremina, A. S. Vanetsev, and Yu D. Tret'yakov. "Synthesis of Nd0.7Ba0.3MnO3via Microwave Processing." Inorganic Materials 40, no. 4 (April 2004): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:inma.0000023969.30668.98.

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37

DATTA, ASHIM K., and P. MICHAEL DAVIDSON. "Microwave and Radio Frequency Processing." Journal of Food Science 65 (November 2000): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2000.tb00616.x.

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38

Teoreanu, Ion, Ecaterina Andronescu, and Antoaneta Folea. "Microwave processing of Ba2Ti9O20 ceramic." Ceramics International 22, no. 4 (January 1996): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-8842(95)00107-7.

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39

Chandrasekaran, S., S. Ramanathan, and Tanmay Basak. "Microwave food processing—A review." Food Research International 52, no. 1 (June 2013): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.033.

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40

Veronesi, Paolo, Elena Colombini, Diego Salvatori, Michelina Catauro, and Cristina Leonelli. "Microwave Processing of PET Using Solid‐State Microwave Generators." Macromolecular Symposia 395, no. 1 (February 2021): 2000204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.202000204.

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41

Breen, Aidan P., Barry Twomey, Greg Byrne, and Denis P. Dowling. "Comparison between Microwave and Microwave Plasma Sintering of Nickel Powders." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.289.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the use of microwave plasma treatments as a processing technology for the sintering of metal powders. The volumetric heating process achieved with microwaves is considerably more efficient compared with resistance heating. The sintering study was carried out on 20 mm diameter by 2 mm thick compacted discs of nickel powder, with mean particle size of 1 µm. The discs were fired in a 5 cm diameter microwave plasma ball, under a hydrogen atmosphere at a pressure of 2 kPa. There was an increase in fired pellet transverse rupture strength (TRS) with plasma treatment duration. The mechanical properties of the sintered nickel discs were compared based on TRS, Rockwell hardness tests and density measurements. The morphology of the sintered discs was compared using microscopy and SEM. Comparison disc sintering studies were carried out using both a non plasma microwave and tube furnace firing. Using the microwave plasma sintering process full sintered disc strength of ≈1000 N (based on 3-point bend tests) was achieved after a 10 minute treatment time. In contrast the sintering time in the tube furnace treatment involved total processing time of up to 6 hours. The non plasma microwave system involved intermediate treatment periods of 2 hours. The degree of sintering between the individual nickel powder particles can be precisely controlled by the duration of the treatment time in the plasma.

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42

Giberson, R. T. "Advances in Microwave-Assisted Processing For Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600032037.

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The history of microwave-assisted processing has been dominated by the idea that microwave heating was an integral part of the equation. The separation of a microwave component from the heating effects of the radiation during sample processing has been experimentally difficult. Combined with this difficulty has been the closed cavity design of microwave ovens. This design is typical of laboratory and household ovens and results in the formation of “hot” and “cold” spots within the chamber. These spots produce regions in close proximity to each other which have widely varying heating effects on samples.A second factor to consider with microwave heating is the effect wattage output has on rate and extent of microwave induced heating. Peak wattage outputs of all laboratory and most household microwave ovens are in excess of 650W. As a result the vast majority of all microwave-assisted protocols are based on heating parameters associated with high wattage processing.

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43

Makiso Urugo, Markos, Shimelis Admassu Emire, and Tadele Tuba Tringo. "Microwave Processing of Food and Biological Materials." Croatian journal of food science and technology 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2021.13.2.09.

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Microwave processing is one of the novel food processing technologies that use electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength and frequency between 1 mm to 1 m and 300 MHz to 300 GHz, respectively. In this review, principles and various applications of microwave technology for food processing are addressed. A systematic literature search was conducted by using, Google Scholar and, Web of Science, Open access theses and dissertations on the principles and application of microwave processing of food were summarized. Additionally, references of each selected publication were examined to get more relevant articles. In microwave processing, the food material absorbs microwave energy directly, and internally, and converts it to heat. The technology is applicable for different unit operations in food industries such as cooking, heating, drying, pasteurization, sterilization, thawing, tempering, baking, blanching, and the extraction of important food biomaterials. Microwave processing is highly advantageous over conventional food processing techniques, in terms of retaining the nutritional content of the food and reducing processing time. Consequently, the breakthrough of the technology in food processing industry has been predicted before. However, the potential of microwave technology is not widely exhausted in Africa. It is associated with a lack of awareness, a priority setting on the application of emerging technologies for safe and high quality value added products; moreover, its high initial investment and operational power cost may become a bottleneck for food processing companies in Africa. Therefore, food innovation centres in Africa should drive high performance standards from technology adoption to improve the application of microwave technology in food industries.

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44

Stachowicz, M., and K. Granat. "Possibilities of Reclamation Microwave-Hardened Molding Sands with Water Glass." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0127.

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Abstract The paper presents results of a research on identifying opportunities for effective reclamation of waste molding sand with water-glass, hardened by microwave heating. The molding sand applied in the tests was prepared with use of selected type 145 of sodium water-glass. The sand was sequentially processed by microwave hardening, cooling, thermal loading to 800°C, cooling to ambient temperature, crushing and mechanical reclamation. These stages create a closed processing loop. After each cycle, changes of tensile strength and bending strength were determined. Results of the study show that it is possible to activate surface of high-silica grains of waste foundry sand hardened with microwaves, provided that applied are appropriate processing parameters in successive operation cycles.

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45

Nagapriya, Srinivasan, M. R. Ajith, Harihara Iyer Sreemoolanadhan, V. K. Sree Nageswari, C. Simon Wesley, and S. C. Sharma. "Hollow Silica Granules by Microwave Processing." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.87.

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Conventional methods of processing hollow silica granules are tedious, expensive and time consuming. The present work aims at the production of hollow silica granules by a rapid, simple & cost-effective process, by employing microwave heat treatment which reduces the time factor drastically. Microwave processing is an emerging field and is fast catching up as an excellent alternative to the electrical heating methods. Spherical hollow silica granules with in-situ fibrous network were obtained by firing the sol-gel derived silica gel in a microwave furnace. Sol was synthesized using TEOS, distilled water, HCl & Ethanol and was allowed to age in a wide tray at ambient temperature & pressure. The ageing time of the gel was varied from 1-80 days and the characteristics of the granules hence obtained were studied. The temperature of heat treatment was also varied and it was observed that spherical granules form in the temperature range of 1250-1400°C. For comparison, the same gel was heat treated in a conventional furnace and the characteristics of the granules hence obtained were also studied. It was observed that conventionally sintered granules were less dense than the microwave derived ones but were not hollow. This paper describes the processing of hollow silica granules and the effect of gel ageing duration and temperature of sintering on the final product obtained.

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46

Liu, Ya Jing, Tao Jiang, Zhi Deng, Xiang Xin Xue, and Pei Ning Duan. "Stuy on Microwave-Assisted Grinding of Low-Grade Ludwigite." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.214.

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The low-grade ludwigite is one of the complex and refractory ores. Based on the high energy consumption and inefficient in the grinding process and according to the microwave-assisted grinding principle, this paper studied the microwave absorption property of ludwigite and researched the effect of microwave heating on the grinding efficiency of it. The non-microwaved and microwaved samples were characterized with regard to the chemical components, mineral compositions, macroscopic structure and microstructure, grinding efficiency by methods of the chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grain size analysis, etc. The results indicated that ludwigite, with good microwave absorption property, was suitable for microwave processing. The grindability of microwaved ludwigite was related to the microwave power and microwave heating temperature. By the microwave heating temperature attained 500~650°C, many macro-cracks and micro-cracks were produced by thermal stress between different mineral interfaces, which resulted in the decrease of strength of ludwigite and easy levigation, but the mineral compositions had no obviously changed, which would not affect the subsequent magnetic separation. It was concluded that short, high-power treatments were most effective but over-exposure of the sample led to reductions in efficiency. Under the same conditions, the grinding efficiency of ludwigite was improved 24.54% higher than untreated ore, which significantly improved the grinding efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

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Amrutha, N. "Microwaves: A Revolution in Histoprocessing." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 2 (2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1505.

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ABSTRACT Background and Aim Pathologists are under constant pressure for instant and reliable diagnosis. The manual procedures employed in private laboratories and institutional setup for histoprocessing and staining are laborious and intense. Thus, this study aims to evaluate and compare the microwave tissue processing and staining with the conventional methods which are in vogue. Materials and methods Of the formalin fixed tissue biopsies received by our department, 30 specimens were randomly picked and subjected to grossing. Each specimen was cut into equal halves, each half was processed and stained by conventional method while the other by the microwave method. The entire procedure was blinded and evaluated by four observers based on the criteria of Mahesh Babu et al (2011): Cellular clarity, cytoplasmic details, nuclear detail and color intensity. The results were statistically analyzed using Chi square test and kappa. Results The overall time employed for microwave processing was 2 hours and for conventional methods it was 7 hours, while H and E staining by microwave process took 16 minutes and 45 seconds and it took 31 minutes and 20 seconds by the conventional process. The diagnostic ability of microwave method yielded promising results and was less time consuming. Conclusion Microwave processing and staining yielded quicker and better results compared to the routine methods. Therefore, Microwave can serve as a quicker and a reliable diagnostic method for a pathologist. How to cite this article Amrutha N, Patil S, Rao RS. Microwaves: A Revolution in Histoprocessing. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):149-152.

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C, Veeresh Nayak, Ramesh MR, Vijay Desai, and Sudip Kumar Samanta. "Sintering metal injection molding parts of tungsten-based steel using microwave and conventional heating methods." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 11 (December 19, 2018): 2138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418816853.

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In recent years, the near net shape metal injection molding process combines desirable features of plastic injection molding and powder metallurgy processes to gain high strength-to-weight ratio for manufacturing complex-shaped parts. The metal injection molding process consists of mixing, molding, debinding, and sintering. Microwave processing has attracted much attention in global research because of its unique features such as its ability to heat and sinter a wide variety of metals and its significant advantages in energy efficiency, processing speed, and compatibility. Also, it presents few environmental risks and can produce refined microstructures. The injected samples to be sintered are composed of fine tool steel metal powder and binders, stearic acid, paraffin wax, low-density polyethylene, and polyethylene glycol (600). In recent years, microwave-assisted post-treatment is considered a novel method for processing green parts. In this work, the green parts are subjected to high-intensity microwave fields which operate at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Metal injection molding compacts were sintered using multi-mode microwave radiation. The sintering of a metal injection molding compact by microwaves has hardly been reported. The metal injection molding compact showed better results than those produced by sintering with conventional heating. This study evaluates the effect of conventional sintering and microwave sintering on mechanical properties. By optimizing the sintering process, increased sintered hardness, a more homogeneous microstructure, and greater shrinkage were obtained using microwave-assisted sintering.

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Smith, S. A., and A. Martella. "Rapid microwave processing of skeletal muscle for TEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167093.

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Rapid tissue processing for transmission electron microscopy is a desired goal in a clinical EM laboratory. Reducing the time from tissue submission to examination in the electron microscope shortens turnaround time for diagnosis. Microwave enhanced tissue processing will accomplish these goals.Microwave technology reduces the time for tissue fixation and processing and may improve overall results. Fixation times can be reduced from minutes to seconds and resin polymerization from hours to minutes. Dehydration and infiltration steps can also be reduced, so that microwave rapid tissue processing can yield ultrathin sections from unfixed tissue in three hours.Three microwave protocols to process skeletal muscle biopsies are compared to standard processing. The protocols test the efficacy of microwave fixation, dehydration, and resin infiltration and polymerization. Protocol #1 uses microwave enhanced 4:1 formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde primary fixation followed by routine processing for remaining steps. Protocol #2 uses microwave primary fixation and 2% OsO4 post-fixation followed by routine processing. Protocol #3 uses microwave enhanced processing for entire procedure. Protocol #4 uses the standard processing technique.

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Giberson, Richard T., and Mark A. Sanders. "Benefits of Microwave-Assisted Processing Go Beyond Time Savings." Microscopy Today 17, no. 5 (September 2009): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929509000340.

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Microwave-assisted processing of biological specimens, from its inception, has been a methodology that promised time savings over conventional processing methods [1]. It has taken almost 30 years to define and control the significant variables associated with microwave processing [2]. Recent research combined with improved technology have helped in the identification and control of the experimental variables associated with microwave-assisted processing [2–7]. Stated simply they are: (1) constant sample temperature control in conjunction with continuous microwave irradiation [3–4], (2) control of wattage in the microwave device (the ability to control microwave power in the same manner as a dimmer switch controls a light) [2–5], and (3) energy uniformity in the microwave cavity [3–4].

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