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Academic literature on the topic 'Microwave observations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microwave observations"

1

Battistelli, E. S., E. Carretti, P. de Bernardis, and S. Masi. "Large Radio Telescopes for Anomalous Microwave Emission Observations." Advances in Astronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/607384.

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We discuss in this paper the problem of the Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) in the light of ongoing or future observations to be performed with the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. High angular resolution observations of the AME will enable astronomers to drastically improve the knowledge of the AME mechanisms as well as the interplay between the different constituents of the interstellar medium in our galaxy. Extragalactic observations of the AME have started as well, and high resolution is even more important in this kind of observations. When cross-correlating with IR-dust emission, high angular resolution is also of fundamental importance in order to obtain unbiased results. The choice of the observational frequency is also of key importance in continuum observation. We calculate a merit function that accounts for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in AME observation given the current state-of-the-art knowledge and technology. We also include in our merit functions the frequency dependence in the case of multifrequency observations. We briefly mention and compare the performance of four of the largest radiotelescopes in the world and hope the observational programs in each of them will be as intense as possible.

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Sze, H., J. Benford, and W. Woo. "High-power microwave emission from a virtual cathode oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 5, no. 4 (November 1987): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003189.

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Pinched electron beams emit high power microwaves by formation of a virtual cathode. Radiation occurs simultaneously with pinching or slightly thereafter. Observations of strong electrostatic fields and the partitioning of current into reflexing and transmitting populations at the same time that microwaves are emitted indicate virtual cathode formation. Microwaves originate mainly from the virtual cathode side of the anode. A two-dimensional model for the electron flow in the presence of a virtual cathode is presented. The model allows for electron reflexing and velocity distribution spread. Solutions with strong radial flow agree closely with microwave measurements, and result in the microwave frequency scaling linearly with diode current.

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Prigent, Catherine, Lise Kilic, Filipe Aires, Victor Pellet, and Carlos Jimenez. "Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves: Evaluation of a New Methodology Optimized for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101594.

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A new methodology has been described in Kilic et al. (Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves: A New Methodology Designed for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer, Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1060, Part 1 of this study) to estimate Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) from satellite passive microwave observations between 6 and 36 GHz. The Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves (IceCREAM) algorithm is based on an optimal estimation, with a simple radiative transfer model derived from satellite observations at 0% and 100% SIC. Observations at low and high frequencies have different spatial resolutions, and a scheme is developed to benefit from the low errors of the low frequencies and the high spatial resolutions of the high frequencies. This effort is specifically designed for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) project, equipped with a large deployable antenna to provide a spatial resolution of ∼5 km at 18 and 36 GHz, and ∼15 km at 6 and 10 GHz. The algorithm is tested with Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) observations, for a clear scene over the north polar region, with collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) estimates and the Ocean Sea Ice—Satellite Application Facilities (OSI SAF) operational products. Several algorithm options are tested, and the study case shows that both high spatial resolution and low errors are obtained with the IceCREAM method. It is also tested for the full polar regions, winter and summer, under clear and cloudy conditions. Our method is globally applicable, without fine-tuning or further weather filtering. The systematic use of all channels from 6 to 36 GHz makes it robust to changes in ice surface conditions and to weather interactions.

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Bongiovanni, Tara, Pang-Wei Liu, Karthik Nagarajan, Daniel Preston, Patrick Rush, Tim H. M. Van Emmerik, Robert Terwilleger, et al. "Field Observations during the Eleventh Microwave Water and Energy Balance Experiment (MicroWEX-11): from April 25, 2012, through December 6, 2012." EDIS 2015, no. 6 (September 1, 2015): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae514-2015.

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This new report from UF/IFAS researchers provides another set of observation data that can be used to develop better models for accurate prediction of weather and near-term climate. It describes the observations conducted during the MicroWEX-11, a season-long experiment incorporating active and passive microwave observations for bare soil, elephant grass, and sweet corn using a variety of sensors to understand land–atmosphere interactions and their effect on observed microwave signatures. These observations match that of satellite-based passive microwave radiometers and NASA’s recently launched Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. This 96-page report was written by Tara Bongiovanni, Pang-Wei Liu, Karthik Nagarajan, Daniel Preston, Patrick Rush, Tim H.M. van Emmerik, Robert Terwilleger, Alejandro Monsivais-Huertero, Jasmeet Judge, Susan Steele-Dunne, Roger De Roo, Ruzbeh Akbar, Ella Baar, Max Wallace, and Anthony England and published by the UF Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, July 2015. AE514/AE514: Field Observations during the Eleventh Microwave Water and Energy Balance Experiment (MicroWEX-11): from April 25, 2012, through December 6, 2012 (ufl.edu)

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Wilkinson, D. "The microwave background anisotropies: Observations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 1 (January 6, 1998): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.1.29.

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Luo, Xianhan. "Effects of RFI on Solar Microwave Bursts Observed with Hightime Resolution." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004048.

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ABSTRACTSolar microwave burst observations with high time resolution (~ 1 ms) are important but difficult to make. It is shown by the experiments of radiometer at wavelength 21 cm on 1 ms time scale that some ultrafast time structures in microwaves, which includes spike impulses, switch-on and switch-off structures, etc., may not be from solar emission but from RFI (radio-frequency interference) or from radiometer itself. Because of the uncertainty at 21 cm and other several wavelengths, we suggest that joint observations of the solar microwave bursts on 1 ms time scale should be carried out on the peak years of the 22nd solar activity cycle.

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Barrett, Damian J., and Luigi J. Renzullo. "On the Efficacy of Combining Thermal and Microwave Satellite Data as Observational Constraints for Root-Zone Soil Moisture Estimation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1043.1.

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Abstract Data assimilation applications require the development of appropriate mathematical operators to relate model states to satellite observations. Two such “observation” operators were developed and used to examine the conditions under which satellite microwave and thermal observations provide effective constraints on estimated soil moisture. The first operator uses a two-layer surface energy balance (SEB) model to relate root-zone moisture with top-of-canopy temperature. The second couples SEB and microwave radiative transfer models to yield top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature from surface layer moisture content. Tangent linear models for these operators were developed to examine the sensitivity of modeled observations to variations in soil moisture. Assuming a standard deviation in the observed surface temperature of 0.5 K and maximal model sensitivity, the error in the analysis moisture content decreased by 11% for a background error of 0.025 m3 m−3 and by 29% for a background error of 0.05 m3 m−3. As the observation error approached 2 K, the assimilation of individual surface temperature observations provided virtually no constraint on estimates of soil moisture. Given the range of published errors on brightness temperature, microwave satellite observations were always a strong constraint on soil moisture, except under dense forest and in relatively dry soils. Under contrasting vegetation cover and soil moisture conditions, orthogonal information contained in thermal and microwave observations can be used to improve soil moisture estimation because limited constraint afforded by one data type is compensated by strong constraint from the other data type.

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Yang, Hu, and Martin Burgdorf. "A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071129.

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In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibration accuracies and assess their long-term calibration stabilities. Major challenges of using the Moon as a radiometric source standard for microwave sensors include the uncertainties in antenna pattern measurements, the reliability of measurements of brightness temperature (Tb) in the microwave spectrum of the lunar surface, and knowledge of the lunar phase lag because of penetration depths at different detection frequencies. Most microwave-sounding instruments can collect lunar radiation data from space-view observations during so-called lunar intrusion events that usually occur several days each month. Addressed in this work based on Moon observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder are two major issues in lunar calibration: the lunar surface microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag. The scientific objective of this study is to present our most recent progress on the study of lunar microwave radiation based on satellite observations. Reported here are the lunar microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag from 23 to 183 GHz based on observations of microwave-sounding instruments onboard different satellite platforms. For current Moon microwave radiation research, this study can help toward better understanding lunar microwave radiation features over a wide spectrum range, laying a solid foundation for future lunar microwave calibration efforts.

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Pospichal, Bernhard, and Susanne Crewell. "Boundary layer observations in West Africa using a novel microwave radiometer." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 5 (October 26, 2007): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0228.

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Cucurull, L., R. A. Anthes, and L. L. Tsao. "Radio Occultation Observations as Anchor Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models and Associated Reduction of Bias Corrections in Microwave and Infrared Satellite Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00059.1.

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Abstract Satellite radiance measurements are used daily at numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers around the world, providing a significant positive impact on weather forecast skill. Owing to the existence of systematic errors, either in the observations, instruments, and/or forward models, which can be larger than the signal, the use of infrared or microwave radiances in data assimilation systems requires significant bias corrections. As most bias-correction schemes do not correct for biases that exist in the model forecasts, the model needs to be grounded by an unbiased observing system. These reference measurements, also known as “anchor observations,” prevent a drift of the model to its own climatology and associated biases, thus avoiding a spurious drift of the observation bias corrections. This paper shows that the assimilation of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations over a 3-month period in an operational NWP system results in smaller, more accurate bias corrections in infrared and microwave observations, resulting in an overall more effective use of satellite radiances and a larger number of radiance observations that pass quality control. A full version of the NCEP data assimilation system is used to evaluate the results on the bias corrections for the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder-3 (HIRS-3) on NOAA-17 and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on NOAA-15 in an operational environment.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microwave observations"

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Church, Sarah Elizabeth. "Systematic effects in microwave background observations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359766.

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Peel, Michael. "Simulations and observations of the microwave universe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:86392.

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Simulations and observations of the microwave sky are of great importance for under- standing the Universe that we reside in. Specifically, knowledge of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and its foregrounds – including the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect from clusters of galaxies and radio point sources – tell us about the Universe on its very largest scales, and also what the Universe is made of. We describe the creation of software to carry out large numbers of virtual sky simulations. The simulations include the CMB, SZ effect and point sources, and are designed to examine the effects of point sources and the SZ effect on present and recent observations of the CMB. Utilizing sets of 1,000 simulations, we find that the power spectrum resulting from the SZ effect is expected to have a larger standard deviation by a factor of 3 than would be expected from purely Gaussian realizations. It also has a distribution that is significantly skewed towards increased values for the power spectrum, especially when small map sizes are used. The effects of the clustering of galaxy clusters, residual point sources and uncertainties in the gas physics are also investigated, as are the implications for the excess power measured in the CMB power spectrum by the CBI and BIMA experiments. We also investigate the possibility of using the One Centimetre Receiver Array (OCRA) receivers to observe the CMB and measure this high-multipole excess. An automated data reduction package has been created for the OCRA receivers, which has been used in end-to-end simulations for OCRA-p observations of point sources. We find that these simulations are able to realistically simulate the noise present in real observations, and that the introduction of 1/ f noise into the simulations significantly reduces the predicted ability of the instruments to observe weak sources by measuring the sources for long periods of time. The OCRA-p receiver has been used to observe point sources in the Very Small Array fields so that they can be subtracted from observations of the CMB power spectrumWe find that these point sources are split between steep and flat spectrum sources. We have also observed 550 CRATES flat spectrum radio sources, which will be useful for comparison to Planck satellite observations. Finally, the assembly and commissioning of the OCRA-F receiver is outlined. This receiver is now installed on the Torun ́ 32-m telescope, and is currently being calibrated prior to starting observations in the next few months.

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Rocha, Graca Maria Moreira De Sousa Teixeira. "Comparison of microwave background predictions and observations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627175.

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Piles, Guillem Maria. "Multiscale soil moisture retrievals from microwave remote sensing observations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77910.

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La humedad del suelo es la variable que regula los intercambios de agua, energía, y carbono entre la tierra y la atmósfera. Mediciones precisas de humedad son necesarias para una gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos, para mejorar las predicciones meteorológicas y climáticas, y para la detección y monitorización de sequías e inundaciones. Esta tesis se centra en la medición de la humedad superficial de la Tierra desde el espacio, a escalas global y regional. Estudios teóricos y experimentales han demostrado que la teledetección pasiva de microondas en banda L es optima para la medición de humedad del suelo, debido a que la atmósfera es transparente a estas frecuencias, y a la relación directa de la emisividad del suelo con su contenido de agua. Sin embargo, el uso de la teledetección pasiva en banda L ha sido cuestionado en las últimas décadas, pues para conseguir la resolución temporal y espacial requeridas, un radiómetro convencional necesitaría una gran antena rotatoria, difícil de implementar en un satélite. Actualmente, hay tres principales propuestas para abordar este problema: (i) el uso de un radiómetro de apertura sintética, que es la solución implementada en la misión Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) de la ESA, en órbita desde noviembre del 2009; (ii) el uso de un radiómetro ligero de grandes dimensiones y un rádar operando en banda L, que es la solución que ha adoptado la misión Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) de la NASA, con lanzamiento previsto en 2014; (iii) el desarrollo de técnicas de desagregación de píxel que permitan mejorar la resolución espacial de las observaciones. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en el estudio del algoritmo de recuperación de humedad del suelo a partir de datos SMOS, que es esencial para obtener estimaciones de humedad con alta precisión. Se analizan diferentes configuraciones con datos simulados, considerando (i) la opción de añadir información a priori de los parámetros que dominan la emisión del suelo en banda L —humedad, rugosidad, temperatura del suelo, albedo y opacidad de la vegetación— con diferentes incertidumbres asociadas, y (ii) el uso de la polarización vertical y horizontal por separado, o del primer parámetro de Stokes. Se propone una configuración de recuperación de humedad óptima para SMOS. La resolución espacial de los radiómetros de SMOS y SMAP (40-50 km) es adecuada para aplicaciones globales, pero limita la aplicación de los datos en estudios regionales, donde se requiere una resolución de 1-10 km. La segunda parte de esta tesis contiene tres novedosas propuestas de mejora de resolución espacial de estos datos: • Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo basado en la deconvolución de los datos SMOS que permite mejorar la resolución espacial de las medidas. Los resultados de su aplicación a datos simulados y a datos obtenidos con un radiómetro aerotransportado muestran que es posible mejorar el producto de resolución espacial y resolución radiométrica de los datos. • Se presenta un algoritmo para mejorar la resolución espacial de las estimaciones de humedad de SMOS utilizando datos MODIS en el visible/infrarrojo. Los resultados de su aplicación a algunas de las primeras imágenes de SMOS indican que la variabilidad espacial de la humedad del suelo se puede capturar a 32, 16 y 8 km. • Un algoritmo basado en detección de cambios para combinar los datos del radiómetro y el rádar de SMAP en un producto de humedad a 10 km ha sido desarrollado y validado utilizando datos simulados y datos experimentales aerotransportados. Este trabajo se ha desarrollado en el marco de las actividades preparatorias de SMOS y SMAP, los dos primeros satélites dedicados a la monitorización de la variación temporal y espacial de la humedad de la Tierra. Los resultados presentados contribuyen a la obtención de estimaciones de humedad del suelo con la precisión y la resolución espacial necesarias para un mejor conocimiento del ciclo del agua y una mejor gestión de los recursos hídricos.
Soil moisture is a key state variable of the Earth's system; it is the main variable that links the Earth's water, energy and carbon cycles. Accurate observations of the Earth's changing soil moisture are needed to achieve sustainable land and water management, and to enhance weather and climate forecasting skill, flood prediction and drought monitoring. This Thesis focuses on measuring the Earth's surface soil moisture from space at global and regional scales. Theoretical and experimental studies have proven that L-band passive remote sensing is optimal for soil moisture sensing due to its all-weather capabilities and the direct relationship between soil emissivity and soil water content under most vegetation covers. However, achieving a temporal and spatial resolution that could satisfy land applications has been a challenge to passive microwave remote sensing in the last decades, since real aperture radiometers would need a large rotating antenna, which is difficult to implement on a spacecraft. Currently, there are three main approaches to solving this problem: (i) the use of an L-band synthetic aperture radiometer, which is the solution implemented in the ESA Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, launched in November 2009; (ii) the use of a large lightweight radiometer and a radar operating at L-band, which is the solution adopted by the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, scheduled for launch in 2014; (iii) the development of pixel disaggregation techniques that could enhance the spatial resolution of the radiometric observations. The first part of this work focuses on the analysis of the SMOS soil moisture inversion algorithm, which is crucial to retrieve accurate soil moisture estimations from SMOS measurements. Different retrieval configurations have been examined using simulated SMOS data, considering (i) the option of adding a priori information from parameters dominating the land emission at L-band —soil moisture, roughness, and temperature, vegetation albedo and opacity— with different associated uncertainties and (ii) the use of vertical and horizontal polarizations separately, or the first Stokes parameter. An optimal retrieval configuration for SMOS is suggested. The spatial resolution of SMOS and SMAP radiometers (~ 40-50 km) is adequate for global applications, but is a limiting factor to its application in regional studies, where a resolution of 1-10 km is needed. The second part of this Thesis contains three novel downscaling approaches for SMOS and SMAP: • A deconvolution scheme for the improvement of the spatial resolution of SMOS observations has been developed, and results of its application to simulated SMOS data and airborne field experimental data show that it is feasible to improve the product of the spatial resolution and the radiometric sensitivity of the observations by 49% over land pixels and by 30% over sea pixels. • A downscaling algorithm for improving the spatial resolution of SMOS-derived soil moisture estimates using higher resolution MODIS visible/infrared data is presented. Results of its application to some of the first SMOS images show the spatial variability of SMOS-derived soil moisture observations is effectively captured at the spatial resolutions of 32, 16, and 8 km. • A change detection approach for combining SMAP radar and radiometer observations into a 10 km soil moisture product has been developed and validated using SMAP-like observations and airborne field experimental data. This work has been developed within the preparatory activities of SMOS and SMAP, the two first-ever satellites dedicated to monitoring the temporal and spatial variation on the Earth's soil moisture. The results presented contribute to get the most out of these vital observations, that will further our understanding of the Earth's water cycle, and will lead to a better water resources management.

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Maisinger, Klaus Stefan. "Methods for analysing observations of the cosmic microwave background." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620637.

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FORASTIERI, Francesco. "Probing the neutrino sector through Cosmic Microwave Background observations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488088.

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Le interazioni tra neutrini oltre il modello standard della fisica delle particelle sono un campo aperto sia dal punto di vista teorico che sperimentale. In questa tesi presentiamo come le proprietà non standard dei neutrini possano essere vincolate usando le osservazioni cosmologiche e in particolare i dati della radiazione di fondo cosmica, come i dati di Planck. Considereremo la possibilità che i neutrini posseggano interazioni segrete scalari o pseudoscalari mediate da un bosone Nambu-Goldstone di una simmetria globale spontaneamente rotta U (1) ancora sconosciuta, come ad esempio i modelli che includono i Majoroni oppure quelle interazioni segrete di contatto tra neutrini sterili leggeri (∼ 1 eV), mediati da un bosone di gauge massivo X (con M X M W ). Presenteremo vincoli sulla forza di interazione e sulla massa di neutrini consentita dai dati cosmologici o in combinazione con osservazioni astrofisiche, infine discuteremo la fattibilità dei modelli considerati.
Neutrino interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics are an open field both from theoretical and experimental point of view. In this thesis we present how non- standard neutrino properties can be constrained using cosmological observations and in particular cosmic microwave background data like those of the Planck satellites. We will consider the possibility that neutrinos possess secret scalar or pseudoscalar interactions mediated by the Nambu-Goldstone boson of a still unknown spontaneously broken global U (1) symmetry, as in, e.g., Majoron models or that secret contact interactions among eV sterile neutrinos, mediated by a massive gauge boson X (with M X M W ) exist. We will present constraints on the interaction strength and on the neutrino mass allowed by cosmological data alone or in combination with astrophysical observations and we will discuss the feasibility of the considered models.

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North, Christopher. "Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization with C&over." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526094.

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Rajguru, Nutan. "Observations of the cosmic microwave background with the Very Small Array." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613836.

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Taylor, Angela Clare. "Observations of the cosmic microwave background using the very small array." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620631.

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Rodríguez, Gonzálvez Carmen. "Analysis of cosmic microwave background observations with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609911.

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Books on the topic "Microwave observations"

1

Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations. London: Taylor and Francis, 2004.

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L, Parkinson Claire, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. Arctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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L, Parkinson Claire, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. Arctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Parkinson, Claire L. Arctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Sànchez, Norma G., and Yuri N. Parijskij, eds. The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background: Theory and Observations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1058-0.

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Sànchez, Norma G. The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background: Theory and Observations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004.

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Per, Gloersen, ed. Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987: Satellite passive-microwave observations and analysis. Washington, D.C: Scientific and Technical Information Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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A, Lindemulder Elizabeth, Jovaag Kari, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Temperature-dependent daily variability of precipitable water in special sensor microwave/imager observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Per, Gloersen, and Campbell William Joseph 1930-, eds. Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987: Satellite passive-microwave observations and analysis. Washington, D.C: Scientific and Technical Information Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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A, Lindemulder Elizabeth, Jovaag Kari, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Temperature-dependent daily variability of precipitable water in special sensor microwave/imager observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microwave observations"

1

Dünner, Rolando. "Cosmic Microwave Background Observations." In The Cosmic Microwave Background, 229–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44769-8_5.

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Rebolo, R. "Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Observations." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI, 15–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2215-5_2.

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Partridge, R. B. "Concluding Remarks-Observations." In The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later, 255–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0655-6_17.

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Lasenby, A. N. "Observations of The Cosmic Microwave Background." In Structure Formation in the Universe, 215–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0540-1_11.

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Davies, R. D., and A. N. Lasenby. "High Sensitivity Observations of the Microwave Background Radiation." In Observational Cosmology, 55–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3853-3_3.

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Richards, P. L. "Observations of the CMB Spectrum." In The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later, 141–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0655-6_9.

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Bevacqua, Martina, Lorenzo Crocco, Loreto Di Donato, Tommaso Isernia, and Roberta Palmeri. "Virtual Experiments and Compressive Sensing for Subsurface Microwave Tomography." In Compressive Sensing of Earth Observations, 177–98. Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315154626-8.

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Birkinshaw, M. "Observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect." In The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later, 77–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0655-6_6.

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Raizer, Victor. "High-Resolution Multiband Techniques and Observations." In Advances in Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Oceans, 181–236. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153940-5.

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Preller, Ruth H., John E. Walsh, and James A. Maslanik. "The use of satellite observations in ice cover simulations." In Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, 385–404. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm068p0385.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microwave observations"

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Villela, Thyrso, Carlos Alexandre Wuensche, Mario Novello, and Santiago Perez. "Cosmic Microwave Background Physics: Observations." In COSMOLOGY AND GRAVITATION: XIII Brazilian School on Cosmology and Gravitation (XIII BSCG). AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3151837.

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Tjemkes, Stephen A., and Graeme L. Stephens. "Microwave observations of precipitable water." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.wd10.

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Abstract:

Global warming is a contemporary topic of great scientific and social interest. Current models predict a temperature increase as large as 4 K when the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is doubled. The coupling of the hydrological cycle with the initial forcing by carbon dioxide appears to be crucial in these calculations. At present however, it is not evident that the hydrological cycle is correctly modeled. And a comparison of the various components of this cycle with observations is needed. In this presentation observations are presented which could be used to validate the water vapor distributions computed by general circulation models. A method for retrieving precipitable water from observations by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) over the global oceans is described. Preliminary results of the retrieved precipitable water and near surface wind velocities for September 1987 are described

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Lesovoi, Sergey, Mariia Globa, Alexey Gubin, and Alexander Altyntsev. "Microwave imaging spectroscopy of the solar corona." In The Multifaceted Universe: Theory and Observations - 2022. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.425.0014.

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Weng, Fuzhong. "Assimilation of Microwave Observations in Cloudy Conditions." In Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hise.2007.htuc3.

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Villela, Thyrso. "Microwave instrumentation for astrophysical observations: Some contributions." In 2011 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2011.5972899.

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Gopalswamy, N. "Solar activity studies using microwave imaging observations." In 2016 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (URSI AP-RASC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursiap-rasc.2016.7601382.

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Xiao, Chen, Yi Zhu, Yuhong Ni, Yu Tang, Weizhen Guo, and Fei Sun. "Quality Analysis and Application of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Data." In 2019 International Conference on Meteorology Observations (ICMO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmo49322.2019.9026164.

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Essinger-Hileman, Thomas M., Tobias Marriage, Charles L. Bennett, Karwan Rostem, Edward J. Wollack, Lance Corbett, Haiquan Guo, and Mary Ann B. Meador. "Aerogel scattering filters for cosmic microwave background observations." In Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, edited by Jonas Zmuidzinas and Jian-Rong Gao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2313387.

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Hallikainen, Martti, and Juha Lemmetyinen. "Microwave brightness temperature of snow: Observations and simulations." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7730844.

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Villela, T. "Microwave instrumentation for astrophysical observations: Some Brazilian contributions." In 2011 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2011.5973203.

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Reports on the topic "Microwave observations"

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Merrill, Robert T. Typhoon Monitoring Using Passive Microwave Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada292567.

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Wentz, Frank. Atmospheric Absorption Model for Dry Air and Water Vapor at Microwave Frequencies below 100 GHz Derived from Spaceborne Radiometer Observations. Remote Sensing Systems, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.56236/rss-ba.

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Field, Clive. Observation of the Askaryan Effect: Coherent Microwave Cherenkov Emission From Charge Asymmetry in High-Energy Particle Cascades. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784853.

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