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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave microscopy'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Microwave microscopy.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Antoniou, Nicholas. "Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy: Overview and Low Temperature Operation." EDFA Technical Articles 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2023-1.p009.

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2

Gao, Chen, Fred Duewer, and X. D. Xiang. "Quantitative microwave evanescent microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 19 (November 8, 1999): 3005–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125216.

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3

Chu, Zhaodong, Lu Zheng, and Keji Lai. "Microwave Microscopy and Its Applications." Annual Review of Materials Research 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-081519-011844.

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Understanding the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of a material at microwave frequencies is of great interest for materials science, condensed matter physics, device engineering, and biology. With specialized probes, sensitive detection electronics, and improved scanning platforms, microwave microscopy has become an important tool for cutting-edge materials research in the past decade. In this article, we review the basic components and data interpretation of microwave imaging and its broad range of applications. In addition to the general-purpose mapping of permittivity and conductivity, microwave microscopy is now exploited to perform quantitative measurements on semiconductor devices, photosensitive materials, ferroelectric domains and domain walls, and acoustic-wave systems. Implementation of the technique in low-temperature and high-magnetic-field chambers has also led to major discoveries in quantum materials with strong correlation and topological order. We conclude the review with an outlook of the ultimate resolution, operation frequency, and future industrial and academic applications of near-field microwave microscopy.

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4

Leonard, J. B., and S. P. Shepardson. "A comparison of heating modes in rapid fixation techniques for electron microscopy." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 3 (March 1994): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.3.8308256.

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Recent studies have established that microwave irradiation during aldehyde fixation of electron microscopy specimens can reduce fixation times substantially. Similar reductions in duration of histochemical and light microscopy procedures have been reported. Both thermal and non-thermal effects of microwaves have been proposed to explain these dramatic decreases in processing time. Possible thermal effects include increases in fixative diffusion and reaction rates and increased formation of glutaraldehyde monomers. Proposed non-thermal effects include preferential orientation of fixative molecules by the microwave field and other more speculative direct microwave effects. Several reported attempts to produce rapid fixation without temperature increase by cooling specimens during irradiation have produced conflicting results. If rapid fixation is a thermal effect, other heating modes in addition to microwave exposure should produce similar effects. We show that for mouse liver samples (< or = 1 mm3) comparable fixation can be obtained with microwave irradiation, conductive and convective heating in a waterbath, and resistive heating with a low-frequency (1 kHz) current passed through the fixative solution. We also show that using an efficient convective cooling method to prevent temperature increase during microwave exposure produces unsatisfactory fixation. These results are consistent with thermal mechanisms for rapid fixation.

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5

Anderson, Geoffrey. "Scanning Microwave Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrical Characterization." Microscopy Today 21, no. 6 (November 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000965.

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Recently, a highly sensitive imaging mode for, complex, calibrated electrical and spatial measurements was made available to atomic force microscope (AFM) users. Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM), an award-winning AFM mode of operation developed by Agilent Technologies, combines the comprehensive electrical measurement capabilities of a microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) with the nanoscale spatial resolution of an AFM.

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6

Anlage, S. M., C. P. Vlahacos, S. Dutta, and F. C. Wellstood. "Scanning microwave microscopy of active superconducting microwave devices." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 3686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.622218.

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7

Sun, Jie, Wei Ming Shi, Wei Guang Yang, Ping Sheng Zhou, and Lin Jun Wang. "Ni-Induced Lateral Fast Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Film by Microwave Annealing." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.133.

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Polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) thin films for application to display devices and solar cell are generally fabricated by crystallizing amorphous Si (a-Si) thin film precursors. In this paper, studies on Ni-induced lateral crystallization of a-Si thin films by microwave annealing at low temperature were reported. The crystallization of a-Si thin films was enhanced by applying microwaves to the films. The poly-Si films were invested by Optical Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) , Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). After processing of Ni-induced lateral crystallization by microwave annealing above 500°C, the a-Si has begun to be crystallized with large grains having the main (111) orientation. The rate of crystallization at 550°C is about 0.033μm/min. Compared to Ni-induced lateral crystallization by conventional furnace annealing, Ni-induced lateral crystallization by microwave annealing both lowers the crystallization temperature and reduces the time of crystallization. The crystallization mechanism during microwave annealing was also studied. The technique that combines Ni-induced lateral crystallization with microwave annealing has potential applications in thin-film transistors (TFT’s) and solar cell.

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8

Schichnes, Denise, Jeffrey A. Nemson, and Steven E. Ruzin. "Microwave Protocols for Plant and Animal Paraffin Microtechnique." Microscopy Today 13, no. 3 (May 2005): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500051658.

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The microwave oven is a valuable tool for light and electron microscopy microtechnique labs. Tissue processing times, traditionally taking up to two weeks, have been reduced to a few hours as a result of the implementation of microwave technology (Kok et al., 1988, Gibberson and Demaree, 2001). In addition, the quality of the tissue preparations has improved dramatically. Microwave ovens have also evolved since their first use in the laboratory. Early experiments were conducted using relatively crude commercial microwave ovens. Now, labs use microwave ovens with temperature probes, strict control over the magnetron (which generates the microwaves), variable power supplies, chamber cooling, and high microwave field uniformity.

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9

Lai, K., W. Kundhikanjana, H. Peng, Y. Cui, M. A. Kelly, and Z. X. Shen. "Tapping mode microwave impedance microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 4 (April 2009): 043707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3123406.

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10

Meckenstock, R., D. Spoddig, D. Dietzel, and J. Pelzl. "Scanning thermal microwave resonance microscopy." Superlattices and Microstructures 35, no. 3-6 (March 2004): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2003.09.001.

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11

Xiang, X. D., and C. Gao. "Quantitative complex electrical impedance microscopy by scanning evanescent microwave microscope." Materials Characterization 48, no. 2-3 (April 2002): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(02)00277-2.

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12

Zheng, Lu, Linbo Shao, Marko Loncar, and Keji Lai. "Imaging Acoustic Waves by Microwave Microscopy: Microwave Impedance Microscopy for Visualizing Gigahertz Acoustic Waves." IEEE Microwave Magazine 21, no. 10 (October 2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2020.3008240.

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13

Hioki, Tomosato, Tomonao Araki, Kosuke Umemura, Koujiro Hoshi, and Eiji Saitoh. "Real-space observation of standing spin-wave modes in a magnetic disk." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 13 (September 26, 2022): 132402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098772.

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In-plane standing spin-wave modes in a minute magnetic disk are directly observed by using time-resolved magneto-optical microscopy synchronized with microwaves. The time-resolved microscopy allowed us to obtain snapshots of standing spin-wave modes in a magnetic disk, which show a hourglass-like standing spin wave pattern. We found that the characteristic pattern is caused by spatially nonuniform magnetization and a strong microwave excitation in terms of finite element calculation and micromagnetic simulations. The technique we developed in this work allows us to access magnetization dynamics in microstructured magnets under strong microwave pumping.

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14

Gao, Chen, Tao Wei, Fred Duewer, Yalin Lu, and X. D. Xiang. "High spatial resolution quantitative microwave impedance microscopy by a scanning tip microwave near-field microscope." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 13 (September 29, 1997): 1872–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120444.

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15

Giberson, R. T. "Advances in Microwave-Assisted Processing For Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600032037.

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The history of microwave-assisted processing has been dominated by the idea that microwave heating was an integral part of the equation. The separation of a microwave component from the heating effects of the radiation during sample processing has been experimentally difficult. Combined with this difficulty has been the closed cavity design of microwave ovens. This design is typical of laboratory and household ovens and results in the formation of “hot” and “cold” spots within the chamber. These spots produce regions in close proximity to each other which have widely varying heating effects on samples.A second factor to consider with microwave heating is the effect wattage output has on rate and extent of microwave induced heating. Peak wattage outputs of all laboratory and most household microwave ovens are in excess of 650W. As a result the vast majority of all microwave-assisted protocols are based on heating parameters associated with high wattage processing.

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16

Shan, Jun-Yi, Adam Pierce, and Eric Y. Ma. "Universal signal scaling in microwave impedance microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 12 (September 19, 2022): 123507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0115833.

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Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique that measures the local complex dielectric function using near-field microwave. Although it has made significant impacts in diverse fields, a systematic, quantitative understanding of the signal's dependence on various important design parameters is lacking. Here, we show that for a wide range of MIM implementations, given a complex tip-sample admittance change [Formula: see text], the MIM signal—the amplified change in the reflected microwave amplitude—is [Formula: see text], where η is the ratio of the microwave voltage at the probe to the incident microwave amplitude, Y0 is the system admittance, and G is the total voltage gain. For linear circuits, η is determined by the circuit design and does not depend on [Formula: see text]. We show that the maximum achievable signal for different designs scales with [Formula: see text] or η when limited by input power or sample perturbation, respectively. This universal scaling provides guidance on diverse design goals, including maximizing narrow-band signal for imaging and balancing bandwidth and signal strength for spectroscopy.

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17

Abdullah, Iram. "Manufacturing of Kevlar/Polyester Composite by Resin Transfer Moulding using Conventional and Microwave Heating." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 58, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.58.1.2015.34.40.

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Microwave heating was incorporated into the resin transfer moulding technique. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mould was used to cure the composite panel. Through the use of microwave heating, the mechanical and physical properties of produced Kevlar fibre/polyester composites were compared to those manufactured by conventional resin transfer moulding. The flexural modulus and flexural strength of 6-ply conventionally cured composites was 45% and 9% higher than the flexural modulus and flexural strength of 6-ply microwaved cured composites, respectively. However, 19% increase in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and 2% increase in compressive strength was observed in 6-ply microwave cured composites. This enhancement in ILSS and compressive strength is attributed to the better interfacial bonding of polyester resin with Kevlar fibres in microwaved cured composite, which was also confirmed via electron microscopy scanning. Furthermore, the microwave cured composite yielded maximum void contents (3%).

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18

Liu, Ya Jing, Tao Jiang, Zhi Deng, Xiang Xin Xue, and Pei Ning Duan. "Stuy on Microwave-Assisted Grinding of Low-Grade Ludwigite." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.214.

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The low-grade ludwigite is one of the complex and refractory ores. Based on the high energy consumption and inefficient in the grinding process and according to the microwave-assisted grinding principle, this paper studied the microwave absorption property of ludwigite and researched the effect of microwave heating on the grinding efficiency of it. The non-microwaved and microwaved samples were characterized with regard to the chemical components, mineral compositions, macroscopic structure and microstructure, grinding efficiency by methods of the chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grain size analysis, etc. The results indicated that ludwigite, with good microwave absorption property, was suitable for microwave processing. The grindability of microwaved ludwigite was related to the microwave power and microwave heating temperature. By the microwave heating temperature attained 500~650°C, many macro-cracks and micro-cracks were produced by thermal stress between different mineral interfaces, which resulted in the decrease of strength of ludwigite and easy levigation, but the mineral compositions had no obviously changed, which would not affect the subsequent magnetic separation. It was concluded that short, high-power treatments were most effective but over-exposure of the sample led to reductions in efficiency. Under the same conditions, the grinding efficiency of ludwigite was improved 24.54% higher than untreated ore, which significantly improved the grinding efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

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19

Zhang, Zhenrong, Huanfei Wen, Liangjie Li, Tao Pei, Hao Guo, Zhonghao Li, Jun Tang, and Jun Liu. "Developments of Interfacial Measurement Using Cavity Scanning Microwave Microscopy." Scanning 2022 (August 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1306000.

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In the field of materials research, scanning microwave microscopy imaging has already become a vital research tool due to its high sensitivity and nondestructive testing of samples. In this article, we review the main theoretical and fundamental components of microwave imaging, in addition to the wide range of applications of microwave imaging. Rather than the indirect determination of material properties by measuring dielectric constants and conductivity, microwave microscopy now permits the direct investigation of semiconductor devices, electromagnetic fields, and ferroelectric domains. This paper reviews recent advances in scanning microwave microscopy in the areas of resolution and operating frequency and presents a discussion of possible future industrial and academic applications.

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20

Dixon-Warren, St J., and B. Drevniok. "Practical Quantitative Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy." EDFA Technical Articles 19, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2017-3.p022.

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Abstract Scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM) is an electrical measurement technique that can be used to determine dopant profiles in semiconductor devices. This article describes the basic setup and implementation of the method and demonstrates its use in the cross-sectional analysis of NMOS power transistors.

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21

Previte, Michael J. R., and Chris D. Geddes. "Fluorescence microscopy in a microwave cavity." Optics Express 15, no. 18 (August 29, 2007): 11640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.011640.

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22

Tuca, Silviu-Sorin, Manuel Kasper, Ferry Kienberger, and Georg Gramse. "Interferometer Scanning Microwave Microscopy: Performance Evaluation." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 16, no. 6 (November 2017): 991–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2017.2725383.

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23

Knoll, B., F. Keilmann, A. Kramer, and R. Guckenberger. "Contrast of microwave near-field microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 70, no. 20 (May 19, 1997): 2667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119255.

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24

Hern�ndez, F., and R. Guill�n. "Microwave Processing for Scanning Electron Microscopy." European Journal of Morphology 38, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/0924-3860(200004)38:2;1-f;ft109.

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25

Reznik, A. N., S. A. Korolyov, and M. N. Drozdov. "Microwave microscopy of diamond semiconductor structures." Journal of Applied Physics 121, no. 16 (April 28, 2017): 164503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982676.

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26

Login, Gary R., and Ann M. Dvorak. "Methods of Microwave Fixation for Microscopy." Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 27, no. 4 (January 1994): iii—119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80021-5.

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27

Amster, Oskar, Fred Stanke, Stuart Friedman, Yongliang Yang, St J. Dixon-Warren, and B. Drevniok. "Practical quantitative scanning microwave impedance microscopy." Microelectronics Reliability 76-77 (September 2017): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2017.07.082.

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28

Petrali, John P., and Kenneth R. Mills. "Microwave-Assisted Immunoelectron Microscopy of Skin." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 1114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600025691.

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Microwave energy (MWE) as a method of rapid tissue processing is gaining increasing support as an alternative to routine chemical processing in diagnostic laboratory environments. Chemical fixatives and conventional fixation times used for standardized preservation of tissues can result in serious alterations in morphology as a consequence of solubilization and conformational changes of proteins and lipids. These untoward changes typically result in compromised antigenicity of many tissue proteins. With MWE processing, tissue antigens can be distinctly better preserved, antigen retrieval made more replicate and histochemical and immunochemical reactions made ultrafast. The present study had two objectives: to compare MWE processed skin to conventionally processed skin for ultrastructural integrity; to compare MWE expression of antigenicity of selected skin proteins which are usually sensitive to conventional chemical processing. Skin proteins selected were bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA) and laminin.

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29

Gerrity, Ross G., and George W. Forbes. "Microwave Processing in Diagnostic Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, S02 (August 2002): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602102157.

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30

Gerrity, Ross G., and George W. Forbes. "Microwave Processing in Diagnostic Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 11, no. 6 (December 2003): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005344x.

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) continues to play an important role in diagnostic surgical pathology, particularly in such areas as kidney pathology and tumor diagnosis, among others. Diagnostic TEM is subject to unique time constraints, quality control regulations, and other problems not seen in other TEM applications. The diagnostic TEM laboratory must produce high-quality electron microscopy on small samples which frequently are suboptirnal in fixation and tissue quality due to the pathology involved and time factors associated with biopsy and surgery.

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31

Chintala, Ravi Chandra, and Yongliang Yang. "Advances in Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 2494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620021777.

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32

Joffe, Roman, Reuven Shavit, and Eugene Kamenetskii. "Multiresonance Measurement Method for Microwave Microscopy." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 66, no. 8 (August 2017): 2174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2674338.

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33

Seifert, W., E. Gerner, M. Stachel, and K. Dransfeld. "Scanning tunneling microscopy at microwave frequencies." Ultramicroscopy 42-44 (July 1992): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(92)90296-v.

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34

Humer, I., O. Bethge, M. Bodnarchuk, M. Kovalenko, M. Yarema, W. Heiss, H. P. Huber, et al. "Scanning microwave microscopy and scanning capacitance microscopy on colloidal nanocrystals." Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 064313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3553867.

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35

Iadarola, Linda, and Paul Webster. "Can Microwave Ovens Reduce Immunocytochemical Labeling Times?" Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016265x.

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In recent years the use of microwave ovens in biomedical microscopy laboratories has contributed to reducing the times of fixation and resin embedding. Reports of the use of microwaves for histochemsitry and immunocytochemistry led us to investigate the possible use of a microwave oven to reduce immunocytochemical labeling protocols.The application of specific antibodies to thawed cryosections of aldehyde-fixed material is becoming more accessible to research and service laboratories. These detection methods, routinely performed in our laboratory, were used to study the effect of microwaves on labeling protocols using affinity purified, polyclonal antibodies and protein A-gold.Cells containing 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3-arnino-N-methyldipropylamine (DAMP), a compound which accumulates in low pH compartments, were aldehyde-fixed, cryosectioned and then labeled with rabbit antibodies to dinitrophenol (which bind to DAMP) and 10nm protein-A gold. Regular sequential labeling protocols were compared with protocols using a microwave oven operating at 100% power, where the antibody incubation and washing times were reduced. The effect of microwaves on the labeling efficiency was investigated using simple quantitative methods. The protocol which produced reduced incubation times with no loss of labeling efficiency was then applied to sections in the absence of microwaves. The effect of reducing the final methyl cellulose-uranyl acetate contrasting step was also investigated.

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36

Sanders, MA, TE Anderson, and R. Giberson. "Microwave Methods - Evidence to Support a Microwave Effect." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606068966.

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37

Yamasue, Kohei, and Yasuo Cho. "Boxcar Averaging Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050794.

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Scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) is a near-field microwave-based scanning probe microscopy method with a wide variety of applications, especially in the fields of dielectrics and semiconductors. This microscopy method has often been combined with contact-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) for simultaneous topography imaging and contact force regulation. The combination SNDM with intermittent contact AFM is also beneficial for imaging a sample prone to damage and using a sharp microscopy tip for improving spatial resolution. However, SNDM with intermittent contact AFM can suffer from a lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio than that with contact-mode AFM because of the shorter contact time for a given measurement time. In order to improve the S/N ratio, we apply boxcar averaging based signal acquisition suitable for SNDM with intermittent contact AFM. We develop a theory for the S/N ratio of SNDM and experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the S/N ratio in SNDM combined with peak-force tapping (a trademark of Bruker) AFM. In addition, we apply the proposed method to the carrier concentration distribution imaging of atomically thin van der Waals semiconductors. The proposed method clearly visualizes an anomalous electron doping effect on few-layer Nb-doped MoS2. The proposed method is also applicable to other scanning near-field microwave microscopes combined with peak-force tapping AFM such as scanning microwave impedance microscopy. Our results indicate the possibility of simultaneous nanoscale topographic, electrical, and mechanical imaging even on delicate samples.

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38

Zhi, Qingong, Wenhan Guan, and Yongjing Guo. "Pyrolysis Process of Microwave-Enhanced Recovery of Sucker Rod Carbon Fiber Composite." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400118.

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This paper recycles and reuses sucker rod carbon fiber composite by microwave technique. The high temperature dielectric parameters of sucker rod carbon fiber composite were tested with the perturbation technique of cylindrical resonator. The structure and performance of the recovered carbon fiber samples were characterized by testing methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results show that: the carbon fiber of sucker rod is good at absorbing microwaves. During microwave pyrolysis, the heating rate can reach 359.46 (℃/min), which greatly shortens the processing time. In addition, the microwave technique does not affect chemical bonds and functional group types, and the resulting recycled carbon fibers can be recycled well.

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39

Belichenko, Viktor, Andrey Zapasnoy, and Aleksandr Mironchev. "Near-Field Interference Microwave Diagnostics of Cultural Plants and Wood Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 155 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815501021.

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A schematic solution of the near-field interference microwave microscopy technology is discussed. This solution is implemented in the form of a maximally simplified microscope structure. Testing was conducted to determine the capabilities of this microscope. It is shown that technology can be used to solve a number of hygroscopy and defectoscopy problems.

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40

Buchanan, JoAnn. "Microwave Processing of Drosophila Tissues for Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 12, no. 6 (November 2004): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065986.

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Insect tissue is often difficult to prepare for electron microscopy because of the impenetrable barrier surrounding the body tissues. Drosophila salivary glands have been used for numerous studies because of the large size of the cells and their large polytene chromosomes. Early TEM studies of salivary glands used a protocol that took several days. We were able to achieve excellent preservation and good ultrastructure in Drosophila salivary glands and imaginal discs from Stage L3 larvae using microwave processing in a protocol requiring less than 2 hours.We used a Pelco Laboratory microwave (model #3451) equipped with a Cold Spot, Steadytemp chiller/recirculator run at 15° C, and vacuum chamber (Ted Pella, Mountain Lakes, CA). The heads and attached salivary glands were removed from the animals and placed in PBS. The tissue was transferred to Pelco prep-eze specimen holders (#36157) for ease of handling. Our goal was to use the microwave effect, not the heating effect, to prepare the tissue.

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41

Demaree, R. S. "Microwave Tissue Procesing: History and SEM Techniques." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600032025.

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Microwave-assisted processing of biological samples began with Mayers. Subsequently, many investigators reported using microwave ovens for various aspects of biological sample processing for light microscopy (LM) and/or transmission electron microscopy (TEM.) The use of ice-encased fixation and water-immersion resin polymerization marked the beginning of rapid, reproducible microwave-assisted processing techniques.Mcrowave protocols are now often used for LM and TEM processing. Examples include paraffin embedding for LM, in situ hybridization, decalcification, immunological staining plus clinical studies and research projects for TEM.Recently my lab has begun to microwave process biological samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM.). We fix, dehydrate and dry with hexamethyldisilazane in less than 1 ½ hours. The only part of the process not utilizing microwave assist is the final 15 minute drying step in a conventional oven.

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42

Gordienko, Yu Ye, I. M. Shcherban, and A. V. Levchenko. "NATURALIZATION OF IMAGES IN SCANNING MICROWAVE MICROSCOPY." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 76, no. 19 (2017): 1769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v76.i19.70.

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43

Reznik, A. N., and M. A. Galin. "Wave effects in near-field microwave microscopy." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 78, no. 12 (December 2014): 1367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873814120387.

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44

Cui, Yong-Tao, Eric Yue Ma, and Zhi-Xun Shen. "Quartz tuning fork based microwave impedance microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 6 (June 2016): 063711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954156.

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Johnston, Scott R., Eric Yue Ma, and Zhi-Xun Shen. "Optically coupled methods for microwave impedance microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 4 (April 2018): 043703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011391.

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Login, G. R., W. B. Stavinoha, and A. M. Dvorak. "Ultrafast microwave energy fixation for electron microscopy." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 3 (March 1986): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.3.3950387.

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Abstract:

We demonstrate that microwave (MW) energy can be used in conjunction with chemical cross-linking agents to fix tissue blocks rapidly for electron microscopy in as brief a time as 26 msec. The optimal ultrafast MW fixation methodology involved immersing tissue blocks up to 2 mm3 in dilute aldehyde fixative and immediately irradiating the specimens in a 7.3 kW MW oven for 26-90 msec, reaching a fixation temperature range of 32-42 degrees C. Ultrastructural preservation of samples irradiated by MW energy was comparable to that of the control samples immersed in aldehyde fixative for 2 hr at 25 degrees C. Potential applications for this new fixation technology include investigation of rapid intracellular processes (e.g., vesicular transport) and preservation of proteins that are difficult to demonstrate with routine fixation methods (e.g., antigens and enzymes).

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Martín Pimentel, P., B. Leven, B. Hillebrands, and H. Grimm. "Kerr microscopy studies of microwave assisted switching." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 6 (September 15, 2007): 063913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783997.

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Schweinböck, T., and S. Hommel. "Quantitative Scanning Microwave Microscopy: A calibration flow." Microelectronics Reliability 54, no. 9-10 (September 2014): 2070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2014.07.024.

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Hommel, S., N. Killat, T. Schweinboeck, A. Altes, and F. Kreupl. "Resolving trapping effects by scanning microwave microscopy." Microelectronics Reliability 92 (January 2019): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2018.11.018.

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Humphrey, E. "Microwave Processing in a Modern Microscopy Facilty." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606069340.

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