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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave field'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Zubair, Mukarram, Rebecca Ferrari, Omar Alagha, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Nawaf I. Blaisi, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, and Mohammad Saood Manzar. "Microwave Foaming of Materials: An Emerging Field." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112477.

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In the last two decades, the application of microwave heating to the processing of materials has to become increasingly widespread. Microwave-assisted foaming processes show promise for industrial commercialization due to the potential advantages that microwaves have shown compared to conventional methods. These include reducing process time, improved energy efficiency, solvent-free foaming, reduced processing steps, and improved product quality. However, the interaction of microwave energy with foaming materials, the effects of critical processing factors on microwave foaming behavior, and the foamed product’s final properties are still not well-explored. This article reviews the mechanism and principles of microwave foaming of different materials. The article critically evaluates the impact of influential foaming parameters such as blowing agent, viscosity, precursor properties, microwave conditions, additives, and filler on the interaction of microwave, foaming material, physical (expansion, cellular structure, and density), mechanical, and thermal properties of the resultant foamed product. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for developing industrial microwave foaming processes are identified, and areas for potential future research works are highlighted.

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2

Nanayakkara, T. R., R. L. Samaraweera, A. Kriisa, U. Kushan Wijewardena, S. Withanage, C. Reichl, W. Wegscheider, and R. G. Mani. "Influence of microwave photo-excitation on the transport properties of the high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2D electron system." MRS Advances 4, no. 61-62 (2019): 3347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.30.

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ABSTRACTWe examined the influence of the microwave power on the diagonal resistance in the GaAs/AlGaAs two dimensional electron system (2DES), in order to extract the electron temperature and determine microwave induced heating as a function of the microwave power. The study shows that microwaves produce a small discernable increase in the electron temperature both at null magnetic field and at finite magnetic fields in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES. The heating effect at null field appears greater in comparison to the examined finite field interval, although the increase in the electron temperature in the zero-field limit appears smaller than theoretical predictions.

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3

Mogildea, Marian, George Mogildea, Valentin Craciun, and Sorin I. Zgura. "The Effects Induced by Microwave Field upon Tungsten Wires of Different Diameters." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041036.

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The effects induced by microwave field upon tungsten wires of different diameters were investigated. Tungsten wires with 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameters were placed in the focal point of a single-mode cylindrical cavity linked to a microwave generator and exposed to microwave field in ambient air. The experimental results showed that the 0.5 mm diameter wire was completely vaporized due to microwaves strong absorption, while the wire with 1 mm diameter was not ignited. During the interaction between microwaves and tungsten wire with 0.5 mm diameter, a plasma with a high electronic excitation temperature was obtained. The theoretical analysis of the experiment showed that the voltage generated by metallic wires in interaction with microwaves depended on their electric resistance in AC and the power of the microwave field. The physical parameters and dimension of the metallic wire play a crucial role in the ignition process of the plasma by the microwave field. This new and simple method to generate a high-temperature plasma from a metallic wire could have many applications, especially in metal oxides synthesis, metal coatings, or thin film deposition.

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4

Sun, Xiaohe, Changyuan Zhai, Shuo Yang, Haolin Ma, and Chunjiang Zhao. "Simulations and Experiments of the Soil Temperature Distribution after 2.45-GHz Short-Time Term Microwave Treatment." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100933.

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Microwave treatment is a green and pollution-free soil disinfection method. The application of microwaves to disinfect soil before cultivation is highly important to increase crop yields and protect the ecological environment. The electromagnetic field is an important parameter influencing the soil temperature field in the process of microwave soil treatment, and the change in soil temperature directly affects soil disinfection. Therefore, this article carried out research on the heating pattern in North China loess due to microwave treatment. First, COMSOL software was employed to simulate the microwave soil treatment process to analyze microwave penetration into soil. Second, with the application of microwaves at the designed frequency produced with a 2.45-GHz tunable microwave generating microdevice, soil with water contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% was treated for 10~60 s (at 10-s time intervals), and experiments on the influence of the microwave output power, treatment time, and soil moisture content on the soil temperature were performed via the controlled variable method. The simulation results indicate that with increasing soil moisture content, the microwave frequency inside the soil model increases, and the electric field intensity value decreases in the model at the same depth. After microwaves traverse through the 20-cm soil model, the incident field strength is three orders of magnitude lower than the outgoing field strength. The results of the microwave soil treatment experiment reveal that: (1) Compared to microwave output power levels of 1.8 and 1.6 kW, a level of 2 kW is more suitable for microwave soil disinfection. (2) After treatment, the highest temperature occurs on the soil surface, not within the soil. (3) The location of the highest soil internal temperature after microwave treatment increasingly approaches the soil surface with increasing soil moisture content, and the microwave output power does not affect the location of the highest soil internal temperature. Combining the electromagnetic field simulation and microwave soil treatment experiment results, it was found that the higher the field strength is, the higher the temperature value, and the highest soil internal temperature after microwave treatment often occurs at the first electromagnetic wave peak.

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5

Xing, Jian Yu, Xiu Ling Song, Bo Bai, Shao Kun Lu, and Hai Peng Liu. "Investigation of Microwave Field Selective Heating on Two-Phase System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3005.

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Microwaves represent an alternative way of power input into distillation process. Through dielectric heating, reaction mixtures are homogenously heated without contact to a wall. Reaction times are significantly reduced compared to conventionally (thermally) heated systems while maintaining selectivity. In this paper, microwave field select heating on two-phase system has been investigated numerically and experimentally. Temperature increasing, heat transfer and evaporation during heating process were analyzed. The possibility of microwave used for distillation was examined and proposed.

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6

Dutta, S. K., C. P. Vlahacos, D. E. Steinhauer, Ashfaq S. Thanawalla, B. J. Feenstra, F. C. Wellstood, Steven M. Anlage, and Harvey S. Newman. "Imaging microwave electric fields using a near-field scanning microwave microscope." Applied Physics Letters 74, no. 1 (January 4, 1999): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123137.

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7

Fursey, George N. "Field emission in a microwave field." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 13, no. 2 (March 1995): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.588354.

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8

Hong, Yoon-Ki, Roger Stanley, Juming Tang, Lan Bui, and Amir Ghandi. "Effect of Electric Field Distribution on the Heating Uniformity of a Model Ready-to-Eat Meal in Microwave-Assisted Thermal Sterilization Using the FDTD Method." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020311.

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Microwave assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) is a novel microwave technology currently used in the commercial production of ready-to-eat meals. It combines surface heating of high-temperature circulation water with internal microwave heating in cavities. The heating pattern inside the food packages in a MATS process depends heavily on the electric field distribution formed by microwaves from the top and bottom windows of the microwave heating cavities. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the electric field on 922 MHz microwave heating of ready-to-eat meals as they moved through the microwave chamber of a pilot-scale MATS system using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A three-dimensional numerical simulation model was developed as a digital twin of the MATS process of food moving through the microwave chamber. The simulation showed that the electric field intensity of the MATS microwave cavity was greatest on the surface and side edge of the cavity and of the food. There was a strong similarity of the experimental heating pattern with that of the electric field distribution simulated by a computer model. The digital twin modeling approach can be used to design options for improving the heating uniformity and throughput of ready-to-eat meals in MATS industrial systems.

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9

Lann, A. F., M. Golosovsky, D. Davidov, and A. Frenkel. "Microwave near-field polarimetry." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 5 (August 2, 1999): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124454.

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10

Nilsson, Elna J. K., Tomas Hurtig, Andreas Ehn, and Christer Fureby. "Laminar Burning Velocity of Lean Methane/Air Flames under Pulsed Microwave Irradiation." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112076.

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Laminar burning velocity of lean methane/air flames exposed to pulsed microwave irradiation is determined experimentally as part of an effort to accurately quantify the enhancement resulting from exposure of the flame to pulsed microwaves. The experimental setup consists of a heat flux burner mounted in a microwave cavity, where the microwave has an average power of up to 250 W at an E-field in the range of 350–380 kV/m. Laminar burning velocities for the investigated methane/air flames increase from 1.8 to 12.7% when exposed to microwaves. The magnitude of the enhancement is dependent on pulse sequence (duration and frequency) and the strength of the electric field. From the investigated pulse sequences, and at a constant E-field and average power, the largest effect on the flame is obtained for the longest pulse, namely 50 μs. The results presented in this work are, to the knowledge of the authors, the first direct determination of laminar burning velocity on a laminar stretch-free flame exposed to pulsed microwaves.

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11

Nan, Senlin, Wentao Li, Weiming Guan, Huabin Liu, Hongchao Zhao, Yingyuan Wen, and Junhui Yao. "Research on the Rapid Strengthening Mechanism of Microwave Field-Controlled Gypsum-Cemented Analog Materials." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121348.

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Various geotechnical experiments have used gypsum-cemented analog geotechnical materials. However, this material needs a long curing time, and the target strength is not easy to control. Therefore, this research adopted microwave heating as the curing method for this kind of material. Objectively, the authors investigated the variations in the material strength versus heating power and heating time. On this basis, we clarified the influence mechanism of microwaves on the strength of analog materials by analyzing material temperature, moisture content, and microstructure, which eventually led to an experimental control method for rapid strengthening of microwave field-controlled gypsum-cemented analog materials. Consequently, we drew the following conclusions. The stable strength of the material under high-power microwave curing was much lower than that under natural curing, while the material strength under low-power microwave curing was the closest to the material under natural curing.

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12

Liu, Song, Ming Xu Zhang, and Hao Xia. "Study on Carbocoal as Microwave Absorber in Microwave Field." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.721.

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The present paper decribed the effects of carbocoal on temperature rising characteristic during coal pyrolysis at different temperature in microwave field. Different mixture rate of carbocoal with coal and different final temperature on coal pyrolysis tempereature rising characteristics were studied in the work. The results indicate: Coal is a poorly microwave absorbing material. Because carbocoal can be fast heated in microwave field, so it can be used as additive for coal pyrolysis. Carbocoal otained from different pyrolysis temperature have different heating rate, along with the increase of carbocoal pyrolysis temperature, carbocoal heating rate increases in microwave field. Using carbocoal as microwave absorbent for coal rapid pyrolysis in microwave field is feasible.

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13

Makhnovskiy, Dmitriy, Arkadi Zhukov, V. Zhukova, and J. Gonzalez. "Tunable and Self-Sensing Microwave Composite Materials Incorporating Ferromagnetic Microwires." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.201.

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New types of stress sensitive and magnetic field tunable microwave composite materials are discussed where embedded short ferromagnetic microwire inclusions are used as controllable radiative elements. The dc external magnetic field is applied to the whole composite structure. And, the local stress is transferred to the individual microwires through the accommodating composite matrix. The spatial and angular distributions of microwires can be random, partly ordered, or completely ordered. For a wide frequency range, the free-space microwave response of a wire-filled composite can be characterized by a complex effective permittivity with resonance frequency dispersion. The latter depends on the conductive and magnetic properties of the microwire inclusions that contribute to the ac microwire magnetoimpedance (MI). In the vicinity of the so-called antenna resonance frequency, which is defined by the length of microwires and matrix dielectric constant, any variations in the MI of the microwires will result in large changes of the effective permittivity, and hence the reflection and transmission coefficients for an incident microwave. The field or stress dependence of the effective permittivity arises from the corresponding field or stress sensitivity of the MI in the ferromagnetic microwires with induced circumferential or helical magnetic anisotropy, respectively. The strong field tunable effect in the proposed composite materials can be utilized to introduce reconfigurable microwave properties in coatings, absorbers, and randomizers, and also in new media such as microwave metamaterials and bandgap wire structures. A maximum field tunability of 30 dB was achieved for free-space transmission measurements when the external magnetic field changed from zero to ~40 Oe. The stress sensitivity of reflection and transmission coefficients opens up new possibilities for the distant non-destructive testing and evaluation of composite materials both in the laboratory environment and large scale applications. The stress tunability of transmission coefficient may reach up to 5-8 dB within the elastic limit. The reflection coefficient usually demonstrates less tunability in both cases (field and stress dependent) and may require a multilayer structure to achieve better results, but it is always strong enough for the stress sensing applications.

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14

YANG, WEN-JEI, SADANARI MOCHIZUKI, and PAUL P. T. YANG. "APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION IN MEDICINE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 02, no. 01 (March 2002): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519402000162.

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This paper presents major medical applications of microwave radiation in therapy and diagnostics of disorders of thermoregulation, especially hyperthermia and thermography. Microwave thermography is a thermal imaging system produced by self-emission, using emissivity differences to extend our vision beyond the shortwave red. Human tissues are partially transparent to microwaves, thus it is possible to detect the microwave of subcutaneous tissues in thermography, and to allow microwave energy penetration through subcutaneous tissues for deep-tissue heating in hyperthermia. The physics of microwave thermography together with the microwave properties and emission of body tissues are introduced. It is followed by reviews of the literature pertinent to microwave hyperthermia in therapy and treatment. Recent development in this field is briefly discussed.

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15

Schichnes, Denise, Jeffrey A. Nemson, and Steven E. Ruzin. "Microwave Protocols for Plant and Animal Paraffin Microtechnique." Microscopy Today 13, no. 3 (May 2005): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500051658.

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The microwave oven is a valuable tool for light and electron microscopy microtechnique labs. Tissue processing times, traditionally taking up to two weeks, have been reduced to a few hours as a result of the implementation of microwave technology (Kok et al., 1988, Gibberson and Demaree, 2001). In addition, the quality of the tissue preparations has improved dramatically. Microwave ovens have also evolved since their first use in the laboratory. Early experiments were conducted using relatively crude commercial microwave ovens. Now, labs use microwave ovens with temperature probes, strict control over the magnetron (which generates the microwaves), variable power supplies, chamber cooling, and high microwave field uniformity.

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16

Kim, Jaekyung, and Euysik Jeon. "Electromagnetic Field Simulation in a Microwave Chamber with Multiple Waveguides." MATEC Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816703001.

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While microwaves have many features and advantages, problems may occur, including non-heating, partial overheating, and fire due to damaged magnetrons caused by reflected waves, when they are used without a proper understanding of the permittivity of the object to be heated, the electromagnetic field distribution, the matching between the chamber and the waveguide, and the reflected electromagnetic waves. Simulation was performed using the Ansys HFSS tool. Conditions for the uniform electromagnetic field were derived using the distance from the waveguides to the ceramic material as well as the microwave energy intensity as major parameters.

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17

Sakemi, Daisuke, Nick Serpone, and Satoshi Horikoshi. "Search for the Microwave Nonthermal Effect in Microwave Chemistry: Synthesis of the Heptyl Butanoate Ester with Microwave Selective Heating of a Sulfonated Activated Carbon Catalyst." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040466.

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The heptyl butanoate ester was synthesized from butanoic acid and heptanol in a heterogeneous medium in the presence of sulfonated activated carbon (AC-SO3H) catalyst particles subjected to microwave irradiation, which led to higher conversion yields (greater product yields) than conventional heating with an oil bath. The advantage of the microwaves appeared only when the moisture content in the butanoic acid batch(es) was high, suggesting that, unlike conventional heating, the reverse reaction caused by the moisture content and/or by the byproduct water was suppressed by the microwaves. This contrasted with the results that were found when carrying out the reaction in a homogeneous medium in the presence of the 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium-p-toluene sulfonate (TMP-PTS) catalyst, as product yields were not improved by microwave heating relative to conventional heating. The removal of moisture/water content in the reaction solution was more pronounced when the reactor was cooled, as the reaction yields were enhanced via selective heating of the heterogeneous catalyst. A coupled electromagnetic field/heat transfer analysis gave credence to the selective heating of the AC-SO3H catalyst, which was further enhanced by cooling the reactor. It was deduced that unforeseen impurities and local high-temperature fields generated on the surface of small fine catalyst particles may have had an effect on the microwave chemistry such that the associated phenomena could be mistaken as originating from a nonthermal effect of the microwaves. Accordingly, it is highly recommended that impurities and selective heating be taken into consideration when examining and concluding the occurrence of a microwave nonthermal effect.

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18

Savu, Sorin Vasile. "Microwave Differential Thermal Analysis Technique of the Fe₂O₃+BaCO₃ Homogeneous Mixture." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.24.

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The microwave differential thermal analysis (MW-DTA) is a new procedure to evaluate the materials, barium ferrite type M in this paper, according to the phenomena appeared during the material heating. The paper presents a new evaluation technique which is faster and with low energy consumption. The microwaves are used to heat the material, two infrared pyrometers for monitoring the temperatures on the material surface and a temperature regulator where the data are recorded for evaluation. The material, a homogeneous mixture of Fe2O3+BaCO3, is a ceramic material with good absorbance properties, so the heating will be pure microwave heating. The results and the DTA graphic is automatically generated by the temperature recording device based on the data sensed by the infrared pyrometers. The paper presents technical aspect regarding to the microwave heating and temperature measurement in microwave field and how to make differential thermal analysis in microwave field.

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19

Baer, Christoph, Kerstin Orend, Birk Hattenhorst, and Thomas Musch. "Field Representation Microwave Thermography Utilizing Lossy Microwave Design Materials." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144830.

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In this contribution, we are investigating a technique for the representation of electromagnetic fields by recording their thermal footprints on an indicator material using a thermal camera. Fundamentals regarding the interaction of electromagnetic heating, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics are derived which allow for a precise design of the field illustration method. The synthesis and description of high-loss dielectric materials is discussed and a technique for a simple estimation of the broadband material’s imaginary permittivity part is introduced. Finally, exemplifying investigations, comparing simulations and measurements on the fundamental TE10-mode in an X-band waveguide are presented, which prove the above introduced sensing theory.

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20

Ramanayaka, A. N., Tianyu Ye, H.-C. Liu, R. G. Mani, and W. Wegscheider. "Linear Polarization Rotation Study of the Microwave-Induced Magnetoresistance Oscillations in the GaAs/AlGaAs System." MRS Proceedings 1617 (2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.1159.

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ABSTRACTMicrowave-induced zero-resistance states appear when the associated B-1-periodic magnetoresistance oscillations grow in amplitude and become comparable to the dark resistance of the two-dimensional electron system (2DES). Existing theories have made differing predictions regarding the influence of the microwave polarization in this phenomenon. We have investigated the effect of rotating, in-situ, the polarization of linearly polarized microwaves relative to long-axis of Hall bars. The results indicate that the amplitude of the magnetoresistance oscillations is remarkably responsive to the relative orientation between the linearly polarized microwave electric field and the current-axis in the specimen. At low microwave power, P, experiments indicate a strong sinusoidal variation in the diagonal resistance Rxx vs. θ at the oscillatory extrema of the microwave-induced magnetoresistance oscillations. Interestingly, the phase shift θ0 for maximal oscillatory Rxx response under photoexcitation is a strong function of the magnetic field, the extremum in question, and the magnetic field orientation.

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21

Shi, Hao, Jie Ma, Xiaofeng Li, Jie Liu, Chao Li, and Shougang Zhang. "A Quantum-Based Microwave Magnetic Field Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103288.

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In this paper, a quantum-based method for measuring the microwave magnetic field in free space is presented by exploring atomic Rabi resonance in the clock transition of 133Cs. A compact cesium glass cell serving as the microwave magnetic field sensing head was used to measure the spatial distribution of microwave radiation from an open-ended waveguide antenna. The measured microwave magnetic field was not restricted by other microwave devices. The longitudinal distribution of the magnetic field was measured. The experimental results measured by the sensor were in agreement with the simulation. In addition, a slightly electromagnetic perturbation caused by the glass cell was investigated through simulation calculations.

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22

JIN Ming-ming, 金明明, 张瑞国 ZHANG Rui-guo, 高红卫 GAO Hong-wei, 李贵兰 LI Gui-lan, and 寇军 KOU Jun. "Atomic-based Microwave Field Measurement." Acta Sinica Quantum Optica 26, no. 1 (2020): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/jqo20202601.1001.

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23

Law, V. J. "Microwave near-field plasma probe." Vacuum 51, no. 3 (November 1998): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(98)00199-7.

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24

Belichenko, V. P., A. S. Zapasnoy, A. S. Mironchev, and E. V. Matvievskiy. "Near-field interference microwave diagnostics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 881 (August 2017): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/881/1/012014.

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25

Jess, Nathan, Barry A. Syrett, and Langis Roy. "The Field-Programmable Microwave Substrate." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64, no. 11 (November 2016): 3469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2604315.

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26

Baruch, M., T. Gallagher, and D. Larson. "Photodetachment in a microwave field." Physical Review Letters 65, no. 11 (September 1990): 1336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.65.1336.

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27

Tofighi, M. R., and A. S. Daryoush. "Near field microwave brain imaging." Electronics Letters 37, no. 13 (2001): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20010588.

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28

Gaikovich, Konstantin P., Petr K. Gaikovich, Yelena S. Maksimovitch, and Vitaly A. Badeev. "Subsurface Near-Field Microwave Holography." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9, no. 1 (January 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443035.

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29

Tanabe, Eiji, Al McEuen, Mark Trail, Gard Meddaugh, and Steve Bandy. "Field emission in microwave cavity." Applied Surface Science 76-77 (March 1994): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(94)90316-6.

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30

Lee, Jeongwoo, and Stephen M. White. "Microwave Depolarization above Sunspots." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S273 (August 2010): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311015857.

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AbstractMicrowave emissions from sunspots are circularly polarized in the sense of rotation (right or left) determined by the polarity (north or south) of coronal magnetic fields. However, they may convert into unpolarized emissions under certain conditions of magnetic field and electron density in the corona, and this phenomenon of depolarization could be used to derive those parameters. We propose another diagnostic use of microwave depolarization based on the fact that an observed depolarization strip actually represents the coronal magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) at the heights of effective mode coupling, and its location itself carries information on the distribution of magnetic polarity in the corona. To demonstrate this diagnostic utility we generate a set of magnetic field models for a complex active region with the observed line-of-sight magnetic fields but varying current density distribution and compare them with the 4.9 GHz polarization map obtained with the Very Large Array (VLA). The field extrapolation predicts very different locations of the depolarization strip in the corona depending on the amount of electric currents assumed to exist in the photosphere. Such high sensitivity of microwave depolarization to the coronal magnetic field can therefore be useful for validating electric current density maps inferred from vector magnetic fields observed in the photosphere.

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Qin, F. X., H. X. Peng, J. Fuller, and C. Brosseau. "Magnetic field-dependent effective microwave properties of microwire-epoxy composites." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 15 (October 8, 2012): 152905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4758483.

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32

Bai, Jingxu, Jiabei Fan, Liping Hao, Nicholas L. R. Spong, Yuechun Jiao, and Jianming Zhao. "Measurement of the Near Field Distribution of a Microwave Horn Using a Resonant Atomic Probe." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224895.

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We measure the near field distribution of a microwave horn with a resonant atomic probe. The microwave field emitted by a standard microwave horn is investigated utilizing Rydberg electromagnetically inducted transparency (EIT), an all-optical Rydberg detection, in a room temperature caesium vapor cell. The ground 6 S 1 / 2 , excited 6 P 3 / 2 , and Rydberg 56 D 5 / 2 states constitute a three-level system, used as an atomic probe to detect microwave electric fields by analyzing microwave dressed Autler–Townes (AT) splitting. We present a measurement of the electric field distribution of the microwave horn operating at 3.99 GHz in the near field, coupling the transition 56 D 5 / 2 → 57 P 3 / 2 . The microwave dressed AT spectrum reveals information on both the strength and polarization of the field emitted from the microwave horn simultaneously. The measurements are compared with field measurements obtained using a dipole metal probe, and with simulations of the electromagnetic simulated software (EMSS). The atomic probe measurement is in better agreement with the simulations than the metal probe. The deviation from the simulation of measurements taken with the atomic probe is smaller than the metal probe, improving by 1.6 dB. The symmetry of the amplitude distribution of the measured field is studied by comparing the measurements taken on either side of the field maxima.

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Brodie, Graham Ian, Dylan John McFarlane, Muhammed Jamal Khan, Valerie Buu Giao Phung, and Scott William Mattner. "Microwave Soil Heating Promotes Strawberry Runner Production and Progeny Performance." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103508.

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Strawberry runners (transplants) in many regions of the world are produced in soils treated with chemical fumigants to control pathogens and weeds and meet phytosanitary requirements. Many fumigants, however, are under threat of withdrawal because of concerns over their impact on the environment (e.g., methyl bromide). The current study considered the use of microwaves for heat disinfestation of soil for field-grown runners for the first time. Results from two field experiments showed that microwave treatment reduced the survival of buried inoculum of the strawberry pathogens Fusarium oxysporum (by up to 93%) and Sclerotium rolfsii (by up to 100%) compared with untreated soil. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the subsequent growth of these pathogens in the laboratory by up to 82% and 100%, respectively. Microwave treatment also reduced the natural DNA concentration of Pythium spp. (clades I & F) in soil by up to 94% compared with untreated soil. The effect of microwave against soilborne pathogens reduced as soil depth increased. Microwave treatment reduced the emergence of weeds in field soils by up to 65% and increased runner yields by 10–37%. The effect of microwave treatment on runner yield was greater when all soil was treated, rather than when strips of soil around the mother plants were treated. Results from complimentary pot experiments showed that early strawberry growth in the glasshouse was equivalent in soils treated with microwave or the fumigant methyl bromide/chloropicrin. Furthermore, the early performance of runners sourced from field soils treated with microwave or methyl bromide/chloropicrin was equivalent. Results from the pot experiments also showed that steam treatment required 10 times more energy per mass of soil to disinfest than microwave. The limitations of microwave in the current experiments are discussed, but the capacity for the technology to disinfest field soils in an energy-efficient manner demonstrates its potential for further development as an alternative to soil disinfestation with chemical fumigants.

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Jin, Haojian, Jingxian Wang, Swarun Kumar, and Jason Hong. "Software-defined cooking using a microwave oven." Communications of the ACM 64, no. 12 (December 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491196.

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Despite widespread popularity, today's microwave ovens are limited in their cooking capabilities, given that they heat food blindly, resulting in a nonuniform and unpredictable heating distribution. We present software-defined cooking (SDC), a low-cost closed-loop microwave oven system that aims to heat food in a software-defined thermal trajectory. SDC achieves this through a novel high-resolution heat sensing and actuation system that uses microwave-safe components to augment existing microwaves. SDC first senses the thermal gradient by using arrays of neon lamps that are charged by the electromagnetic (EM) field a microwave produces. SDC then modifies the EM-field strength to desired levels by accurately moving food on a programmable turntable toward sensed hot and cold spots. To create a more skewed arbitrary thermal pattern, SDC further introduces two types of programmable accessories: A microwave shield and a susceptor. We design and implement one experimental test bed by modifying a commercial off-the-shelf microwave oven. Our evaluation shows that SDC can programmatically create temperature deltas at a resolution of 21°C with a spatial resolution of 3 cm without the programmable accessories, and 183°C with them. We further demonstrate how an SDC-enabled microwave can be enlisted to perform unexpected cooking tasks: Cooking meat and fat in bacon discriminatively and heating milk uniformly.

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Kristiansen, M., L. L. Hatfield, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, A. A. Neuber, and D. Hemmert. "Microwave magnetic field effects on high-power microwave window breakdown." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 28, no. 3 (June 2000): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.887650.

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Goszkiewicz, Anna, Ewa Kochanska, Katarzyna Korczak, Volodymyr О. Potapov, and Svitlana Prasol. "Influence of microwave treatment on quality parameters of snacks food. Impact issuees." Acta Innovations, no. 36 (September 30, 2020): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.36.6.

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The following publication presents results of the research on a new, innovative, mild technology of food processing with microwaves technology in order to develop novel food in the form of “on the go” healthy snacks. Different aspects of microwave treatment technologies within the context of physical model of electromagnetic field interaction with a food product, marketing and energy aspects were considered. Furthermore, comparison of sensory quality of conventionally and microwave treated nuts was shown, which is a key feature of nuts, seeds and dried fruits for most consumers. A comparative LCA analysis of convectional and microwave roasting was performed as well.

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Budnikov, Dmitriy A. "Microwave Field Distribution Uniformity Coefficient in the Grain Mass." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-2-87-92.

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The article considers the microwave electromagnetic fields as one of the options for improving the thermal drying of grain. Their application is limited by the high unevenness of the field propagation in the layer of the processed material. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in justifying the uniformity of distribution of microwave field in the layer of the processed grain. (Materials and methods) The article presents the scheme of computer models of microwave processing zones and waveguides, properties of materials for conducting a numerical experiment. (Results and discussion) A numerical experiment was performed to determine the uniformity coefficient of propagation of the microwave field in a layer of grain material. The article presents the dependencies. (Conclusions) It was found that the results of modeling the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the zone of microwave convective influence of the installation containing two sources of microwave power for processing the grain layer indicate a high level of its unevenness in the volume of the product pipeline. To assess the uniformity of the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the working area of a laboratory installation, there used a coefficient that is the ratio of the average value of the intensity in the zone of microwave convective action to its average value of the wave strength passing through the output of the waveguide. The values of the uniformity coefficient in the considered implementation options are in the range of 0.1757-0.4946 for a dense layer of wheat. To ensure a sufficient level of uniformity of the electromagnetic wave distribution in the volume of the microwave convective zone, the uniformity coefficient must be higher than 0.37. The article presents the dependence of the uniformity coefficient of the electromagnetic field on the humidity of the processed material by a third-degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.98.

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Bhuvaneswari, Thangavel, Nor Hidayati Abdul Aziz, Jakir Hossen, and Chinthakunta Venkataseshaiah. "Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Microwave Oven." Applied Mechanics and Materials 892 (June 2019): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.892.120.

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In this paper, an FPGA-based microwave oven controller design which can be implemented using Altera DE1 development board is presented. The motivation for this work is to explore FPGA for real time applications. First, a microwave oven controller design architecture that could fit into Altera DE1 board, utilizing on-board peripherals is developed. Then, using the proposed architecture, the design is implemented using Verilog HDL. The microwave oven functionalities are demonstrated using Altera DE1 development board by means of Quartus II 13.0 software. The testbenches are created and waveforms are generated using Modelsim 10.1d software. The simulation results for various cases have been presented and the results confirmed that all the basic functionalities of a practical microwave oven can be realized. The proposed FPGA based controller has a high potential for incorporation in microwave ovens.

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Binner, Jon, and Bala Vaidhyanathan. "When Should Microwaves Be Used to Process Technical Ceramics?" Materials Science Forum 606 (October 2008): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.606.51.

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This paper attempts to shed light on why the stand alone microwave processing of technical ceramics, despite being one of the most popular field with respect to volume of research performed, is still struggling to achieve priority status with respect to commercialisation. To obtain some answers to this enigma and determine when microwaves should be used to process technical ceramics, three case studies are explored. The conclusion is that microwaves should be used to process technical ceramics when specific advantage can be taken of the intrinsic nature of microwave energy and not simply as an alternative energy source. In addition, it is concluded that from a commercialisation view point hybrid processing is often a better approach than the use of pure microwaves.

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Singh, Satnam, Dheeraj Gupta, and Vivek Jain. "Microwave melting and processing of metal–ceramic composite castings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 7 (September 1, 2016): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416666900.

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Applications of metal–ceramic composites are increasing in advanced materials field; however, efficient utilization of these materials depends on the cost involved in processing and structure–properties correlations. Processing of materials through microwave energy has already been accepted as a well-established route for many materials. In this work, composites of nickel-based metallic powder (matrix) and SiC powder (reinforcement) were successfully casted by microwave heating. The mechanism for the development of composite castings using microwaves is discussed with proper illustrations. The results of microstructure analysis of the developed cast revealed that uniform equiaxed grain growth with uniform dispersion of reinforcement. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that during microwave heating some metallurgical changes took place, which led to higher microhardness of cast. Micowave processed casting revealed lower defects (~1.75% porosity) and average Vickers microhardness of 920 ± 208 HV. This work reports the successful applications of microwaves in manufacturing, in the form of melting and casting of metallic powders.

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Ren, Jiang, Ying Na Zhao, Meng Zhang, and Wen Li Zhang. "Preparation of Density Ceramic and Fiber Joining Materials." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.379.

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The joining materials of density ceramics and the fibre would be potential value as sealing materials for high-temperature seal field. Zirconia toughened mullite ceramics (ZTM) were chosen the density ceramics due to excellent high temperature mechanical properties. Aluminum silica ceramic fibre was attractive because of favorable elasticity properties. Combining the two materials, the high-temperature resistance elasticity seal materials would be prepared by microwave joining technique. Using the absorber-microwaves properties of Al-Si alloy, interlayer compositions of the joining materials were designed. The ZTM ceramics and fibers materials were joining by microwave hybrid heating method and the mechanism of microwave joining was discussed.

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Qin, F. X., C. Brosseau, H. X. Peng, H. Wang, and J. Sun. "In situ microwave characterization of microwire composites with external magnetic field." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 19 (May 7, 2012): 192903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4712126.

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Arunachalam, Kavitha, Lalita Udpa, and Satish S. Udpa. "Deformable mirror near field microwave imaging." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 26, no. 3-4 (August 30, 2007): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-2007-911.

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Verma, Onkar N., and Sourabh Roy. "Microwave field controlled electromagnetically induced focusing." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 8S2 (July 6, 2018): 08PF01. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.08pf01.

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Tyagi, S. D., S. E. Lofland, M. Dominguez, S. M. Bhagat, C. Kwon, M. C. Robson, R. Ramesh, and T. Venkatesan. "Low‐field microwave magnetoabsorption in manganites." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 20 (May 13, 1996): 2893–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116323.

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Gupta, M. S. "Is microwave engineering a "mature" field?" IEEE Microwave Magazine 5, no. 2 (June 2004): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmw.2004.1306808.

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Kozlowski, A. J., S. S. Stuchly, and M. M. Ney. "MSCAN-a microwave field scanning system." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 38, no. 5 (1989): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.39035.

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Wei, T., X. ‐D Xiang, W. G. Wallace‐Freedman, and P. G. Schultz. "Scanning tip microwave near‐field microscope." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 24 (June 10, 1996): 3506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115773.

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Knoll, B., F. Keilmann, A. Kramer, and R. Guckenberger. "Contrast of microwave near-field microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 70, no. 20 (May 19, 1997): 2667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119255.

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Liu, Ko-Fei, and Ying-Hsin Wu. "Detecting Field Topography by Using Microwave." Advanced Science Letters 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2012): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.2368.

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