Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microwave

Academic literature on the topic 'Microwave'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microwave"

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Pandey, Aditya, Omeed Momeni, and Pramod Pandey. "Quantitative Analysis of Genomic DNA Degradation of E. coli Using Automated Gel Electrophoresis under Various Levels of Microwave Exposure." Gels 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2024): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10040242.

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The problem that this study addresses is to understand how microwave radiation is able to degrade genomic DNA of E. coli. In addition, a comparative study was made to evaluate the suitability of a high-throughput automated electrophoresis platform for quantifying the DNA degradation under microwave radiation. Overall, this study investigated the genomic DNA degradation of E. coli under microwave radiation using automated gel electrophoresis. To examine the viable organisms and degradation of genomic DNA under microwave exposure, we used three methods: (1) post-microwave exposure, where E. coli was enumerated using modified mTEC agar method using membrane filtration technique; (2) extracted genomic DNA of microwaved sample was quantified using the Qubit method; and (3) automated gel electrophoresis, the TapeStation 4200, was used to examine the bands of extracted DNA of microwaved samples. In addition, to examine the impacts of microwaves, E. coli colonies were isolated from a fecal sample (dairy cow manure), these colonies were grown overnight to prepare fresh E. coli culture, and this culture was exposed to microwave radiation for three durations: (1) 2 min; (2) 5 min; and (3) 8 min. In general, Qubit values (ng/µL) were proportional to the results of automated gel electrophoresis, TapeStation 4200, DNA integrity numbers (DINs). Samples from exposure studies (2 min, 5 min, and 8 min) showed no viable E. coli. Initial E. coli levels (at 0 min microwave exposure) were 5 × 108 CFU/mL, and the E. coli level was reduced to a non-detectable level within 2 min of microwave exposure. The relationships between Qubit and TapeStation measurements was linear, except for when the DNA level was lower than 2 ng/µL. In 8 min of microwave exposure, E. coli DNA integrity was reduced by 61.7%, and DNA concentration was reduced by 81.6%. The overall conclusion of this study is that microwave radiation had a significant impact on the genomic DNA of E. coli, and prolonged exposure of E. coli to microwaves can thus lead to a loss of genomic DNA integrity and DNA concentrations.
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Heriyadi, Bambang, Refky Adi Nata, Ardhymanto Am Tanjung, and Fadhilah. "The Impact of Microwave Treatment on the Andesite Rock Mechanical Properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2582, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2582/1/012023.

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Abstract Alternate rock-breaking techniques to drilling and blasting could include using microwaves to break up rock masses. Drilling for blasting has a significant issue with the cost of drill bit replacement in a short time (weekly). The microwave-breaking technology could be a solution, but research is continuing. This research clarifies the proposed methods through a case study of PT. ATC is an andesite quarry that employs the drill-and-blast technique to break rock. This experiment replicates the previous study’s conclusion that rock strength decreases following microwave treatment on two rock strength tests involving the Point Load Index (PLI) and Schmidt Hammer (SH). The dynamic test (PUNDIT) result indicates that the p-wave velocity of microwaved samples is greater than that of non-microwaved samples (NMW). As a consequence of evaporation and mineral transformation within the rock, the density of the rock decreases, and the porosity increases.
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MOTALLEBI, Ahad. "Effect of microwave radiation on seed viability, survival of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem and oil quality of oilseeds crops canola, soybean and safflower." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.08.

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The effect of microwave's radiation on seed viability of three different oilseed crops, spores of <em>Aspergillus niger </em>and quality of extracted oil from treated seeds over various exposure times was evaluated. The seeds were exposed to 2450 MHz. at five different power levels of 0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 W for two exposure times of three and five minutes. At a given time, a direct negative relationship between seed viability and microwave's radiation power level was detected. Substantial variation in the lethality of tested seeds to microwave's power levels was apparent in the fiducial limits of the estimated LD<sub>50 </sub>values in probit analysis approach. A similar trend of <em>A. niger</em> spores’ susceptibility to microwave radiation was detected. The microwaves' radiation and exposure time did not impact one another and a significant interaction was not detected. Short term fungal infection did not cause substantial quantitative and qualitative damage to the oilseeds. The oil quality was generally unaffected by microwave radiation and fungal infestation for tested oilseeds. Moreover, microwave radiation decreased seed germination percentage and vigor index. The microwave radiation could provide an effective and friendly environmental treatment technique for improving the dietary consumption of the oil in any seed disinfestation program.
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Saito, Yukie, Kousuke Nakano, Satoshi Shida, Tomoaki Soma, and Takanori Arima. "Microwave-enhanced release of formaldehyde from plywood." Holzforschung 58, no. 5 (August 1, 2004): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.083.

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Abstract The release of formaldehyde from plywood has been greatly reduced by treatment with microwave radiation. Formaldehyde emission in the air was measured before, during, and after 2.45-GHz microwave treatment. The concentration of formaldehyde released increased with microwave irradiation and, after the microwave treatment, decreased to a level below that of nontreated material. Microwaves were effective in releasing free formaldehyde from the plywood, which is preferable to it being emitted as “potential formaldehyde” via hydrolysis. Microwaves released formaldehyde from plywood samples more effectively compared to samples subjected to thermal energy from external heating. This suggests that microwaves directly activate free formaldehyde molecules, which have a polarity that is susceptible to microwaves. Microwave treatment is expected to be an effective way to reduce free formaldehyde emissions from wood-based materials containing resins.
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Horikoshi, Satoshi, Yuhei Arai, and Nick Serpone. "In Search of the Driving Factor for the Microwave Curing of Epoxy Adhesives and for the Protection of the Base Substrate against Thermal Damage." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082240.

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This study used controlled microwaves to elucidate the response of adhesive components to microwaves and examined the advantages of microwave radiation in curing epoxy adhesives. Curing of adhesives with microwaves proceeded very rapidly, even though each component of the adhesive was not efficiently heated by the microwaves. The reason the adhesive cured rapidly is that microwave heating was enhanced by the electrically charged (ionic) intermediates produced by the curing reaction. In contrast, the cured adhesive displayed lower microwave absorption and lower heating efficiency, suggesting that the cured adhesive stopped heating even if it continued to be exposed to microwaves. This is a definite advantage in the curing of adhesives with microwaves, as, for example, adhesives dropped onto polystyrene could be cured using microwave heating without degrading the polystyrene base substrate.
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Handayani, S. U., Sutrisno, D. Ariwibowo, R. Amalia, and M. E. Yulianto. "OPTIMIZATION OF CONTINUOUS MICROWAVE INACTIVATOR FOR POLYPHENOL OXIDASE INACTIVATION ON GREEN TEA PROCESSING USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 02 (2022): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1526318.

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Microwave treatment is a promising technology for food processing such as drying, extraction, and enzyme inactivation because of its ionic heat transfer. This study develops and optimizes the fixation process in green tea using a microwave-based enzyme inactivator. A continuous microwave enzyme inactivator with a dimension of 3300 (L) × 550 (W) × 600 mm3 (H) was built to study the effect of temperature, microwave radiation time, and the number of microwaves on the catechin content of green tea. The optimum condition for the inactivation process was determined using response surface methodology and central composite design. The result shows that the model can predict the effect of temperature, microwave radiation time, and the number of microwaves on catechin content. Temperature, fixation time (conveyor velocity), and the number of microwaves, have a significant impact on enzyme inactivation when using a continuous microwave. The optimum microwave inactivation condition for polyphenol oxidase enzyme was four at 70C temperature and 30 rpm conveyor speed.
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Yuchen, Li. "Application of Microwave Technology in Different Fields for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction." Chinese Sustainable Development Review 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/csdr.20230406001.

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In today's world, security of energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions due to rising energy demand are seriously threatening sustainable energy development, and it is urgent to promote energy structure reform. Microwave, as a clean and environmentally friendly green energy source, has developed rapidly in recent years. Unlike traditional heating methods, microwave heating generates heat through the random motion of polar molecules. This results in microwave heating having the advantages of selective heating, fast temperature rise, easy control and high heating efficiency. This allows microwaves to make a contribution in advancing the reform. of the energy mix. This paper investigates the use of microwave technology in different industries to save energy and reduce emissions. It finds that in the ironmaking industry, microwaves can speed up the reduction time of iron ore, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, while making iron ore more easier to crush and magnetically sort during iron ore pretreatment process. In the food industry, microwaves can reduce the time required to cook and dry, and maximise the retention of nutrients in food. In the field of waste recycling, microwaves reduce the volume of bottom radioactive waste in a shorter time and improve the efficiency of desulphurisation of waste rubber. In the Budur reaction, microwaves reduce the temperature required for the reaction and increase the conversion of carbon dioxide. After summarising the advantages of microwave technology, this paper also analyses the current shortcomings of microwave technology, introduces microwave-related patents and concludes with an outlook on the future of microwave technology.
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VIDAČEK, SANJA, CRISTINA DE LAS HERAS, MARIA TERESA SOLAS, MARIA LUISA GARCÍA, ANGEL MENDIZÁBAL, and MARGARITA TEJADA. "Viability and Antigenicity of Anisakis simplex after Conventional and Microwave Heating at Fixed Temperatures." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-108.

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Inactivation of parasites in food by microwave treatment may vary due to differences in the characteristics of microwave ovens and food properties. Microwave treatment in standard domestic ovens results in hot and cold spots, and the microwaves do not penetrate all areas of the samples depending on the thickness, which makes it difficult to compare microwave with conventional heat treatments. The viability of Anisakis simplex (isolated larvae and infected fish muscle) heated in a microwave oven with precise temperature control was compared with that of larvae heated in a water bath to investigate any additional effect of the microwaves. At a given temperature, less time was required to kill the larvae by microwaves than by heated water. Microwave treatment killed A. simplex larvae faster than did conventional cooking when the microwaves fully penetrated the samples and resulted in fewer changes in the fish muscle. However, the heat-stable allergen Ani s 4 was detected by immunohistochemistry in the fish muscle after both heat treatments, even at 70°C, suggesting that Ani s 4 allergens were released from the larvae into the surrounding tissue and that the tissues retained their allergenicity even after the larvae were killed by both heat treatments. Thus, microwave cooking will not render fish safe for individuals already sensitized to A. simplex heat-resistant allergens.
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Li, Guolin, Ting Shu, Chengwei Yuan, Jun Zhu, Jing Liu, Bing Wang, and Jun Zhang. "Simultaneous operation of X band gigawatt level high power microwaves." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (January 21, 2010): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990541.

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AbstractAs the pulse power and high power microwave source technologies gradually matured, technologies for enhancing the output capacities of high power microwaves are becoming more and more attractive. In this paper, two different methods for the increasing of X band microwave powers are discussed: diplexers based on microwave filter and photonic crystal. For the case of diplexer based on microwave filter, the dual channel X band microwaves transmit through the filters with high efficiencies, the polarization and radiation directions for the microwaves are the same. With the application of metal photonic crystal, the reflection and transmission of TE/TM polarized X band microwaves are realized simultaneously; thus, the dual channel microwaves have the same radiation direction. A pulse of 25 ns, 3.9 GW has been successfully obtained. However, according to the experimental results, the internal breakdown in these devices limits their power handling capacities when the peak power and pulse duration of the microwaves increase. In the end, several methods for enhancing the power handling capacities the diplexer have been proposed.
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Liu, Ya Jing, Tao Jiang, Zhi Deng, Xiang Xin Xue, and Pei Ning Duan. "Stuy on Microwave-Assisted Grinding of Low-Grade Ludwigite." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.214.

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The low-grade ludwigite is one of the complex and refractory ores. Based on the high energy consumption and inefficient in the grinding process and according to the microwave-assisted grinding principle, this paper studied the microwave absorption property of ludwigite and researched the effect of microwave heating on the grinding efficiency of it. The non-microwaved and microwaved samples were characterized with regard to the chemical components, mineral compositions, macroscopic structure and microstructure, grinding efficiency by methods of the chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grain size analysis, etc. The results indicated that ludwigite, with good microwave absorption property, was suitable for microwave processing. The grindability of microwaved ludwigite was related to the microwave power and microwave heating temperature. By the microwave heating temperature attained 500~650°C, many macro-cracks and micro-cracks were produced by thermal stress between different mineral interfaces, which resulted in the decrease of strength of ludwigite and easy levigation, but the mineral compositions had no obviously changed, which would not affect the subsequent magnetic separation. It was concluded that short, high-power treatments were most effective but over-exposure of the sample led to reductions in efficiency. Under the same conditions, the grinding efficiency of ludwigite was improved 24.54% higher than untreated ore, which significantly improved the grinding efficiency and reduced energy consumption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microwave"

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Hopkins, Glenn Daniel. "Empirical characterization of a plated-through-hole interconnect for a multilayer stripline assembly at microwave frequencies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15658.

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Daian, Mihai Stelian. "Thedevelopment and evaluation of new microwave equipment and its suitability for wood modification." Swinburne Research Bank, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/38305.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, 2006.
[A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy], Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-165)
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Zimmer, Aline Katharina. "Investigation of the impact of turbine blade geometry on near-field microwave blade tip time of arrival measurements." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26558.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Jagoda, Jechiel; Committee Co-Chair: Jacobs, Laurence; Committee Member: Seitzman, Jerry. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Matasane, Matasane Clement. "Investigation into the monitoring of microwaves in microwave cavities using optical techniques." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1076.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002.
Tne purpose of this research or study was to perform an investigation in the use of optical fibers as sensor elements in order to develop a millimetre wave instrument capable of measuring microwave power within microwave cavities. Included in the scope of the project was an investigation of microwaves and microwave power measurements techniques. The emphasis of the research work was to develop expertise in photonics, by modeling and developing a measuring technique using optical techniques. This was deemed to be highly beneficial in laboratory experimentation and for possible use by microwave technicians. The implementation was amongst others, done by means of computer simulation and associated hardware, together with fiber-optic accessories. In order to conduct this research a literature and technology survey of current non-optical microwave power measurement technique was done. With this a review different power measurements systems and their relationship towards microwave power measurements was conducted. Within the scope of the project, a study of fiber optics sensors and its components was also conducted, which enabled models for a Mach-Zehnder microwave sensor to be developed. This resulted in the development of inexpensive electronic signal conditioning and detection techniques to enable measurements that employed a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for this sensor technique. Finally, as microwaves are difficult to measure with pure electronic equipment, different approaches were made to investigate the temperature changes and other parameters on optical fiber to avoid damage to it. The specifications of hardware and circuitry suitable to measure these effects were determined.
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Doolittle, John William Jr. "Synthesis of microporous faujasitic zincophosphates in novel environments." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1116983708.

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Nugroho, Agung Tjahjo. "Microwave tomography." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microwave-tomography(1000bea8-f286-42dc-9def-8aa09411160e).html.

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This thesis reports on the research carried out in the area of Microwave Tomography (MWT) where the study aims to develop inversion algorithms to obtain cheap and stable solutions of MWT inverse scattering problems which are mathematically formulated as nonlinear ill posed problems. The study develops two algorithms namely Inexact Newton Backtracking Method (INBM) and Newton Iterative-Conjugate Gradient on Normal Equation (NI-CGNE) which are based on Newton method. These algorithms apply implicit solutions of the Newton equations with unspecific manner functioning as the regularized step size of the Newton iterative. The two developed methods were tested by the use of numerical examples and experimental data gained by the MWT system of the University of Manchester. The numerical experiments were done on samples with dielectric contrast objects containing different kinds of materials and lossy materials. Meanwhile, the quality of the methods is evaluated by comparingthem with the Levenberg Marquardt method (LM). Under the natural assumption that the INBM is a regularized method and the CGNE is a semi regularized method, the results of experiments show that INBM and NI-CGNE improve the speed, the spatial resolutions and the quality of direct regularization method by means of the LM method. The experiments also show that the developed algorithms are more flexible to theeffect of noise and lossy materials compared with the LM algorithm.
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Misner, Scottie, Carol Curtis, and Evelyn Whitmer. "Microwave Cooking." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146454.

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2 pp.
Revision of 1998 title by Abgrall and Misner
Microwave ovens are safe to use for defrosting, reheating, and cooking food. However "cold spots" can occur in microwaved foods because of the irregular way the microwaves enter the oven and are absorbed by the food. This article provides information on how to cook food evenly and safely in microwave ovens.
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Contreras, Lizarraga Adrián Arturo. "Multimodal microwave filters." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134931.

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This thesis presents the conception, design and implementation of new topologies of multimodal microwave resonators and filters, using a combination of uniplanar technologies such as coplanar waveguide (CPW), coplanar strips (CPS) and slotlines. The term "multimodal" refers to uniplanar circuits in which the two fundamental modes of the CPW propagate (the even and the odd mode). By using both modes of the CPW, it is possible to achieve added functions, such as additional transmission zeros to increase the rejection, or to attenuate harmonic frequencies to improve the out-of-band rejection. Moreover, it is demonstrated that by using multimodal circuits, it is possible to reduce the length of of a conventional filter up to 80%. In addition to bandpass filters, new topologies of compact band-stop filters are developed. The proposed band-stop filters make use of slow-wave resonators to decrease the total area of the filters and achieve compact topologies. This work also addresses the development of synthesis techniques for each multimodal filter. The design equations were obtained from generalized multimodal circuits available in the literature, which have been adapted for each particular case and modeled as basic filter components, such as immitance inverters or lumped elements. By using the proposed synthesis equations, it is possible to design filters with a desired response and relative bandwidth. The use of the proposed synthesis enables a fast analysis and design of multimodal filters using circuit simulators. As an added feature, several reconfigurable and tunable filter topologies were demonstrated, using active devices (PIN diodes and varactors) or RF-MEMS. These new topologies demonstrate the flexibility of multimodal circuits. For the RF-MEMS-based tunable filters, different capacitive and ohmic switches were designed, fabricated and measured. As an example of the additional degrees of freedom using of RF-MEMS and multimodal CPW circuits, a reconfigurable filter using RF-MEMS switchable air-bridges as a reconfiguration device has been demonstrated in this work for the first time.
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Mavromatidis, Pavlos. "Microwave thermal spraying." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422101.

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Guler, Michael George. "Spherical microwave holography." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15055.

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Books on the topic "Microwave"

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Microwave technology. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1985.

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Ishii, T. Koryu. Microwave engineering. 2nd ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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Veley, Victor F. C. Modern microwave technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

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Bryant, G. H. Principles of microwave measurements. London: P. Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1988.

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Collin, Robert E. Foundations for microwave engineering. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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Collin, Robert E. Foundations for microwave engineering. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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Principles of microwave technology. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.

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Wei bo gong cheng ji shu. Ha'erbin Shi: Ha'erbin gong ye da xue chu ban she, 2005.

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Novel technologies for microwave and millimeter-wave applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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Matteo, Pastorino, and Research Signpost (Trivandrum India), eds. Microwave nondestructive evaluation and imaging. Trivandrum: Research Signpost, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microwave"

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Weik, Martin H. "microwave." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1017. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_11518.

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Hayter, Roy. "Microwave." In Food Preparation and Cooking, 33–36. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13181-5_9.

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Qin, Juehang, and A. Hubler. "Reducing Microwave Absorption with Chaotic Microwaves." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 119–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52621-8_11.

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Peng, Hua-Xin, Faxiang Qin, and Manh-Huong Phan. "Microwave Tunable Properties of Microwire Composites." In Engineering Materials and Processes, 143–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29276-2_11.

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Keiser, Bernhard E., and Eugene Strange. "Microwave Transmission." In Digital Telephony and Network Integration, 270–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1787-0_8.

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Wu, Kao. "Microwave Treatment." In Physical Modifications of Starch, 97–117. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0725-6_6.

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Smith, A. D. "Microwave Electronics." In The New Superconducting Electronics, 311–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1918-4_10.

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Horikoshi, Satoshi, Robert F. Schiffmann, Jun Fukushima, and Nick Serpone. "Microwave Heating." In Microwave Chemical and Materials Processing, 47–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6466-1_4.

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Vogel, Manuel. "Microwave Spectroscopy." In Particle Confinement in Penning Traps, 297–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76264-7_19.

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Benson, F. A., and T. M. Benson. "Microwave networks." In Fields, Waves and Transmission Lines, 150–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2382-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microwave"

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Wong, W. L. E., and M. Gupta. "Development of Metallic Materials Using Hybrid Microwave Assisted Rapid Sintering." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82502.

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Powder metallurgy is a highly established method for fabricating metals and metal matrix composites. An innovative hybrid sintering technique involving the use of microwaves and radiant heating is currently proposed. The use of microwaves to heat metallic materials is not common because it is a well known fact that bulk metals reflect microwaves and causes arching when placed inside a microwave oven. Microwave heating of materials is fundamentally different from conventional resistance heating and offer many benefits over conventional heating. In this study, aluminum, magnesium and a lead-free solder were selected as candidate materials and sintered using conventional sintering as well as a novel hybrid microwave assisted sintering. The sintered materials were hot extruded and characterized primarily in terms of physical and mechanical properties. An overall superior combination of hardness and tensile properties were realized in the case of microwave sintered samples when compared to the conventionally sintered samples.
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Andres, Ana, Ruth De los Reyes, Mariola Sansano, D. Alcañiz, Ana Heredia, and Elias De los Reyes. "Innovative microwave technologies for food drying processes." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7725.

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It is well known that microwaves can assist most of food drying processes; but despite its benefits, microwave energy has not yet been exploited to its potential in the industrial applications. Some of the reasons are because available microwave technology (tubes and valves) cannot offer a homogeneous heating, causing hot/cold spots depending on product geometry and distribution in the chamber or tunnel. Particularly in drying processes, when available water decreases, the efficiency of the process will decrease. If the microwave power is not adjusted at this point of the drying process, the electromagnetic field strength increases and thermal runaway, arcing, or plasma formation can be created. Currently, the solid-state microwave heating (S2MH) technology is considered one of the most promising options to avoid the ancient problems preserving the known advantages. The new S2MH features include frequency and phase variability and control, low input-voltage requirements, compactness and rigidity, reliability, and better compatibility with other electronic possibilities (Internet-of-Things). The first notable advantaged is the S2MH system ability to assess feedback from forward and reflected signal. This allows the application to easily measure and track the energy levels being put into the load, which can avoid the mentioned final drying problem, together with many others related to monitoring needs. On the other hand, almost all energy consumption and CO2 generation in drying processes correspond to air heating stage. To tackle this problem, Advanced Materials for Microwaves based Heating (AM2H) have been developed for transducing electromagnetic energy into heat, which is transferred to air by using high contact surface ceramic structures. The aim of this work is to review Microwaves Assisted Drying Processes and to present the advantages offered by two innovative microwave technologies: Solid-State Microwave Heating (S2MH) technology and Advanced Materials for Microwaves based Heating (AM2H).
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Tioni, Estevan, and Pascal Rousseaux. "BRINGING TOGETHER MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9901.

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It is nowadays admitted that microwaves are frequently used in organic chemistry labs [1] (even if not as much as it was predicted 20 years ago, one must say [2]). On the other side it is also certain that this technology has not yet found its place in chemical industry: application at a production scale are very scarce [3][4] and this despite the potential advantages of the technology (selective heating, high heating rate, low thermal inertia…). The point is that mastering all the aspects of microwaves assisted synthesis at industrial scale demands a lot of different skills to work together: chemistry, process engineering, microwave engineering, materials science. This is so challenging that tools and methodologies for quantification of industrial microwave interest and scaling-up of lab results are missing. In this work we present our contributions to the deployment of microwaves for synthesis in the chemical industry which are mainly The development of small pilot reactors (1 L) in stainless steel, capable to withstand temperature and pressureThe application of a chemical engineering methodology to microwave assisted synthesisAn example of intensification (see table) of an industrially interesting reaction using microwave to access NPW (high temperature and pressure)A tentative of rationalization of process criteria to identify a priori the interest of microwave heating for a specific application [1]. Diaz-Ortiz et al., Chem. Rec. 2019, 19, 85–97 [2]. Kappe, Chem. Rec. 2019, 19, 15–39 [3]. Aldivia, brevet WO2004/066683A1 [4]. https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/Microwaving-ton.html
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Deleu, Willem Peter Rien, Vincent Goovaerts, and Carlo Groffils. "Hybrid microwave with heat recovery for an efficient drying process." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9870.

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Microwave technology has come a long way from the sixties when the first microwave ovens were developed. This first generation of microwave ovens uses only microwaves to heat the substrate and with an efficiency of around 63% in converting electrical energy to microwaves, this means 37% of the electric energy is lost as heat. The first improvement to this system “second generation” is using hybrid heating with both microwaves and hot air. The hot air in this case is simply the air used to cool the magnetron and transformers that is blown into the microwave cavity. The 37% of lost energy can thus be reused. The first role of the hot air current is to remove moisture from the cavity to avoid condensation on the (cold) cavity walls. The second role is to insulate the hot product from the cold environment and prevent energy loss. The third role is increasing evaporation speed; this decreases drying time and can also keep the drying temperature low through evaporative cooling. Low drying temperatures are favored in many processes especially with food as it delivers a superior dry product.The “third generation” utilizes an additional heat exchange to further increase the system’s efficiency. The hot (wet) exhaust air is not fully saturated yet so it can be used to preheat the substrate before it enters the microwave cavity. A good example is thawing and preheating frozen starting material. If water cooled magnetrons are used, the hot air is replaced by hot water instead for the heat exchange. Microwave processes are generally much faster resulting in smaller machines and reduced operational area. When designing a microwave process all these factors need to be taken into account to result in the cheapest and most robust process. As heat exchange generally takes a long time, it should only be done to a degree that it does not slow down the microwave process.
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Horikoshi, Satoshi. "ELUCIDATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EFFECT AND OUTGOING OF FUTURE TREND IN MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9783.

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The German chemist Theodor Grotthuss was the first to formulate the first law of photochemistry in 1817; he postulated that a reaction could be driven by light when the energy of light is absorbed by molecules [1]. After that, photochemistry has greatly contributed to the development of photography. In addition, second laws of photochemistry (Stark-Einstein law) was enacted, and these two laws have elevated photochemistry as an academic (science) discipline over the last one hundred years. In addition, because of advances in light sources and various devices (engineering), such materials and processes as photocatalysts, organic solar cells, photopolymerization, quantum dots, and photochromism (among others) are currently being applied in various other fields. The next significant surge in chemistry is microwave chemistry wherein microwaves, which represent electromagnetic waves other than light, were introduced as a driving force in the chemical reaction domain in the late 1980s. There are three characteristics in this chemistry when using microwaves. The first is the high heating efficiency caused by the energy of the microwaves that directly reach and are absorbed by the substance. The second is the selectivity with which a specific substrate is heated, while the third characteristic is the enhancement of chemical syntheses by the microwaves’ electromagnetic wave energy, often referred to as the microwave effect (or non-thermal effect). The phenomenon of the microwave effect (third characteristic) impacting chemical reactions has been summarized in much of the relevant literature, however, the reason why the microwave effect has not been clarified to anyone’s satisfaction is that the term microwave effect in microwave chemistry includes numerous factors. In order to fix microwaves in the chemical field, it is urgent to develop laws of “microwavechemistry”, and to do it is necessary to systematization against the phenomenas of electromagnetic waves for materials and reactions. One of the reasons for the dramatic growth in photochemistry is the development of high power laser technology. In recent years, coherent semiconductor generator with the generating high power microwaves have become easy to get, so “microwavechemistry” can proceed to the next stage. We examined that the phenomena as microwave electromagnetic waves in chemical reactions by using a semiconductor generator and a power sensor. And, it clarified that the reaction rate and yield of a very small part of the chemical reaction change with the unique phenomenon to electromagnetic waves [2]. On the other hand, generally, as plants, enzymes, biological substances temperature rises, it inhibits growth and reaction. This phenomenon was used to overcome the electromagnetic wave effect. We have succeeded in improving these activities by irradiating weak microwaves which do not increase these temperatures [3]. If microwave heating is given to them, it will work negatively. In this invited presentation, it introduces the possibility of electromagnetic wave effect(s) in these and explain its industrial application.
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Thostenson, Erik T., and Tsu-Wei Chou. "Application of Microwave Heating for Adhesive Joining." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0137.

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Abstract In conventional joining of composite materials and sandwich structures, reductions in processing time are limited by inefficient heat transfer. In conventional processing the thermal energy must diffuse through the composite layers to heat the joint interface and cure the thermosetting adhesive, and this outside-in process of heating results in excessive processing times and wasted energy. The purpose of the current work is to examine microwave heating as an alternative to conventional heating for joining of composite structures. Through proper material selection, microwaves are able to penetrate the substrate materials and cure the adhesives in-situ. Selective heating with microwaves is achieved by incorporating interlayer materials that have high dielectric loss properties relative to the substrate materials. In this study, a processing window for elevated temperature curing of an epoxy paste adhesive system (HYSOL EA 9359.3) was developed and composite joint systems were manufactured using conventional and microwave techniques and tested in shear. Microwave curing resulted in both enhanced shear strength and less scatter in experimental data.
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Zuber, Simon, Marcel Joss, S. Tresch, and M. Kleingries. "Dynamic optimization of the transmission efficiency between the solid state microwave sources and the microwave applicator." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7412.

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Microwaves are a fast way to dry moist goods through volumetric heating. During the drying process, materials change their electrical properties. As a result, the impedances at the feed port of the applicator will change and the microwave source is not matched anymore. The amount of reflected power increases and the process efficiency reduces. New semiconductor high power sources can perform a dynamic impedance matching. A lab scaled functional model with two sources was designed and realized. For measuring the scattering parameters during the process run, an embedded two-port vector network analyzer was added. Measurement results confirm the feasibility of the concept. Keywords: Microwave drying, dynamic efficiency optimization, multichannel feed, solid state based microwave source
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Eckart, Sven, Ralph Behrend, and Hartmut Krause. "Microwave influenced laminar premixed hydrocarbon flames: Spectroscopic investigations." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9834.

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Low laminar burning velocity’s and slow reactions propagation are among a key problem in combustion processes with low calorific gas mixtures. The mixtures have a laminar burning velocity of 10 cm/s to 15 cm/s or even below which is 37% of natural gas. Thermal use of these gases could save considerable amounts of fossil fuel and reduce CO2 emissions. Due to low burning velocities and low enthalpy of combustion, ignition and stable combustion is complex, often preventing utilization of these gases. Microwave-assisted combustion can help to solve these problems. With microwave assistance, these gas mixtures could be burned with a higher burning velocity without preheating or co-firing. Therefore, this effect could be used for flame stabilization processes in industry applications. Microwaves could also change the combustion properties, for example radical formation and flame thickness. In this paper, we explore a possibility of using microwaves to increase the burning velocity of propane as one component in low calorific gas mixtures and also show higher productions of OH* and CH* radicals with an increase of the input microwave power. Different compositions of low calorific fuels were tested within a range of equivalence ratios from φ= 0.8 to φ= 1.3 for initial temperatures of 298 K and atmospheric conditions and microwave powers from 120 W to 600 W. For the experiments, a standard WR340 waveguide was modified with a port for burner installation and filter elements allowing for flue gas exhaust and optical access from the side. A 2.45 GHz CW magnetron was used as microwave source, microwave measurements were carried out with a 6-port- reflectometer with integrated three stub tuner. An axisymmetric premixed burner was designed to generate a steady conical laminar premixed flame stabilized on the outlet of a contoured nozzle under atmospheric pressure. The burner was operated with a propane mass flow of 0.2-0.4 nl/min at an equivalence ratio of φ= 0.8 to φ= 1.3. The optical techniques used in the current study are based on the flame contours detection by using the OH* chemiluminescence image technique. For every experimental case, 150 pictures were taken and averaged. Additionally, spectroscopic analysis of the flames was undertaken. The results suggest that production of OH* radicals in the flame front increases with microwave power. For evaluation, a picture based OH* chemiluminescence and a spectrographic method was used. In addition, a 9.9% increase of the burning velocity was observed in the premixed propane-air mixture for a 66 Watt absorbed microwave power. This effect is attributed to the increased OH* (~310nm) and CH* (~420nm) radical formation, which also reduces the flame thickness. It was found that absorption of microwaves in flames is generally low, but could be improved by a customized applicator design.
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Szadzińska, Justyna, and Dominik Mierzwa. "Intermittent–microwave and convective drying of parsley." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7348.

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The studies present convective drying of parsley with an intermittent microwave application. Eight different drying programs including convective drying (CV) were carried out in a laboratory-scale hybrid dryer. The influence of intermittent conditions on drying time, drying rate, energy efficiency and product quality was analysed. The results demonstrated that intermittent–microwave convective drying improves the drying kinetics and reduces energy consumption. Moreover, a higher retention of vitamin C, smaller color change and a better ability to rehydration were observed for the parsley samples dried using intermittent drying than for CV.Keywords: intermittent drying, microwaves, energy, vitamin C, rehydration.
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Yao, Lu, and Yun-Feng Xiao. "Photonics microwave genenration using soliton microcombs in billion Q optical microresonator." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.2023.th1a.5.

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We report the soliton microwave oscillators using oversized billion Q optical microresonator. The synthesized X-band microwaves features an absolute phase noise level of -107(-133) dBc/Hz at 1(10) kHz offset frequency.
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Reports on the topic "Microwave"

1

Batchelor, K. Microwave undulator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5824415.

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Eckstrom, D. J., and M. S. Williams. Microwave cavity diagnostics of microwave breakdown plasmas. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184700.

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Zare, Richard N. Microwave Cavity Spectroscopy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388868.

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Marinak, M. Design of a microwave calorimeter for the microwave tokamak experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5215496.

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Kues, Henry. Effects of Microwave Radiation on Humans. Monkeys Exposed to 1.25 GHZ pulsed Microwaves. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249997.

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Freytag, E. K. Microwave and Pulsed Power. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10104458.

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Heifets, S., and A. Chao. Study of microwave instability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491604.

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Lauf, R. J., A. D. McMillan, and F. L. Paulauskas. Advanced microwave processing concepts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/494127.

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Silberglitt, R., I. Ahmad, and Y. L. Tian. Microwave joining of SiC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/494132.

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Sprenger, G. Microwave solidification project overview. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/120853.

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