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Journal articles on the topic 'Microsymbionts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Zuber, Nicolás Emilio, Laura Viviana Fornasero, Sofía Agostina Erdozain Bagolín, Mauricio Javier Lozano, Juan Sanjuán, María Florencia Del Papa, and Antonio Lagares. "Diversity, Genomics and Symbiotic Characteristics of Sinorhizobia That Nodulate Desmanthus spp. in Northwest Argentina." Biology 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2023): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12070958.

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Desmanthus spp. are legumes with the ability to associate with diverse α-proteobacteria—a microsymbiont—in order to establish nitrogen-fixing root nodules. A previous investigation from our laboratory revealed that the main bacteria associated with Desmanthus paspalaceus in symbiosis in central Argentina (Province of Santa Fe) were quite diverse and belonged to the genera Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium. To achieve a more extensive view of the local microsymbionts associated with Desmanthus spp., we sampled three different sites in Jujuy and Salta, in northwest Argentina. Matrix-assisted Laser-Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) typing, 16S-rDNA analysis, and genome sequencing demonstrated that the dominant root-nodule microsymbionts belonged to the genus Sinorhizobium, with some sequenced genomes related to Sinorhizobium mexicanum, Sinorhizobium chiapanecum, and Sinorhizobium psoraleae. An analysis of nodA and nodC markers indicated that, in some of the isolates, horizontal gene transfer appeared to be responsible for the lack of congruence between the phylogenies of the chromosome and of the symbiotic region. These results revealed diverse evolutionary strategies for reaching the current Desmanthus-microsymbiont diversity. What is remarkable beside their observed genetic diversity is that the tolerance profiles of these isolates to abiotic stresses (temperature, salt concentration, pH) were quite coincident with the separation of the sinorhizobia according to place of origin, suggesting possible ecoedaphic adaptations. This observation, together with the higher aerial dry-weight matter that some isolates generated in Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc when compared to the biomass generated by the commercial strain Sinorhizobium terangae CB3126, distinguish the collected sinorhizobia as constituting valuable germplasm for evaluation in local fields to select for more efficient symbiotic pairs.

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2

Ritchie, Nancy J., and David D. Myrold. "Phylogenetic placement of unculturedCeanothusmicrosymbionts using 16S rRNA gene sequences." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (December 18, 1999): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-080.

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Full-length 16S rDNA sequences were amplified directly from the nodules of Ceanothus americanus L. and Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. using the polymerase chain reaction. Sequences were determined using an automated sequencer, compared against those in GenBank, and assembled into consensus sequences. The sequences were aligned with other full-length Frankia 16S rDNA sequences available from the data base. Phylogenetic trees were obtained using three different algorithms: neighbor joining, parsimony, and the maximum-likelihood method. All three methods showed that these Ceanothus L. microsymbionts were most closely related to the microsymbiont associated with Dryas drummondii Richardson ex Hook. Lvs. rather than Frankia isolated from the Elaeagnaceae.Key words: Frankia, Ceanothus, 16S rDNA.

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3

Bukharin, O. V., I. N. Chainikova, E. V. Ivanova, N. B. Perunova, T. A. Bondarenko, and A. I. Smolyagin. "IMMUNOREGULATORY PROFILE OF MICROSYMBIONTS OF THE INTESTINAL HUMAN BIOTOPE." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-4-42-51.

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Aim. To study in comparison immunoregulatory properties of dominant and associative microsymbionts metabolites in human large intestine’s eubiosis and dysbiosis. Materials and methods. 260 strains of bifidobacteria used as dominant microbiota, 132 cultures of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and fungi used as associative microsymbionts from 122 intestinal microsymbiocenoses. The cytokines production was studied in cultures of mononuclear cells co-cultivated with microsymbionts’ supernatants. The results were processed statistically (Statistica 10.0). Results. In eubiosis, dominant and associative microsymbionts showed immuno regulatory properties heterogeneity. In the case of phlogogenic cytokines, the associates equally exhibited stimulation / suppression / no effect on cytokines, except for enterococci and bacteroids, stimulating IL-8 secretion, and lactobacilli, inducing IFNy. Dominants were characterized by a unidirectional effect: IL-10 secretion stimulation and TNFa, IFNy and IL-17suppression, while retaining the induction of IL-10 in dysbiosis. In contrast, supernatants of the associates combined the opposing cytokines production: the early proinflammatory cytokine TNFa, the immunoregulatory cytokine IFNy and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. Conclusion. Intestinal homeostasis in eubiosis is supported by differentiated effects of microsymbionts’ metabolites on the production of antiinflammatory, immunoregulatory cytokines with the formation of an optimal balance, limiting inflammatory and autoimmune reactions. The dominance of the immunoregulatory properties remains intact in the conditions of dysbiosis, and the variety of effects on pro-/antiin-flammatory cytokines is limited in the associates.

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4

Abdurashytov, S. F. "INFLUENCE OF MICROSYMBIONTS ON SOYBEAN YIELD." Agriciltural microbiology 15 (June 21, 2012): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.15.29-39.

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Seeds inoculation with preparations created on the basis of new associations of Glomus P3 and S7 and Rhizobofit has positively influenced formation of triple symbiosis and enhanced yield of soybean of «Annushka» variety in comparison with seeds inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum only.

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Wdowiak, Sylwia, and Wanda Małek. "Numerical Analysis of Astragalus cicer Microsymbionts." Current Microbiology 41, no. 2 (August 21, 2000): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002840010108.

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6

Nikolenko, Marina V., Ekaterina M. Vaseva, Natalya V. Baryshnikova, and Olga I. Malishevskaya. "Chronobiological approach to study microsymbiont catalase activity in female reproductive tract." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 13, no. 6 (February 2, 2024): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-cat-15453.

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Catalase is a heme-containing enzyme belonging to protection factors that destroys peroxide compounds. The presence of catalase activity is an important ability of microorganisms that allows them to be protected from unfavorable factors as well as adapt to macroorganism conditions. Catalase along with superoxide dismutase plays an important role in pathogen resistance to phagocyte oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanisms. The aim of the study was to investigate microsymbiont catalase activity from female reproductive tract in normocenosis and candidiasis dysbiosis using the chronobiological approach. The study was conducted on clinical isolates, isolated from female reproductive tract microsymbiocenosis. The catalase activity was determined by spectrophotometry based on 24 hour-long hydrogen peroxide reduction with 3-hours interval in winter season. Dynamic hydrogen peroxide was assessed in 3–5 experiment replicates. In some Lactobacillus spp., catalase was found containing no heme group — pseudocatalase. Chronobiological approach allowed to reveal enzyme activity from all microsymbionts. The dominant and associative microbiota isolated from healthy females was characterized by circadian (24 hours) rhythms of catalase activity early in the morning — 5 a.m. (р 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide decomposes spontaneously or via non-enzymatic catalysts, and microorganisms cope with this situation under such conditions. In microsymbionts characteristic of female reproductive tract dysbiosis, and usually found in large numbers along with decreased Lactobacillus spp. ultradian rhythms with 12- and 8-hour harmonics of catalase activity with acrophase were recorded in the morning (8 a.m.) and evening hours (8 p.m.). The minimum values of enzyme production in all cultures were recorded at 12 p.m. and 5 p.m. Therefore, the contribution of the rhythm of the studied parameter at varying degree of vaginal sterility reflects the adaptive pathogen capabilities to the conditions of existence and can be the basis for studying related regulatory mechanisms. Mesor and amplitude phase stability are universal rhythmometric parameters used to evaluate patient’s condition independent of species assignment.

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7

Baymiev, An, O. Lastochkina, I. Koryakov, E. Akimova, A. Vladimirova, and Al Baymiev. "Regularities of the genotype’s distribution of phylogenetically homogenous bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum in the nodules of separate populations of Lathyrus vernus (spring pea) plants." Biomics 13, no. 1 (2021): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2021-8.

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The genotypes of phylogenetically homogeneous Rhizobium leguminosarum bacterial strains in nodules of Lathyrus vernus plants were studied. The degree of genetic variation between bacteria within nodules of one L. vernus population correlated with the distance between host plants: the greater the distance, the greater the genetic differences between their microsymbionts. This may be due to the ongoing process of exchanging genetic information between Rhizobium strains, with the depends on the distance between them. But in some cases, this pattern was not observed, and there were significant differences between the microsymbionts of neighboring plants. Most likely, with the exception of spatial limitations, there are some other barriers that exist to the free exchange of genetic information between nodule bacteria.

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8

Florentino, Ligiane Aparecida, Ana Paula Guimarães, Márcia Rufini, Krisle da Silva, and Fátima Maria de Souza Moreira. "Sesbania virgata stimulates the occurrence of its microsymbiont in soils but does not inhibit microsymbionts of other species." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 5 (October 2009): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000500012.

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The legume species Sesbania virgata establishes a specific and efficient symbiosis with Azorhizobium doebereinerae. Previous studies have shown that A. doebereinerae occurrence correlates to the presence of S. virgata. This work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of A. doebereinerae and of other nitrogen-fixing Leguminosae-nodulating bacteria (NFLNB) in soil samples collected adjacent to and 10 m away from the stems of five S. virgata plants in pasture areas. Symbiotic characteristics of isolates from these NFLNB populations were also studied. S. virgata and the four promiscuous legume species Leucaena leucocephala, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata were inoculated with soil samples to trap A. doebereinerae and other NFLNB. NFLNB capable of inducing nodulation in at least one of these legumes were found in all samples. M. atropurpureum was the most promiscuous species, as it trapped the highest number of NFLNB cultural types from soil suspensions. The other species were less promiscuous in the following order: V. unguiculata, P. vulgaris, and L. leucocephala. Isolates of the promiscuous legumes were classified into seven cultural groups. One of these groups, isolated from all promiscuous species, showed fast-growth alkali-reaction in culture medium (like Azorhizobium); it was identified as Cupriavidus. This is the first report of symbiosis of Cupriavidus with Papilionoideae species. The symbiotic efficiency of promiscuous hosts with NFLNB varied, but it was always less than that of controls with mineral nitrogen or an inoculant strain. S. virgata was efficiently nodulated only by A. doebereinerae, which occurred mainly in samples collected close to the plant stem, corroborating a high stimulus by its host species. A high diversity of NFLNB occurs as saprophytes close to the S. virgata root system.

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9

Wdowiak-Wróbel, Sylwia, and Wanda Małek. "Following phylogenetic tracks of Astragalus cicer microsymbionts." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 97, no. 1 (October 11, 2009): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-009-9384-x.

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10

Łotocka, Barbara. "Structure of root nodules in <i>Laburnum anagyroides</i> Medik." Acta Agrobotanica 77 (March 7, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa/176077.

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The structure of the <i>Laburnum anagyroides</i> root nodules was studied by means of classical light and transmission electron microscopy methods. The ability of cross-inoculation and effective nodulation by rhizobial microsymbionts, effective in other genistean species, was not confirmed in <i>L. anagyroides</i>. However, the seedlings were successfully albeit ineffectively nodulated by non-identified rhizobia from soil sampled under established <i>L. anagyroides</i> trees. The microscopic (ultra)structure of these nodules met the basic criteria of genistoid nodules: their meristem was apically positioned and contained two domains (infected and non-infected one), non-bacteroidal rhizobia persisted in apoplast enclaves, and intra-nodule rhizobial infection was passed from cell to cell by host cell division and not by infection threads. The developmental disturbances detected in the nodules (primarily, formation of multi-bacteroid sacs instead of typical single-bacteroid symbiosomes and proliferation apoplast enclaves with accompanying cell wall discontinuities) suggested that the host plant incorrectly recognized the microsymbiont used in the present study.

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11

Nkwiine, C., and M. C. Rwakaikara-Silver. "Status of research on soil microsymbionts in Uganda." African Journal of Ecology 45, s2 (September 2007): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-6707.2007.00803.x.

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12

He, X. H., L. G. Chen, X. Q. Hu, and S. Asghar. "Natural diversity of nodular microsymbionts of Myrica rubra." Plant and Soil 262, no. 1/2 (May 2004): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000037045.42440.1d.

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13

Tikhonovich, Igor A., and Nikolay A. Provorov. "Epigenetics of ecological niches." Ecological genetics 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2010): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen8430-38.

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The development of symbioses ensures formation of the super-organism systems for heredity (symbiogenomes) which represent the products of joint adaptations of partners towards an unfavorable environment. Using the examples of symbioses which enable plants and microorganisms to cooperatively overcome the limitations in the major biogenic elements (C, N, P) or impacts of the biotic and abiotic stresses we demonstrate that symbiosis involves not only the de novo formation (epigenesis) by plant of the ecological niches for hosting the microsymbionts, but also the reorganizations of relevant genetic systems in accordance to the partners’ genotypes and environmental conditions. A possibility to address the ongoing processes in terms of epigenetics is evident when the microsymbionts occurring in the novel niches are included into the host reproduction cycle ensuring a stable maintenance of novel adaptation in the next generations suggesting that the newly formed symbiogenome have acquired the properties of a system for inheritance of the newly acquired adaptive traits.

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14

Jeong, Soon-Chun, and David D. Myrold. "Genomic fingerprinting ofFrankiamicrosymbionts fromCeanothuscopopulations using repetitive sequences and polymerase chain reactions." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (December 18, 1999): 1220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-069.

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Specificity between Ceanothus species and their microsymbionts, Frankia, were investigated with nodules collected from three geographically separated copopulations of Ceanothus species. Nodules were analyzed using DNA sequencing and repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) techniques. DNA sequencing of the intergenic spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes suggested that Ceanothus-microsymbiotic Frankia are closely related at the intraspecific level. Diversity of the microsymbionts was further analyzed by genomic fingerprinting using repetitive sequences and PCR. A newly designed direct repeat (DR) sequence and a BOX sequence were used as PCR primers after justification that these primers can generate Frankia-specific fingerprints from nodule DNA. Analysis of the nodules using BOX- and DR-PCR showed that Ceanothus-microsymbiotic Frankia exhibited less diversity within each copopulation than among copopulations. These data suggested that geographic separation plays a more important role for divergence of Ceanothus-microsymbiotic Frankia than host plant.Key words: Frankia, Ceanothus, rep-PCR, diversity.

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15

Nithyakalyani, V., and J. Neenapriya. "HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE OF INDIGENOUS MICROSYMBIONTS OF ARACHIS HYPOGAEA." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 07 (December 25, 2019): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i07.021.

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16

Bianucci, Eliana, Adriana Fabra, and Stella Castro. "Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance in Bradyrhizobium spp. (Peanut Microsymbionts)." Current Microbiology 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-010-9675-5.

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17

Gueddou, Abdellatif, Imed Sbissi, Moussa Louati, Faten Ghodhbane-Gtari, Hafsa Cherif-Silini, and Maher Gtari. "Root Nodule Microsymbionts of Native Coriaria myrtifolia in Algeria." Microbiology Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863612211337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786361221133794.

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Coriaria myrtifolia occurs as natural flora of warm temperate climates of northern Algeria which commonly found in hedges, forest and ravine edges. This actinorhizal species was known to establish a mutualistic symbiosis with members of phylogenetic cluster 2 (including strains associated to Coriaria spp., Ceanothus, Datiscaceae, and Dryadoideae) within the genus Frankia. Attempts to isolate C. myrtifolia microsymbionts from native plants growing in 4 locations in Algeria permitted to only recover asymbiotic Frankia strains (unable to reestablish nodulation and to fix nitrogen) from phylogenetic cluster 4 and several non- Frankia actinobacteria including members of Micrococcus, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Plantactinospora, and Streptomyces genera. The biodiversity of Frankia microsymbionts of C. myrtifolia root nodules was assessed using PCR-amplification followed by partial nucleotide sequencing of glnA1 (glutamine synthetase type 1) gene. On the 12 different glnA1 gene sequences obtained in this study, 9 were detected for the first time, and were mainly closelyrelated to Mediterranean genotypes previously described in the Grand Maghreb countries (Morocco and Tunisia) and in Europe (France) but without clear separations from other cluster 2 genotypes.

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Bukharin, O. V., E. V. Ivanova, I. N. Chaynikova, N. B. Perunova, I. A. Nikiforov, O. E. Chelpachenko, T. A. Bondarenko, and A. V. Bekpergenova. "<i>In vitro</i> effects of intestinal microsymbionts on the cytokine production." Medical Immunology (Russia) 25, no. 6 (October 17, 2023): 1371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ive-2622.

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The most important role in homeostasis of intestinal immune belongs to the immunoregulatory properties of the microbiota which activates intracellular signaling systems, cytokine expression, production of protective factors and limits inflammatory reactions in the intestine by interacting with the pattern recognition receptors. The outcome of interactions between the microbiota and host cells (development of an inflammatory process or maintenance of intestinal homeostasis) depends on many factors, including a potential ability of intestinal commensals to influence the cytokine network in human body. Due to disturbances of quantitative and qualitative microbiota profile (dysbiosis), the cytokine balance may be changed by the influence of intestinal microsymbionts and their metabolites on immune and epithelial cells of intestines, thus contributing to the development of various human disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoregulatory properties of eubiotic and dysbiotic human intestinal microsymbionts by assessing the effects of their cell-free supernatants on cytokine production in the in vitro system. The study was conducted on 49 eubiotic and 77 dysbiotic strains of microorganisms isolated from conditionally healthy patients examined for colon dysbiosis. To assess immunoregulatory properties of intestinal microsymbionts, we studied the effects of cell-free supernatants from bacterial and fungal cultures up on production of proinflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-17, IL-8, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1ra) cytokines secreted by mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy persons. The intestinal microbiota was determined by bacteriological methods. Identification of isolated microbial cultures was performed using MALDI TOF MS Microflex LT series (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). The level of cytokines was determined by enzyme immunoassay using commercial test systems (“Cytokine”, Russia). Statistical evaluation included discriminant analysis, classification decision tree and resultant mapping method. The multivariate statistical analysis enabled us to determine the range of the most informative indexes among cytokines and microbial cultures that changing their production in order to assess the state of homeostasis in eubiosis and intestinal dysbiosis. It was found that the supernatants of eubiotic cultures of intestinal symbionts exhibited a pronounced ability to inhibit the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-8) and to stimulate the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), whereas the dysbiotic cultures predominantly induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IFNγ, TNFα). In maintaining a uniform balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during eubiosis, both associations of microsymbionts (in descending order of factor loads): Bacteroides spp. > E. coli > Lactobacillus spp.), and monocultures (Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.) made a significant contribution via IL-10 induction. In cases of intestinal dysbiosis, we found an increased number of associations between microsymbionts inducing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was. The pro-inflammatory profile of dysbiotic cultures was determined by the influence on IFNγ production (ranged in descending order of factor loads) of Bifidobacterium spp. > Enterococcus spp. > E. coli > Lactobacillus spp. associations, as well as S. aureus > Candida spp associations. The secretion of IL-17 was influenced by the monoculture of Clostridium spp., and by association C. acnes > S. aureus > Klebsiella spp. Monocultures of Bifidobacteria and Escherichia exerted effects upon TNFα production. Thus, during eubiotic state, the normobiota maintains a uniform balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and, in presence of intestinal dysbiosis, a shift in the balance of cytokines towards pro-inflammatory ones may occur due to increased levels of their secretion, an expanded spectrum of cytokines from this group, and increased number of single bacteria and associations of microbial cultures affecting their production.

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Bukharin, O. V., O. E. Chelpachenko, E. I. Danilova, I. N. Chainikova, N. B. Perunova, E. V. Ivanova, I. A. Nikiforov, L. P. Fedotova, T. A. Bondarenko, and A. V. Salgina. "GUT MICROSYMBIOCENOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH REACTIVE ARTHRITIS." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 6 (December 28, 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-6-41-48.

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Aim. To study the state of gut microsymbiocenosis in children with reactive arthritis (RA), with the assessment of biofilm formation (BFF) of microsymbionts and the ability to change cytokine levels (their anticytokine activity) in vitro. Materials and methods. The investigation of gut microsymbiocenosis by means of bacteriological method was conducted in 34 children with RA and 25 relatively healthy 3 - 16 year- old children. Microorganisms were identified with the help of MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry, anticytokine activity (АСА) of microsymbionts - according to Bukharin O.V. et al. (2011), biofilm formation - according to O’Toole G.A., Kolter R. (1998). Results. On the ground of species composition differences of gut microbiota discrimination model was created which allowed to separate the group of children with RA from healthy individuals. Microsymbiocenosis of patients with RAwas characterized by increasing number of opportunistic microorganisms (OM) (enterobacteria, clostridia, bacteroides, and Candida), BFF and АСА level. Conclusion. The obtained data greatly contribute to the deciphering of spondylo-arthritis and disclose the role of microbial factor under given pathology. Hypercolonisation of human gut with OM, having pronounced ability to BFF and regulating cytokine level, promotes strengthening of arthritogenic potential and serves as additional marker of arthritis development risk in children.

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20

Xiong, Hui Yang, Xing Xing Zhang, Hui Juan Guo, Yuan Yuan Ji, Ying Li, Xiao Lin Wang, Wei Zhao, et al. "The epidemicity of facultative microsymbionts in faba bean rhizosphere soils." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 115 (December 2017): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.08.032.

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Wdowiak-Wróbel, Sylwia, and Wanda Małek. "Genomic diversity of Astragalus cicer microsymbionts revealed by AFLP fingerprinting." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 51, no. 6 (2005): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.51.369.

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22

Kalita, Michal, and Wanda Malek. "Application of the AFLP method to differentiate Genista tinctoria microsymbionts." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 52, no. 6 (2006): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.52.321.

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23

Clawson, Michael L., Margarita Carú, and David R. Benson. "Diversity of Frankia Strains in Root Nodules of Plants from the Families Elaeagnaceae and Rhamnaceae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 3539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.9.3539-3543.1998.

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ABSTRACT Partial 16S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) were PCR amplified and sequenced from Frankia strains living in root nodules of plants belonging to the families Elaeagnaceae and Rhamnaceae, includingColletia hystrix, Elaeagnus angustifolia, an unidentified Elaeagnus sp., Talguenea quinquenervia, and Trevoa trinervis. Nearly full-length 16S rDNAs were sequenced from strains ofFrankia living in nodules of Ceanothus americanus, C. hystrix, Coriaria arborea, and Trevoa trinervis. Partial sequences also were obtained from Frankia strains isolated and cultured from the nodules of C. hystrix, Discaria serratifolia, D. trinervis, Retanilla ephedra, T. quinquenervia, and T. trinervis (Rhamnaceae). Comparison of these sequences and other published sequences ofFrankia 16S rDNA reveals that the microsymbionts and isolated strains from the two plant families form a distinct phylogenetic clade, except for those from C. americanus. All sequences in the clade have a common 2-base deletion compared with other Frankia strains. Sequences from C. americanus nodules lack the deletion and cluster withFrankia strains infecting plants of the family Rosaceae. Published plant phylogenies (based on chloroplast rbcLsequences) group the members of the families Elaeagnaceae and Rhamnaceae together in the same clade. Thus, with the exception ofC. americanus, actinorhizal plants of these families and their Frankia microsymbionts share a common symbiotic origin.

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Sajnaga, Ewa, and Waldemar Kazimierczak. "Evolution and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview." Symbiosis 80, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-019-00660-0.

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AbstractEntomopathogenic bacteria from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are closely related Gram-negative bacilli from the family Enterobacteriaceae (γ-Proteobacteria). They establish obligate mutualistic associations with soil nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis to facilitate insect pathogenesis. The research of these two bacterial genera is focused mainly on their unique interactions with two different animal hosts, i.e. nematodes and insects. So far, studies of the mutualistic bacteria of nematodes collected from around the world have contributed to an increase in the number of the described Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species. Recently, the classification system of entomopatogenic nematode microsymbionts has undergone profound revision and now 26 species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus have been identified. Despite their similar life style and close phylogenetic origin, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacterial species differ significantly in e.g. the nematode host range, symbiotic strategies for parasite success, and arrays of released antibiotics and insecticidal toxins. As the knowledge of the diversity of entomopathogenic nematode microsymbionts helps to enable the use thereof, assessment of the phylogenetic relationships of these astounding bacterial genera is now a major challenge for researchers. The present article summarizes the main information on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, entomopathogenic nematode symbionts.

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Dakora, FD. "Plant Flavonoids: Biological Molecules for Useful Exploitation." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 1 (1995): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950087.

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Flavonoids affect how plants interact with (Brady)rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) microsymbionts, microbial pathogens, insect predators, insect pollinators and herbivores. Legumes are a particularly rich source of flavonoid compounds, so the diversity of these agriculturally important molecules in agronomic lines and cultivars could be exploited for increased food production. Also, the widespread distribution of flavonoids in plants, especially in unselected native flora of developing countries, could be explored for their increased use in medicine and disease control.

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Roy, Sébastien, Damase P. Khasa, and Charles W. Greer. "Combining alders, frankiae, and mycorrhizae for the revegetation and remediation of contaminated ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 3 (March 2007): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-017.

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Alder shrubs and trees that are capable of forming symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and the nitrogen-fixing actinomycete Frankia sp. are particularly hardy species found worldwide in harsh and nutrient-deficient ecosystems. The mycorrhizal symbiosis may assist alders in nutrient and water uptake, while the actinorhizal symbiosis provides assimilable nitrogen. It is through these highly efficient symbioses, in which microsymbionts benefit from plant photosynthates, that actinorhizal plants such as alders colonize poor substrates, enrich soil, and initiate plant succession. These natural capabilities, combined with careful screening of microsymbionts and host plants, may prove useful for the rehabilitation of disturbed ecosystems. Although alders have been used extensively at industrial scales in forestry, nurse planting, and contaminated land revegetation, relatively little research has focussed on their actinorhizal and mycorrhizal plant–microbe interactions in contaminated environments. To study such a topic is, however, critical to the successful development of phytotechnologies, and to understand the impact of anthropogenic stress on these organisms. In this review, we discuss two alder-based phytotechnologies that hold promise: the stimulation of organic contaminant biodegradation (rhizodegradation) by soil microflora in the presence of alders, and the phytostabilization of inorganic contaminants. We also summarize the plant–microbe interactions that characterize alders, and discuss important issues related to the study of actinorhizal and (or) mycorrhizal alders for the rehabilitation of disturbed soils.

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Baymiev, Andrei Kh, Igor S. Koryakov, Ekaterina S. Akimova, Anastasiya A. Vladimirova, Rustam T. Matniyazov, and Alexei Kh Baymiev. "Comparison of the variability and nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizobia strains isolated from <i>Trifolium Hybridum</i> L. and <i>Galegaorientalis</i> Lam. nodules at different stages of plant vegetation." Ecological genetics 21, no. 3 (December 6, 2023): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen313071.

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BACKGROUND: The beginning of the life cycle of a leguminous plant in its natural habitat is usually associated with interaction with nodule bacteria in order to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. In a short period of time, a plant needs to “choose” suitable microsymbionts for itself. Since a wide variety of rhizobial strains is formed in the rhizosphere of legumes, the choice made by the macrosymbiont will further influence its productivity. AIM: The purpose of our work was to compare the principles of selection by different plants of their microsymbionts at different stages of plant development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nodule bacteria Trifolium hybridum L. and Galegaorientalis Lam. were taken into the study. Their genetic diversity was studied by the RAPD method, a phylogenetic analysis of bacteria and their symbiotic nodC and nifH genes was carried out, and their nitrogen-fixing activity was assessed. RESULTS: It was found that the rhizobia that form nodules on the roots of the studied leguminous plants at different stages of their vegetation have certain patterns. It was found that the highest polymorphism and specific nitrogen-fixing activity are characteristic of bacteria obtained from nodules formed at the initial stage of vegetation. CONCLUSIONS: We assume that the plasticity of the rhizobia genome gives the host plant the ability to more flexibly adjust its nitrogen-fixing apparatus to changes in growing conditions.

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D. V., Krutylo. "BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF GROUNDNUT MICROSYMBIONTS WIDESPREAD IN THE SOILS OF UKRAINE." Agriciltural microbiology 34 (November 11, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.34.3-14.

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Objective. Study the presence of nodule bacteria in the soils of Ukraine, capable of nodulatinggroundnut, isolate new strains of rhizobia from peanut nodules, study their morphological, culturaland serological properties and the ability to form symbiosis with different legumes. Methods. Microbiological (isolation of nodule bacteria from nodules and cultivation of microorganisms, studying biological properties of strains), serological (producing antisera to Bradyrhizobium lupini367a, studying rhizobia diversity in groundnut nodule populations, studying serological identity ofnew strains), vegetation experiment (studying formation and functioning of groundnut symbioticsystems with nodule bacteria, studying host specificity of new strains of groundnut rhizobia), gaschromatography (determining nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizobia in symbiosis with groundnut),mathematical and statistical. Results. Representatives of two species, B. lupini and B. japonicum,were found in nodule populations of rhizobia during the cultivation of groundnut plants on sodpodzolic soil and leached chernozem. The dominant microsymbionts of groundnut were lupine nodule bacteria of serogroup 367a (54.2 % and 45.8 % according to soils). Fewer nodules wereformed by intensive growing soybean rhizobia of serogroup КВ11 (16.7 % and 12.5 %). The shareof nodule bacteria not classified in the studied serogroups was 21.9 % and 41.7 %. Fifteen newstrains of nodule bacteria were isolated from groundnut nodules, which were morphologically, culturally and serologically identified as B. lupini serogroup 367a (7 of them), B. japonicumserogroup KB11 (4 of them) and Bradyrhizobium sp. (4 of them). New strains of B. lupini fromgroundnut nodules are able to infect white and yellow lupine but do not nodulate soybeans. Strainsidentified as B. japonicum form nodules on soybean roots but do not infect lupine. Serologically unidentified strain Bradyrhizobium sp. AR3, which is able to form a symbiosis with both lupine andsoybean (phenotypes Nod+Fix+) was obtained. Conclusion. For the first time it was established thatgroups of nodule bacteria capable of nodulating groundnut are present in the agrocenoses ofUkraine. Fifteen new strains of groundnut rhizobia were obtained, which were identified as B. lupini, B. japonicum and Bradyrhizobium sp.

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Karlov, Denis S., Anna L. Sazanova, Irina G. Kuznetsova, Vera I. Safronova, Nina Y. Tikhomirova, Zhanna P. Popova, Yuriy S. Osledkin, Alla V. Verkhozina, and Andrey A. Belimov. "The genetic diversity of microsymbionts from Thermopsis lanceolata growing in Mongolia." Ecological genetics 17, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen17143-51.

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For the first time, bacteria were isolated and identified from the root nodules of a wild-growing medicinal legume plant Thermopsis lanceolata, originated from Mongolia. The taxonomic position of 14 isolates obtained was determined using of sequencing of the 16S rRNA (rrs) and atpD genes. It was shown a significant biodiversity of the isolates from T. lanceolata, which belonged to three genera of the order Rhizobiales: Phyllobacterium (family Phyllobacteriaceae), Rhizobium (family Rhizobiaceae) and Bosea (family Bradyrhizobiaceae). Six isolates belonged to the species Phyllobacterium zundukense and Phyllobacterium trifolii (100 и 99,9% rrs similarity with the type strains P. zundukense Tri-48T and P. trifolii PETP02T, respectivelly), three isolates were identified as Rhizobium anhuiense (99,8% rrs similarity with the type strain R. anhuiense CCBAU 23252T). Two slow-growing isolates of the genus Bosea Tla-534 and Tla-545 may potentially belong to new species, since their rrs-similarity to the closest type strains B. massiliensis LMG 26221T, B. lathyri LMG 26379T and B. vaviloviae Vaf18T was 98,5-99,0%. Non-rhizobial strains were not isolated. The isolation and future investigation of the rhizobial microsymbionts of the valuable medicinal legume Thermopsis lanceolata is one of the necessary prerequisites for its industrial cultivation.

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Merabet, C., A. Bekki, N. Benrabah, M. Baba-Hamed Bey, L. Bouchentouf, H. Ameziane, M. A. Rezki, et al. "Distribution ofMedicagoSpecies and Their Microsymbionts in a Saline Region of Algeria." Arid Land Research and Management 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324980600705685.

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Verástegui-Valdés, Myrthala M., Yu Jing Zhang, Flor N. Rivera-Orduña, Hai-Ping Cheng, Xing Hua Sui, and En Tao Wang. "Microsymbionts of Phaseolus vulgaris in acid and alkaline soils of Mexico." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 37, no. 8 (December 2014): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.08.005.

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Navarro, E., R. Nalin, D. Gauthier, and P. Normand. "The nodular microsymbionts of Gymnostoma spp. are Elaeagnus-infective Frankia strains." Applied and environmental microbiology 63, no. 4 (1997): 1610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.4.1610-1616.1997.

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Bonfante, Paola, Andrea Genre, Antonella Faccio, Isabella Martini, Leif Schauser, Jens Stougaard, Judith Webb, and Martin Parniske. "The Lotus japonicus LjSym4 Gene Is Required for the Successful Symbiotic Infection of Root Epidermal Cells." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 10 (October 2000): 1109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.10.1109.

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The role of the Lotus japonicus LjSym4 gene during the symbiotic interaction with Mesorhizobium loti and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was analyzed with two mutant alleles conferring phenotypes of different strength. Ljsym4-1 and Ljsym4-2 mutants do not form nodules with M. loti.Normal root hair curling and infection threads are not observed, while a nodC-dependent deformation of root hair tips indicates that nodulation factors are still perceived by Ljsym4 mutants. Fungal infection attempts on the mutants generally abort within the epidermis, but Ljsym4-1 mutants allow rare, successful, infection events, leading to delayed arbuscule formation. On roots of mutants homozygous for the Ljsym4-2 allele, arbuscule formation was never observed upon inoculation with either of the two AM fungi, Glomus intraradices or Gigaspora margarita. The strategy of epidermal penetration by G. margarita was identical for Ljsym4-2 mutants and the parental line, with appressoria, hyphae growing between two epidermal cells, penetration of epidermal cells through their anticlinal wall. These observations define a novel, genetically controlled step in AM colonization. Although rhizobia penetrate the tip of root hairs and AM fungi access an entry site near the base of epidermal cells, the LjSym4 gene is necessary for the appropriate response of this cell type to both microsymbionts. We propose that LjSym4 is required for the initiation or coordinated expression of the host plant cell's accommodation program, allowing the passage of both microsymbionts through the epidermis layer.

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Yan, Xue Rui, Wen Feng Chen, Jun Fan Fu, Yang Li Lu, Cai Yun Xue, Xin Hua Sui, Ying Li, En Tao Wang, and Wen Xin Chen. "Mesorhizobiumspp. are the main microsymbionts ofCaraganaspp. grown in Liaoning Province of China." FEMS Microbiology Letters 271, no. 2 (June 2007): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00727.x.

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Gyogluu, Cynthia, Sanjay K. Jaiswal, Stephen Kyei-Boahen, and Felix D. Dakora. "Identification and distribution of microsymbionts associated with soybean nodulation in Mozambican soils." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 41, no. 5 (September 2018): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2018.05.003.

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Huguet, Valerie, Janet Mccray Batzli, Jeff F. Zimpfer, Philippe Normand, Jeffrey O. Dawson, and Maria P. Fernandez. "Diversity and Specificity of Frankia Strains in Nodules of Sympatric Myrica gale, Alnus incana, andShepherdia canadensis Determined by rrsGene Polymorphism." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.5.2116-2122.2001.

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ABSTRACT The identity of Frankia strains from nodules ofMyrica gale, Alnus incana subsp. rugosa, andShepherdia canadensis was determined for a natural stand on a lake shore sand dune in Wisconsin, where the three actinorhizal plant species were growing in close proximity, and from two additional stands with M. gale as the sole actinorhizal component. Unisolated strains were compared by their 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction patterns using a direct PCR amplification protocol on nodules. Phylogenetic relationships among nodular Frankia strains were analyzed by comparing complete 16S rDNA sequences of study and reference strains. Where the three actinorhizal species occurred together, each host species was nodulated by a different phylogenetic group of Frankia strains. M. gale strains from all three sites belonged to an Alnus-Casuarina group, closely related to Frankia alni representative strains, and were low in diversity for a host genus considered promiscuous with respect to Frankia microsymbiont genotype.Frankia strains from A. incana nodules were also within the Alnus-Casuarina cluster, distinct fromFrankia strains of M. gale nodules at the mixed actinorhizal site but not from Frankia strains from twoM. gale nodules at a second site in Wisconsin.Frankia strains from nodules of S. canadensisbelonged to a divergent subset of a cluster ofElaeagnaceae-infective strains and exhibited a high degree of diversity. The three closely related local Frankiapopulations in Myrica nodules could be distinguished from one another using our approach. In addition to geographic separation and host selectivity for Frankia microsymbionts, edaphic factors such as soil moisture and organic matter content, which varied among locales, may account for differences in Frankiapopulations found in Myrica nodules.

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Ritchie, Nancy J., and David D. Myrold. "Phylogenetic placement of uncultured Ceanothus microsymbionts using 16S rRNA gene sequences." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (1999): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-77-9-1208.

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Sorokan, A. V., S. D. Rumyantsev, G. V. Benkovskaya, and I. V. Maksimov. "The ecological role of microsymbionts in the interaction of plants and herbivorous insects." Biology Bulletin Reviews 7, no. 6 (November 2017): 506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s207908641706007x.

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Kalita, Michał, and Wanda Małek. "Genista tinctoria microsymbionts from Poland are new members of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. genistearum." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 33, no. 5 (August 2010): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2010.03.005.

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Igual, José M., Angel Valverde, Encarna Velázquez, Ignacio Santa Regina, and Claudino Rodríguez-Barrueco. "Natural Diversity of Nodular Microsymbionts of Alnus glutinosa in the Tormes River Basin." Plant and Soil 280, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3700-7.

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Guevara, R., J. J. Armesto, and M. Caru. "Genetic Diversity of Nostoc Microsymbionts from Gunnera tinctoria Revealed by PCR-STRR Fingerprinting." Microbial Ecology 44, no. 2 (September 1, 2002): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-1019-y.

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Uchiumi, Toshiki, Yoshikazu Shimoda, Tomoko Tsuruta, Yumi Mukoyoshi, Akihiro Suzuki, Keishi Senoo, Shusei Sato, et al. "Expression of Symbiotic and Nonsymbiotic Globin Genes Responding to Microsymbionts on Lotus japonicus." Plant and Cell Physiology 43, no. 11 (November 15, 2002): 1351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf165.

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43

Wdowiak-Wróbel, Sylwia, and Wanda Małek. "Properties of Astragalus sp. microsymbionts and their putative role in plant growth promotion." Archives of Microbiology 198, no. 8 (May 21, 2016): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1243-3.

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Wdowiak-Wróbel, Sylwia, Agnieszka Leszcz, and Wanda Małek. "Salt Tolerance in Astragalus cicer Microsymbionts: The Role of Glycine Betaine in Osmoprotection." Current Microbiology 66, no. 5 (January 4, 2013): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-012-0293-2.

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45

Kajić, Sanja, Petra Borovec, Lucija Horvat, Viktorija Kočmar, Lucija Sklepić, Sanja Sikora, and Ivana Rajnović. "Isolation and phenotypic characterization of soybean (Glycine max L.) microsymbionts in continental Croatia." Glasnik zaštite bilja 46, no. 3 (April 21, 2023): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.46.3.3.

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Simbioznom fiksacijom dušika leguminoze mogu zadovoljiti veliki dio svojih potreba za dušikom na učinkovit i ekološki prihvatljiv način. Rizobije su skupine bakterija tla sa jedinstvenom sposobnošću tvorbe kvržica na korijenu leguminoza u kojima pomoću enzima nitrogenaze konvertiraju inertan atmosferski dušik u biljkama pristupačan amonijačni oblik. Pretpostavlja se da su u tlima kontinentalne Hrvatske prisutni autohtoni sojevi rizobija koji noduliraju soju te da se sojevi međusobno razlikuju po fenotipskim i genotipskim svojstvima. U cilju odabira najkvalitetnijih sojeva rizobija sakupljeni su uzorci tla iz tri područja kontinentalne Hrvatske u kojem postoji dugogodišnja tradicija uzgoja soje. Fenotipska karakterizacija uključila je utvrđivanje rasta na različitim temperaturama, pH vrijednostima i rast na različitim koncentracijama soli, biokemijsku karakterizaciju, ispitivanje otpornosti na antibiotike. Fenotipska karakterizacija pokazala je značajnu otpornost na stresne uvjete okoliša, posebno otpornost na niski pH što je izuzetno važno jer Hrvatska ima jako puno kiselih tala. Kao najbolji sojevi pokazali su se sojevi SR1, SR2 te SR3 zbog čega bi ih bilo korisno uključiti u daljnji program selekcije.

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46

Sharma, Ghanshyam, Amit Yadav, Sonam Choudhary, and Indu Singh Sankhla. "Biochemical Characterization of Microsymbionts Associated with Zornia gibbosa Span. in Central Aravalli Range." Current Agriculture Research Journal 12, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.12.1.16.

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In current scenario, with increasing world population there is a strong demand to enhance crop productivity to feed the population. Characterization of indigenous rhizobia is very crucial for developing biofertilizers tailored to local climatic conditions, with the goal of increasing food production without excess use of chemical fertilizers. In the present investigation 44 root nodule bacterial strains or microsymbionts were isolated from root nodules of Zornia gibbosa growing in Central Aravalli region. These isolated RNB strains were examined for their phenotypic and biochemical activities such as salt tolerance, pH tolerance, bromo thymol blue (BTB) reaction, catalase activity, oxidase activity, cellulase activity, amylase production, indole production, citrate utilization and gelatin hydrolysis. All tested isolates showed significant diversity in their phenotypic and biochemical activities. The majority of the strains were limited to a tolerance of up to 3% NaCl concentration; however, strains Z2, Z13, Z14, Z15, Z21, and Z22 demonstrated tolerance up to a 5% NaCl concentration. A total of 29 isolates were able to grow within the pH range of 5-10. Few isolates showed positive results for citrate utilization (Z4, Z18, Z22, Z32 and Z44) and amylase production (Z4, Z6, Z21, Z25 and Z42). In this study only one isolate Z22 showed indole production. Conversely, when assessing various enzyme activities such as cellulase, catalase, protease, and gelatinase, all the isolates demonstrated considerable diversity. This type of study is essential for developing superior biofertilizers containing indigenous bacterial strains to enhance production.

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Kyslynska, A. S., O. V. Nadkernychna, Y. P. Kopylov, and H. V. Tsekhmister. "The relation between mutualistic mycorrhiza and endophytic plant-fungus associations and their effect on host plants." Agricultural Science and Practice 10, no. 1 (August 2, 2023): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp10.01.054.

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Aim. A review of the literature to establish the mechanisms of the main mutualistic interactions that are important for the potential application of symbiotic fungi as biofertilizers, bioprotectors and bioregulators for more sustainable and so-called greening agriculture, soil restoration and understanding the role of microsymbionts in natural ecosystems. Methods. Comparative analysis of scientific literature. Results. Root mycorrhization is a potent factor of plant growth intensification, metabolic processes activation and macro-organism development improvement. Mycorrhiza formation is notable for angiosperms and gymnosperms, yet many representatives of bryophytes, ferns, and mosses also reveal (other) close symbiotic relations with fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi account for about 10 % of identified fungal species, including essentially all of the Glomeromycota and substantial fractions of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. De- pending on the fungal structures and microsymbiont position in tissues or cells of the macrosymbiont, arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid, orchid mycorrhiza and so-called ectendomycorrhiza, and ectomycorrhiza are distinguished. This review gives an overview of the signalling interaction between partners and the bidirectional mechanism of nutrient exchange or other mutual benefits. Conclusions. Microscopic saprophytic fungi, capable of penetrating plant roots and playing a critical role in plant adaptation to abiotic and biotic stressors, are of special interest in mutualistic symbioses. In addition, while forming mutualistic symbioses with plants, the saprophytic fungi promote bio- mass increase and enhance the food traits of plants. The type of interaction depends on both micro- and macrosymbiot; it may in some cases and for some organisms fluctuate from mutualistic, commensalistic to antagonistic, even parasitic interactions, demonstrating different stages of mutualism evolution and co-habitation and/or evolution of plants and fungi. A better understanding of the diverse roles of symbiotic microorganisms in ecosystems will improve the ways of their application in agriculture.

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Van Oevelen, Sandra, Rupert De Wachter, Peter Vandamme, Elmar Robbrecht, and Els Prinsen. "‘Candidatus Burkholderia calva’ and ‘Candidatus Burkholderia nigropunctata’ as leaf gall endosymbionts of African Psychotria." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 2237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63188-0.

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Phylogenetic 16S rRNA gene analysis was used to assign the bacterial leaf-nodulating endosymbionts of two tropical African Psychotria species to the genus Burkholderia. The microsymbionts of the different Psychotria hosts were recognized as distinct and novel species of Burkholderia on the basis of relatively low intersequence similarities and sufficiently large evolutionary distances when compared with each other and their closest validly named neighbours. The obligate endosymbiotic nature of the bacteria prevented their in vitro cultivation and the deposition of type strains to culture collections. Therefore, the provisional status Candidatus is assigned to the bacterial partners of Psychotria calva and Psychotria nigropunctata, with the proposal of the names ‘Candidatus Burkholderia calva’ and ‘Candidatus Burkholderia nigropunctata’, respectively.

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Nikolenko, M. V., N. V. Baryshnikova, E. A. Bakhlykova, A. V. Zykova, and K. V. Romanchenko. "Bioregulation of amplitude-phase biological activity of Candida albicans by women reproductive tract microsymbionts." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 9, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2019-2-363-368.

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In this study, we propose a chronobiological method for examining inter-microbial interactions in bacterial and fungal associations in female reproductive tract. Fungal and bacterial species were isolated in 45 women of reproductive aged 19–35, with regular menstrual cycle, applying no hormonal contraceptives, without previous gynecological surgery, abortions, miscarriages with vaginal eubiosis and dysbiosis in history. Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydiosis) were excluded in all subjects. Proliferation rate, morphogenesis and phospholipase activity were examined within the 48-hour period every 4 hours, in winter time, Moon phase IV. The data obtained were assessed by using Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon test, and least squares method. All subjects were divided into the groups: group 1 — women with vaginal eubiosis, group 2 — women with vaginal dysbiosis. It was shown that in all subjects experimental parameters ofC. albicanscultures showed a diurnal dynamics characterized in healthy women by circadian rhythms with a single peak of activity. However, in women with vaginal dysbiosisC. albicanswas characterized by significant ultradian (around 12 hours long) rhythms with two peaks of biological activity. Concurrence and consistency in manifested physiological functions related to clinical isolates was coupled to temporal pattern of distributed biological resources in fungi depending on course of infectious process. It was found that in vaginal eubiosis exometabolites released by dominant associated microbiota did not significantly change microbiota-related amplitude-phase parameters. The data obtained evidenced that temporal pattern of parameters related toC. albicansfrom healthy individuals was stable and independent on bacterial metabolites. In contrast, dominant microsymbiont in vaginal dysbiosis inhibited fungi-related rhythms, which might be important in establishing lactobacillus-associated biotope colonization resistance. Effects of metabolites released by the associated microbiota typical to dysbiosis was revealed by increased mesor, amplitude, preserved biorhythm spectral pattern in examined properties as well as amplitude-phase characteristics indicating at enhanced or sustained C. albicans adaptive potential. Therefore, the amplitude-phase parameter ofC. albicansphysiological activity served as a marker of opposite (enhanced/weakened) effect of microsymbiont survival described in “microbial dominant-associate” pairs.

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Wielbo, Jerzy. "The Structure and Metabolic Diversity of Population of Pea Microsymbionts Isolated from Root Nodules." British Microbiology Research Journal 1, no. 3 (January 10, 2011): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2011/412.

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