Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microstructures sous contrainte'
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Petit, Bertrand. "Étude du comportement mécanique et des modifications de textures et de microstructures induites par la transformation de phase y-[alpha]' sous contrainte d'un acier AISI 304 : aspects expérimentaux et modélisations." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Petit.Bertrand.SMZ0631.pdf.
Full textThe 304 steel shows outstanding deformation properties which are due to a combination of crystalline plasticity and phase transformation (trip effect). This work presents a study of the mechanical behaviour and of the evolutions of textures/microstructures of this steel by tensile tests as well as their modelling. In order to understand and model this complex behavior, tensile tests at -60°C and 20°C was carried out on this steel. The global evolutions of the textures and of the involved phases were first studied by X-ray diffraction. Then the evolutions of the local microstructures and textures were investigated by E. B. S. D. , which led us to a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of deformation and transformation. The results showed that the presence of martensite [alpha]' or of microtwins depends on the γ [gamma] grain orientation with respect to the tensile direction and the temperature and that martensite [epsilon] and micro-twins form germination sites for the [alpha]’ martensite. These results also allowed us to choose, among several theories of the phase transformation exposed in the literature, those which best express the experimental features. Tested in an existing micromechanical model, formulated in small deformations, the transformation deformations deduced from these theories made it possible to reproduce certain aspects of the mechanical behaviour of this steel. We then developed, in close co-operation, a new model formulated in finite transformation, which considers the mechanisms of deformation experimentally observed. This model allows us to satisfactorily reproduce the tensile curves, the transformation kinetics and the texture evolutions of the different phases of this steel
Teillac, Achille. "Tractographie globale sous contraintes anatomiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS357/document.
Full textThis work aims at developing a method inferring white matter fibers reconstructed using a global spin-glass approach constrained by anatomical prior knowledge. Unlike usual methods building fibers independently from one another, our markovian approach reconstructs the whole tractogram in an unique process by minimizing the global energy depending on the spin glass configuration (position, orientation, length and connection(s)) and the match with the local diffusion process in order to increase the robustness and the accuracy of the algorithm and the anatomical reliability of the reconstructed fibers. Thus, the work done during this PhD, along with the development of the global tractography algorithm, consisted in studying the feasibility of the anatomical prior knowledge integration stemming from the T1 weighted MRI and from new diffusion MRI microstructure approaches providing microstructural information of the surrounding tissue. In particular, the algorithm was built to allow a high fiber curvature when getting closer to the cortical ribbon and thus enabling the connection not only at the end of the gyri but also on their sides. The NODDI (Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging) model has become more and more popular during the past years thanks to its capability to be used in clinical routine and allows to quantify neurite density and axons angular dispersion. A high dispersion means the existence of different fibers population or a high curvature of a fascicle within a voxel. Thus, the orientation dispersion has been used in our global tractography framework to release the curvature constraint near the cerebral cortex when the angular dispersion is high, allowing fibers to orientate collinear to the local normal to the cortical surface. However, this constraint is removed if the angular dispersion stays low, meaning a low curvature fiber trajectory following the example of the fibers projecting to the end of a gyrus or the U-fibers. The performances of this new tractography approach constrained by anatomical prior knowledge have been evaluated on simulated data, and tested on high resolution post-mortem MRI acquisitions and millimetric resolution in vivo MRI acquisitions. In parallel of this methodological development, a study about local-regional correlations between neurite density and cerebral activation on the cortical surface has been made. This study has been conducted on the healthy volunteers cohort scanned in the frame of the European CONNECT project including anatomical, diffusion and functional data. The anatomical data has been used to extract the pial surface and an individual parcellation on the cortical surface for each volunteer, the diffusion data has been used to evaluate the individual maps of neurite density within the cortical ribbon and the functional data from the BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) effect has been used to calculate the individual z-scores of the general linear model for specific contrasts investigating the motor, language and visual networks. A co-localization of neurite density and activation peaks has been observed, which might indicate an increase of the neurite density within functional networks in order to increase its efficiency. This study also corroborates the lateralization of the language functional network and the motor one, in good agreement with the population lateralization, while an increase of the neurite density in the visual cortex has been observed which might be correlated to the results of visuo-spatial attention studies described in the literature on the non-human primate
Hamma, Juba. "Modélisation par la méthode des champs de phase du maclage mécanique dans des alliages de titane β-métastables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS381.
Full textBeta-metastable titanium alloys exhibit remarkable mechanical properties at room temperature, linked to the microstructure evolution under stress. A specific deformation mode plays an essential role: the {332}<11-3> twinning system. This thesis work thus concerns a modeling, by the phase field method, of {332} twin variants evolution under stress. The first part is devoted to an Allen-Cahn type phase field model with an elasticity taken into account in a geometrically linear formalism. This model is used with an isotropic or anisotropic interface energy in order to study the influence of the latter on the growth of twin variants. The role of an elasticity formulated in finite strain is then discussed and gives rise to the second part of this work. A mechanical equilibrium solver formulated in the geometrically non-linear formalism using a spectral method is then set up and validated. It is then used in the development of an Allen-Cahn type phase field model considering a geometrically non-linear elasticity. We then proceed to a fine comparative study of the microstructures obtained in linear and non-linear geometries. The results show a major difference between the microstructures obtained in the two elastic frameworks, concluding on the need for elasticity in finite strain formalism to reproduce the twin microstructures observed experimentally. Finally, we present a prospective study of a more general phase field formalism than the previous ones, based on a Lagrange reduction method, which would allow to fully take into account the reconstructive character of twinning and the hierarchical nature of the microstructures observed experimentally
Hervier, Zéline. "Étude d'alliages de titane haute température : microstructure, fluage, corrosion sous contraite." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPT075H.
Full textFuture turbine engine applications require titanium parts to wishstand higher temperatures. This requires optimising the thermomechanical treatments of the parts in order to improve their creep life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructure, creep life and stress corrosion cracking properties of the titanium alloy. The observation of the microstructure reveals that the rate of cooling has a great influence on the primary alpha content, especially if it is a high temperature heat treatment : the diffusion controls the growth of the primary alpha. The study of creep is based on the drawing of iso-primary creep strain, iso-steady-state strain rate and iso-creep-life lines in a stress - temperature field. Regarding their creep properties, the gain obtained with the ,-forged Ti6242 on the •/, forged is small, compared to the gain obtained with the •/, forged IMI834. From the plot of iso-steady-state strain rate and iso-time to rupture, numerical models to predict the steady strain rate and time to rupture at each stress and temperature are identified and discussed. The stress corrosion cracking properties are also evaluated
Durand, Nicolas. "Contraintes résiduelles et microstructure dans des films minces de tungstène : évolution sous irradiation." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2336.
Full textCutard, Thierry. "Caractérisation ultrasonore à haute température et sous contrainte de traction de composites céramique-céramique." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0196.
Full textChaumun, Elizabeth. "Corrosion sous contrainte de l’Alliage 82 en vapeur d’eau hydrogénée à 400°C : influence de la microstructure et du comportement mécanique sur l’amorçage." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM005/document.
Full textIn Pressurize Water Reactors (PWR), Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is the mean degradation mode of components pieced together by welding. Nickel based alloys are, among others, used in dissimilar metal welding (DMW). International report showed only 3 cracking cases in Alloy 82 out of 300 cracking cases concerned on nickel based alloys DMW in primary water circuit. The aim of this study is to identify which microstructural and local mechanism parameters at microstructure scale provide the initiation of SCC cracks. Characterizations performed on specimen surface to identify those parameters are composed ofchemical composition analysis and EBSD analysis (Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction) to know the morphology and the crystallography of grains for microstructure features on one hand, and experimental strain fields measured by Digital Imaging Correlation (DIC) of gold microgrids deposed by electronic lithography on U-bend specimen surface and stress fields calculated along grains boundaries by finite element for local mechanical features on the other hand. The correlation between those characterizations and localization of initiation sites of SCC cracks, obtained on U-bend specimens tested in autoclave in hydrogen steam water at 400°C and 188 bar for 3500 hours, confirmed the susceptibility of the Alloy 82 in SCC conditions with intergranular SCC cracks. The perpendicular position to the loading direction (mode I) is the worst conditions for grains boundary in SCC. The others points concern the chemical composition (precipitation, impurities) around grain boundary and the grain boundary type which is more susceptible when it is a High Angle Grain Boundary. It is following by the mechanical characterization (stress and strain gradient) along grain boundary. This methodology can be used to other material and helped to define which microstructural and mechanical parameter can be define the initiation of SCC cracks
Le, Millier Morgane. "Fragilisation des aciers inoxydables austénitiques sous irradiation : évolution de la microstructure et amorçage de la corrosion sous contrainte assistée par l'irradiation en milieu REP." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0047/document.
Full textThis work deals with the microstructure evolution of austenitic stainless steels under irradiation and the consequences of this evolution on their behavior in PWR environment. 304L steel was proton-irradiated at 360°C to 5 and 10 dpa. Following these irradiations, IASCC was studied in a 350°C simulated primary water, with strain fields measurements using digital image correlation. In parallel, thin foils were irradiated in situ with Ni++ ions at 500°C up to 2 dpa with simultaneous helium implantation. These experiments allowed us (i) to have a better understanding of the key parameters responsible of the IASCC initiation in reducing environment thanks to the coupling between microstructure, mechanical fields and cracking (ii) to define the role of helium on the nucleation and evolution of radiation defects. It turns out that, in the studied conditions, the implantation of helium has only a limited effect on the dislocation loop and cavity populations for ratios lower than 800 appm He/dpa. Cavities were observed with and without helium, including in the grain boundaries which could be a factor of embrittlement. The stress corrosion cracking tests resulted in an increase of the crack density with the increase of the macroscopic deformation and in a bigger opening and on-surface propagation of cracks after a sequential loading. These cracks propagate deeply in the irradiated layer partly because of the overstress generated by the strong gradient of mechanical properties between the irradiated and non-irradiated zones of the material. The activated deformation mechanisms are complex and twinning was observed after 2 and 10% of macroscopic deformation. The deformation after irradiation is strongly localized in transgranular bands and around some grain boundaries, but it appears that the strong deformation around boundaries is not an initiation criterion. Deformation discontinuity on both sides of cracked boundaries is systematically observed and evaluation of the local stress state appears to be essential to describe IASCC initiation. This local stress state could be calculated by finite elements, taking into account the experimental results in terms of crystallographic orientation fields or Kinematics fields strong heterogeneity of local deformation quantified in this work
Garcia, Zaldivar José de Jesus. "Corrosion localisée par exfoliation et sous contrainte d'alliages aluminium-lithium : rôle de la composition chimique et de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ECAP0144.
Full textFlégeau, Grégory. "Comportement cyclique et en fatigue d'un alliage cuivreux injecté sous pression." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0015/document.
Full textThese research works deal with the investigation of the cyclique and fatigue behaviour of an industrial high-pressure die cast brass. Mechanical tests highlight relatively important changes of elasticity domain during monotonic loading, mainly due to changes of the internal stress. This study was conducted under different scales of observation. TEM observations enabled hypothesis to explain the "original" cyclic behaviour of the alloy. Fatigue tests showed that fatigue life of the material is quite dependent of the presence of defects that may be due to manufacture process. A simplified version of a multi-mechanism model was used to simulate the cyclic behaviour of the study alloy
Kergavarat, Jean-François. "Influence de la microstructure sur la sensibilité à la corrosion sous contrainte des alliages 600 et 690 en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau sous pression." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0012.
Full textBrucelle, Olivier. "Étude de l'effet de la microstructure sur la résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire R. E. P. De l'alliage 718." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT007G.
Full textRytirova, Lenka. "Etude de la dégradation par l'hydrogène des aciers micromaillés et duplex : influence de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1028.
Full textPetroleum and natural gas systems can be contaminated with aqueous H2S. This environment is very aggressive to the steels used for the transport and processing of these products. Hydrogen absorption into steel may result, and provokes hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) in the absence of applied stress. In the presence of applied or residual stress, the failure process can occur by sulphide stress cracking (SSC) or stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). The resistance of steels is closely related to the microstructure features: non-metallic inclusions, hard phase constituents, banded structures etc. This thesis summarizes results of HIC and SSC resistance of pipelines steels: two carbon micro alloyed steels (X52 and X60 according to API 5L Specification) and one 225 duplex stainless steel (austenite – ferrite microstructure). Materials have been tested according to NACE TM 0284 (HIC) and TM 0177 - Method A (SSC). To obtain detailed information about material behaviour in the presence of hydrogen, electrochemical permeation tests were performed as well. This method lets know the hydrogen diffusivity in these materialsand the hydrogen trapping. Some permeation tests were followed by vacuum outgasing at 600°C, to obtain information about irreversible trapping. The different tests have been achieved in as-received state (AR, after rolling) and after a laboratory heat treatment (HT, quenching and tempering). Influence of samples taking orientation has been also examined. Microstructure and fracture surfaces of broken SSC specimens analysis was performed by means of optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy
Lenartova, Iva. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène et corrosion sous contrainte d'alliages de nickel et d'un acier inoxydable utilisés dans les générateurs de vapeur : influence de la composition chimique et de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0469.
Full textVerchere, Lena. "Interactions microstructure - mécanique - électrochimie locale : application à l'alliage base nickel A600." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0239.
Full textStress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a local damaging phenomenon, which results from the synergy of microstructural, mechanical and environmental parameters. Understanding the interactions between those parameters allows manufacturers to continuously improve their reliability models for components and thus to improve facility safety. The present study focuses on Alloy 600, a nickel-based alloy which is used in pressurized water reactors and subject to SCC.Understanding and modelling interactions between the material, mechanics and environment requires decreasing the scale down to heterogeneities of the microstructure, mechanical fields and electrochemical properties, in order to avoid averaging effects. In this study, this scaling was achieved thanks to the use of experimental and numerical local techniques.A scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) made it possible to measure currents at the grain scale. The effect of grain crystallographic orientation on the electrochemical properties of the passive film was quantified by means of a coupling of SECM with EBSD. The effect of the grain boundary type was also investigated. Thereafter, same measurements were conducted on a specimen under mechanical load thanks to the development of an experimental set-up composed of an in situ tensile machine coupled to SECM. The microstructure which was obtained by EBSD was then used to recreate a virtual microstructure on which local mechanical fields were determined through a crystal plasticity computation. The influence of cold-work and that of a tensile load on surface reactivity were then demonstrated at the microstructural scale, attesting that SCC models must integrate local heterogeneities
Jacques, Patrick. "Contribution à l'étude de l'amorçage des fissures de corrosion sous contrainte dans le zirconium et le zircaloy-4." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0046.
Full textMilanese, Julien. "Rupture intergranulaire assistée par l'oxydation et corrosion sous contrainte de produits minces en alliage 718 : rôle de la microstructure et de la chimie des joints de grains." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0054.
Full textDue to its good resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), some of the components of nuclear assemblies of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) are made of alloy 718. Nevertheless, the current trend is increasing the liability and the safety of nuclear plants and needs a further understanding of the SCC mechanism of the material. Framatome is also considering a modification of the processing route of the strips used for the manufacturing of these components in order to improve the SCC resistance of the alloy 718. To better understand the SCC mechanism and support the solution undertaken, the influence of the metallurgical state on the damaging process must be investigated. The influences of the precipitation of phase and cold working on the susceptibility to intergranular cracking of the alloy were examined and the deformation mechanism at grain boundaries identified. It was shown that these two features were beneficial and improve the cracking resistance of the alloy but could not provide full desensitization when taken separately. Furthermore, grain boundary sliding was identified on the material susceptible to SCC whereas it is partially suppressed on the resistant one. From these observations, a mechanism for the initiation of intergranular cracks based on grain boundary sliding has been proposed. This work is a valuable contribution for the better understanding of the SCC mechanism of the alloy 718 and provides an explanation to the higher cracking resistance of the material derived from the new processing route. In addition, the relevance of the industrial solution to suit the problematic encountered was put forward
Girodet, Céline Bosc Jean-Louis. "Endommagement des mortiers sous sollicitations thermo-mécaniques influence des caractéristiques des matériaux sur la résistance au gel interne des bétons /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 1999. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=girodet.
Full textGirodet, Céline. "Endommagement des mortiers sous sollicitations thermo-mécaniques : Influence des caractéristiques des matériaux sur la résistance au gel interne des bétons." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1996ISAL0122/these.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this program of research is to evaluate the relative importance of a range of components on the internal freezing resistance of mortar. For this, a new system of thermal and mechanical stressing is developed that permits the acceleration of the effect of freezing. Damage evolution is monitored continually during freezing and thawing, under mechanical stress between 20 to 60 % of rupture stress at 28 days. This evolution is then analyzed in comparison with microstructural modifications in the material. This work is highlighted the influence of pure cement (rule of Bogue's potential composition, reactivity) or pozzolanic-blended cement binders (type of pozzolane, interaction between cement and pozzolane. . . ), and aggregates characteristics (chemical nature and granulometric distribution). Analysis of the freezing resistance of all the tested materials produces a map describing the four types of damages observed in terms of microstructure of the material (porous distribution and total porosity). A study is then undertaken to examine the internal freezing behaviour of a material containing a network of air bubbles, actually reference of a durable material. This allowed the development of new formulations of concrete tailored to both function and environment
Flégeau, Grégory. "Comportement cyclique et en fatigue d'un alliage cuivreux injecté sous pression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0015.
Full textThese research works deal with the investigation of the cyclique and fatigue behaviour of an industrial high-pressure die cast brass. Mechanical tests highlight relatively important changes of elasticity domain during monotonic loading, mainly due to changes of the internal stress. This study was conducted under different scales of observation. TEM observations enabled hypothesis to explain the "original" cyclic behaviour of the alloy. Fatigue tests showed that fatigue life of the material is quite dependent of the presence of defects that may be due to manufacture process. A simplified version of a multi-mechanism model was used to simulate the cyclic behaviour of the study alloy
Mithieux, Jean-Denis. "Influence de la teneur en chrome et de la structure des alliages de nickel sur leur comportement en corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0146.
Full textGrunberger, Daniel. "Etude expérimentale de l'évolution des microstructures et des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des argiles au cours de la compaction." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20235.
Full textDebelle, Aurélien. "Contraintes, microstructure et sollicitation sous irradiation aux ions de films minces élaborés par pulvérisation ionique : modélisation et application à l'étude des effets interfaciaux dans des multicouches métalliques." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126193.
Full textNous avons montré que les films déposés par voie thermique présentent une légère contrainte de croissance en tension (~ 0.6 GPa), qui peut être expliquée par le modèle de relaxation des joints de grains, alors que les films élaborés par pulvérisation ionique développent de fortes contraintes en compression (de - 2 à - 4 GPa). Celles-ci résultent du bombardement du film en cours de croissance par les particules énergétiques mises en jeu durant le processus de pulvérisation (phénomène d' "atomic peening"), qui conduit à la production de défauts dans les couches, ce qui génère des distorsions volumiques du réseau cristallin. Nous avons développé un modèle de contrainte qui permet de rendre compte de ces déformations volumiques par l'intermédiaire d'une contrainte hydrostatique et qui surtout donne accès au paramètre de maille non contraint et libre de défauts a0, paramètre directement et uniquement lié aux effets chimiques. Des preuves quantitatives que les défauts créés sont de nature interstitielle et qu'ils sont éliminés lors du processus de relaxation sous irradiation sont fournies.
Dans le cas de couches de Mo épitaxiées, il a été possible de séparer les contraintes de cohérence des contraintes de croissance en raison de leur cinétique de relaxation différente sous irradiation. Ainsi, la modélisation a permis de déterminer la valeur de a0 dans les sous-couches de Mo constitutives des multicouches Mo/Ni, en fonction de L et des conditions de dépôt. Une tendance à la formation d'un gradient chimique par ‘ségrégation' de nickel dans le molybdène est observée, indépendamment des conditions de dépôt. Ce résultat suggère que des forces thermodynamiques sont favorables au mécanisme d'échange. Néanmoins, l'amplitude de cet effet de mélange est clairement accentuée par les effets balistiques.
Boumaza, Abdecharif. "Oxydation de superalliages protégés par des revètements M Cr Al Y Ta projetés sous plasma : effet des éléments mineurs et relations avec les contraintes." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112084.
Full textThe understanding of the oxidation mechanism of superal1oys protected by a coating is of great interest for industrial uses, due to the constant increase of the work temperatures and to the drastic aggressive conditions at which such materials are subjected. Our study consisted in clarifying the oxidation mechanism of two superalloys. (CMSX2 and INlOOM CrAIalloys>, protected by a law pressure plasma sprayed. (LPPS) NiCoCrAIYTa or CoNiCrAIYTa coati ng. . Subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere, such systems develop an alumina scale with mixed oxides whose nature and amount depend on the substrate and coating composition. ·It was shown that their high temperature resistance is affected by many parameters :- the coating surface roughness. - the interdiffusion between the substrate and the coating,- the microstructural modifications during the oxidation,- the coating sintering, - the impurities,- the differences between the expansion coefficient of the various parts of the system,- the stresses developed during the heat-treatments. The stress evolution is strongly dependent on the other mentioned parameters has an important effect on the scale adherence and, consequently, it is the primordial factor for the life time of such systems. Thus, it appears that the various parameters must be considered with a great attention, according to given use conditions, when a material has to be chosen in order to obtain an optimal high temperature resistance
Fick, Rutger. "Modélisation avancée du signal dMRI pour la caractérisation de la microstructure tissulaire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4006/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to furthering neuroscientific understanding of the human brain using diffusion-sensitized Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI). Within dMRI, we focus on the estimation and interpretation of microstructure-related markers, often referred to as ``Microstructure Imaging''. This thesis is organized in three parts. Part I focuses on understanding the state-of-the-art in Microstructure Imaging. We start with the basic of diffusion MRI and a brief overview of diffusion anisotropy. We then review and compare most state-of-the-art microstructure models in PGSE-based Microstructure Imaging, emphasizing model assumptions and limitations, as well as validating them using spinal cord data with registered ground truth histology. In Part II we present our contributions to 3D q-space imaging and microstructure recovery. We propose closed-form Laplacian regularization for the recent MAP functional basis, allowing robust estimation of tissue-related q-space indices. We also apply this approach to Human Connectome Project data, where we use it as a preprocessing for other microstructure models. Finally, we compare tissue biomarkers in a ex-vivo study of Alzheimer rats at different ages. In Part III, we present our contributions to representing the qt-space - varying over 3D q-space and diffusion time. We present an initial approach that focuses on 3D axon diameter estimation from the qt-space. We end with our final approach, where we propose a novel, regularized functional basis to represent the qt-signal, which we call qt-dMRI. Our approach allows for the estimation of time-dependent q-space indices, which quantify the time-dependence of the diffusion signal
Latkiewicz, Michał. "Influence of microstructure on corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited micro and nano-crystalline cobalt-molybdenum alloys." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK066.
Full textCurrently, various methods are used in surface engineering for the production of surface layers and coatings on many metal substrates to improve their performance. Different industry sectors are oriented to increase the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of materials that are used in aggressive environments or work at high temperatures. Specific properties, including mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical, can be achieved by the production of metallic layers. Nanocrystalline and amorphous metal or alloy coatings are unique and offer the desired performance characteristics. They are often characterized by very high strength, associated with the effect of strengthening the edge grain.Electrodeposition is a widely used method of producing coatings on metallic substrates. The structure and properties of Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings make them promising materials for various applications. Nowadays, cobalt based alloys are used in aircraft, automotive and electronics due to their good usability. In addition, cobalt alloys are widely studied due to their promising use in replacing alloys harmful to the environment or the human body. Nanocrystalline alloys are used in many industrial sectors, such as biology, energy, nanotechnology, aviation and many others.The aim of this work is to obtain electrodeposited Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings and to investigate the effect of microstructure on their corrosion resistance in simulated physiological solutions.The work is divided into five chapters:• Chapter I. Bibliography. Metallurgical aspects of metal surface engineering for Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings.In this chapter, metallurgical aspects of surface engineering of Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings are presented on the basis of literature data. Various methods used for deposition of metallic coatings are discussed.• Chapter II. Samples and experimental methods and techniques.This chapter presents experimental electrodeposition conditions for Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings and techniques used to characterize them.• Chapter III. Structure, mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of Co-Mo nanocrystalline coatings.This chapter presents the structure, mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of nanocrystalline Co-Mo coatings deposited on pure cobalt.• Chapter IV. Co-Mo / TiO2 nano-composite coatings.This chapter presents the structure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Co-Mo / TiO2 nano-composite coatings electroplated on pure cobalt.• Chapter V. Growth Mechanisms of Co-Mo / TiO2 nano-composite coatings.This chapter investigates the structure of Co-Mo / TiO2 nanocomposite coatings electrodeposited for short and long electrodeposition times under potentiostatic conditions on the electrode from pure cobalt-shaped cobalt and pure cobalt electrode in the form of a wire.In summary, nanocrystalline Co-Mo coatings were obtained by electrochemical deposition as well as Co-Mo / TiO2 nano-composite coatings. Their structure and the influence of different electrodeposition conditions on the structure were investigated and their corrosion resistance was tested in simulated physiological solutions. In addition, the mechanism of layer growth was determined on two types of electrodes: a disk-shaped electrode and a wire-shaped electrode.This thesis was carried out in the form of Cotutelle cooperation between the AGH University of Science and Technology Stanisław Staszic in Krakow and the University of Burgundy in Dijon to promote Polish-French scientific relations. This work was financially supported by the French government and the French Embassy in Poland
Come-Dingremont, Nathalie. "Déformation à chaud et évolutions microstructurales des alliages de titane TA6V et Béta-CEZ dans le domaine Béta." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL127N.
Full textIben, Houria Mohamed. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la durée de vie en fatigue d'un alliage d'aluminium de fonderie A356-T6 sous chargement multiaxial." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESMA0007/document.
Full textThis study aims to investigate the fatigue behaviour of A356-T6 aluminum alloy. Experimental fatigue tests at 106 cycles have been performed for two loading ratios: Rσ = 0 and Rσ = -1. The first experimental investigation was conducted on specimens from a ‘V’ wedge casting with natural and artificial defects which provides a variation of the microstructure. Following the experimental results, we have shown that defects characterized by their size and the microstructure characterized by SDAS, are the main parameters that control the fatigue limit. By comparing the results obtained for both loading ratios, it appears that the mean stress has an effect on the sensitivity to the defect size effect and microstructure.The DSG criterion was modified to introduce the effect of SDAS. This improved DSG criterion has been employed to predict the Kitagawa diagram for multiaxial loading for different loading cases. The simulation of the modified DSG criterion showed that the reduction of the fatigue limit with the defect size and SDAS is well described. In the last part a numerical model was developed to perform a simulation of the fatigue limit starting from the casting process. Using this numerical model, we simulated the defect size and SDAS depending on the solidification time, eventually the fatigue limit issimulated using the improved DSG criterion. With combining between Weibull law and modified DSG,we predict the probability of failure at each point of the structure. We proposed in this part a mold which let to obtain samples with two different microstructures. In this study, a second fatigue tests was carried out on these samples to validate the numerical simulation on the proposed mold. It turns out that the numerical model provides reasonably well the obtained experimental results
Ben, Saada Mariem. "Étude du comportement visco-plastique du dioxyde d'uranium : quantification par analyse EBSD et ECCI des effets liés aux conditions de sollicitation et à la microstructure initiale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0270/document.
Full textUranium dioxide (UO2) is used as a fuel, in pressurized water nuclear reactors, in the form of pellets produced by powder metallurgy. During power transients, the center part of pellets undergoes visco-plastic deformation by creep mechanisms. These mechanisms can be partially reproduced, out of irradiation, by uniaxial compression tests at high temperature (typically 1500°C). Testing conditions and initial microstructure of the UO2 pellets influence their macroscopic mechanical behavior. At the grain scale, sub-structuring mechanisms are involved, but, up to now, the sub-structure is not quantified and the role of pores on these mechanisms is unknown. In order to provide answers to these points, two batches of pellets (L1 and L2), characterized by a similar grain size, a same volume fraction of pores, but different pores distribution (2.5 times more intra-granular pores in L1 than in L2), were elaborated. They were submitted to mechanical tests under different conditions. The result shows that L1 has as a lower creep rate than L2. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) techniques were used and optimized for porous materials to analyze the evolution of the microstructure after deformation. An original EBSD methodology was implemented to detect Sub-Grain Boundaries (S-GB) with very low disorientation angles (down to 0.1°), study statistically the grain fragmentation into sub-grains and evaluate the average density of the geometrically necessary dislocations. Thanks to ECCI, the arrangement of dislocations in some S-GB was evidenced and analyzed. EBSD and ECCI complementarity allowed relating the distribution of pores within the grains and the S-GB location. The results obtained on the two batches show that the number and the linear fraction of S-GB increases with the deformation level and rate. At high deformation rates, new grains appear by a mechanism of dynamic recovery/recrystallization by rotation of sub-grains. For identical loading conditions and strain rates, the samples of batch L1 have a number and a linear fraction of S-GB that are significantly higher than those of batch L2. Furthermore, in batch L1, S-GB are located essentially in the vicinity of the grain boundaries while they are distributed throughout the grain for batch L2. These microstructural differences seem to be related to a dislocation's mean free path reduction due to the presence of intra-granular pores
La, Barbera Sosa Jose Gregorio. "Comportement en fatigue d'un acier SAE 1045 revêtu de colmonoy 88 déposé par HVOF : effet de la distance de projection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10085/document.
Full textThe influence of the spraying distance on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Colmonoy 88 alloy deposited by means of HVOF thermal spraying onto a SAE 1045 steel substrate has been investigated in a systematic manner. The spraying distance varied between 380-470 mm and the deposits were evaluated both on their surface and cross section. The microstructural study was conducted by means of SEM and image analysis techniques. The different phases present in the deposits were identified by means of XRD. The surface residual stresses of the coatings were also determined employing the sin2[psi] method, the analysis being conducted on the (311) plane ofthe Ni phase, at 2[theta] ~ 93.2°. The mechanical properties of the coatings and substrate-coating systems were evaluated by means of static and dynamic mechanical tests of a different nature. Hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings were determined by means of instrumented indentation employing a Berkovich indenter and the methodology earlier proposed by Oliver and Pharr. The yield strength of the coatings was also estimated from the above curves following the methodology suggested by Zeng and Chiu, as well as from spherical indentation tests and the Hertz equations commonly used in contact mechanics. The mechanical properties of the substrate-coating system were evaluated by means of tensile and corrosion-fatigue tests employing cylindrical samples. Corrosion-fatigue tests were carried out under rotating-bending conditions at a frequency of 50 Hz, in the range of altemating stresses of 250-420 MPa, employing a of 3 wt% NaCI solution. Corrosion-fatigue tests were conducted employing steel samples coated with hard Cr
Dimithe, Aboumou Loïc. "Etude expérimentale et simulation numérique de propagation de fissures dans un acier inoxydable martensitique durci par précipitation sous conditions représentatives en termes de température, spectre de chargement et vieillissement." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0013/document.
Full textConnecting the turbofan engine to the wing of the aircraft, the engine pylon is a true « masterpiece » of the aircraft. Indeed, it transmits all the aircraft engine efforts. It is subject to temperature variations from -40°C in cruise to 290°C-400°C during take off and landing. In addition, the engine pylon is a prey to very high vibratory stresses, which should be properly taken into account during damage tolerances analysis to avoid the loss of the aircraft. Between 290°C and 400°C, the martensite of components in precipitation-hardenable stainless steel (15-5 PH) of engine pylon undergoes microstructural transformation (« ageing »). This ageing has a significant impact on the mechanical properties, characterized by an increase in yield strength and tensile stress and drastic reduction in toughness and ductility. To complete the characterization of the effects of ageing on the mechanical properties while considering that these structures are designed according to a principle of damage tolerance, the aim of this work is to study the fatigue crack growth behavior (FCGB) of this material according to the ageing conditions and the test temperature. The approach is based on knowledge of monotonous and cyclic behavior to analyze the fatigue crack mechanisms. The cyclic behavior tests have been carried out at room temperature and 300°C at different strains imposed levels, on the 15-5PH steel in its as-received and then to the ageing conditions realized, between 300°C and 400°C and exposure times of up to 10 000h. The results highlight the lack of influence of ageing on the cyclic hardening of 15-5 PH steel, both at room temperature to 300°C. For the range of ΔK values tested, the FCGB of the 15-5PH steel under constant load amplitude is not affected by ageing. However, the extent of the stable propagation domain is itself reduced according to the degree of aging at room temperature. This reduction is due to the fall of fracture toughness due to ageing. The fracture surfaces are mainly transgranular for all conditions examined. However, the areas close to the final rupture ofsome ageing statements present islands indicative of a static failure mode at room temperature. These islands are absent to 300°C.Under the effect of repeated loads, a delayed effect on the crack velocity has been demonstrated. This delay is a function of the overload rate, overload period, the number of overloads and the baseline load ratio, but insensitive to ageing. Furthermore, are duction in the extent of the area stable propagation is also noticed at room temperature. Fatigue crack growth simulations undervariable amplitude loading were made through the incremental model for damage tolerance analysis developed by LMT-Cachan. The model results were then subject to a comparison with the PREFFAS model used at AIRBUS. The incremental model is well aware ofsome of the effects of repeated overloads. It also proves less conservative than the model PREFFAS. For taking account the effects of ageing in the incremental model, simply report the hardening observed on old material, the cyclic hardening parameters are notaffected. A methodology based on time/temperature equivalence provided by Hollomon-Jaffe - and taking into account the effects of ageing in the incremental model is finally proposed
Dalbert, Vincent. "Etude du comportement en tribocorrosion d’aciers inoxydables en milieux aqueux : Evaluation de la synergie entre sollicitations mécaniques superficielles et réactions électrochimiques de surface, effet de la microstructure." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0060/document.
Full textThis study deals with the behaviour of a stainless steel (passive material) undergoing tribocorrosion. Focus has been put on the synergistic effect existing between mechanical action and medium electrochemistry, leading to significant wear. In a first step, a methodology has been set up, on a ferritic microstructure, to quantify this synergy as well as its two compounds that are the wear-accelerated electrochemistry (W.A.E.) electrochemistry-accelerated wear (E.A.W.). The former stands for the material dissolution following the mechanical action of the pin on the surface. The latter accounts for the modifications of the surface mechanical properties induced by electrochemistry. The parameters of the mechanical action being set, the evolution of the synergistic effect compounds has been studied as a function of the oxidizing feature of an acidic medium, modified by using a potentiostat. A minimum of wear, determined under cathodic polarisation is considered as the reference mechanical wear. In the passive domain, for higher passive potentials, E.A.W. decreases due to the thickening of the oxide part of the passive film, enhancing the mechanical properties of the surface. On the contrary, the W.A.E. increase is explained by more intense oxidising reactions occurring on the bare material revealed to the electrolyte by sliding. This leads to a maximum wear obtained at an intermediate passive potential. The evolution of the synergistic effect compounds has then been investigated under free potential condition with crossed influences of the medium acidity and the latency period. The more acidic the medium, the greater the W.A.E. because dissolution is enhanced. However, it decreases with a shorter latency period because of a weaker galvanic coupling between the partially repassivated wear track and the cathodic surface. The latency period decrease limits the passive film maturation. In acidic medium, E.A.W. does not decrease because the passive film, mainly composed of oxide, keeps its abrasive feature. To the opposite, in neutral medium, the hydroxide proportion being majority, E.A.W. decreases. In a second step, the microstructure influence on the tribocorrosion behaviour has been evidenced as a function of the previously studied parameters. After a thermal treatment, the stainless steel shows a ferrite-martensite microstructure. Considering global wear, the microstructure effect appears to be negligible on the tribocorrosion resistance in free potential situation, under the studied conditions. On the contrary, a two-phase microstructure is beneficial when sliding is performed under cathodic or passive potentials thanks to a mechanical transfer occurring from the martensite to the underlying ferrite. Moreover, the detrimental effect of the passive film on the surface mechanical properties is reduced when the microstructure involves an hard phase (E.A.W.)
Gourdet, Sophie. "Étude des mécanismes de recristallisation au cours de la déformation à chaud de l'aluminium." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG4206.
Full textBen, Hafsia Khaoula. "Identification des micro-mécanismes de déformation du PET amorphe et semi-cristallin in situ au cours d’un essai mécanique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0081/document.
Full textAccording to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer