Academic literature on the topic 'Microsoft NET Framework Evaluation'

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to develop, validate and describe a decision support system (DSS) to evaluate cull dairy cow finishing strategies. The DSS was developed within a Microsoft Excel framework. The purpose of a DSS is to assist the process of making accurate and repeatable calculations, assisting the decision on which cull cow finishing strategy is most profitable under individual farm circumstances. The model was based on data from two evaluation experiments including eight finishing strategies in total: ad libitum grass silage (GS); GS+3 kg concentrate (GS+3); GS+6 kg concentrate (GS+6); GS+9 kg concentrate (GS+9); ad libitum grass silage prior to ad libitum spring grass (GS+G); 0·75 grass silage and 0·25 straw prior to ad libitum spring grass (GS+S) and finally grass silage plus 6 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/cow/day and milked twice daily prior to ad libitum spring grass (EXTLAC). Stochastic budgeting was included in the model to account for variability in key input and output variables on the overall profitability of various finishing strategies. The stochastic input and output variables included in the model were initial carcass value, feed strategy, concentrate cost and final carcass value. Net profit per cow was selected as the output distribution. The mean net profit per cow with the GS, GS+3, GS+6, GS+9, GS+G, GS+S and EXTLAC was €85·3, €73·7, €95·6, €58·5, €158·8 and €186·8 and €283·0, respectively. Profitability for the EXTLAC strategy was stochastically dominant to all other strategies evaluated meaning a higher level of profit and a lower level of risk is associated with the EXTLAC strategy. The optimal strategy of cull cow beef production depends greatly on the prevailing economic environment, purchase and sale price, milk price, feed costs, housing and labour.

U okviru rada je izvršena analiza lokalizacije i internacionalizacije u okviru Microsoft tehnologija. Kreirana je web aplikacija korišćenjem ASP.NET Core MVC frameworka, a u procesu pravljenja iste prezentovani su pojmovi lokalizacije i internaciona­lizacije. Pošto je .NET Core sam po sebi relativno novi koncept u okviru Microsoft tehnologija početni deo rada se bavi samim razvojem te tehnologije. Zatim je objaš­njeno kako u okviru .NET Core korišćenjem MVC frame­worka možemo da kreiramo Web aplikaciju. Na kraju se u radu objašnjavaju tehnologije i alati koji se koriste za internacionalizaciju i lokalizaciju.

Microsoft China had announced that it would end on a Windows XP system support and maintenance in the April 8, 2014, progress in the new study. NET development environment, further research database development technology is very important. C# in. NET framework most popular development language, compared to other languages, which have simple, convenient, rapid development, etc.[1]. Based on data access technology under. NET Framework, which provides a number of features to improve the operation of data. This article also describes in the latest. NET Framework, a new language inheritance query technology LINQ.

It first reviews the characteristic of manufacturing enterprises. Then it discusses the features and advantages of .Net smart client technology. Based on analysis of the manufacturing enterprises information system requirements, a new application framework of multi-tier distributed system was proposed, the framework model and tier deployment strategy are also given. The proposed framework is easy to be deployed and expanded, it also can be intelligent installation and update, and supports occasionally connected users，and easy to be reused by information system. Next, it introduces a method of how to design and build smart client application use Microsoft Application Block; it can simplify the coding efficiently. Last, the key technologies are demonstrated.

The satellite remote-sensing-based damage-mapping technique has played an indispensable role in rapid disaster response practice, whereas the current disaster response practice remains subject to the low damage assessment accuracy and lag in timeliness, which dramatically reduces the significance and feasibility of extending the present method to practical operational applications. Therefore, a highly efficient and intelligent remote-sensing image-processing framework is urgently required to mitigate these challenges. In this article, a deep learning algorithm for the semantic segmentation of high-resolution remote-sensing images using the U-net convolutional network was proposed to map the damage rapidly. The algorithm was implemented within a Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit framework in the GeoAI platform provided by Microsoft. The study takes the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake-Tsunami as a case study, for which the pre- and post-disaster high-resolution WorldView-2 image is used. The performance of the proposed U-net model is compared with that of deep residual U-net. The comparison highlights the superiority U-net for tsunami damage mapping in this work. Our proposed method achieves the overall accuracy of 70.9% in classifying the damage into “washed away,” “collapsed,” and “survived” at the pixel level. In future disaster scenarios, our proposed model can generate the damage map in approximately 2–15 min when the preprocessed remote-sensing datasets are available. Our proposed damage-mapping framework has significantly improved the application value in operational disaster response practice by substantially reducing the manual operation steps required in the actual disaster response. Besides, the proposed framework is highly flexible to extend to other scenarios and various disaster types, which can accelerate operational disaster response practice.

As the most widely used B/S framework Management Information System in Microsoft .NET technology, the realization of code separation technology gives full play to the advantages of interface design and code design. Especially the code separation technology of ASP.NET makes the dream of web programmer for many years into reality the separation of page design and code design. Combined with code separation technology methods and technical realization, the paper discusses the application and research of code separation technology in B/S framework based on the application and research of code behind, user control and custom control.

A simplified database access framework, which originated from a vehicle tracking system, is introduced. This framework is developed on Microsoft .NET platform and uses DAO.NET as the supporting technology. Meanwhile, Design Patterns [ were adopted in analyzing, designing and developing. The platform not only works effectively as a data-accessing layer for the vehicle tracking system, but also realized the idea of linking to the database once, using for many times. The platform reduces the cost of database connection initialization and accelerates the responding speed to users.

This article focuses on the "sun garden residential property management system design and realization of the development process, from feasibility studies to the system put into use in the documentation. Object-oriented analysis and design methods and tools, and advanced. NET technologies that described the system design and implementation. Development of this system. Net Framework 3.5-based platform using the ASP.NET + SQL Server 2005, six-story mode (GM layer, physical layer, interface layer, data access layer, business layer, presentation layer) to develop generic layer is mainly complete global support functions, the physical layer is responsible for packaging and delivery of data in the entire system, the interface layer is responsible for defining interfaces, data access layer is responsible for the interaction with the data source, data insert, delete, modify, and read data from the database operation, the business layer is responsible for business logic processing, responsible for the logical data generation, processing and conversion, the presentation layer is responsible for receiving user data, the output presented to the user, and access security authentication. Development environment for the Microsoft Visual Studio NET 2008. Use the Microsoft Visual Studio NET 2008 to achieve the logic code.

in order to study the development of the Windows Azure platform, the paper through the use of cloud computing, one of the platforms Windows Azure, using its Table Storage storage services,to realize a message board function; and realize a good combination of NET Framework and Windows Azure, and explore the Difference of the Microsoft Windows Azure cloud computing platform development and the difference between ordinary ASP.NET development.

„Remote Scripting“-Anwendungen erleben seit einigen Jahren einen regelrechten Anfrageboom. Während aus usability-Sicht bisher eine strikte Unterscheidung zwischen Desktop-Anwendungen und Webapplikationen herrschte, finden sich seit einiger Zeit zunehmend Angebote im World Wide Web, die diese strikte Trennung verwischen lassen. Interaktive Nutzerdialoge, nebenläufige Prozessabarbeitung und visuelle Unterstützungsmittel wie Drag & Drop- Effekte halten auf Webseiten Einzug, die dem Nutzer bisher nur aus eigenständigen Softwareprodukten in einer spezifischen Betriebssystemumgebung bekannt waren. Viele dieser neuen Anwendungs- und Interaktionsmöglichkeiten im weltweiten Datennetz werden inzwischen unter dem Oberbegriff Web 2.0 zusammengefasst. Für den Nutzer bringt dieser neue Entwicklungstrend viele Vorteile: Ansprechende, intuitive Nutzerführungen ohne die Notwendigkeit, eine ganze Internetseite bei jedem Interaktionsschritt neu zu laden und ohne bemerkbaren zeitlichen Overhead. Was für den Nutzer Erleichterung bringen soll, bedeutet häufig für einen Programmierer zunächst Mehraufwand. Eine Technik zur Realisierung solcher so genannten Rich Internet Applications, die sich in den letzten beiden Jahren immer mehr in den Vordergrund gedrängt hat, wird unter der Bezeichnung AJAX zusammengefasst. Einen einheitlichen Standard gibt es dabei nicht, sodass fast täglich neue AJAX-basierte frameworks veröffentlicht werden, die dem Programmierer (wenigstens einen Teil der) Komplexität der Programmflusssteuerung abnehmen sollen. Aufgabe der Studienarbeit soll es daher sein, das inzwischen unüberschaubar gewordene Angebot an AJAX frameworks zu systematisieren und einen Überblick über Vor- und Nachteile ausgewählter Programmbibliotheken zu geben. Dafür ist ein Kriterienkatalog zu erarbeiten, der eine Bewertung der verschiedenen frameworks nach unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten ermöglicht. Besonderer Schwerpunkt ist dabei auf Kriterien aus Programmierersicht (Sprachunabhängigkeit, Overhead, Implementierungsmöglichkeiten,…) und Anwendersicht (Plattformanforderungen, Einarbeitungszeit, Ergebnisqualität, …) zu legen. Auf den Kriterienkatalog ist anschließend eine Auswahl an bereits existierenden, frei verfügbaren AJAX frameworks anzuwenden, die als zukünftig relevant eingeschätzt werden. Die Ergebnisse sind abschließend in einer Gesamtübersicht zu präsentieren, die eine objektive Empfehlung für Nutzer darstellen soll, die vor der Wahl stehen, welche AJAX Programmbibliothek sie zukünftig einsetzen sollten.

The purpose of this project is to design, develop and implement an e-commerce shopping cart system based on Microsoft.NET technology and to evaluate ASP.NET technology by developing a shopping cart system.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2002.
Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 112 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management and M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Alexander Bordetsky, Richard S. Coté. Michael P. Hadley received M.S. degrees in Information Technology Management and in Computer Science. James A. Wiest received a M.S. degree in Information Technology Management. Also available online.

Aim of this thesis is the description of the Microsoft .NET Framework, its different versions, architecture, and its assembly, used for its simplistic architecture, and ease of use with the assembly it is the ideal environment for creating modular applications. The work describes the C# programming language and its versions. It includes a description of the different stages and evolution of the web application framework ASP.NET. It includes a short description of the ADO.NET and LINQ technologies, used to access data from databases. It describes different databases, they structure and classification. At the end there is a layout for a database structure, blogging system, aim and structure of the files, the different system parts and functions.

One of the main aims of Component adaptation [Szy97] is to help application developers reuse components so that they can plug-in third party components into their application. This research concentrates on this type of adaptation but in the context of Web Services. Web Services are becoming increasingly popular. Web Services often fit the requirements of being a component, and can be reused in a very similar manner. Hence there is a requirement for adaptation of Web Services just as there is the need for adaptation of software components. There are now quite a few adaptation techniques, but few of them have identified adaptation techniques for Web Services. This approach to adaptation allows for the modification of data and behaviour of existing Web Services. The approach to adaptation uses eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) transformation applied to the message passed between Web Services. These messages are commonly in XML format, hence XSL can be used to modify them. The application of the transformation is guided by a specification written in XML. The adaptation is executed by a generic runtime system that uses these specifications which are referred to as Guiding Specifications. This has been demonstrated by way of a motivating real world example implemented on the .Net platform. It is shown how an adapter can be specified using a simplistic Guiding Specification and related XSLT documents. This allows the implementation to work more efficiently than hand coding each adapter. It is the underlying generic runtime support that provides much of this benefit. Component based software engineering (CBSE) constructs applications by assembling components together, CBSE has been of great help to application developers due to the very fact that tailor made components can be purchased from third party vendors and can be plugged-in to a system to form a working application. But in practice 'as-is' reuse is very unlikely to occur, and most components need to be changed in some way to match the requirements of the application architecture and other components. The process of changing thecomponent for use in a particular application is often referred to as Component Adaptation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly gaining ground in our daily life. There is a trend that the number of devices and data increases rapidly in the future. Meanwhile, IoT platforms are emerging to enable people conveniently deal with the IoT and these huge amount of data and devices. Therefore, the goal in this paper is to perform a quantitative evaluation on Microsoft Azure, one of the IoT platform, about its advantages and disadvantages under press to determine if Azure IoT is fit for future IoT. In order to reach this goal, Azure IoT Hub is used as a bridge to connect and manage lots of IoT devices which send and receive huge amount of data. .NET is used to simulate devices and connect them to the IoT Hub. The two-way communication from sensor to cloud and from cloud to actuator is implemented through MQTT protocol. This paper makes measurements on three metrics including response time from sensor sending messages to actuator receiving messages, scalability and cost and analyzes them in detail. Besides, the analysis is also made in a specific scenario which has high demand on sensor update to see how Azure IoT performs. Finally, conclusion is made on Microsoft Azure IoT's advantages and disadvantages under stress.

Customer Relationship Management has been an integral part of the enterprise since two decades. Today, enterprises that focus on customer satisfaction need to manage their relationships with their customers effectively. This demand has allowed software vendors to create CRM solutions. The technology and broadband advancement allowed the CRM vendors to enhance their product portfolio by developing web-based CRM systems, in addition to their CRM on-premise solutions. These vendors adopted the business model in which CRM on-demand systems are provided via monthly-subscription fees, decreasing the total cost of ownership massively for enterprises in need of these systems. This business model is especially attractive for Small-To-Medium Enterprises who are searching for cost-efficient CRM systems. Currently, CRM on-demand market is quite saturated with more than 40 vendors providing similar solutions. Furthermore, CRM on-demand is delivered via Software-as-a-service method, which is a relatively new technology with unique benefits along with drawbacks. Thus, it’s of vital importance for managers in SMEs to make the right decision while evaluating the CRM on-demand option and systems. This research is meant to address this issue by building a proposed framework for CRM on-demand system evaluation. The inductive research uses qualitative and quantitative approaches for data collection and analysis. The evaluation criteria for CRM on-demand systems at a functional and general level were proposed. The general criteria were refined via collecting data from CRM on-demand experts and users in SMEs by structured questionnaires. Combining these criteria created the proposed framework which was applied to evaluate two major CRM on-demand systems in the market. The results indicate that CRM on-demand systems cover the basic functionalities of CRM including sales, marketing and service modules and offer enhanced functionality such as mobile CRM, social CRM and customizations. The research also revealed drawbacks of CRM on-demand systems such as disintegration with legacy applications, limited language support, limited country availability and technology maturity which needs to be addressed in the future. This research provides valuable insight for managers in SMEs when selecting CRM on-demand systems for their companies. Furthermore, the academicians interested in CRM and cloud computing could improve this initial proposed framework and adapt it further to different cases.

AbstractObstructions exemplify the conflicting goals between business processes and classic IT security. The SecANet approach presented in this chapter will allow putting this field of tension into a well-founded, formal representation of security-aware processes that opens up acting within a security-sensitive realm of maneuver. The SecANet encoding will create an extendable framework that addresses workflow obstructions and will support their comprehensive analysis and handling.This chapter builds the central part of the thesis. In addressing the requirements for obstructability analysis (see Chapter 2), it is primarily concerned with the modeling of obstructions in security-aware workflows. For this, it will first explore the ways to model processes, in particular, the modeling of the control flow. Based on the selection of an ordinary Petri net model (P/T net) as the method of modeling, a security-aware Petri net representation, the SecANet, will be developed. The general idea of the SecANet modeling is to “flatten” the organizational aspect of a security-aware process specification that subsumes the process model and the policy specification into the model representing the functional and behavioral aspects. That way, a so-called “obstruction marking” can identify and capture obstructions. Moreover, indicators can be assigned to the task- and policy-related Petri net elements as costs. For the evaluation of the SecANet approach, its Petri net-specific properties will be investigated. Moreover, the formal correctness of the SecANet method will be proven by examining the behavioral preservation of the original inputs (i.e., language preservation). To take cyclic workflow behavior into account, the concept of policy re-enactment will add cyclic functionality to the so-far acyclic SecANet encoding. The developed SecANet formalism can be regarded as a target metamodel of security-aware process specifications that creates a basis for further analysis. Accordingly, it will subsume SecANet-based satisfiability and obstructability checks as SecANet soundness and show further extensions to facilitate analysis. An experimental evaluation will compare soundness checking runtimes with typical satisfiability-related approaches. The discussion will then examine the computational complexity of the SecANet encoding and sketch possibilities for extensions. With the introduction of SecANet+, the integration of additional inputs that further constrain the execution of tasks, for instance, counting constraints or user absence (resilience), will be made possible.

The adoption of electronic drug prescribing (ePrescribing) systems has been largely discussed in scientific literature. Yet post-implementation evaluations of these systems are still in short supply. At a time when large investments are being made throughout the world in health information systems and technologies, under pressure for cost-containment, evidence on which systems provide the largest net benefits is required. In this chapter, the authors start by reviewing the literature on the costs and benefits of outpatient ePrescribing systems and find that the evidence is scattered. There is a general consensus that ePrescribing is beneficial, although few studies quantify the net benefits of specific systems. The review also shows that the evaluation of ePrescribing systems is complex and that most studies share limitations associated with the evaluation of other health information technologies and systems. The authors propose an evidence-based framework to inform post-implementation evaluations of outpatient ePrescribing systems and to improve the quality and comparability of studies in the area.

Starting with the introduction of Visual Studio .NET (VS .NET) application developers can write programs that may be used for different languages listed in VS .NET globalization. However, the list of languages is incomplete and is missing many. One of these missing languages from VS .NET globalization is the Kurdish: a language written and spoken by millions of Kurds around the world. Previous research conducted by the authors made a case for adding the Kurdish language to the globalization component of the .NET Framework. We were hopeful that the Kurdish will be added to VS .NET in the latest version (VS .NET 2005) that was yet to be released in full version at the time of writing that paper. However, VS .NET 2005 has been released, and to our disappointment, Microsoft excluded the Kurdish language again from the languages it supports in VS .NET. This paper is to emphasize adding Kurdish to VS .NET globalization component. It shows that there are no technical, lingual or cultural hurdles for adding Kurdish to VS .NET globalization and thus it is time to add the Kurdish Culture to the newly released Microsoft .Net Framework.

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo capaz de se conectar à internet e por meio dela controlar um aparelho de ar condicionado por um sistema supervisório acessível de qualquer computador ou smartphone. Será apresentado o desenvolvimento do hardware do dispositivo, que envolve a criação do diagrama do circuito e da placa de circuito impresso, o desenvolvimento do firmware embarcado no dispositivo e o desenvolvimento do software de controle, utilizando o framework .NET da Microsoft. Testes de eficiência do produto foram realizados no controle de dois aparelhos de ar condicionado. Entende-se como principal resultado do trabalho a materialização de dispositivo de simples manuseio e capaz de reduzir significativamente os gastos com consumo de energia tanto no controle de um sistema de climatização residencial, quanto de sistemas mais complexos empresariais.

iSIGHT-FD manages the computer software required to execute simulation-based design processes, including commercial CAD/CAE software, internally developed programs, and Excel spreadsheets. The software enables the rapid integration of these programs and automates their execution to accelerate the evaluation of many more design alternatives. It provides design exploration and optimization technology to help the user find better designs than those that can be found manually. Inside of this framework, a set of interoperable CAD and CAE components is used to define how changes in the geometry affect the product performance. In the past year Engineous worked with several of its partners to create a seamless and automated process. We will illustrate how to setup and drive geometric changes in CAD models using the translation technologies component in iSIGHT-FD. The user can set loads & boundary conditions on the part/assembly that move with the geometric modifications. The changed geometry with loads & boundary conditions can be automatically meshed and analyzed with FEM solvers and pre/postprocessors. The user is allowed to store and view parametric and non-parametric results for every run. These 3D CAE & CAD results can then be easily embedded into Microsoft office.

<p>This paper proposed an integrated framework for detecting and segmenting road cracks in complex backgrounds. Based on the latest real-time object detection algorithm, YOLOv5l6, a modified U-Net embedded Bottleneck and Attention mechanism modules was developed to segment crack pixels from the detected crack regions. Validation of the proposed approach was conducted based on a total of 150 images, which were taken from different backgrounds, angles, and distances. Based on the computation, the results derived from the YOLOv5l6-based crack detection had a mean average precision of 92%, and the mean intersection of the union of the modified U-Net was 87%, which is at least 11% higher than the original U-Net model. The results showed the integrated approach could be a potential basis for an automated road-condition evaluation scheme for road operation and maintenance.</p>

Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.