Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microscopie des cellules vivantes'
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VILLA, ANNA MARIA. "Microscopie confocale par fluorescence de cellules vivantes." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066361.
Full textSalehi, Hamideh. "L'étude des cellules vivantes et la dentine humaine par microscopie confocale Raman." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON12201/document.
Full text"The Study of living cells and human dentin by confocal Raman microscopy"Confocal Raman microscopy is employed to trace drugs and nanoparticles intracellular and in hard tissues. Raman spectroscopy a non-invasive, label-free and high spatial resolution imaging technique in first part of the study is being used to trace the anticancer drug paclitaxel in living Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells. An analytical method was developed and applied to Raman data acquired. The Raman images were treated by K-mean cluster analysis to detect the drug in cells. Distribution of paclitaxel in cells is verified by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient between the reference spectrum of the drug and the whole Raman image spectra. A time dependent gradual diffusion of paclitaxel all over the cell is observed suggesting a complementary picture of the pharmaceutical action of this drug based on rapid binding of free tubulin to crystallized paclitaxel. The apoptosis in the cells were followed by post-measurement analysis including K-mean clustering and Pearson correlation coefficient. K-mean clustering was used to determine mitochondria position in cells and cytochrome c distribution inside the cells was based on correlation analysis. Cell apoptosis is defined as cytochrome c diffusion in cytoplasm. Cytochrome c acts as a trigger for the activation of the caspase cascade, and its release from mitochondria is a sign of apoptosis. Co-localization of cytochrome c is done after cell incubation with different concentration of paclitaxel. The other product used was titanium dioxide. Titanium has been widely used for orthopedic and dental implant materials. When biomaterial is implanted into the human body, it is unavoidable that blood will contact the implant surface and nanoparticles. The question is: do these nanoparticles cause toxicity? Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were followed intracellular in MCF-7 cells and TERT epithelial human oral keratinocyte cell line (OKF6/TERT-2). Detection of nanoparticles and their toxicity were studied using two analytical methods. Confocal Raman microscopy were also used to obtain Structural analysis and chemical profile of Enamel – Dentine- Resin and Raman map of decay and sound dentin samples, through accurate analysis of the mineral and organic components. The Raman spectroscopy combined with this novel method developed in this study, will provide accurate finger prints of chemical composition and by post-measurement analysis of the data acquired more information would be obtained, which might open new gates in pharmaceutical and dentistry researches
Sivéry, Aude. "Dynamique du stress en cellules vivantes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10051/document.
Full textThe cell fight everytime against disturbances to maintain the balance of its internal environment and ensure its survival. The appearance of oxidative species or increasing the temperature are all major perturbations which the cell has to face. My thesis is structured around the temporal dynamics of oxidative and thermal stress in living cells. The originality of the team where I did my thesis, is to propose an alternative way to phototherapy dynamic in producing directly, without photosensitizer, singlet oxygen which is considered as the main cytotoxic agent. This way of producing singlet oxygen directly allows to address dosimetry issues that are important in therapy but also, to identify the macromolecules involved in oxidative stress more directly. In the first part ,I will present photochemical kinetic studies that have enable to determine in different solvents and in cells, the production rate and the reactivity of singlet oxygen with a specific partner. In the second part, I will present my work on the temporal dynamics of heat stress response in living cells. The development of a minimal mathematical model of titration of thermal stress coupled with experiments involving a key transcription factor in the regulation of stress, allowed us to identify the main reactions involved in the mechanism of cell response to heat shock
Proag, Amsha. "Sensibilité de cellules vivantes aux propriétés mécaniques et géométriques de leur environnement." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077056.
Full textAnimal tissues constitute highly organized biological Systems, where the cellular and rmulticellular levels are in constant interrelation. Not only do cells regulate their behaviour via biochemical signalling: they also transmit mechanical stimuli, through the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes, which leads to the formation of a tridimensional collective organization where cells and tissues constrain each other. To investigate the mechanical and geometrical aspects of intercellular interactions, we cultivated epithelial tissues on artificial micro-environments. We manufactured polyacrylamide and polydimethylsiloxane microstructured substrates with precise stiffness and geometry, which we grew MDCK epithelia on. We also modulated the adhesive properties of these substrates in order to confine a single cell and simulate the topological constraints of the tissue on an individual cell. After staining the internal components which govern cell architecture, we were able to obtain 3D images using confocal microscopy and to quantify the morphology of the cells. The measured volume distributions of cells and nuclei differed according to their localization within the tissue, as well as to the geometry and stiffness of the environment. Modifying these experimental parameters made it possible to observe the effect of external constraints on cell morphology. Finally, we found that the tissue profile depended on the topography of the substrate, and we suggested a mode! which correlates both organizational levels
Cardoso, dos Santos Marcelina. "Etude de l’adhésion de vésicules géantes et de cellules vivantes par nanoscopie de fluorescence." Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0012/document.
Full textThe aim of my thesis was to characterize the adhesion of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles and living cells. In order to obtain a quantitative information about the state of the adhesion, I developed two fluorescence nanoscopy techniques based on microscopy TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence). This technique consist of creating an evanescent wave in the vicinity of an interface. I developed the experimental setup, which allows an accurate control of characteristics of the evanescent wave (penetration depth, polarization state, etc.). The vesicles adhesion was studied by nTIRF (normalized TIRF). TIRF images are normalized by epi-fluorescence images. I was able to characterize the nonspecific adhesion (electrostatic interaction) and specific adhesion (biotin-streptavidin interaction) of vesicles on different functionalized surfaces. To quantify the adhesion of cells, I used the VA-TIRF approach (variable angle TIRF). The latter is to record a series of images at different angles of incidence in the evanescent regime. This allowed us to map the distances between the ventral membrane of a cell and the surface for different adhesion behaviors initiated on various substrates: chemical or protein. These two techniques permit to measure the membrane surface-distance with the nanometer precision ≈20nm, which is particularly suitable for the study of the adhesion process
Muro, Eleonora. "Quantum Dots pour le Ciblage en Cellules Vivantes et la Microscopie HiLo Bi-couleur." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00631485.
Full textD'Augustin, de Bourguisson Ostiane. "Caractérisation de la dynamique de l'ADN-glycosylase OGG1 et de résidus responsables de son interaction avec l'ADN en cellules vivantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN1B060.
Full textDNA is constantly subjected to various stress, threatening its integrity, and consequently, the proper functioning of the cell. In order to preserve the genomic integrity, the cell can activate a large set of repair pathways. One of the most common genomic alteration is the base modification 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), an oxidized form of guanine. It is highly mutagenic, due to its tendency to pair with adenine instead of cytosine during replication. Thus, it needs to be detected and repaired on time to avoid G:C to T:A transversions. 8-oxoG paired with cytosine is recognized and excised by the 8-oxoguanine DNA-glycosylase (OGG1), which initiates the base excision repair pathway. Although OGG1 has been widely studied in vitro and many structural data are available, many questions remain concerning the dynamics of the protein within the cell nucleus. Hence, the goal of my PhD project was to characterize the dynamics of OGG1 searching for 8-oxoG and get new insights about the residues or functions of OGG1 that regulate these dynamics. I was able to show that the interaction between OGG1 and DNA is crucial for the efficient search of 8-oxoG, and that mutating the residues involved in such interaction impairs OGG1 dynamics and its ability to detect and excise 8-oxoG. Similarly, 8-oxoG detection, but also that of the facing cytosine, both play an important role in the function of the DNA-glycosylase and in its ability to accumulate at the sites of damage. Finally, the NNN motif, which is highly conserved but very poorly characterized, seems to be essential to the specific association with 8-oxoG, but not for the nuclear exploration by OGG1
Octeau, Vivien. "Microscopie de nano-objets individuels : étude de la diffusion des intégrines dans les sites d'adhésion focales de cellules vivantes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14047/document.
Full textGold nanoparticles may be detected with optical far-field microscopy by use of the photothermal effect due to their strong light absorbance. With no photophysic issues, gold nanoparticles are an alternative to fluorescent probes for use in biological systems. The PhACS method (Photothermal Absorption Correlation Spectroscopy) is used to study diffusion by measuring the autocorrelation of photothermal signal fluctuations due to nanoparticles passing through the detection volume. This method is sensitive enough to mesure the precise hydrodynamic diameter of functionalised nanoparticles. The SnaPT method (Single Nano-Particle Tracking) can track 2-dimensional motion of individual nanoparticles by pinpointing the localization with a triangulation method. The SNaPT method was used to study motion of alphaV-beta3 integrins that were bound to a 5 nm gold nanoparticle inside focal adhesion, where the cell cytoskeleton is linked to the extracullular matrix. The integrin was found to organize into clusters oscillating between the bound and diffuse states. These observations require new working models where integrins would be constantly redistributed
Ziegler, Cornelia. "Imagerie quantitative de l'assemblage de la NADPH oxydase des phagocytes en cellules vivantes par des approches FRET-FLIM." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS048/document.
Full textThe phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is a key enzyme of the immune system generating superoxide anions, which are precursors for other reactive oxygen species. Any dysfunctions of NOX2 are associated with a plethora of diseases and thus detailed knowledge about its regulation is needed. This oxidase is composed of five subunits, the membrane-bound gp91phox and p22phox and the cytosolic p47phox, p67phox, and p40phox. The latter are assumed to be in a ternary complex that translocates together with the small GTPase Rac to the membranous subunits during activation.Our aim was to discover and to characterize specific interactions of the cytosolic subunits of NOX2 in live cells using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based approach: Since FRET depends on the distance between two fluorophores, it can be used to reveal protein-protein interactions non-invasively by studying fluorescent protein tagged subunits. To have a rapid method on hand to reveal specific interactions, a flow cytometer based FRET approach was developed. For more detailed studies, FRET was measured by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), because it allows a direct determination of the apparent and molecular FRET efficiency, which contains both qualitative and quantitative information about the interaction and the structure of the interacting proteins. Furthermore, the FRET-FLIM approach enables an estimation of the fraction of bound donor. This information itself is important for a better understanding of the organisation and regulation of the NOX2, but it is also necessary for the calculation of the dissociation constant Kd from the FRET-FLIM data. To confirm the findings obtained by FRET-FLIM fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) experiments were performed. This completely independent method is not based on distances like FRET but on the observation of the co diffusion of the fluorescently labelled samples when they move across a small observation volume inside the cells.The FRET-FLIM approach allowed us in a first step to discover heterodimeric interactions between all cytosolic subunits in live cells. Due to the good precision of the results, we were able to extract structural information about the interactions and to compare them with available structural data obtained from in vitro studies. The information from FRET-FLIM was coherent with in vitro data. We then aligned the available structures leading to the first 3D model of the cytosolic complex of the NADPH oxidase in the resting state in live cells.Additionally, the bound fraction for all heterodimeric interactions derived by FRET-FLIM is around 20 %, which is in contrast to the general belief that all cytosolic subunits are bound in complex. The first FCCS results support our findings. Therefore, we believe that the complexation of the cytosolic subunits could be involved in the regulation of the NADPH oxidase and should be investigated further. The estimated Kd derived from the FRET-FLIM approach is in the low micomolar range, which is an order of a magnitude higher than the nanomolar range of in vitro studies.In conclusion, we showed that our quantitative FRET-FLIM approach is not only able to distinguish between specific and unspecific protein-protein interactions, but gives also information about the structural organisation of the interacting proteins. The high precision of the FRET-FLIM data allow the determination of the bound fraction and an estimation of the Kd in live cells. FCCS is a complementary method, which can verify these quantitative findings. However, it cannot replace FRET-FLIM completely as it does not give any structural information.With respect to the biological outcome of this project, we can propose for the first time a 3D-model of the cytosolic complex of the NADPH oxidase covering the in vitro as well as the live cell situation. Additionally, the small bound fraction found here may raise new ideas on the regulation of this vital enzyme
MOISAN, GAUTIER ISABELLE. "Suivi des interactions virus herpes simplex type-1 / cellules hotes par microscopies de fluorescence en cellules vivantes." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066170.
Full textDujardin, Antoine. "Atomic force microscopy usage in a context of multi-mode and multi-sample correlative measures on live cells." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I078/document.
Full textSoon after its development in the late 1980s, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has shown promising applications in the biomedical field. It now allows investigating biological samples from single molecules to living cells under conditions close to physiological. Despite its applicability to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, it is hampered by its low throughput. While heavily automated on some well-characterized samples in air, AFM automation in fluid is very scarce, especially at the multi-sample level. During this doctoral project, an automated approach was developed in fluid, on cells. After introducing the system and the developments required, we demonstrate the approach on fixed and living bacteria as well as on epithelial cells. The usage of multi-sample automation allows gathering a greater number of samples with limited user interaction. Finally, further developments are discussed to lead the path toward higher-scale AFM automation of live samples
Tramier, Marc. "Imagerie des déclins de fluorescence pour l'étude de la dynamique et des interactions de macromolécules en cellules vivantes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003477.
Full textBai, Jiachuan. "Deep learning augmented single molecule localization microscopy reconstruction : enhancing robustness and moving towards live cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS337.pdf.
Full textWhile microscopy has been a central technique for cell biology since centuries, it has long been limited by diffraction to a resolution of ~200-300 nm. As a consequence, many molecular structures, such as viruses, nuclear pores, or microtubules were left unresolved. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) offers a high spatial resolution (e.g., 20 nm or better), allowing to resolve biological structures at or near the molecular scale. However, SMLM acquisition necessitates acquiring many thousands of low-resolution frames, mostly limiting its applications to fixed cells or to structures undergoing slow dynamics. To overcome this limitation, Ouyang et al. (2018) developed a deep learning-based approach called ANNA-PALM that can reconstruct a super-resolution image from much fewer low-resolution frames. However, the original ANNA-PALM method faced several limitations. First, ANNA-PALM had only been trained and tested on images from our laboratory. Second, the method exhibits artifacts when applied to images obtained using different protocols or experimental conditions than the training data. Third, ANNA-PALM had only been demonstrated on fixed cells. The objectives of my Ph.D. thesis are to address these limitations by 1) improving the robustness of ANNA-PALM reconstructions when applied to data obtained from distinct laboratories and 2) extending ANNA-PALM to reconstruct super-resolved time-lapse image sequences for dynamic biologicalstructures in live cells. 1. Improving the robustness of ANNA PALM: an obvious approach to improve robustness is to retrain the model using a larger and more varied data set. However, SMLM datasets are not usually publicly accessible. To address this, our lab developed ShareLoc, an online platform (shareloc.xyz) that allows the gathering and reuse of SMLM datasets acquired by the microscopy community. I first validated the platform's functionalities, curated SMLM data, implemented a ShareLoc ontology, and wrote relevant documentation. Next, I took advantage of ShareLoc data to retrain ANNA-PALM on larger and more diverse images and quantitatively evaluated the image reconstruction quality compared to the original model. I demonstrated that the robustness and reconstruction quality of ANNA-PALM significantly improved, notably when applied to images of microtubules taken under biological perturbation conditions never seen by the model during training. 2. Extending ANNA-PALM to reconstruct super-resolution movies of moving structures in live cells: achieving high-quality super-resolution reconstructions of structural dynamics is challenging. To avoid motion blur, each frame of the reconstructed movie is defined from localizations in only a small number of consecutive low-resolution frames. This leads to a strong under-sampling of the structures by single molecule localization events and does not enable super-resolution. Although ANNA-PALM can reconstruct high-quality super-resolved images from under-sampled localization data, training ANNA-PALM for live cells is more difficult, because a clear ground truth is lacking. The absence of ground truth also makes it difficult to assess reconstruction quality. To address these challenges, I first developed a method to generate ground truth super-resolution movies from static SMLM images obtained from long acquisition sequences. I implemented and tested this strategy using both simulated and experimental SMLM images. Second, I extended the ANNA-PALM architecture to 3D data, where the third dimension is time, in order to incorporate temporal information. I used simulations of microtubule dynamics to quantitatively evaluate the reconstruction quality of this approach in comparison with the original 2D ANNA-PALM, and as function of structure velocity and localization rates. [...]
Carin, Muriel. "Etude microscopique et macroscopique des transferts de chaleur et de masse dans un procédé de congélation des cellules vivantes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11006.
Full textSilve, Aude. "Nouveaux dispositifs pour l'application contrôlée d'impulsions électriques nanosecondes et pour la détection de leurs effets sur les cellules : Nouveaux résultats et hypothèses sur les paramètres contrôlant l'électroperméabilisation des cellules biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684394.
Full textWoringer, Maxime. "Tools to analyze single-particle tracking data in mammalian cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS419.
Full textThis work aims at providing tools to dissect the regulation of transcription in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on single-particle tracking of transcription factors in mammalian cells. The nucleus of an eukeryotic cell is an extremely complex medium, that contains a high concentration of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and other small molecules (ATP, etc). How these molecules interact with transcription factors, and thus influence transcription rates is an area of intense investigations. Although some of these interactions can be captured by regular biochemistry, many of them, including weak, non-covalent interactions remain undetected by these methods. Live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking (SPT) techniques are increasingly used to characterize such effects. The inference of biophysical parameters of a given transcription factor (TF), such as its diffusion constant, the number of subpopulations or its residence time on DNA, are crucial to understanding how TF dynamics and transcription intertwine. Accurate and validated SPT analysis tools are needed. To be used by the community, SPT tools should not only be carefully validated, but also be easily accessible to non-programmers. They should also be designed to take into account known biases of the imaging techniques. In this work, we first propose a tool, accessible through a web interface, based on the modeling of the diffusion propagator. We validate it extensively and show that it exhibits state-of-the art performance. We apply this tool to two experimental settings: (1) the study of catalysis-enhanced diffusion in-vitro and (2) the analysis of the dynamics of the c-Myc transcription factor in mammalian cells
Chouinard, Julie. "Effets des LDL natives et oxydées sur l'évolution des propriétés biomécaniques des cellules endothéliales et imagerie des LDL par microscope à force atomique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1351.
Full textEwald, Maxime. "High speed bio atomic force microscopy : application à l'étude de la structure et dynamique d'assemblage supramoléculaires : étude des interactions au niveau de la cellule." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS043.
Full textThe atomic force microscope (AFM) made part of scanning near-field probe microscopy. Thanks to its versatility, many fields as physics, chemistry or biology use this technique. However, the field of investigation of the classical AFM microscope is limited temporally and spatially. Indeed, due to his scan speed limitation and surface interaction caracterisation limitation, studies of molecular dynamics and sub-surface elements are not possible. We show that the volume caracterisation is permitted using a non-destructive imaging method, called Scanning Near-Field by Ultrasound Holography (SNFUH). This tool developed for study in air and liquid has provided depth information as well as spatial resolution at the nanometer scale using resonant frequencies of about range of MHz. Calibration has been performed on samples of buried or not structures made by e-beam lithography and have been used to adjust the resonant frequency and understand the acoustic image formation (depth investigation and contrast in-version). We have developed a non-invasive and innovative tool of characterization for biology : he presents a huge potential for biological samples in terms of resolution and information. Classical AFM and acoustic SNFUH microscopes are time resolution limited. To overcome this time constraint, a prototype, High Speed Atomic Force Microscope (HS-AFM), has been developed by the team of Prof. T. Ando, Kanazawa University (Japan). It allows a scan rate at video speed, i.e. 25 frames/s, in liquid medium. We have improved the prototype, through a new generation of feedback control and increased the scan area. The resolution depends strongly of the probe used. Moreover a better image quality is obtained through the use of carbon tips on these cantilevers. Finally, we show our results obtained with these two microscopy techniques about biological buildings in liquid environment. Thereby, with the HS-AFM microscope, biomolecular dynamics have been visualized (e.g. protein-DNA structures) with nanometric resolution. Then a study about intracellular conformational changes of keratinocytes living cells in their physiological medium has been realized by acoustic microscopy SNFUH and show deterioration of biological components. All of these results provide new insights in biology field
Bélanger, Erik. "Développement et utilisation d'une plateforme d'imagerie optique quantitative, multimodale et non linéaire de la moelle épinière chez les animaux vivants." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24192.
Full textOptical microscopy in living animals is a promising research tool for the evolution of neurobiology. Intravital imaging offers a live preview of how individual cells respond to the nervous system damages. Applying in vivo microscopy to a panoply of transgenic mice used with different animal models of neurodegenerative diseases promotes the understanding of the progress of pathologies and the comprehension of how therapies work. It is thus essential to promote the emergence of optical microscopy technologies in living animals because it is a strategy with great potential. Therefore, the project described in this doctoral thesis focuses on the development and use of a microscopy platform for quantitative, multimodal and nonlinear imaging of the spinal cord in living animals. First, we alleviated the polarization dependence of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal intensity. This strategy makes images more amenable to histological interpretation. With this technique, we studied the histology of myelin in the rat spinal cord. Secondly, we proposed a new image analysis procedure compatible with live animals imaging in order to achieve the histology of myelinated axons. We quantified the demyelination proximal, and remyelination distal to the crush site ex vivo and in vivo respectively. Third, we showed that CARS imaging of the spinal cord in living mice can be achieved with a microendoscope, and this while maintaining compatibility with the two-photon excitation fluorescence signal. Finally, we discuss a digital image processing strategy that reduces imaging artifacts related to movement of the animal. This technique allows the histological study of myelin and the quantification of the motility of microglial cells in their native environment. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates that in vivo CARS microscopy progresses gradually towards a robust tool for research in neurobiology.
Förster, Matthias. "Évaluation de la pénétration cutanée des ingrédients de systèmes dispersés : utilisation combinée des cellules de diffusion et de la microscopie confocale Raman." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00865818.
Full textBlaising, Julie Élisabeth Françoise. "Étude des mécanismes moléculaires des inhibiteurs de l'entrée du virus de l'hépatite C (HCV) Silibinine et Arbidol : microenvironnement hépatique et infection par le HCV." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10235.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health concern infecting 170 million people worldwide. New antivirals recently received the approval for the treatment against HCV infection but they display many side effects. Research for new therapeutic targets therefore remains an important topic. My main work was to develop approaches in biochemistry and live cell imaging to study the molecular mechanisms of action of antivirals silibinin (SbN) and arbidol (ARB) on HCV infection. We show that SbN and ARB alter clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Viral particles are trapped in clathrin-positive structures and cannot be delivered to the early endosomal compartment, thereby preventing infection. SbN and ARB also prevent cell infection by viruses that enter through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which could explain their broad spectrum activity. I also contribute to a project initiated for a few months in the lab. We hypothsized that a molecule present in the immediate surrouding of the hepatocyte microenvironment could play a role in HCV infection. We focused on the syndecan-1 (SDC1) because it is essentially anchored on the surface of hepatocytes. We show that SDC1 depletion leads to a drastic decrease of the viral infectivity. SDC1 colocalizes on the unfected hepatocyte surface with the already identified HCV recptor CD81. This colocalization vanished within days in infected cells. These data suggest that SDC1 could act as a cellular co-factor for HCV entry, in combination with CD81; thus infection could reorganized molecules of the hepatocyte microenvironment and contribute to HCV hepatotropism and the peristence of infection
Kirsz, Michel. "Etude comparative des dents humaines fossiles et vivantes." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2OND2.
Full textGeorget, Virginie. "Dynamique intracellulaire du récepteur des androgènes dans une cellule vivante." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON1T025.
Full textMatheoud, Diana. "Présentation croisée par les cellules dendritiques à partir de cellules vivantes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066745.
Full textMarkova, Olga. "Les biosenseurs fluorescents pour l'analyse de cellules vivantes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22103.pdf.
Full textLes senseurs fluorescents deviennent un instrument puissant pour la mesure non-invasive de la concentration des ions intracellulaires et pour la localisation des protéines intracellulaires. Notre travail consiste à étudier les propriétés d'un senseurs C1- codés génétiquements, le 'C1-Sensor', qui est une construction CFP-YFP, et celles du 'Biosensor-GlyR', qui est un canal GlyR fusionné avec le C1-Sensor. Nous avons caractérisé les propriétés spectrales de ces senseurs, mesuré leurs sensibilité au C1- et évalué la [C1-]i dans des cellules CHO et des cultures hippocampales primaires. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous avons trouvé et décrit les caractéristiques temporelles et spatiales de la translocation de l'hippocalcin marqué par EYFP. Ce résultat laisse à penser que cette protéine permet de faire le décodage rapide des signaux calciques à des endroits spécifiques dans les neurones
David, Ariane. "Chorégraphie de ségrégation des deux chromosomes de Vibrio cholerae." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921394.
Full textRémy, Ingrid. "Visualisation des voies de signalisation intracellulaires dans les cellules vivantes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0032/NQ62104.pdf.
Full textCanetta, Elisabetta. "Micromanipulation de cellules vivantes par spectrométrie AFM : application au cancer." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10003.
Full textBatisse, Claire. "Caractérisation biochimique et structurale des RNases P et MRP chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804257.
Full textBarroca, Thomas. "Microscopie supercritique plein champ pour l’observation des membranes cellulaires." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066457.
Full textNumerous cell mechanisms involve membrane processes. The understanding of such processes is thus of crucial importance in biomedical applications. It explains the spectacular development of specific fluorescence imaging techniques like TIRF. We have developed an alternative full field imaging technique based on Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF). When fluorescent emitters are placed in the vicinity of the glass slide, their near-field components become propagative at supercritical angles. This supercritical emission sharply decays with the fluorophore/surface distance with a characteristic decay length of about 100 nm. Selecting the supercritical emission thus provides an efficient way to realize spatial filtering but unfortunately also lead to a significant loss of lateral resolution. To overcome this drawback, we propose to use the spatial coherence of each single fluorescent emitter to generate interferences in fluorescence using a subtraction between two images. We show that apply this method on SAF components allows us to obtain an axial confinement of 100 nm without any degradation of the lateral resolution in a full-field configuration. Moreover, this technique allows us to simultaneously follow dynamic events both at the surface and more in-depth. Finally, this method easily provides an additional surface imaging capability to any microscope without major modifications
Daigle, André. "Production d'un fromage à pâte ferme contenant des cellules vivantes de Bifidobacterium infantis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25545.pdf.
Full textDelbarre, Erwan. "Etude comparative de l' assemblage en cellules vivantes des lamines sauvages et mutées." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066398.
Full textLouvet, Emilie. "Dynamique et compartimentation de la machinerie de maturation des ARN ribosomiques en cellules vivantes." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S025.
Full textThe functional organisation of the nucleus depends on machineries that are distributed in domains named nuclear bodies. To understand how this distribution is regulated we have chosen the nucleolus as example. We have focused our attention on traffic and compartmentation of the rRNA processing machinery during interphase and mitosis. To follow proteins in living cells we have used microscopy technologies such as: FRAP, videomicroscopy and tdFLIM-FRET. A reversible system capable of disconnecting the processing from the transcription machineries during interphase permitted us to show that the processing machinery can be disconnected from the transcription sites and accumulates in nuclear masses originating from the nucleolar granular component. We named these granular masses. This reversible process permitted us to study reformation of the nucleolus. In control cells and in an assay using permeabilized cells set up in the laboratory, we have shown that nucleolar reformation depends on ATP hydrolysis and that CK2 is involved in nucleolar compartmentation. At the exit of mitosis, we have shown that early and late processing machineries pass through the same PNB. The convergence of the machineries in a single site could be at the origin of PNB formation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that Nop52 and B23 interact in the same PNB. For this reason, we propose that PNB are preassembly platforms for rRNA processing complexes
Grégoire, Antoine. "Design et étude d'un dispositif holographique monolithique, compact et portatif pour l'imagerie de cellules vivantes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37883.
Full textompact off-axis holographic lensless microscope capable of non-invasively imaging weakly scattering biological samples for on the field applications is designed. The technique allows to reconstruct both the phase and intensity of a sample-diffracted wavefront. The dimensioning of the proposed device depends on both the illumination shining the sample and the physical constraint associated with acquisition device. Hence, FDTD simulations are used in order to ascertain the smallest usable scattered field. Using proper propagation methods, the diffracted field is used to generate a numerical hologram emulating the sensor’s sampling rate. Such hologram is then numerically reconstructed in order to retrieve the object and compare it with the former. For instance, a 5 mm diameter bead diffraction field is obtained via FDTD simulation. As it is magnified by a factor Gy = 20, its reconstruction retrieves a magnified bead of 107.22 mm in diameter. The proposed pipeline thus paves the way for the study of modelled biological sample usable scattered field for holographic applications. Moreover, the proposed compact lensless device using an optical fiber coupler attains an off-axis visibility of V = 0:8435 as this last is limited by coherent noise. The study of the microscope attainable magnification and resolution shows that it is limited by the sampling rate of the used acquistion device, and that is, albeit zero-padding interpolation could provide smaller than a pixel size detail resolution for DFFT propagation. Lastly, the designed device is capable of quantitative phase imaging. The reconstructed thickness of a glass phase target (n = 1:52) is of d = 149±23 nm which is in good agreement with the expected value of 150 nm.
Boutin, Céline. "Spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence pour l'étude de la diffusion membranaire dans les cellules vivantes." Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0019.
Full textFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is used to probe the dynamic of molecular dyes. In particular, FCS is well adapted to investigate diffusion processes. Thus, such spectroscopic approach was suitable to study the diffusion of rhodamine-6G near a controlled interface in term of hydrophobicity degree. Finally, we have shown that rhodamin-6G is strongly attracted by hydrophobic surfaces. A study of membrane fluidity in living cells has also been conducted. It related to the multidrugs resistance (MDR) phenomena in cancer research. So, we clearly reveal the higher heterogeneity of plasma membrane in MDR cells in comparison with the sensitive ones. The effect of specific and non specific membrane agents allowed us to display the presence of distinct membrane “domain” linked to the resistance. Finally, an instrumental development based on FRET was proposed in order to strongly reduce the axial elongation of the confocal volume. Through a surface functionalization and an appropiate plasma membrane labelling, we have highlighted cell adhesion on surfaces, which enabled us to perform first local FCS measurements on cells
Lombard, Alain. "QuanTI-FRET, un outil d'imagerie pour l'analyse de la mécanotransduction dans les cellules vivantes uniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY055.
Full textMany elementary cellular processes (migration, differentiation, death) are controled by a set of agents linked together by cascade reactions. Some of these signaling networks convert mechanical signals external to the cell into internal biochemical signals, a process called mechanotransduction. We seek to study these networks through a signal processing approach, in order to experimentally determine an analogous of the transfer function in time and space for mechanotransduction.Controlling the input variable is done by different type of 2D substrates which have been developped, from the simple glass surface, the adherent geometrical patterns, to the magneto-active substrates (composed of micro-pillars inserted into an elastomer) capable of stimulating locally and dynamically the cells.Measuring the biochemical output variable is done by FRET biosensors. The fluorescence emitted is collected through an inverted widefield fluorescence microscope. We set up the quantitative FRET efficiency calculus from this fluorescence without using FRET standards. It gives access to the activity in space and time of some molecules of network signalisation.Some tools are finally presented as potential candidates to perform the transfer function, among them are combination of correlation methods, and singular value decomposition used in acousto-optics. Combiantion of these tools and methods remains complex, particularly to highlight a biological behaviour from a quantitative quantity. The first use of these tools do not give any biological result, but are promising to study mechanotransduction
Kurzawa, Laetitia. "Développement de biosenseurs peptidiques fluorescents pour la détection des Cdk-cyclines dans les cellules vivantes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20086.
Full textCdk-cyclins represent key regulators of cell cycle progression among superior eukaryotes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations involving oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes are often associated with aberrant expression or activation of Cdks, leading to the sustained proliferation of cells and by the way to the development of cancers. Despite the oncogenic and therapeutic relevance of these proteins, their detection has so far remained limited to indirect and invasive methods. My Ph.D. thesis work aimed in this context at developing peptidic fluorescent biosensors that specifically recognize Cdk-cyclins. Combined to cell-penetrating peptides, the biosensor was efficiently delivered into cells. Following the development of the signal ratiometric quantification, the relative abundance of endogenous Cdk-cyclins was directly evaluated in living cells. Two other variants, that are more specific towards specific Cdk-cyclin complexes, were also designed. Finally, the development of novel versions of the biosensor allowed us to evaluate its biodistribution in vivo and to set up a cell-based assay to screen small molecules having an effect on Cdk-cyclin relative abundance
Safi, Malak. "Nanoparticules inorganiques et nanofils magnétiques : toxicité et étude physique des interactions avec les cellules vivantes." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077029.
Full textThe inorganic nanoparticles, due to their size (< 100 nm) are being used in a wide range of applications including industries (cosmetics, automotive. . . ) and biomedicine (cancer therapy, drug delivery. . . ). However, the toxicity of these nanoparticles and their impact on the environment and possible health risks have not yet been fully evaluated. The evaluation of the toxicity appears to be difficult, considering the existence of different parameters such as the chemical composition of the nanoparticles, their size, their surface, their morphology, their uptake, and the type of targeted cells. The objective of our work is the study of the toxicity of these nanoparticles, and their interactions with living cells. We especially study the effects of the chemical composition, the coating, and the shape of the cerium oxide (CeO₂), iron oxide (y-Fe₂O₃), and the nanostructured materials synthesized from these particles. The cellular viability assays showed that the uptake inside mammalian cells and the toxicity depend on the nature of the particle, and also on the type of coating. Indeed, the polymers of weak molecular weight, adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles are more stable than the classic ligands and make them stealth. Surprisingly, despite their shape and length, the magnetic nanowires synthesized from y-Fe₂O₃), are taken up by the cells. Their biocompatibility and their biodegradability pave the way for applications in biophysics and nanomedicine
Ouedraogo, Gladys. "Étude des mécanismes et cibles cellulaires de la phototoxicité des fluoroquinolones : l'approche microspectrofluorimétrique sur cellules vivantes." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0027.
Full textClaverie, Léa. "Dynamique d'échange de la dynamine mesurée dans les cellules vivantes pendant la formation de vésicules d'endocytose." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0053.
Full textClathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) from the plasma membrane, is an essential process in eukaryotic cells. During CME, the GTPase dynamin is recruited to the neck of nascent CCV where it oligomerizes into helical filaments. Conformational changes induced by the hydrolysis of GTP catalyze the scission of the vesicle neck. This process has been studied in detail with in vitro reconstitution on membrane tubules but it needs to be established in living cells, where interactions between dynamin and other proteins such as amphiphysin are critical. Live cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging with the pulsed pH (ppH) assay allows the detection of CCV formation with high spatial (~100 nm) and temporal (2 s) resolutions. It has revealed that dynamin is recruited to maturing clathrin-coated pits (CCP) in two phases with a peak at the time of scission but the parameters of its recruitment in living cells remain unclear. To determine these parameters, we have performed live cell imaging of dynamin recruitment at collective and single molecule levels during acute perturbations of its function. My PhD results showed that dynamin is recruited to the plasma membrane, diffuses outside of CCP and is trapped at CCP. Furthermore, we determined with mutated dynamins that (1) the PRD domain of dynamin is crucial for its recruitment at CCP; (2) the PH domain is important for vesicular scission but not for recruitment to CCP or to the plasma membrane. Finally, I observed that dynamin exchanges with an extra-CCP pool at all times: this would allow for its further recruitment by addition of new binding sites and its ability to narrow the vesicle neck after GTP hydrolysis. Altogether, these data suggest that in CCP dynamin molecules (1) are constantly exchanged; (2) diffuse at similar rates throughout the entire process of vesicle formation, from maturation until scission; and (3) that dynamin’s GTPase activity contributes to CCP maturation and scission
MORALES, POIREL NATHALIE. "Comportement de la sonde fluorescente tma-dph en interaction avec les cellules vivantes aux fortes concentrations." Strasbourg 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR15061.
Full textBilodeau, Philippe. "Mesure par microscopie holographique numérique des propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37528.
Full textThe study of viscoelastic properties of whole-cell by optical microscopy allows one to obtain unique information on cell features. It is all the more important to assess those properties all along cultured cell maturation to extract information on its development and health. However, a vast majority of imaging techniques require a marking agent, whilst methods to measure viscoelastic properties are equally invasive. The use of digital holographic microscopy is proposed, since this method allows to image cell culture in real-time without a marking technique and provides quantitative images. Moreover, digital holographic microscopy provides screening deformation at nanoscopic scale induced on cells, without physical contact between the cells and an external instrument. The goal of this project is to develop shear flow assays allowing precise and non-invasive measurements of whole-cell viscoelastic properties. Cell deformation responses caused by the fluid shear stress are interpreted by viscoelastic models where rigidity and viscosity constants are extracted for the whole cell culture simultaneously. Results have shown that shear flow assays allow non-invasive whole-cell measurements of viscoelastic properties. A significant difference between cell properties of NIH 3T3, HEK 293T/17 and neurons have been found. The rigidity constant E1 and the viscosity constant h2 from Standard and Burgers models are viscoelastic properties to be used to discriminate those cell type.
Mathieu, Julien. "Modélisation et conception d'un système de mesure de comportement électrique de cellules vivantes: Application aux Epitheliums intestinaux." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422252.
Full textMathieu, Julien. "Modélisation et conception d'un système de mesure de comportement électrique de cellules vivantes : application aux épithéliums intestinaux." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0018/document.
Full textWith electrical parameters such as the short circuit current, the transepithelial voltage and the conductance it is possible to study electrogenic transport across biological barriers. These measurements can be useful for the study of a molecule on the basis of its crossing behavior and its action on the epithelium properties, its dose effect relationship and its comparison with known molecules. The purpose of this work was to achieve an automated device which can measure these three electrical parameters. The used measurement principle is based on the Ussing’s chamber. This principle consists in mounting a biological tissue between two half chambers in order to isolate its mucosal side from its serous side and to measure its electrical parameters using working electrodes and reference electrodes. The study led to the design of a modified Ussing’s chamber which improves the fluid flow and the electric current density through the biological tissue. Stainless steel electrodes have been also studied in order to demonstrate their potential use in the chamber. The measurement principle is based on a controller synthesized from a simplified transfer function model. A more accurate model of the interfaces with various tissues was carried out by impedance spectroscopy and was used for the controller’s simulation and calibration. The results were checked with a reference system and allow to consider the proposed method as an improvement of the Ussing’s chamber
Cardot, Philippe. "Separation de cellules vivantes du sang humain par la technique de fractionnement par couplage flux-force gravitationnelle." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066119.
Full textStaub, Martial. ""cellules vivantes" et "fictions administratives" : histoire sociale des paroisses a nuremberg a la fin du moyen age." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100168.
Full textThis study focuses on nuremberg's two parishes, saint sebald and saint lawrence, until the onset of the reformation. It takes as its starting point andre vauchez's observation - the history of medieval religion has bifurcated into a history of ecclesiastical institutions and a history of religious life -, pleads for an "histoire-problemes" style approach, and apprehends concretely the parish through the angle of the "statutory contract" (max weber). To do so, it redefines the nature of the jurisdiction which the late medieval parish underlay. Once it has defined late medieval parish jurisdiction as incitative rather than coercive in nature, the study moves on to examine, first, how the faithfuls in the two parishes of nuremberg could possibly guarantee to one another a "statutory" bond, second, how in the lack of specific institutions, this form of solidarity was able to last generation after generation. Such a solidarity could hardly exist otherwise than in works of piety performed within the parish's framework, with a degree of generosity superogatory vis-a-vis that prescribed (e. G. , by indulgences). The absence of reaction at their supression when the reformation came to nuremberg is surprising, and allows to account for elements which had fulfilled until then to create continuity. Once established the existence of parish solidarities in saint sebald and saint lawrence, it becomes possible to show how nuremberg's various solidarities insured, analogically as it were, the parish statutory contract's continuity. On the basis of the same reasoning the genesis of a true "civic religion" bore in itself the later reformation. Yet one had to evaluate the share which the parish administration's "institutions" - curateships, fabric funds as well as associations of clerics - might have played, if only because these are the institutions which have transmitted our sources. In order to solve this problem, this study of nuremberg's late medieval parishes goes from the documentary transmission to the way in which the parish administration's institutions represented themselves. In so doing, it seeks to suggest a different way of approaching the sources
EMMANUEL, FLORENCE. "Conception d'une molecule pour l'etude de l'internalisation dans les cellules vivantes. Double marquage fluorescent de la ricine." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077164.
Full textCardot, Philippe. "Séparation de cellules vivantes du sang humain par la technique de fractionnement par couplage flux-force gravitationnelle." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612390p.
Full textMathieu, Julien Mammar Said Eto Bruno. "Modélisation et conception d'un système de mesure de comportement électrique de cellules vivantes application aux épithéliums intestinaux /." S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0018.pdf.
Full textHayek, Ali. "Ingénierie, synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux chromophores absorbants multiphotoniques : Applications en imagerie biologique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/HAYEK_Ali_2006.pdf.
Full textCellular imaging is more and more used for the investigation of cells structures, functions and communications. For that purpose, fluorescence confocal microscopy has become a routine technique since it permits to investigate the details of a variety of physiological behaviors in the cell. More recently two-photon excited microscopy (TPEM) has emerged in biomedical research, for example in cellular and small animal imaging. This method takes advantages of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of chromophores: the emission occurs only at the focal point of the laser (quadratic dependence upon intensity) and the laser used induces a low bleaching out of focus (use of IR light instead of the more energetic UV light). Wide efforts are therefore being undertaken in order to develop chromophores with high two-photon absorption cross-section (σ2), good fluorescence efficiency, and low bleaching. The aim of our research is the elaboration and characterization of new water-soluble chromophores, optimized for two-photon induced fluorescence in biological systems for bio-imaging. This technique (TPEM) can be combined to other type of imaging like the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or some kind of therapy like Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). For these aims, chromophores containing paramagnetic atom (gadolinium in our case) and boron atoms were designed, synthesized an characterized