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Journal articles on the topic 'Microscopic extension'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Song, T., X. H. Wang, and L. M. Yang. "Microscopic Extension of IBM Beyond Valence Shells." Communications in Theoretical Physics 9, no. 4 (June 1988): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/9/4/437.

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2

Kobraei, H. R., and B. R. Anderson. "Extension of microscopic theory of nucleation to macroscopic clusters." Journal of Chemical Physics 94, no. 1 (January 1991): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460325.

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3

Yamada, Erika, Hiroyoshi Akutsu, Hiroyoshi Kino, Shuho Tanaka, Hidetaka Miyamoto, Takuma Hara, Masahide Matsuda, Shingo Takano, Akira Matsumura, and Eiichi Ishikawa. "Combined simultaneous endoscopic endonasal and microscopic transventricular surgery using a port retractor system for giant pituitary adenoma: A technical case report." Surgical Neurology International 12 (March 8, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_826_2020.

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Background: We report a case of a giant pituitary adenoma with marked extension into the third ventricle that was successfully removed using combined simultaneous endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) and microscopic transventricular port surgery. Case Description: A 47-year-old woman, who complained of memory disturbance, had a giant pituitary adenoma with marked extension into the third ventricle that was causing obstructive hydrocephalus. She underwent combined EES and microscopic transventricular surgery using a port retractor system. Most of the tumor was resected from the EES side with assistance from the transcranial side with minimum cortical trajectory damage. The tumor was completely excised without any complications. Conclusion: For giant pituitary adenoma with marked extension into the third ventricle, combined simultaneous EES and transventricular surgery using a port retractor system is effective to maximize the extent of tumor resection while also preventing complications. Using port surgery on the transcranial side, microscopic secure dissection is possible with minimum additional cortical damage.

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4

Hoffman, Mitchel S., Sivaselvi Gunesakaran, Hector Arango, Steven DeCesare, James V. Fiorica, Michael Parsons, and Denis Cavanagh. "Lateral Microscopic Extension of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva." Gynecologic Oncology 73, no. 1 (April 1999): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1998.5271.

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5

Cao, Bing-Yang, Miroslav Grmela, Zeng-Yuan Guo, Yu-Chao Hua, and Ben-Dian Nie. "Two Temperature Extension of Phonon Hydrodynamics." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 45, no. 3 (July 26, 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2020-0029.

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AbstractPhonon hydrodynamics uses the fields of the total energy and the heat flux as state variables. We extend it by promoting the microscopic internal energy field into the status of an extra independent state variable. The governing equations of both the phonon and the extended (two temperature) phonon hydrodynamics are formulated as particular realizations of the abstract GENERIC equation. Such unified formulation makes both theories manifestly compatible with mechanics and thermodynamics. Also differences and similarities (in the physical content, in the mathematical structure, and in qualitative properties of solutions) between the two heat transfer theories, as well as their mutual compatibility, become manifestly displayed.

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6

Tohsaki, Akihiro. "New microscopic model for dilute alpha-gas states and its extension." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 321 (September 16, 2011): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/321/1/012032.

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7

Iwasawa, T., Yukichi Tanaka, Noriko Aida, Shigeharu Okuzumi, Hirokazu Nishihira, and Gen Nishimura. "Microscopic intraosseous extension of osteosarcoma: assessment on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI." Skeletal Radiology 26, no. 4 (April 16, 1997): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050224.

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8

Salguero, F. J., J. Belderbos, J. Stroom, and J. J. Sonke. "Significance of Microscopic Disease Extension in Regional Control of Lung Cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 84, no. 3 (November 2012): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.088.

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9

QUEK, MARCUS L., JOHN P. STEIN, PETER E. CLARK, SIAMAK DANESHMAND, GUS MIRANDA, JIE CAI, SUSAN GROSHEN, et al. "Microscopic and Gross Extravesical Extension in Pathological Staging of Bladder Cancer." Journal of Urology 171, no. 2 (February 2004): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000108664.39035.51.

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10

Johnson, G. A., G. A. Livesay, S. L.-Y. Woo, and K. R. Rajagopal. "A Single Integral Finite Strain Viscoelastic Model of Ligaments and Tendons." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795963.

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A general continuum model for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of soft biological tissues was formulated. This single integral finite strain (SIFS) model describes finite deformation of a nonlinearly viscoelastic material within the context of a three-dimensional model. The specific form describing uniaxial extension was obtained, and the idea of conversion from one material to another (at a microscopic level) was then introduced to model the nonlinear behavior of ligaments and tendons. Conversion allowed different constitutive equations to be used for describing a single ligament or tendon at different strain levels. The model was applied to data from uniaxial extension of younger and older human patellar tendons and canine medial collateral ligaments. Model parameters were determined from curve-fitting stress-strain and stress-relaxation data and used to predict the time-dependent stress generated by cyclic extensions.

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11

Spencer, M. Loreto, Antonio Galvao Neto, Gregory N. Fuller, and Mario A. Luna. "Intracranial Extension of Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 780–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-780-ieoacc.

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Abstract We report the case of a 47-year-old woman who experienced multiple recurrences of acinic cell carcinoma, lung metastasis, and intracranial extension of the tumor during a 32-year period. In this report, the clinical, microscopic, histochemical, and electron microscopy features of this acinic cell carcinoma are described, and a review of published information about this neoplasm is presented.

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12

Lin, Sijie, Monika Mortimer, Ran Chen, Aleksandr Kakinen, Jim E. Riviere, Thomas P. Davis, Feng Ding, and Pu Chun Ke. "NanoEHS beyond toxicity – focusing on biocorona." Environmental Science: Nano 4, no. 7 (2017): 1433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6en00579a.

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We believe continued development of the field of environmental health and safety of nanomaterials (nanoEHS) hinges on a critical extension from reporting macroscopic and microscopic phenomena to understanding nano-biomolecular interactions.

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13

Bardet, Stéphane, Renaud Ciappuccini, Elske Quak, Jean-Pierre Rame, David Blanchard, Dominique de Raucourt, Emmanuel Babin, Jean-Jacques Michels, Dominique Vaur, and Natacha Heutte. "Prognostic Value of Microscopic Lymph Node Involvement in Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1199.

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Abstract Context: The impact of microscopic nodal involvement on the risk of persistent/recurrent disease (PRD) remains controversial in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the risk of PRD and the 4-year outcome in PTC patients according to their initial nodal status [pNx, pN0, pN1 microscopic (cN0/pN1) or pN1 macroscopic (cN1/pN1)]. Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Patients: The study included 305 consecutive PTC patients referred for radioiodine ablation from 2006 to 2011. Main Outcome Measure: We evaluated the risk of structural PRD and the disease status at the last follow-up. At ablation, persistent disease was consistently assessed by using post-radioiodine ablation scintigraphy combining total body scan and neck and thorax single-photon computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) acquisition. Results: Of 305 patients, 128 (42%) were pNx, 84 (28%) pN0, 44 (14%) pN1 microscopic, and 49 (16%) pN1 macroscopic. The 4-year cumulative risk of PRD was higher in pN1 macroscopic than in pN1 microscopic patients (49% vs 24%, P = .03), and higher in pN1 microscopic than in pN0 (12%, P = .01) or pNx patients (6%, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, tumor size of 20 mm or greater [relative risk (RR) 3.4; P = .0001], extrathyroid extension (RR 2.6; P < .003), pN1 macroscopic (RR 4.5; P < .0001), and pN1 microscopic (RR 2.5; P < .02) were independent risk factors for PRD. At the last visit, the proportion of patients with no evidence of disease decreased from pNx (98%), pN0 (93%), and pN1 microscopic (89%) to pN1 macroscopic patients (70%) (P < .0001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Extrathyroid extension (odds ratio 9.7; P < .0001) and N1 macroscopic (OR 4.9; P < .001) independently predicted persistent disease at the last visit, but N1 microscopic did not. Conclusions: Patients with microscopic lymph node involvement present an intermediate outcome between that observed in pN0-pNx patients and pN1 macroscopic patients. These data may justify modifications to the risk recurrence staging systems.

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14

Park, Ji Su, Jae Won Chang, Lihua Liu, Seung-Nam Jung, and Bon Seok Koo. "Clinical implications of microscopic extrathyroidal extension in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma." Oral Oncology 72 (September 2017): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.02.008.

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15

Raso, Dominic S. "MICROSCOPIC DEMONSTRATION OF INTRADUCTAL EXTENSION OF SILICONE FROM A RUPTURED BREAST IMPLANT." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 92, no. 1 (July 1993): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199307000-00043.

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16

Michel, B., Thomas Helfer, I. Ramière, and C. Esnoul. "3D Continuum Damage Approach for Simulation of Crack Initiation and Growth in Ceramic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.155.

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This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of crack initiation and growth in ceramic materials. This work is devoted to nuclear fuel modelling under irradiation and more precisely to fuel pellet fragmentation assessment at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Simulation tools are developed in the framework of a cooperative program between the CEA, EDF and AREVA devoted to a unified fuel performance software environment called PLEIADES. A smeared crack model is proposed to have a continuous description of crack nucleation and growth at macroscopic scale. This unified description is based on crack extension process from the microscopic scale up to the macroscopic scale. In order to deal with unstable crack extension a specific algorithm is proposed to solve the quasi static nonlinear mechanical problem. A 3D application is presented to illustrate performances and robustness of the smeared crack approach to simulate crack extension in nuclear fuel ceramics. In this application with an internal pressure loading a new methodology is proposed in order to avoid convergence problem due to the indetermination of the quasi static formulation of a softening material equilibrium under Neumann boundary condition.

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17

Galajinsky, Anton V. "Remarks on N = 4 Superconformal Extension of the Calogero Model." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 21 (July 10, 2003): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303011241.

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Recently it was conjectured by Gibbons and Townsend that the large n limit of an N = 4 superconformal extension of the n-particle Calogero model might provide a microscopic description of the extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole near the horizon. In this paper a possibility to construct an SU(1,1|2) invariant extension of the Calogero model is considered. We treat in detail the two-particle case and comment on some peculiarities intrinsic to n > 2 generalizations.

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18

Silva Filho, Antonio Cordeiro da, Tamara Oliveira Rocha, Jorge Elias Jr, Marcus Vinicius de Castro Barros, Alfredo Ribeiro Silva, Rodolfo Borges dos Reis, and Valdair Francisco Muglia. "Value of adding the apparent diffusion coefficient to capsular contact for the prediction of extracapsular extension in prostate cancer." Radiologia Brasileira 53, no. 6 (December 2020): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0123.

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Abstract Objective: To determine whether evaluating the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) together with capsular contact (CC) adds value in the prediction of microscopic extracapsular extension (ECE) of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Between January 2012 and December 2016, 383 patients underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate. A total of 67 patients were selected for inclusion. Two radiologists (observers 1 and 2), working independently, performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of ECE, macroscopic ECE, and microscopic ECE. A third radiologist assessed the correlation with the clinical data, and two experienced pathologists reviewed all histopathological findings. Results: Among the 67 patients, mpMRI showed lesions that were confined to the capsule in 44 (66.7%), had microscopic ECE in 12 (17.9%), and had macroscopic ECE in 11 (16.4%). There were no significant differences, in terms of the diagnostic accuracy, as measured by determining the area under the curve (AUC), of CC on T2-weighted images (CCT2), CC on diffusion-weighted imaging (CCDWI), and the mean ADC for the prediction of microscopic ECE, between observer 1 (AUC of 0.728, 0.691, and 0.675, respectively) and observer 2 (AUC of 0.782, 0.821, and 0.799, respectively). Combining the mean ADC with the CCT2 or CCDWI did not improve the diagnostic accuracy for either observer. There was substantial interobserver agreement for the qualitative evaluation of ECE, as demonstrated by the kappa statistic, which was 0.77 (0.66-0.87). The diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of the qualitative assessment for predicting microscopic ECE was 0.745 for observer 1 and 0.804 for observer 2, and the difference was less than significant. In a multivariate analysis, none of clinical or imaging parameters were found to be associated with ECE. Conclusion: For the detection of microscopic ECE on mpMRI, CC appears to have good diagnostic accuracy, especially if the observer has considerable experience. Adding the mean ADC to the CCT2 or CCDWI does not seem to provide any significant improvement in that diagnostic accuracy.

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19

Selman, Warren R., Edward R. Laws, Bernd W. Scheithauer, and Sandra M. Carpenter. "The occurrence of dural invasion in pituitary adenomas." Journal of Neurosurgery 64, no. 3 (March 1986): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.3.0402.

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✓ This report describes 60 dural specimens from patients with pituitary adenomas treated by transsphenoidal microsurgery, and attempts to define more precisely the clinical and pathological correlation of microscopic dural invasion. Analysis of the adenomas was based on four characteristics; size, surgical invasiveness (based on the surgeon's assessment of involvement by tumor of bone, dura, or cavernous sinus), histological evidence of invasion, and immunohistochemical staining characteristics. The incidence of surgical invasiveness (24 cases, 40%) was greater than previously reported, but most important was the frequent occurrence of microscopic dural invasion (51 cases, 85%). There was a clear progression of microscopic evidence of dural invasion with increasing tumor size: 69%, 88%, and 94% of the dural specimens from microadenomas, macroadenomas, and tumors with suprasellar extension, respectively, showed microscopic dural invasion. A correlation of invasiveness with immunohistochemical classification of tumor type was not evident.

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20

Akcasu, A. Ziya. "Microscopic derivation and extension of the Cahn-Hilliard-Cook theory in polymer blends." Macromolecules 22, no. 9 (September 1989): 3682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00199a030.

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21

Kara, Murat, Erkan Dikmen, Dalokay Kılıç, Serpil Dizbay Sak, Diclehan Orhan, Serdal Kenan Köse, and Şevket Kavukçu. "Prognostic implications of microscopic proximal bronchial extension in non-small cell lung cancer." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 74, no. 2 (August 2002): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(02)03708-6.

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22

Pierce, Lori J., Harold A. Oberman, Myla H. Strawderman, and Allen S. Lichter. "Microscopic extracapsular extension in the axilla: Is this an indication for axillary radiotherapy?" International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 33, no. 2 (September 1995): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(95)00081-9.

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23

Leonard, Gurgas, Doru-Popescu Nelu, Hangan Tony, Chirila Sergiu, Moroianu Olimpia, and Roşoiu Natalia. "Electron Microscopy Study of Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma." ARS Medica Tomitana 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2018-0017.

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Abstract The electron microscopic study represent the changes in the skin layers in the malignant tumor, the nodular basal cell epithelioma. Comparisons were made between normal cells found in the normal skin at the periphery of the tumor, the cells located near the tumor and the tumors located in the depth of the carcinoma. The microscopic analysis of the tumor formation revealed the characteristics of the pigmented nodular basal cell epitheliu. To the exterior of the carcinoma were evidenced numerous globular formations limiting the peripheral extension of the tumor, which explains its evolution in years.

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24

Kim, Jungchul, Myoung-Woon Moon, and Ho-Young Kim. "Dynamics of hemiwicking." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 800 (June 29, 2016): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.386.

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Hemiwicking refers to the spreading of a liquid on a rough hydrophilic surface driven by capillarity. Here, we construct scaling laws to predict the velocity of hemiwicking on a rough substrate and experimentally corroborate them with various arrangements and dimensions of micropillar arrays. At the macroscopic scale, where the wetting front appears parallel to the free surface of the reservoir, the wicking distance is shown to grow diffusively, i.e. like $t^{1/2}$ with $t$ being time. We show that our model is consistent with pillar arrays of a wide range of pitch-to-height ratios, either square or skewed. At the microscopic scale, where the meniscus extension from individual pillars at the wetting front is considered, the extension distance begins to grow like $t$ but the spreading slows down to behave like $t^{1/3}$ when the meniscus is far from the pillar. Our microscopic flow modelling allows us to find pillar spacing conditions under which the assumption of densely spaced pillars is valid.

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25

Sokołowski, Stefan, and Orest Pizio. "Density functional theory for the microscopic structure of nanoparticles at the liquid–liquid interface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 6 (2019): 3073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07449f.

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We propose an extension of the density functional approach to study the structure and thermodynamic properties of a system comprising a certain amount of nanoparticles at the interface between two partially miscible liquids.

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26

Chao, K. Kenneth, Neal S. Goldstein, Di Yan, Carlos E. Vargas, Michel I. Ghilezan, Howard J. Korman, Kenneth M. Kernen, et al. "Clinicopathologic analysis of extracapsular extension in prostate cancer: Should the clinical target volume be expanded posterolaterally to account for microscopic extension?" International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 65, no. 4 (July 2006): 999–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.02.039.

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27

CHAO, K., L. KESTIN, N. GOLDSTEIN, C. VARGAS, D. YAN, F. VICINI, and A. MARTINEZ. "Clinicopathologic analysis of extracapsular extension in prostate cancer: Should the clinical target volume be expanded posterolaterally to account for microscopic extension." International Journal of Radiation OncologyBiologyPhysics 60 (September 2004): S265—S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(04)01315-x.

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28

Chao, K. K., L. L. Kestin, N. S. Goldstein, C. E. Vargas, D. Yan, F. A. Vicini, and A. A. Martinez. "Clinicopathologic analysis of extracapsular extension in prostate cancer: Should the clinical target volume be expanded posterolaterally to account for microscopic extension." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 60, no. 1 (September 2004): S265—S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.044.

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29

Dudáková, Simona, Michal Benko, Boris Lacsný, and Aba Teleki. "MICROSCOPIC MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE INCREASE AND ITS VERIFICATION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 19, 2016): 888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.872.

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Knowledge growth models, based on primary principles, play a fundamental role in the cognitive sciences. The authors submit an extension of their model (ENKI) from 2005, with the results of the practical testing, which was performed using the method developed for the purpose of model ENKI of solving tasks with immediate feedback. This was applied to the curriculum of parallel configuration of resistors in electrical circuits. There were 73 pupils from six elementary schools in attendance for testing. Analysis based on ENKI indicates that three autonomous units (scopes) were evaluated simultaneously during the assessment. Results showed that 25% of pupils knew the curriculum, 9% of pupils showed no improvement, while 66% of pupils showed an increased success in accordance with the ENKI model (significance level ). Solving 7.2 typical tasks on average, by a method of immediate feedback resulted in 90% of the pupils mastering the curriculum.

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30

OHORI, M., S. EGAWA, K. SHINOHARA, T. M. WHEELER, and P. T. SCARDINO. "Detection of microscopic extracapsular extension prior to radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer." British Journal of Urology 74, no. 1 (July 1994): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1994.tb16550.x.

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31

Grills, Inga S., Dwight L. Fitch, Neal S. Goldstein, Di Yan, Gary W. Chmielewski, Robert J. Welsh, and Larry L. Kestin. "Clinicopathologic Analysis of Microscopic Extension in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Defining Clinical Target Volume for Radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 69, no. 2 (October 2007): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.023.

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32

Yang, L. M., T. Song, and X. H. Wang. "Microscopic treatment of shape coexistence in even-even nuclei and related extension of IBM." Physics Letters B 175, no. 1 (July 1986): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90320-5.

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33

Bison, Katarzyna-Maria, Jens Wendler, Gerard J. M. Versteegh, and Helmut Willems. "<i>Tetratropis terrina</i> sp. nov., a new calcareous dinoflagellate cyst from the Upper Campanian <i>polyplocum</i> zone of Lägerdorf (NW Germany)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.23.2.127.

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Abstract. A new calcareous dinoflagellate cyst species, Tetratropis terrina sp. nov., with an apparent stratigraphically narrow range is described from the Upper Campanian Bostrychoceras polyplocum zone of the Lägerdorf chalk sequence (NW Germany). The electron microscopic and light microscopic analyses show that T. terrina has both a pithonelloid wall type with uniformly inclined wall crystallites and a reduced peridiniacean paratabulation pattern. The prominent morphological similarities of T. terrina to the other two Tetratropis species (T. patina and T. corbula) justify the affiliation of the new species to the genus. As a result of the extension of the morphological spectrum by the new species, the genus Tetratropis Willems, 1990 has been emended.

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34

YOSHIMORI, AKIRA. "TIME DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL PHYSICS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 03, no. 01 (March 2004): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633604000878.

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This article reviews microscopic development of time dependent functional method and its application to chemical physics. It begins with the formulation of density functional theory. The time dependent extension is discussed after the equilibrium formulation. Its application is explained by solvation dynamics. In addition, it reviews studies of nonlinear effects on polar liquids and simple mixtures.

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35

Bütof, Rebecca, Pia Hönscheid, Rozina Aktar, Christian Sperling, Falk Tillner, Treewut Rassamegevanon, Antje Dietrich, et al. "Orthotopic Glioblastoma Models for Evaluation of the Clinical Target Volume Concept." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 4559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194559.

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In times of high-precision radiotherapy, the accurate and precise definition of the primary tumor localization and its microscopic spread is of enormous importance. In glioblastoma, the microscopic tumor extension is uncertain and, therefore, population-based margins for Clinical Target Volume (CTV) definition are clinically used, which could either be too small—leading to increased risk of loco-regional recurrences—or too large, thus, enhancing the probability of normal tissue toxicity. Therefore, the aim of this project is to investigate an individualized definition of the CTV in preclinical glioblastoma models based on specific biological tumor characteristics. The microscopic tumor extensions of two different orthotopic brain tumor models (U87MG_mCherry; G7_mCherry) were evaluated before and during fractionated radiotherapy and correlated with corresponding histological data. Representative tumor slices were analyzed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) and stained for putative stem-like cell markers as well as invasion markers. The edges of the tumor are clearly shown by the MALDI segmentation via unsupervised clustering of mass spectra and are consistent with the histologically defined border in H&E staining in both models. MALDI component analysis identified specific peaks as potential markers for normal brain tissue (e.g., 1339 m/z), whereas other peaks demarcated the tumors very well (e.g., 1562 m/z for U87MG_mCherry) irrespective of treatment. MMP14 staining revealed only a few positive cells, mainly in the tumor border, which could reflect the invasive front in both models. The results of this study indicate that MALDI information correlates with microscopic tumor spread in glioblastoma models. Therefore, an individualized CTV definition based on biological tumor characteristics seems possible, whereby the visualization of tumor volume and protein heterogeneity can be potentially used to define radiotherapy-sensitive and resistant areas.

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36

Si, Bing Jun, and Qiao Jin. "Study on the Inwall Crack Extension and Fatigue Life Evaluation for Deep-Sea Steel Catenary Riser under Wave and Current Action." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.358.

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Aimed at deep-sea steel catenary risers(SCRs) transporting supercritical or dense CO2, this paper uses the macroscopic pipeline-transporting finite element model and the microscopic pipewall crack growth model to numerically simulate corrosive-inwall-defect-induced crack extension along radial direction for the deep-sea riser which is subjected to wave and current loads. Meanwhile, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and fatigue crack extension theory, the effect of wave height on the fatigue life of the pipewall at touchdown zone is discussed. The above-mentioned study in this paper is expected to give a good reference to the similar study for oil&gas SCRs.

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37

Bratsun, A. D., D. A. Bratsun, and I. V. Krasnyakov. "Microscopic simulation of the chemomechanics of squamous cell tissue." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 2 (April 2022): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2022.2.006-020.

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The development of computer technologies makes it possible to implement a mathematical model of tissue dynamics, which includes the behavior of individual cells. The paper describes a mathematical model of a quasi-two-dimensional tissue, which consists of cells represented by dynamically changing polygons. The model includes two important processes that mimic the properties of real cells, namely mitotic division and intercalation. An equation of motion based on the elastic potential energy is written for each vertex of the polygonal cell. In the course of evolution, the tissue tends to take a position corresponding to the minimum of potential energy. The model allows a simple extension to the case of the feedback between the biomechanical and chemical properties of the medium and the introduction of several competing tissue types. The results of numerical simulation of heterogeneous carcinoma of the solid type are given as an example. The prospects for the development of this approach to simulation are discussed.

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Tarapore, Phiroz E., Michael E. Sughrue, Lewis Blevins, Kurtis I. Auguste, Nalin Gupta, and Sandeep Kunwar. "Microscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary adenomectomy in the pediatric population." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 5 (May 2011): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.2.peds10278.

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Object Pituitary adenomas are uncommon in childhood. Although medical treatment can be effective in treating prolactinomas and some growth hormone (GH)–secreting tumors, resection is indicated when visual function is affected or the side effects of medical therapy are intolerable. The authors of this report describe their 10-year experience in managing pituitary adenomas via the microscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach in a pediatric population. Methods They performed a retrospective review of a surgical case series based at a single institution and consisting of 34 consecutive pediatric patients with endocrine-active (32 patients) and endocrine-inactive (2 patients) adenomas. These patients were surgically treated via an endonasal transsphenoidal approach between 1999 and 2008. Patient charts were reviewed, and clinical data were compiled and analyzed using the chi-square and Kaplan-Meier tests. Results The patient cohort consisted of 20 girls and 14 boys, with ages ranging from 9 to 18 years and a median age of 16 years. Thirty-two patients (94%) underwent surgery for endocrine-active tumors, including 10 (29%) with Cushing disease, 21 (62%) with prolactinomas, and 1 (3%) with GH-secreting tumors. Two patients with nonsecreting adenomas underwent surgery for apoplexy. The mean tumor volume was 5.4 cm3, and 13 patients (38%) had suprasellar extension and 7 (21%) had cavernous sinus invasion. Gross-total resection was achieved in 26 patients (76%), although it was significantly less likely to be achieved in the setting of cavernous sinus invasion (p < 0.001) but was unaffected by suprasellar extension. Residual tumor was treated with radiation therapy in 6 patients (18%). The average duration of hospital stay was 1.6 days. The median follow-up time was 18 months. After surgery, 19 patients (56%) had normal hormone function without adjuvant therapy, 8 (24%) had normal function with adjuvant therapy, and 5 (15%) had persistently elevated hormone levels. Patients with a macroprolactinoma were significantly more likely to require postoperative adjuvant therapy than were those with a microprolactinoma (p < 0.03). Conclusions Endonasal transsphenoidal resection is a safe, well-tolerated, and potentially curative treatment option for pituitary adenomas in children. Despite the technical challenges associated with this approach in the pediatric population, these tumors can be effectively managed with minimal morbidity. Endocrine function is usually preserved, and the majority of patients will not require lifelong medical therapy.

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Schmitt, M., L. Aussenac, J. Seitlinger, V. Lindner, G. Noël, and D. Antoni. "PH-0431 evaluation of microscopic tumor extension in localized stage non–small-cell lung cancer." Radiotherapy and Oncology 161 (August 2021): S331—S332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07322-9.

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Gal, Thomas J., Kaitlin July O’Brien, Quan Chen, and Bin Huang. "Clinical vs Microscopic Extranodal Extension and Survival in Oropharyngeal Carcinoma in the Human Papillomavirus Era." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 162, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820910431.

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Objective Extranodal extension (ENE) is known to be associated with poor outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of extent of ENE on survival in oropharyngeal carcinoma in the human papillomavirus (HPV) era. Study Design Retrospective database review. Setting Review of the National Cancer Database. Subjects and Methods The National Cancer Database was used to examine surgically treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil and base of tongue from 2010 to 2015. Nodes available for pathologic examination were classified as ENE negative (–), ENE clinically (+), or ENE (+) on pathology only. The primary outcome was overall survival. Cox regression modeling was used to examine the effect of ENE on survival while controlling for patient demographics, HPV status, stage, adjuvant radiation, and chemotherapy. Results Of the 66,106 patients identified, 16,845 were treated with surgery ± adjuvant therapy, 8780 of whom were known HPV+. Overall 5-year survival for this group was 86%. Documented ENE was associated with over a 60% decrease in survival for clinical (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63) and pathologic (HR, 1.62) ENE compared to negative ENE, after adjustment for stage, adjuvant radiation ± chemotherapy, HPV, and other variables. No significant differences were found between clinical and pathologic ENE (HR, 1.001). Conclusion While both surgically resected clinical and pathologic ENE are associated with decreased survival, no significant differences are observed between the two. The impact of these observations on potential de-escalation therapeutic strategies requires further study.

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Verrijssen, A., M. Bellezzo, A. Habr-Gama, R. Perez, J. Guillem, K. Bujko, R. Houben, F. Verhaegen, M. Berbee, and E. Van Limbergen. "EP-1472: Microscopic extension of residual rectal tumor mass post-neoadjuvant chemoradiation: a meta-analysis." Radiotherapy and Oncology 127 (April 2018): S799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(18)31781-x.

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Cheng, T. P. O. "Minipodia, novel structures for extension of the lamella: A high-spatial-resolution video microscopic study." Experimental Cell Research 203, no. 1 (November 1992): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(92)90035-7.

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Song, Boram, Kyoungbun Lee, Cheol Lee, and Kyung Chul Moon. "Prognostic significance of microscopic tumor extension in local recurrence of myxofibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma." Pathology International 68, no. 9 (August 9, 2018): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pin.12709.

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Ahn, D., J. H. Sohn, J. H. Jeon, and J. Y. Jeong. "Clinical impact of microscopic extrathyroidal extension in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma treated with hemithyroidectomy." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 37, no. 2 (January 9, 2014): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-013-0025-x.

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Smriti and Ajeet Kumar. "Microscopic definition of internal force, moment, and associated stiffnesses in one-dimensional nanostructures at finite temperature." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25, no. 4 (January 16, 2020): 986–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519897936.

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We present a one-dimensional variant of the Irving–Kirkwood–Noll procedure to derive microscopic expressions of internal contact force and moment in one-dimensional nanostructures. We show that these expressions must contain both the potential and kinetic parts: just the potential part does not yield meaningful continuum results. We further specialize these expressions for helically repeating one-dimensional nanostructures for their extension, torsion, and bending deformation. As the Irving–Kirkwood–Noll procedure does not yield expressions of stiffnesses, we resort to a thermodynamic equilibrium approach to first obtain the Helmholtz free energy of the supercell of helically repeating nanostructures. We then obtain expressions of axial force, twisting moment, bending moment, and the associated stiffnesses by taking the first and second derivatives of the Helmholtz free energy with respect to conjugate strain measures. The derived expressions are used in finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulation to study extension, torsion, and bending of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their buckling.

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Komura, Motonori, Ken Nakajima, Toshio Nishi, Takayuki Ikehara, and Qiu Zhaobin. "Pulsed NMR Studies on Long-Term Crystallization Behavior and Melting Process of Natural Rubber under Elongation." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548191.

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Abstract Long-term crystallization and melting process of natural rubber under elongation was investigated by measuring spin-spin relaxation time T2 by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We examined the dependence of the both processes on extension ratio, crystallization temperature and crosslink density. It was found that the crystallization of natural rubber continued over three months even at 10 °C. According to the two-step melting process found for the first time under elongation, we proposed a model that crystalline part of natural rubber under large elongation is composed of two kinds of crystallites from highly extended and loose chains. The situation is caused by the microscopic distribution of extension ratio of the chains between crosslink points.

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Nada, Hironori, Masakazu Kudo, Junichi Takahashi, Toshiharu Yamamoto, Hideyuki Hara, and Kazuyuki Shizawa. "Development of Simulation Technology for Production of Porous Polymeric Membranes." Key Engineering Materials 725 (December 2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.261.

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Porous polymeric membranes are used for ion exchange membranes, membrane filter and separators of batteries owing to its micro-porous structure. Extension method is one of the inexpensive processes of such membrane. However, any suitable stability condition of the process has not yet been clarified. In this study, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observations in production process are carried out and the simulation technology for production is developed for improvement in productivity. In this simulation model, the evolution equation of microscopic damage, constitutive equation depending on microscopic damage and the homogenization method are used for representation of evolution of micro-porous structure of crystalline polymer. It is indicated that numerical results obtained here are in good agreement with the SEM observations.

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GRABOWSKI, S., M. E. GARCIA, and K. H. BENNEMANN. "ALTERNATIVE MICROSCOPIC APPROACH TO THE PHOTOABSORPTION OF SMALL CLUSTERS." Modern Physics Letters B 10, no. 07 (March 20, 1996): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984996000298.

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A Wannier-type electronic theory to calculate self-consistently the photoabsorption spectra of small clusters is presented. This approach, that applies to systems with mainly localized electrons, permits a detailed analysis of the dependence of the absorption cross-section on atomic structure and cluster size. In addition the approach also allows a transparent identification of the optical excitations contributing to the different absorption peaks. By applying this theory to neutral and ionized mercury clusters one finds that both exciton- and plasmon-like excitations are present in the absorption spectra. Furthermore the dependence of the optical response on short- and long-range Coulomb interactions, on structural changes of the system and on the specific bonding character of the cluster is studied. It is demonstrated that the broadening of the collective excitations in small clusters with localized electrons depends sensitively on the atomic structure, in particular at the surface. The limitations of this theory and its extension to systems having also delocalized electrons, like noble- and transition-metal clusters are discussed.

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Jiang, Wen-Jun, Run-Ran Liu, and Chun-Xiao Jia. "Depth Penetration and Scope Extension of Failures in the Cascading of Multilayer Networks." Complexity 2020 (April 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736.

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Real-world complex systems always interact with each other, which causes these systems to collapse in an avalanche or cascading manner in the case of random failures or malicious attacks. The robustness of multilayer networks has attracted great interest, where the modeling and theoretical studies of which always rely on the concept of multilayer networks and percolation methods. A straightforward and tacit assumption is that the interdependence across network layers is strong, which means that a node will fail entirely with the removal of all links if one of its interdependent nodes in other network layers fails. However, this oversimplification cannot describe the general form of interactions across the network layers in a real-world multilayer system. In this paper, we reveal the nature of the avalanche disintegration of general multilayer networks with arbitrary interdependency strength across network layers. Specifically, we identify that the avalanche process of the whole system can essentially be decomposed into two microscopic cascading dynamics in terms of the propagation direction of the failures: depth penetration and scope extension. In the process of depth penetration, the failures propagate from layer to layer, where the greater the number of failed nodes is, the greater is the destructive power that will emerge in an interdependency group. In the process of scope extension, failures propagate with the removal of connections in each network layer. Under the synergy of the two processes, we find that the percolation transition of the system can be discontinuous or continuous with changes in the interdependency strength across network layers, which means that a sudden system-wide collapse can be avoided by controlling the interdependency strength across network layers. Our work not only reveals the microscopic mechanism of global collapse in multilayer infrastructure systems but also provides stimulating ideas on intervention programs and approaches for cascade failures.

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Tamaki, Yukihisa, Norihiro Aibe, Takafumi Komiyama, Satoshi Nagasaka, Toshiyuki Imagumbai, Tomoko Itazawa, Hiroshi Onishi, Tetsuo Akimoto, Yasushi Nagata, and Yuko Nakayama. "Optimal Clinical Target Volume of Radiotherapy Based on Microscopic Extension around the Primary Gross Tumor in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review." Cancers 14, no. 9 (May 7, 2022): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092318.

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A crucial issue in radical radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer is how to define the clinical target volume (CTV). Although the scope of microscopic extension (ME) and microscopic proximal bronchial extension (PBE) from a primary tumor should be considered when defining the CTV, there has been limited research on ME and PBE. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review. The PubMed, ICHUSHI (Japanese database), and Cochrane Library databases were searched, and 816 articles were initially retrieved. After primary and secondary screenings, eight articles were ultimately selected. The results of this systematic review suggest the importance of a 0 mm margin in stereotactic radiotherapy for early-stage cancer and a 5–8 mm margin in curative irradiation for locally advanced cancer. Regarding PBE, this review yielded the conclusion that it is appropriate to consider the addition of an approximately 15 mm margin from the bronchial vasculature. Although there were few articles with a high level of evidence, this systematic review enabled us to collate results from previous studies and to provide recommendations, to some extent, regarding the CTV margin in the current clinical environment, where high-precision radiation therapy, such as image-guided radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, is predominant.

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