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1
Pham, Jade, Matt Keon, Samuel Brennan, and Nitin Saksena. "Connecting RNA-Modifying Similarities of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 with MicroRNA Dysregulation Amidst A Renewed Network Perspective of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Proteinopathy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103464.
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Beyond traditional approaches in understanding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple recent studies in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)—including transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS)—have instigated an interest in their function and prion-like properties. Given their prominence as hallmarks of a highly heterogeneous disease, this prompts a re-examination of the specific functional interrelationships between these proteins, especially as pathological SOD1—a non-RBP commonly associated with familial ALS (fALS)—exhibits similar properties to these RBPs including potential RNA-regulatory capabilities. Moreover, the cytoplasmic mislocalization, aggregation, and co-aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 can be identified as proteinopathies akin to other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), eliciting strong ties to disrupted RNA splicing, transport, and stability. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been increasingly implicated in the disease, and are of greater significance as they are the master regulators of RNA metabolism in disease pathology. However, little is known about the role of these proteins and how they are regulated by miRNA, which would provide mechanistic insights into ALS pathogenesis. This review seeks to discuss current developments across TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 to build a detailed snapshot of the network pathophysiology underlying ALS while aiming to highlight possible novel therapeutic targets to guide future research.
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Humphrey, Jack, Nicol Birsa, Carmelo Milioto, Martha McLaughlin, Agnieszka M. Ule, David Robaldo, Andrea B. Eberle, et al. "FUS ALS-causative mutations impair FUS autoregulation and splicing factor networks through intron retention." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 12 (June 1, 2020): 6889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa410.
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Abstract Mutations in the RNA-binding protein FUS cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. FUS plays a role in numerous aspects of RNA metabolism, including mRNA splicing. However, the impact of ALS-causative mutations on splicing has not been fully characterized, as most disease models have been based on overexpressing mutant FUS, which will alter RNA processing due to FUS autoregulation. We and others have recently created knockin models that overcome the overexpression problem, and have generated high depth RNA-sequencing on FUS mutants in parallel to FUS knockout, allowing us to compare mutation-induced changes to genuine loss of function. We find that FUS-ALS mutations induce a widespread loss of function on expression and splicing. Specifically, we find that mutant FUS directly alters intron retention levels in RNA-binding proteins. Moreover, we identify an intron retention event in FUS itself that is associated with its autoregulation. Altered FUS levels have been linked to disease, and we show here that this novel autoregulation mechanism is altered by FUS mutations. Crucially, we also observe this phenomenon in other genetic forms of ALS, including those caused by TDP-43, VCP and SOD1 mutations, supporting the concept that multiple ALS genes interact in a regulatory network.
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Li, Yun R., Oliver D. King, James Shorter, and Aaron D. Gitler. "Stress granules as crucibles of ALS pathogenesis." Journal of Cell Biology 201, no. 3 (April 29, 2013): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201302044.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal human neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily motor neurons. Two RNA-binding proteins, TDP-43 and FUS, aggregate in the degenerating motor neurons of ALS patients, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteins cause some forms of ALS. TDP-43 and FUS and several related RNA-binding proteins harbor aggregation-promoting prion-like domains that allow them to rapidly self-associate. This property is critical for the formation and dynamics of cellular ribonucleoprotein granules, the crucibles of RNA metabolism and homeostasis. Recent work connecting TDP-43 and FUS to stress granules has suggested how this cellular pathway, which involves protein aggregation as part of its normal function, might be coopted during disease pathogenesis.
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Ugras, Scott E., and James Shorter. "RNA-Binding Proteins in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration." Neurology Research International 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/432780.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disease, which is universally fatal. While the causes of this devastating disease are poorly understood, recent advances have implicated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that contain predicted prion domains as a major culprit. Specifically, mutations in the RBPs TDP-43 and FUS can cause ALS. Cytoplasmic mislocalization and inclusion formation are common pathological features of TDP-43 and FUS proteinopathies. Though these RBPs share striking pathological and structural similarities, considerable evidence suggests that the ALS-linked mutations in TDP-43 and FUS can cause disease by disparate mechanisms. In a recent study, Couthouis et al. screened for protein candidates that were also involved in RNA processing, contained a predicted prion domain, shared other phenotypic similarities with TDP-43 and FUS, and identified TAF15 as a putative ALS gene. Subsequent sequencing of ALS patients successfully identified ALS-linked mutations in TAF15 that were largely absent in control populations. This study underscores the important role that perturbations in RNA metabolism might play in neurodegeneration, and it raises the possibility that future studies will identify other RBPs with critical roles in neurodegenerative disease.
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Colantoni, Alessio, Davide Capauto, Vincenzo Alfano, Eleonora D’Ambra, Sara D’Uva, Gian Gaetano Tartaglia, and Mariangela Morlando. "FUS Alters circRNA Metabolism in Human Motor Neurons Carrying the ALS-Linked P525L Mutation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043181.
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Deregulation of RNA metabolism has emerged as one of the key events leading to the degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) disease. Indeed, mutations on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) or on proteins involved in aspects of RNA metabolism account for the majority of familiar forms of ALS. In particular, the impact of the ALS-linked mutations of the RBP FUS on many aspects of RNA-related processes has been vastly investigated. FUS plays a pivotal role in splicing regulation and its mutations severely alter the exon composition of transcripts coding for proteins involved in neurogenesis, axon guidance, and synaptic activity. In this study, by using in vitro-derived human MNs, we investigate the effect of the P525L FUS mutation on non-canonical splicing events that leads to the formation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). We observed altered levels of circRNAs in FUSP525L MNs and a preferential binding of the mutant protein to introns flanking downregulated circRNAs and containing inverted Alu repeats. For a subset of circRNAs, FUSP525L also impacts their nuclear/cytoplasmic partitioning, confirming its involvement in different processes of RNA metabolism. Finally, we assess the potential of cytoplasmic circRNAs to act as miRNA sponges, with possible implications in ALS pathogenesis.
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Ling, Shuo-Chien. "Synaptic Paths to Neurodegeneration: The Emerging Role of TDP-43 and FUS in Synaptic Functions." Neural Plasticity 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8413496.
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TAR DNA-binding protein-43 KDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) as the defining pathological hallmarks for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), coupled with ALS-FTD-causing mutations in both genes, indicate that their dysfunctions damage the motor system and cognition. On the molecular level, TDP-43 and FUS participate in the biogenesis and metabolism of coding and noncoding RNAs as well as in the transport and translation of mRNAs as part of cytoplasmic mRNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules. Intriguingly, many of the RNA targets of TDP-43 and FUS are involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity, indicating that synaptic dysfunction could be an early event contributing to motor and cognitive deficits in ALS and FTD. Furthermore, the ability of the low-complexity prion-like domains of TDP-43 and FUS to form liquid droplets suggests a potential mechanism for mRNP assembly and conversion. This review will discuss the role of TDP-43 and FUS in RNA metabolism, with an emphasis on the involvement of this process in synaptic function and neuroprotection. This will be followed by a discussion of the potential phase separation mechanism for forming RNP granules and pathological inclusions.
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Chen, Chen, Xiufang Ding, Nimrah Akram, Song Xue, and Shi-Zhong Luo. "Fused in Sarcoma: Properties, Self-Assembly and Correlation with Neurodegenerative Diseases." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081622.
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Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a DNA/RNA binding protein that is involved in RNA metabolism and DNA repair. Numerous reports have demonstrated by pathological and genetic analysis that FUS is associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and polyglutamine diseases. Traditionally, the fibrillar aggregation of FUS was considered to be the cause of those diseases, especially via its prion-like domains (PrLDs), which are rich in glutamine and asparagine residues. Lately, a nonfibrillar self-assembling phenomenon, liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), was observed in FUS, and studies of its functions, mechanism, and mutual transformation with pathogenic amyloid have been emerging. This review summarizes recent studies on FUS self-assembling, including both aggregation and LLPS as well as their relationship with the pathology of ALS, FTLD, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ikenaka, Kensuke, Shinsuke Ishigaki, Yohei Iguchi, Kaori Kawai, Yusuke Fujioka, Satoshi Yokoi, Rehab F. Abdelhamid, et al. "Characteristic Features of FUS Inclusions in Spinal Motor Neurons of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 79, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa003.
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Abstract Alterations of RNA metabolism caused by mutations in RNA-binding protein genes, such as transactivating DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Unlike the accumulation of TDP43, which is accepted as a pathological hall mark of sporadic ALS (sALS), FUS pathology in sALS is still under debate. Although immunoreactive inclusions of FUS have been detected in sALS patients previously, the technical limitation of signal detection, including the necessity of specific antigen retrieval, restricts our understanding of FUS-associated ALS pathology. In this study, we applied a novel detection method using a conventional antigen retrieval technique with Sudan Black B treatment to identify FUS-positive inclusions in sALS patients. We classified pathological motor neurons into 5 different categories according to the different aggregation characteristics of FUS and TDP-43. Although the granular type was more dominant for inclusions with TDP-43, the skein-like type was more often observed in FUS-positive inclusions, suggesting that these 2 proteins undergo independent aggregation processes. Moreover, neurons harboring FUS-positive inclusions demonstrated substantially reduced expression levels of dynactin-1, a retrograde motor protein, indicating that perturbation of nucleocytoplasmic transport is associated with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions of FUS in sALS.
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Barmada, Sami J., Shulin Ju, Arpana Arjun, Anthony Batarse, Hilary C. Archbold, Daniel Peisach, Xingli Li, et al. "Amelioration of toxicity in neuronal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by hUPF1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 25 (June 8, 2015): 7821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509744112.
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Over 30% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibit cognitive deficits indicative of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), suggesting a common pathogenesis for both diseases. Consistent with this hypothesis, neuronal and glial inclusions rich in TDP43, an essential RNA-binding protein, are found in the majority of those with ALS and FTD, and mutations in TDP43 and a related RNA-binding protein, FUS, cause familial ALS and FTD. TDP43 and FUS affect the splicing of thousands of transcripts, in some cases triggering nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a highly conserved RNA degradation pathway. Here, we take advantage of a faithful primary neuronal model of ALS and FTD to investigate and characterize the role of human up-frameshift protein 1 (hUPF1), an RNA helicase and master regulator of NMD, in these disorders. We show that hUPF1 significantly protects mammalian neurons from both TDP43- and FUS-related toxicity. Expression of hUPF2, another essential component of NMD, also improves survival, whereas inhibiting NMD prevents rescue by hUPF1, suggesting that hUPF1 acts through NMD to enhance survival. These studies emphasize the importance of RNA metabolism in ALS and FTD, and identify a uniquely effective therapeutic strategy for these disorders.
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Achsel, Tilmann, Silvia Barabino, Mauro Cozzolino, and Maria Teresa Carrì. "The intriguing case of motor neuron disease: ALS and SMA come closer." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 6 (November 20, 2013): 1593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130142.
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MNDs (motor neuron diseases) form a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. More and more genetic factors associated with MND encode proteins that have a function in RNA metabolism, suggesting that disturbed RNA metabolism could be a common underlying problem in several, perhaps all, forms of MND. In the present paper we review recent developments showing a functional link between SMN (survival of motor neuron), the causative factor of SMA (spinal muscular atrophy), and FUS (fused in sarcoma), a genetic factor in ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). SMN is long known to have a crucial role in the biogenesis and localization of the spliceosomal snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), which are essential assembly modules of the splicing machinery. Now we know that FUS interacts with SMN and pathogenic FUS mutations have a significant effect on snRNP localization. Together with other recently published evidence, this finding potentially links ALS pathogenesis to disturbances in the splicing machinery, and implies that pre-mRNA splicing may be the common weak point in MND, although other steps in mRNA metabolism could also play a role. Certainly, further comparison of the RNA metabolism in different MND will greatly help our understanding of the molecular causes of these devastating diseases.
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Kamelgarn, Marisa, Jing Chen, Lisha Kuang, Huan Jin, Edward J. Kasarskis, and Haining Zhu. "ALS mutations of FUS suppress protein translation and disrupt the regulation of nonsense-mediated decay." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (November 19, 2018): E11904—E11913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810413115.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by preferential motor neuron death. Approximately 15% of ALS cases are familial, and mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene contribute to a subset of familial ALS cases. FUS is a multifunctional protein participating in many RNA metabolism pathways. ALS-linked mutations cause a liquid–liquid phase separation of FUS protein in vitro, inducing the formation of cytoplasmic granules and inclusions. However, it remains elusive what other proteins are sequestered into the inclusions and how such a process leads to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In this study, we developed a protocol to isolate the dynamic mutant FUS-positive cytoplasmic granules. Proteomic identification of the protein composition and subsequent pathway analysis led us to hypothesize that mutant FUS can interfere with protein translation. We demonstrated that the ALS mutations in FUS indeed suppressed protein translation in N2a cells expressing mutant FUS and fibroblast cells derived from FUS ALS cases. In addition, the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway, which is closely related to protein translation, was altered by mutant FUS. Specifically, NMD-promoting factors UPF1 and UPF3b increased, whereas a negative NMD regulator, UPF3a, decreased, leading to the disruption of NMD autoregulation and the hyperactivation of NMD. Alterations in NMD factors and elevated activity were also observed in the fibroblast cells of FUS ALS cases. We conclude that mutant FUS suppresses protein biosynthesis and disrupts NMD regulation, both of which likely contribute to motor neuron death.
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Hayden, Elliott, Shuzhen Chen, Abagail Chumley, Chenyi Xia, Quan Zhong, and Shulin Ju. "A Genetic Screen for Human Genes Suppressing FUS Induced Toxicity in Yeast." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 6 (April 10, 2020): 1843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401164.
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FUS is a nucleic acid binding protein that, when mutated, cause a subset of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expression of FUS in yeast recapitulates several pathological features of the disease-causing mutant proteins, including nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation, formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, and cytotoxicity. Genetic screens using the yeast model of FUS have identified yeast genes and their corresponding human homologs suppressing FUS induced toxicity in yeast, neurons and animal models. To expand the search for human suppressor genes of FUS induced toxicity, we carried out a genome-scale genetic screen using a newly constructed library containing 13570 human genes cloned in an inducible yeast-expression vector. Through multiple rounds of verification, we found 37 human genes that, when overexpressed, suppress FUS induced toxicity in yeast. Human genes with DNA or RNA binding functions are overrepresented among the identified suppressor genes, supporting that perturbations of RNA metabolism is a key underlying mechanism of FUS toxicity.
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Fang, Ton, Goun Je, Peter Pacut, Kiandokht Keyhanian, Jeff Gao, and Mehdi Ghasemi. "Gene Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Cells 11, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132066.
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Since the discovery of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene mutation, in 1993, as the first genetic abnormality in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), over 50 genes have been identified as either cause or modifier in ALS and ALS/frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum disease. Mutations in C9orf72, SOD1, TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TARDBP), and fused in sarcoma (FUS) genes are the four most common ones. During the last three decades, tremendous effort has been made worldwide to reveal biological pathways underlying the pathogenesis of these gene mutations in ALS/FTD. Accordingly, targeting etiologic genes (i.e., gene therapies) to suppress their toxic effects have been investigated widely. It includes four major strategies: (i) removal or inhibition of abnormal transcribed RNA using microRNA or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), (ii) degradation of abnormal mRNA using RNA interference (RNAi), (iii) decrease or inhibition of mutant proteins (e.g., using antibodies against misfolded proteins), and (iv) DNA genome editing with methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas). The promising results of these studies have led to the application of some of these strategies into ALS clinical trials, especially for C9orf72 and SOD1. In this paper, we will overview advances in gene therapy in ALS/FTD, focusing on C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP, and FUS genes.
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Strohm, Laura, Zehan Hu, Yongwon Suk, Alina Rühmkorf, Erin Sternburg, Vanessa Gattringer, Henrick Riemenschneider, et al. "Multi-omics profiling identifies a deregulated FUS-MAP1B axis in ALS/FTD–associated UBQLN2 mutants." Life Science Alliance 5, no. 11 (July 1, 2022): e202101327. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101327.
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Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that shuttles ubiquitinated proteins to proteasomal and autophagic degradation. UBQLN2 mutations are genetically linked to the neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). However, it remains elusive how UBQLN2 mutations cause ALS/FTD. Here, we systematically examined proteomic and transcriptomic changes in patient-derived lymphoblasts and CRISPR/Cas9–engineered HeLa cells carrying ALS/FTD UBQLN2 mutations. This analysis revealed a strong up-regulation of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) which was also observed in UBQLN2 knockout cells and primary rodent neurons depleted of UBQLN2, suggesting that a UBQLN2 loss-of-function mechanism is responsible for the elevated MAP1B levels. Consistent with MAP1B’s role in microtubule binding, we detected an increase in total and acetylated tubulin. Furthermore, we uncovered that UBQLN2 mutations result in decreased phosphorylation of MAP1B and of the ALS/FTD–linked fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein at S439 which is critical for regulating FUS-RNA binding and MAP1B protein abundance. Together, our findings point to a deregulated UBQLN2-FUS-MAP1B axis that may link protein homeostasis, RNA metabolism, and cytoskeleton dynamics, three molecular pathomechanisms of ALS/FTD.
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Deng, Qiudong, Termpanit Chalermpalanupap, and Thomas Kukar. "Defects in RNA Metabolism links FTD and ALS Pathogenesis: TDP-43, FUS, and C9orf72." Current Enzyme Inhibition 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573408011309010005.
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Gagliardi, Stella, Pamela Milani, Valentina Sardone, Orietta Pansarasa, and Cristina Cereda. "From Transcriptome to Noncoding RNAs: Implications in ALS Mechanism." Neurology Research International 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/278725.
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In the last years, numerous studies have focused on understanding the metabolism of RNA and its implication in disease processes but abnormal RNA metabolism is still unknown. RNA plays a central role in translating genetic information into proteins and in many other catalytic and regulatory tasks. Recent advances in the study of RNA metabolism revealed complex pathways for the generation and maintenance of functional RNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interestingly, perturbations in RNA processing have been described in ALS at various levels such as gene transcription, mRNA stabilization, transport, and translational regulations. In this paper, we will discuss the alteration of RNA profile in ALS disease, starting from transcription, the first step leading to gene expression, through the posttranscriptional regulation, including RNA/DNA binding proteins and aberrant exon splicing to protein noncoding RNAs, as lncRNA and microRNA.
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Krist, Bart, Urszula Florczyk, Katarzyna Pietraszek-Gremplewicz, Alicja Józkowicz, and Jozef Dulak. "The Role of miR-378a in Metabolism, Angiogenesis, and Muscle Biology." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/281756.
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MicroRNA-378a (miR-378a, previously known as miR-378) is one of the small noncoding RNA molecules able to regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional level. Its two mature strands, miR-378a-3p and miR-378a-5p, originate from the first intron of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta (ppargc1b) gene encoding PGC-1β. Embedding in the sequence of this transcriptional regulator of oxidative energy metabolism implies involvement of miR-378a in metabolic pathways, mitochondrial energy homeostasis, and related biological processes such as muscle development, differentiation, and regeneration. On the other hand, modulating the expression of proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, or interleukin-8, influencing inflammatory reaction, and affecting tumor suppressors, such as SuFu and Fus-1, miR-378a is considered as a part of an angiogenic network in tumors. In the latter, miR-378a can evoke broader actions by enhancing cell survival, reducing apoptosis, and promoting cell migration and invasion. This review describes the current knowledge on miR-378a linking oxidative/lipid metabolism, muscle biology, and blood vessel formation.
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Jia, Boyin, Yuan Liu, Qining Li, Jiali Zhang, Chenxia Ge, Guiwu Wang, Guang Chen, Dongdong Liu, and Fuhe Yang. "Altered miRNA and mRNA Expression in Sika Deer Skeletal Muscle with Age." Genes 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11020172.
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Studies of the gene and miRNA expression profiles associated with the postnatal late growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle are lacking in sika deer. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the growth and development of sika deer skeletal muscle, we used de novo RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) analyses to determine the differentially expressed (DE) unigenes and miRNAs from skeletal muscle tissues at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years in sika deer. A total of 51,716 unigenes, 171 known miRNAs, and 60 novel miRNAs were identified based on four mRNA and small RNA libraries. A total of 2,044 unigenes and 11 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adolescence and juvenile sika deer, 1,946 unigenes and 4 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adult and adolescent sika deer, and 2,209 unigenes and 1 miRNAs were differentially expressed between aged and adult sika deer. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that DE unigenes and miRNA were mainly related to energy and substance metabolism, processes that are closely associate with the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. We also constructed mRNA–mRNA and miRNA–mRNA interaction networks related to the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. The results show that mRNA (Myh1, Myh2, Myh7, ACTN3, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-133a, miR-133c, miR-192, miR-151-3p, etc.) may play important roles in muscle growth and development, and mRNA (WWP1, DEK, UCP3, FUS, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-17-5p, miR-378b, miR-199a-5p, miR-7, etc.) may have key roles in muscle aging. In this study, we determined the dynamic miRNA and unigenes transcriptome in muscle tissue for the first time in sika deer. The age-dependent miRNAs and unigenes identified will offer insights into the molecular mechanism underlying muscle development, growth, and maintenance and will also provide valuable information for sika deer genetic breeding.
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Ling, Shuo-Chien, Somasish Ghosh Dastidar, Seiya Tokunaga, Wan Yun Ho, Kenneth Lim, Hristelina Ilieva, Philippe A. Parone, et al. "Overriding FUS autoregulation in mice triggers gain-of-toxic dysfunctions in RNA metabolism and autophagy-lysosome axis." eLife 8 (February 12, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.40811.
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Mutations in coding and non-coding regions of FUS cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The latter mutations may exert toxicity by increasing FUS accumulation. We show here that broad expression within the nervous system of wild-type or either of two ALS-linked mutants of human FUS in mice produces progressive motor phenotypes accompanied by characteristic ALS-like pathology. FUS levels are autoregulated by a mechanism in which human FUS downregulates endogenous FUS at mRNA and protein levels. Increasing wild-type human FUS expression achieved by saturating this autoregulatory mechanism produces a rapidly progressive phenotype and dose-dependent lethality. Transcriptome analysis reveals mis-regulation of genes that are largely not observed upon FUS reduction. Likely mechanisms for FUS neurotoxicity include autophagy inhibition and defective RNA metabolism. Thus, our results reveal that overriding FUS autoregulation will trigger gain-of-function toxicity via altered autophagy-lysosome pathway and RNA metabolism function, highlighting a role for protein and RNA dyshomeostasis in FUS-mediated toxicity.
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Honda, Hiroyuki, Motoi Yoshimura, Hajime Arahata, Kaoru Yagita, Shoko Sadashima, Hideomi Hamasaki, Masahiro Shijo, Sachiko Koyama, Hideko Noguchi, and Naokazu Sasagasako. "Mutated FUS in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involves multiple hnRNPs in the formation of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, January 2, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlac124.
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Abstract Fused in sarcoma (FUS), coded by FUS, is a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP). FUS mutations are among the major mutations in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS-FUS: ALS6). The pathological hallmarks of ALS-FUS are FUS-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI). We examined various hnRNPs in FUS NCIs in the hippocampus in ALS-FUS cases with different FUS mutations (Case 1, H517P; Case 2, R521C). We also examined TDP43-positive NCIs in sporadic ALS hippocampi. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies against FUS, p-TDP43, TDP43, hnRNPA1, hnRNPD, PCBP1, PCBP2, and p62. Numerous FUS inclusions were found in the hippocampal granule and pyramidal cell layers. Double immunofluorescence revealed colocalization of FUS and p-TDP43, and FUS and PCBP2 (p-TDP43/FUS: 64.3%, PCBP2/FUS: 23.9%). Colocalization of FUS and PCBP1, however, was rare (PCBP1/FUS: 7.6%). In the hippocampi of patients with sporadic ALS, no colocalization was observed between TDP43-positive inclusions and other hnRNPs. This is the first study to show that FUS inclusions colocalize with other hnRNPs, such as TDP43, PCBP2, and PCBP1. These findings suggest that in ALS-FUS, FUS inclusions are the initiators, followed by alterations of multiple other hnRNPs, resulting in impaired RNA metabolism.
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Garone, Maria Giovanna, Nicol Birsa, Maria Rosito, Federico Salaris, Michela Mochi, Valeria de Turris, Remya R. Nair, et al. "ALS-related FUS mutations alter axon growth in motoneurons and affect HuD/ELAVL4 and FMRP activity." Communications Biology 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02538-8.
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AbstractMutations in the RNA-binding protein (RBP) FUS have been genetically associated with the motoneuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using both human induced pluripotent stem cells and mouse models, we found that FUS-ALS causative mutations affect the activity of two relevant RBPs with important roles in neuronal RNA metabolism: HuD/ELAVL4 and FMRP. Mechanistically, mutant FUS leads to upregulation of HuD protein levels through competition with FMRP for HuD mRNA 3’UTR binding. In turn, increased HuD levels overly stabilize the transcript levels of its targets, NRN1 and GAP43. As a consequence, mutant FUS motoneurons show increased axon branching and growth upon injury, which could be rescued by dampening NRN1 levels. Since similar phenotypes have been previously described in SOD1 and TDP-43 mutant models, increased axonal growth and branching might represent broad early events in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Sanjuan-Ruiz, Inmaculada, Noé Govea-Perez, Melissa McAlonis-Downes, Stéphane Dieterle, Salim Megat, Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch, Gina Picchiarelli, et al. "Wild-type FUS corrects ALS-like disease induced by cytoplasmic mutant FUS through autoregulation." Molecular Neurodegeneration 16, no. 1 (September 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00477-w.
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AbstractMutations in FUS, an RNA-binding protein involved in multiple steps of RNA metabolism, are associated with the most severe forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulation of cytoplasmic FUS is likely to be a major culprit in the toxicity of FUS mutations. Thus, preventing cytoplasmic mislocalization of the FUS protein may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy. FUS binds to its own pre-mRNA creating an autoregulatory loop efficiently buffering FUS excess through multiple proposed mechanisms including retention of introns 6 and/or 7. Here, we introduced a wild-type FUS gene allele, retaining all intronic sequences, in mice whose heterozygous or homozygous expression of a cytoplasmically retained FUS protein (Fus∆NLS) was previously shown to provoke ALS-like disease or postnatal lethality, respectively. Wild-type FUS completely rescued the early lethality caused by the two Fus∆NLS alleles, and improved the age-dependent motor deficits and reduced lifespan caused by heterozygous expression of mutant FUS∆NLS. Mechanistically, wild-type FUS decreased the load of cytoplasmic FUS, increased retention of introns 6 and 7 in the endogenous mouse Fus mRNA, and decreased expression of the mutant mRNA. Thus, the wild-type FUS allele activates the homeostatic autoregulatory loop, maintaining constant FUS levels and decreasing the mutant protein in the cytoplasm. These results provide proof of concept that an autoregulatory competent wild-type FUS expression could protect against this devastating, currently intractable, neurodegenerative disease.
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Zaepfel, Benjamin L., and Jeffrey D. Rothstein. "RNA Is a Double-Edged Sword in ALS Pathogenesis." Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 15 (July 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.708181.
Full textAbstract:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons. Familial ALS accounts for a small subset of cases (<10–15%) and is caused by dominant mutations in one of more than 10 known genes. Multiple genes have been causally or pathologically linked to both ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Many of these genes encode RNA-binding proteins, so the role of dysregulated RNA metabolism in neurodegeneration is being actively investigated. In addition to defects in RNA metabolism, recent studies provide emerging evidence into how RNA itself can contribute to the degeneration of both motor and cortical neurons. In this review, we discuss the roles of altered RNA metabolism and RNA-mediated toxicity in the context of TARDBP, FUS, and C9ORF72 mutations. Specifically, we focus on recent studies that describe toxic RNA as the potential initiator of disease, disease-associated defects in specific RNA metabolism pathways, as well as how RNA-based approaches can be used as potential therapies. Altogether, we highlight the importance of RNA-based investigations into the molecular progression of ALS, as well as the need for RNA-dependent structural studies of disease-linked RNA-binding proteins to identify clear therapeutic targets.
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Celona, Barbara, John von Dollen, Sarat C. Vatsavayai, Risa Kashima, Jeffrey R. Johnson, Amy A. Tang, Akiko Hata, et al. "Suppression of C9orf72 RNA repeat-induced neurotoxicity by the ALS-associated RNA-binding protein Zfp106." eLife 6 (January 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.19032.
Full textAbstract:
Expanded GGGGCC repeats in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene represent the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the mechanisms underlying repeat-induced disease remain incompletely resolved. One proposed gain-of-function mechanism is that repeat-containing RNA forms aggregates that sequester RNA binding proteins, leading to altered RNA metabolism in motor neurons. Here, we identify the zinc finger protein Zfp106 as a specific GGGGCC RNA repeat-binding protein, and using affinity purification-mass spectrometry, we show that Zfp106 interacts with multiple other RNA binding proteins, including the ALS-associated factors TDP-43 and FUS. We also show that Zfp106 knockout mice develop severe motor neuron degeneration, which can be suppressed by transgenic restoration of Zfp106 specifically in motor neurons. Finally, we show that Zfp106 potently suppresses neurotoxicity in a Drosophila model of C9orf72 ALS. Thus, these studies identify Zfp106 as an RNA binding protein with important implications for ALS.
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Gawade, Kishor, Patrycja Plewka, Sophia J. Häfner, Anders H. Lund, Virginie Marchand, Yuri Motorin, Michal W. Szczesniak, and Katarzyna D. Raczynska. "FUS regulates a subset of snoRNA expression and modulates the level of rRNA modifications." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30068-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFUS is a multifunctional protein involved in many aspects of RNA metabolism, including transcription, splicing, translation, miRNA processing, and replication-dependent histone gene expression. In this work, we show that FUS depletion results in the differential expression of numerous small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that guide 2’-O methylation (2’-O-Me) and pseudouridylation of specific positions in ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Using RiboMeth-seq and HydraPsiSeq for the profiling of 2’-O-Me and pseudouridylation status of rRNA species, we demonstrated considerable hypermodification at several sites in HEK293T and SH-SY5Y cells with FUS knockout (FUS KO) compared to wild-type cells. We observed a similar direction of changes in rRNA modification in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with the FUS mutation (R495X) related to the severe disease phenotype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Furthermore, the pattern of modification of some rRNA positions was correlated with the abundance of corresponding guide snoRNAs in FUS KO and FUS R495X cells. Our findings reveal a new role for FUS in modulating the modification pattern of rRNA molecules, that in turn might generate ribosome heterogeneity and constitute a fine-tuning mechanism for translation efficiency/fidelity. Therefore, we suggest that increased levels of 2’-O-Me and pseudouridylation at particular positions in rRNAs from cells with the ALS-linked FUS mutation may represent a possible new translation-related mechanism that underlies disease development and progression.
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Koike, Yuka, and Osamu Onodera. "Implications of miRNAs dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Challenging for clinical applications." Frontiers in Neuroscience 17 (February 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1131758.
Full textAbstract:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Currently, there are no effective biomarkers and fundamental therapies for this disease. Dysregulation in RNA metabolism plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALS. With the contribution of Next Generation Sequencing, the functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained increasing interests. Especially, micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are tissue-specific small ncRNAs of about 18–25 nucleotides, have emerged as key regulators of gene expression to target multiple molecules and pathways in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite intensive recent research in this field, the crucial links between ALS pathogenesis and miRNAs remain unclear. Many studies have revealed that ALS-related RNA binding proteins (RBPs), such as TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS), regulate miRNAs processing in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Of interest, Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a non-RBP associated with familial ALS, shows partially similar properties to these RBPs via the dysregulation of miRNAs in the cellular pathway related to ALS. The identification and validation of miRNAs are important to understand the physiological gene regulation in the CNS, and the pathological implications in ALS, leading to a new avenue for early diagnosis and gene therapies. Here, we offer a recent overview regarding the mechanism underlying the functions of multiple miRNAs across TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 with the context of cell biology, and challenging for clinical applications in ALS.
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Benson, Bridget C., Pamela J. Shaw, Mimoun Azzouz, J. Robin Highley, and Guillaume M. Hautbergue. "Proteinopathies as Hallmarks of Impaired Gene Expression, Proteostasis and Mitochondrial Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (December 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.783624.
Full textAbstract:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. As with the majority of neurodegenerative diseases, the pathological hallmarks of ALS involve proteinopathies which lead to the formation of various polyubiquitylated protein aggregates in neurons and glia. ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, with both familial and sporadic forms arising from the convergence of multiple disease mechanisms, many of which remain elusive. There has been considerable research effort invested into exploring these disease mechanisms and in recent years dysregulation of RNA metabolism and mitochondrial function have emerged as of crucial importance to the onset and development of ALS proteinopathies. Widespread alterations of the RNA metabolism and post-translational processing of proteins lead to the disruption of multiple biological pathways. Abnormal mitochondrial structure, impaired ATP production, dysregulation of energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis as well as apoptosis have been implicated in the neurodegenerative process. Dysfunctional mitochondria further accumulate in ALS motor neurons and reflect a wider failure of cellular quality control systems, including mitophagy and other autophagic processes. Here, we review the evidence for RNA and mitochondrial dysfunction as some of the earliest critical pathophysiological events leading to the development of ALS proteinopathies, explore their relative pathological contributions and their points of convergence with other key disease mechanisms. This review will focus primarily on mutations in genes causing four major types of ALS (C9ORF72, SOD1, TARDBP/TDP-43, and FUS) and in protein homeostasis genes (SQSTM1, OPTN, VCP, and UBQLN2) as well as sporadic forms of the disease. Finally, we will look to the future of ALS research and how an improved understanding of central mechanisms underpinning proteinopathies might inform research directions and have implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Wang, Haibo, Manohar Kodavati, Gavin W. Britz, and Muralidhar L. Hegde. "DNA Damage and Repair Deficiency in ALS/FTD-Associated Neurodegeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication." Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 14 (December 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.784361.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging studies reveal that neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are commonly linked to DNA damage accumulation and repair deficiency. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to DNA damage due to their high metabolic activity, relying primarily on oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent DNA damage. Efficient and timely repair of such damage is critical for guarding the integrity of genomic DNA and for cell survival. Several genes predominantly associated with RNA/DNA metabolism have been implicated in both ALS and FTD, suggesting that the two diseases share a common underlying pathology with varied clinical manifestations. Recent studies reveal that many of the gene products, including RNA/DNA binding proteins (RBPs) TDP-43 and FUS are involved in diverse DNA repair pathways. A key question in the etiology of the ALS/FTD spectrum of neurodegeneration is the mechanisms and pathways involved in genome instability caused by dysfunctions/mutations of those RBP genes and their consequences in the central nervous system. The understanding of such converging molecular mechanisms provides insights into the underlying etiology of the rapidly progressing neurodegeneration in ALS/FTD, while also revealing novel DNA repair target avenues for therapeutic development. In this review, we summarize the common mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS and FTD, with a particular emphasis on the DNA repair defects induced by ALS/FTD causative genes. We also highlight the consequences of DNA repair defects in ALS/FTD and the therapeutic potential of DNA damage repair-targeted amelioration of neurodegeneration.
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Hur, Junguk, Ximena Paez-Colasante, Claudia Figueroa-Romero, Ting-wen Lo, Sami J. Barmada, Michelle Paulsen, Mats Ljungman, et al. "miRNA analysis reveals novel dysregulated pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Human Molecular Genetics, October 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddac250.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Its complex pathogenesis and phenotypic heterogeneity hinder therapeutic development and early diagnosis. Altered RNA metabolism is a recurrent pathophysiologic theme, including distinct microRNA (miRNA) profiles in ALS tissues. We profiled miRNAs in accessible biosamples, including skin fibroblasts and whole blood and compared them in age- and sex-matched healthy controls versus ALS participants with and without repeat expansions to chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72; C9-ALS and nonC9-ALS), the most frequent ALS mutation. We identified unique and shared profiles of differential miRNA (DmiRNA) levels in each C9-ALS and nonC9-ALS tissues versus controls. Fibroblast DmiRNAs were validated by qPCR and their target mRNAs by 5-bromouridine and 5-bromouridine-chase sequencing. We also performed pathway analysis to infer biological meaning, revealing anticipated, tissue-specific pathways and pathways previously linked to ALS, as well as novel pathways that could inform future research directions. Overall, we report a comprehensive study of a miRNA profile dataset from C9-ALS and nonC9-ALS participants across two accessible biosamples, providing evidence of dysregulated miRNAs in ALS and possible targets of interest. Distinct miRNA patterns in accessible tissues may also be leveraged to distinguish ALS participants from healthy controls for earlier diagnosis. Future directions may look at potential correlations of miRNA profiles with clinical parameters.
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Rizzuti, Mafalda, Valentina Melzi, Delia Gagliardi, Davide Resnati, Megi Meneri, Laura Dioni, Pegah Masrori, et al. "Insights into the identification of a molecular signature for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exploiting integrated microRNA profiling of iPSC-derived motor neurons and exosomes." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 79, no. 3 (March 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04217-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs). Most cases are sporadic, whereas 10% are familial. The pathological mechanisms underlying the disease are partially understood, but it is increasingly being recognized that alterations in RNA metabolism and deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression occur in ALS. In this study, we performed miRNA expression profile analysis of iPSC-derived MNs and related exosomes from familial patients and healthy subjects. We identified dysregulation of miR-34a, miR-335 and miR-625-3p expression in both MNs and exosomes. These miRNAs regulate genes and pathways which correlate with disease pathogenesis, suggesting that studying miRNAs deregulation can contribute to deeply investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. We also assayed the expression profile of these miRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of familial (fALS) and sporadic patients (sALS) and we identified a significant dysregulation of miR-34a-3p and miR-625-3p levels in ALS compared to controls. Taken together, all these findings suggest that miRNA analysis simultaneously performed in different human biological samples could represent a promising molecular tool to understand the etiopathogenesis of ALS and to develop new potential miRNA-based strategies in this new propitious therapeutic era.