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Academic literature on the topic 'Microplastiques – Environnement'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microplastiques – Environnement"
Kedzierski, Mikaël. "Pollutions du milieu littoral par les microplastiques : Méthodes d’évaluation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS464.
Full textPlastics are technical materials necessary for industrialized societies. However, in the early 2000s, plastic particles of about ten microns were observed in seawater samples. These are called "microplastics". Their presence in most environments has been progressively highlighted making it an anthropocene marker. Moreover, these particles interact with environments and may carry toxic additives or micropollutants. However, scientific and technical barriers limit this accurate evaluation. In this context, the aims of this work are (1) to determine the most efficient and cost- effective extraction conditions of microplastics trapped in sand and (2) to evaluate the toxicity due to the interactions between micropollutants and aged plastics, which can occur in the marine environment. Thus, an elutriation system prototype has been built and an adapted protocol developed to efficiently extract microplastics from sand. In order to determine the optimal elutriation flow velocities, a simple numerical model based on hydrodynamic equations has been developed. This numerical model has been validated by comparing theoretical and experimental results. However, these results also demonstrate that process optimization was required: based on different constraints, for example the time needed to achieve the elutriation or the size of the column, new data on the design have been acquired. The evolution of the surface state and the toxicity of 3 types of plastic (PVC, PET and PBAT) immersed in the marine environment during 550 days was studied on Kernevel harbor (Larmor-Plage, France). The results of the plastics ageing show very different behaviors. PBAT ages faster than PVC whereas PET does not exhibit large modifications. The aging of PVC is accompanied by a loss of compounders characterized by an estrogenic activity and by the adsorption of heavy metals. In the marine environment, the degradation of the PBAT surface forms cavities in which clay particles can be trapped. Moreover, in a more punctual manner than PVC, this material exhibit strong estrogenic activities
Frère, Laura. "Les microplastiques : une menace en rade de Brest ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0046.
Full textWorld production of plastics has increased steadily for the past decades leading to a major contamination of the worldwide aquatic ecosystems recently estimated at more than five trillion plastic pieces floating the surface of the oceans. Microplastics (plastic particles < 5 mm) are introduced into aquatic environments directly as industrial raw material (plastic pellets, cosmetics, clothing) or indirectly via the fragmentation of larger plastics. This emerging contaminant represents an increasing ecological concern for science and society. The present study focused on the microplastic contamination of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France), a macrotidal coastal ecosystem characterized by intense anthropogenic activity. The main objectives were: (1) to evaluate the contamination of environmental matrices (surface water, subtidal sediment and biota) by microplastics, and (2) to identify their potential role as vector of chemicals and bacteria in the bay of Brest.Methodological developments were first conducted to improve microplastic extraction from environmental matrices as well as their rapid morphological and chemical identification by Raman micro-spectrometry. The field investigations showed that the ecosystem of the bay of Brest is contaminated by microplastics with mean concentrations of 0.24 ± 0.35, and 0.97 ± 2.08 (mean ± standard deviation) in surface water and sediment, respectively. Microplastic contamination in surface water and sediment was dominated by polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene microparticles.Spatial microplastic distribution appeared to be related to proximity to urbanized areas and to hydrodynamic in the bay. Preliminarily results of microplastic contamination in marine bivalves demonstrated relatively low contamination (0.01 ± 0.04, and 0.08 ± 0.34 for mussels and cockles, respectively) by microplastics (mainly polyethylene and polypropylene fragments), however this could be partly related to the methodological limitation identified here (e.g. exclusion of fibers). Organic pollutant (PAH, PCB and pesticides) were detected on floating microplastics at levels (not detected – 49,763 ng g-1, mean ± SD) similar to those measured in sediment and bivalves suggesting low risks in transferring hazardous chemicals in local marine organisms upon microplastic ingestion. Finally, distinct bacterial community assemblages were demonstrated on microplastics as compared with surrounding surface water; the Vibrio genus was identified as a discriminant biomarker of the plastic matrix. Overall, this work provides a first and thorough assessment of the microplastic contamination in the bay of Brest and solid methodological recommendations for further work
Bringer, Arno. "Environnement & Conchyliculture : étude des effets des microplastiques et pesticides chez l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas, des Pertuis Charentais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS012.
Full textMicroplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in coastal areas and oceans around the world. MPs are of environmental concern due to their potential impacts on a wide range of marine organisms, so assessing their impact on ecosystems has become an urgent research priority. In addition, the phytosanitary substances regularly used in agriculture flow into coastal environments by runoff. This thesis focused on (i) an exploratory study of a pilot site in Pertuis Charentais (PC) in order to assess the extent of plastic contamination in order to be able to perform toxicity tests on (ii) the early and (iii) late stages of development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. This work provides a first investigation of the plastic contamination state (macro and micro) of a coastline PC pilot study site, where the presence of aquaculture plastics as well as significant concentrations of MPs in beach sediments, have been identified. In addition, the experiments carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, inform us about the toxic effects of PE-MPs and pesticides on the early stages of development (embryotoxicity). Pesticides dosed in PC seawater have shown significant effects at concentrations close to the natural environment, while MPs are toxic at higher concentrations. Effects on development, growth, and swimming behaviour are to be noted. Additional experiments were carried out on later stages in particular oyster spat showed altered valve behaviour following a 25-day exposure to PE-MPs and chlortoluron, under laboratory conditions. Intergenerational effects have been observed with the use of environmental MPs (cocktail of PE, PP and PVC), aged near oyster farms. The quality and success of fertilization was modified as well as the development and behaviour of D-larvae from parents exposed for two months. These initial results will help strengthen the knowledge of the scientific community and inform shellfish industry professionals and stakeholders on the risks of emerging contaminants, such as MPs and pesticides. Adaptations of shellfish farming practices will be necessary in order to avoid a probable deterioration in the quality of coastal waters in the PC
Lefebvre, Charlotte. "Distribution spatiale et temporelle des microplastiques et particules anthropiques au sein d'une lagune côtière mésotidale, le Bassin d'Arcachon. Approche multi-compartiments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0230.
Full textAs a cheap, light and resistant material, plastic rapidly became unavoidable in many sectors such as packaging, medical, automobile or building ones. However, theses extraordinary properties contribute to its ubiquity in marine environments, and sometime in an insidious way. Indeed, there is a fraction invisible to the naked eyes, named microplastic (MP), that draw researchers’ attention. They are commonly described by an upper limit size of 5 mm, yet the lower size limit is still under discussion. Meantime, other types of manufactured particles are more and more described, such as black rubbery fragments and fibers. These anthropogenic particles (AP) were already detected in marine compartments of all regions, from sea surface to bottom sediments by the way of beach, water column and living organisms. Nevertheless, MP contamination could be associated to impairment of geochemical cycles and biologic ones. Actually, because they are small-sized, MP can be ingested by a wide range of marine organisms (from zooplankton to cetacean). Additionally, the Arcachon Bay area supports important and diverse anthropogenic activities such as fishing, shellfish farming and mass tourism. Additionally, the lagoon have a complex morphology (e.g. intertidal areas and passes) and its hydrodynamic is mainly driven by tide. Thus, this project describes AP and MP contaminations in the Arcachon Bay, such as the one caused by fibers. Specifically, we were able to 1) quantify and characterize AP and MP contamination in nine compartments of this lagoon (sea surface, water column, wastewater effluent, intertidal sediment, high tide line, marine species), 2) describe their spatial distribution (from the oceanic zone to the inner-bay part) and explore transport dynamic between compartments, 3) characterize temporal evolution of the contamination within the studied compartments
Wahl, Aurélie. "Distribution et comportement de débris plastiques dans un sol agricole amendé en compost de déchets ménagers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN1B031.
Full textPlastic waste is accumulating in all environmental compartments, and its presence is of great interest to the scientific community. However, plastic waste study in soils is only very recent compared to rivers and oceans. This PhD work therefore focused on the behaviour of micro- and nanoplastics and associated contaminants from the composting of household waste enriched with plastic debris in agricultural soil. The microplastics collected in soil have an advanced degree of weathering that favours the release of small plastic particles such as nanoplastics. In order to identify them, an extraction/identification method was developed and highlighted for the first time, the presence of nanoplastics containing the three most common polymers in the uppermost soil surface layer. It was then demonstrated that these nanoplastics were present in the mineral layers at depth, whereas the microplastics were only present at ploughing depth. Nanoplastics are therefore mobile in soils and can reach the underlying groundwaters. Finally, the role of plastic waste in the concomitant metal contamination found in soil was investigated. The highest concentrations correspond to metals used as additives in the formulation of plastics, but the plastic role could not be implicated with certainty in soil contamination. However, metals and their isotopic signatures are good candidates for tracing nanoplastics in complex natural matrices
Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
Full textPlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
Kedzierski, Mikaël. "Pollutions du milieu littoral par les microplastiques : Méthodes d’évaluation." Thesis, Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS464/document.
Full textPlastics are technical materials necessary for industrialized societies. However, in the early 2000s, plastic particles of about ten microns were observed in seawater samples. These are called "microplastics". Their presence in most environments has been progressively highlighted making it an anthropocene marker. Moreover, these particles interact with environments and may carry toxic additives or micropollutants. However, scientific and technical barriers limit this accurate evaluation. In this context, the aims of this work are (1) to determine the most efficient and cost- effective extraction conditions of microplastics trapped in sand and (2) to evaluate the toxicity due to the interactions between micropollutants and aged plastics, which can occur in the marine environment. Thus, an elutriation system prototype has been built and an adapted protocol developed to efficiently extract microplastics from sand. In order to determine the optimal elutriation flow velocities, a simple numerical model based on hydrodynamic equations has been developed. This numerical model has been validated by comparing theoretical and experimental results. However, these results also demonstrate that process optimization was required: based on different constraints, for example the time needed to achieve the elutriation or the size of the column, new data on the design have been acquired. The evolution of the surface state and the toxicity of 3 types of plastic (PVC, PET and PBAT) immersed in the marine environment during 550 days was studied on Kernevel harbor (Larmor-Plage, France). The results of the plastics ageing show very different behaviors. PBAT ages faster than PVC whereas PET does not exhibit large modifications. The aging of PVC is accompanied by a loss of compounders characterized by an estrogenic activity and by the adsorption of heavy metals. In the marine environment, the degradation of the PBAT surface forms cavities in which clay particles can be trapped. Moreover, in a more punctual manner than PVC, this material exhibit strong estrogenic activities
Frère, Laura. "Les microplastiques : une menace en rade de Brest ?" Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0046/document.
Full textWorld production of plastics has increased steadily for the past decades leading to a major contamination of the worldwide aquatic ecosystems recently estimated at more than five trillion plastic pieces floating the surface of the oceans. Microplastics (plastic particles < 5 mm) are introduced into aquatic environments directly as industrial raw material (plastic pellets, cosmetics, clothing) or indirectly via the fragmentation of larger plastics. This emerging contaminant represents an increasing ecological concern for science and society. The present study focused on the microplastic contamination of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France), a macrotidal coastal ecosystem characterized by intense anthropogenic activity. The main objectives were: (1) to evaluate the contamination of environmental matrices (surface water, subtidal sediment and biota) by microplastics, and (2) to identify their potential role as vector of chemicals and bacteria in the bay of Brest.Methodological developments were first conducted to improve microplastic extraction from environmental matrices as well as their rapid morphological and chemical identification by Raman micro-spectrometry. The field investigations showed that the ecosystem of the bay of Brest is contaminated by microplastics with mean concentrations of 0.24 ± 0.35, and 0.97 ± 2.08 (mean ± standard deviation) in surface water and sediment, respectively. Microplastic contamination in surface water and sediment was dominated by polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene microparticles.Spatial microplastic distribution appeared to be related to proximity to urbanized areas and to hydrodynamic in the bay. Preliminarily results of microplastic contamination in marine bivalves demonstrated relatively low contamination (0.01 ± 0.04, and 0.08 ± 0.34 for mussels and cockles, respectively) by microplastics (mainly polyethylene and polypropylene fragments), however this could be partly related to the methodological limitation identified here (e.g. exclusion of fibers). Organic pollutant (PAH, PCB and pesticides) were detected on floating microplastics at levels (not detected – 49,763 ng g-1, mean ± SD) similar to those measured in sediment and bivalves suggesting low risks in transferring hazardous chemicals in local marine organisms upon microplastic ingestion. Finally, distinct bacterial community assemblages were demonstrated on microplastics as compared with surrounding surface water; the Vibrio genus was identified as a discriminant biomarker of the plastic matrix. Overall, this work provides a first and thorough assessment of the microplastic contamination in the bay of Brest and solid methodological recommendations for further work
Déniel-Babin, Maureen. "Spectroscopies infrarouge et Raman de microalgues : étude des interactions avec des micro et nanoparticules." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1012.
Full textIn a context of contamination of natural waters by anthropogenic micro and nanoparticles (plastics, metals, oxides...), the study of their interactions with freshwater microalgae, the first link in the trophic chain, is essential. Techniques such as vibrational spectroscopies (Raman and infrared), which allow sensitive and rapid analysis without sample preparation, may be of interest. They have been tested here on the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to quickly detect the effects of environmental stresses (light, drop of nutrients and presence of metals). Infrared spectroscopy proved to be a good tool, allowing rapid variation in biochemical composition to be monitored, helping to easily discriminate between the different stresses on the microalgae. This technique was then used to assess the impact of the presence of particulate pollutants (metallic and plastic nanoparticles in particular). The short- and medium-term impact of nanoparticles on freshwater microalgae was characterized in parallel with another known stress (nitrogen nutrient deficiency) in order to compare the different responses. The main results of exposure to nanoparticles show overall the immediate non-toxicity of nanoparticles at the tested concentrations. However, a loss of membrane integrity in contact with polystyrene nanoparticles suggests a stronger interaction of the microalgae studied with nanoplastics than with gold nanoparticles of similar size. Infrared spectra of C. reinhardtii showed a modification of protein and carbohydrate bands following environmental changes. In order to understand the variations observed at the level of carbohydrates, components of the microalgae structure and representing an important and complex part of the infrared spectrum, an in-depth study of this area was carried out by deconvolution of the infrared spectra. In order to better understand the response mechanisms involved, a study of the expression of genes (RT-QPCR) related to stress and carbohydrates production was carried out in parallel with infrared spectroscopy. The results thus obtained showed that polystyrene nanoparticle and C. reinhardtii interactions resulted in a genetic and macromolecular response at the carbohydrate level. Thus, the nanoparticle type effect was confirmed by the expression of the gene linked to the biosynthesis of galactose. Understanding the role of the cell-wall in the interaction with nanoparticles, particularly in case of polymers, was also studied by comparing two strains of C. reinhardtii (with and without cell-wall). Finally, microalgae response as a function of the interaction time with nanoparticles was investigated in order to try to understand whether, in the medium term, the responses presented a temporal variation. In addition, in order to better understand the effect of plastic particles at a higher trophic level, complementary work on the impact of microplastics on daphnia was carried out
Julienne, Fanon. "Fragmentation des plastiques : effet de l’environnement et de la nature du polymère sur la taille et la forme des fragments générés." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1033.
Full textPlastic wastes have been accumulating for several decades in the oceans where they break up into particles called microplastics when their size is less than 5 mm. These microplastics are found in all earth’s waters, in sediments and in many marine organisms. Their long-term physico-chemical fate and their possible fragmentation into nanoplastics are complex, still poorly documented and require laboratory studies.In order to understand the processes related to photodegradation and fragmentation of polymers, but also in order to understand the evolution of these fragments during irradiation, an accelerated aging protocol in abiotic conditions has been set up. The oxidation and fragmentation of two model polymers, low density polyethylene and polypropylene, were monitored using spectroscopic techniques (InfraRed, Raman), DSC, contact angles and microscopic technics (light microscopy, polarized light, SEM, AFM ...).This work has demonstrated a significant influence of the environment and the initial morphology of the polymers on their kinetics of aging and cracking mechanisms. This lead to significantly different distributions in numbers, sizes and shapes of the generated fragments. Moreover, after a long time of irradiaiton, other degradation products could be detected but the significant production of nanoplastics has not been demonstrated. The possibility of a size limit below which the fragmentation rate of plastics would strongly decrease should be considered