Journal articles on the topic 'Micronuclei'
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1
CHAU, M. F., and STEPHEN F. NG. "The somatic function of the micronucleus in sexual reproduction of Paramecium tetraurelia: initiation of oral membranelle assembly." Journal of Cell Science 90, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.90.1.157.
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In a previous study, cell lines possessing defective micronuclei, generated by laser-microbeam irradiation, gave rise to cells lacking both oral apparatus and micronuclear derivatives after autogamy. It was concluded that astomy arose as a result of degeneration of all of the meiotic products of the micronuclei after meiotic telophase II, instead of leaving one product for subsequent nuclear reorganization. The present study consolidates this conclusion by employing 15 micronucleus-defective cell lines; these were generated by laser-irradiation of the micronucleus, treatment of the cells with cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum (II), and conjugation between diploids and amicronucleates to produce haploids. A good correlation between the presence of pregametic, gametic and zygotic nuclei and the initiation of oral membranelle assembly in stomatogenesis was demonstrated in 17 cases of autogamy. Therefore, postmeiotic micronuclear activities up to the zygotic nucleus stage, in particular in the gametic stage, are crucial for the initiation of oral membranelle assembly, while premeiotic micronuclear activities are insufficient. Micronuclear genic factors are also likely to be involved in the determination of the fate of the meiotic products.
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Medyankina, Mariya, Nikita Kochetkov, Natalya Golovacheva, and Dmitry Nikiforov-Nikishin. "Evaluation of the genotoxicity of diflubenzuron by micronucleus test on red blood cells Danio rerio." Fisheries 2022, no. 4 (August 10, 2022): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-4-71-75.
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In this paper, the genotoxicity of (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzoyl)urea) is investigated by a micronuclear test on Danio rerio, as a standard test object, at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l. As a result of the work, a significant increase in the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei (0.73%) was found, while other nuclear anomalies in the maximum concentrations of erythrocytes were also significant. It was found that the frequency of micronuclei in concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/l on the fifth day of the experiment was the maximum, while at the maximum concentration (2 mg/l) the level of micronuclei was lower, which is probably due to toxic effects. An increase in the level of micronuclei may be associated with the genotoxic effect of DFB decay products. The genotoxicity results obtained using the micronucleus test method were contradictory. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct additional studies using the comet method or experiments on cell cultures.
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Grodsky, Ania. "Causes and Consequences of Nuclear Envelope Rupture and DNA Damage in Micronuclei." Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.9n.4p.12.
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Micronuclei are small, aberrant nuclear compartments containing mis-segregated chromosomes or chromosomal fragments. During telophase, dysfunctional micronuclear envelope reassembly leaves the micronuclear envelope highly unstable and rupture-prone. Following rupture, micronuclei attempt to repair membrane gaps, but the process is typically unsuccessful and may promote the invasion of ER tubules into the interior of micronuclei. These abnormalities cause ruptured micronuclei to accumulate significant DNA damage in the form of both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded breaks. Because micronuclei are capable of promoting genome instability, it is essential to understand the sources of DNA damage and the mechanism through which it arises in these structures. In this review, I will explore the causes and consequences of micronuclear envelope rupture, beginning with the processes surrounding improper micronuclear envelope reassembly. I will then discuss micronuclear envelope rupture, attempted micronuclear envelope repair and its consequences, and the proposed causes of micronuclear DNA damage.
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Nefić, Hilada, Jasmin Mušanović, Kemajl Kurteshi, Enida Prutina, and Elvira Turcalo. "The effects of sex, age and cigarette smoking on micronucleus and degenerative nuclear alteration frequencies in human buccal cells of healthy Bosnian subjects." Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 15, 2013): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2013.107.
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Introduction: This study was performed to establish a baseline value of micronucleus frequency in buccal cells and to estimate the impact of the most common factors (sex and age, and smoking) on micronucleus and degenerative nuclear alteration frequencies in the sample of healthy Bosnian subjects.Methods: The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay, based on scoring not only micronucleus frequency but also other genome damage markers, dead or degenerated cells, provides a measure of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.Results: Our results showed the baseline buccal micronucleus frequency was 0.135% or 1.35‰, as well as positive correlations between micronucleus frequencies and formations of degenerative nuclear alterations (nuclear buds, karyolytic and karyorrhectic cells). The number of micronuclei in buccal cells was significantly higher in females than in males. There was positive association between the age and frequency of analysed cytogenetic biomarkers. Buccal cell micronuclei and degenerative nuclear alternations were more frequent among cigarette smokers than non-smokers and significantly higher in female smokers than in male smokers. Cytogenetic damages showed significantly positive correlation between intensity of smoking and the number of nuclear alterations. The years of smoking had a significant influence not only on the number of nuclear alterations but also in micronuclei and nuclear buds in buccal cells.Conclusions: The sex influences the number of micronuclei in human buccal cells. The ageing increased the number of micronuclei and other biomarkers of DNA damage. The cigarette smoking significantly increases the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds, pyknotic, karyolytic and karyorrhectic cells.
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Wojcik, A., M. Kowalska, E. Bouzyk, I. Buraczewska, G. Kobialko, N. Jarocewicz, and I. Szumiel. "Validation of the micronucleus-centromere assay for biological dosimetry." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 4 (December 2000): 1083–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000400055.
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The micronucleus assay is frequently used for purposes of biological dosimetry. Due to high interindividual variability in the spontaneous frequency of micronuclei, its sensitivity in the low dose region is poor. It has been suggested that this problem can be mitigated by selectively analyzing the frequency of those micronuclei which contain only acentric fragments. Using a pan-centromeric FISH probe we have studied the dose dependence of micronuclei with centromeres in peripheral lymphocytes of human donors. In contrast to previous publications, our approach is based on determining the relative frequency of micronuclei with and without centromeric signals. Our results confirm previous observations that in the low dose range of ionizing radiation, the micronucleus-centromere assay is more sensitive than the conventional micronucleus test.
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Agustinus, Albert S., Ramya Raviram, Bhargavi Dameracharla, Jens Luebeck, Stephanie Stransky, Lorenzo Scipioni, Robert M. Myers, et al. "Abstract 3768: Epigenetic dysregulation from chromosomal transit in micronuclei." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3768.
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Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) and epigenetic alterations are characteristics of advanced and metastatic cancers, yet whether they are mechanistically linked is unknown. Here we show that missegregation of mitotic chromosomes, their sequestration in micronuclei, and subsequent micronuclear envelope rupture profoundly disrupt normal histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), a phenomenon conserved across humans and mice as well as cancer and nontransformed cells. Some of the changes to histone PTMs occur due to micronuclear envelope rupture whereas others are inherited from mitotic abnormalities prior to micronucleus formation. Using orthogonal techniques, we show that micronuclei exhibit extensive differences in chromatin accessibility with a strong positional bias between promoters and distal or intergenic regions. Finally, we show that inducing CIN engenders widespread epigenetic dysregulation and that chromosomes which transit in micronuclei experience durable abnormalities in their accessibility long after they have been reincorporated into the primary nucleus. Thus, in addition to genomic copy number alterations, CIN can serve as a vehicle for epigenetic reprogramming and heterogeneity in cancer. Citation Format: Albert S. Agustinus, Ramya Raviram, Bhargavi Dameracharla, Jens Luebeck, Stephanie Stransky, Lorenzo Scipioni, Robert M. Myers, Melody Di Bona, Mercedes Duran, Britta Weigelt, Shira Yomtoubian, Eleonore Toufektchan, Paul S. Mischel, Vivek Mittal, Sohrab Shah, John Maciejowski, Enrico Gratton, Peter Ly, Mathieu F. Bakhoum, Dan Landau, Vineet Bafna, Simone Sidoli, Yael David, Samuel F. Bakhoum. Epigenetic dysregulation from chromosomal transit in micronuclei [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3768.
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KERYER, GUY, NICOLE GARREAU DE LOUBRESSE, NICOLE BORDES, and MICHEL BORNENS. "Identification of a spindle-associated protein in ciliate micronuclei." Journal of Cell Science 93, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.93.2.287.
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Ciliated protozoa display a nuclear dualism, with germinal micronuciei and a somatic macronucleus. During mitosis, which proceeds without disruption of the nuclear envelope, a spindle is organized within the micronucleus from, presumably, intranuclear microtubule-organizing centres (MTOCs). In order to characterize these MTOCs, monoclonal antibodies generated against human centrosomes were screened on several ciliates and particularly on Paramecium tetraurelia. In this ciliate, the monoclonal antibody CTR 532, which decorates centrosomal and spindle-associated components in mammalian cells, specifically labelled the micronuclei during interphase. At the electron-microscope level, it stained a fibrous material surrounding microtubules localized on the inner face of the nuclear envelope. During mitosis this decoration extended all over the metaphase spindle. At all stages of the cell cycle, the decoration remained specific to the micronucleus and was absent not only from all of the various cytoplasmic and cortical microtubule arrays but also from the macronuclei, even at early stages of their development from the zygotic nucleus. CTR 532 recognizes a single 170x103 Mr polypeptide in the cytoskeletal fraction that contains micronuclei and this polypeptide is absent in the cytoskeletal fraction of amicronucleate cells.
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Sangeetha, N., S. Saranyabai, Priyanka Pradeep, E. Nidhya, and Balaji Venkataraman. "Study of micronuclei as a potent biomarker in breast cytology aspirates." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 3 (November 15, 2022): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2022.121.
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: Micronuclei scoring can be used as a bio-marker of genotoxic and chromosomal damage. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is applied as the primary tool for diagnosis in breast masses because of its ease and rapidity. Micronucleus (MN) scoring is carried out in benign (fibroadenoma) and malignant (infiltrating ductal carcinoma) breast lesions to evaluate the role of Micronuclei as a biomarker in breast carcinomas.: To study Micronuclei (MN) scores as a biomarker on breast cytology aspirated smears. This was a prospective study done for duration of two years in the Department of Pathology, A.C.S Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. The features of micronuclei in 60 breast aspirate smears were studied and compared in benign conditions, proliferative and malignant conditions.The most common diagnosis was of fibroadenoma seen in 38 (63.3%) cases. Adenosis was seen in 10 (16.6%) cases. Usual ductal hyperplasia in 6.6% cases and Invasive ductal carcinomas in 6 (10%) cases. The Average Micronucleus score/1000 cells and the range of micronucleus score was higher in malignancy as compared to benign conditions. : Micronuclei can be used as a biomarker on fine needle aspiration cytology smears of breast lesions. An increase in micronuclei is usually seen in malignant conditions as compared to benign tumours. Attention to features of micronuclei can give a clue to the presence of malignancy.
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Mammel, Anna E., Heather Z. Huang, Amanda L. Gunn, Emma Choo, and Emily M. Hatch. "Chromosome length and gene density contribute to micronuclear membrane stability." Life Science Alliance 5, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): e202101210. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101210.
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Micronuclei are derived from missegregated chromosomes and frequently lose membrane integrity, leading to DNA damage, innate immune activation, and metastatic signaling. Here, we demonstrate that two characteristics of the trapped chromosome, length and gene density, are key contributors to micronuclei membrane stability and determine the timing of micronucleus rupture. We demonstrate that these results are not due to chromosome-specific differences in spindle position or initial protein recruitment during post-mitotic nuclear envelope assembly. Micronucleus size strongly correlates with lamin B1 levels and nuclear pore density in intact micronuclei, but, unexpectedly, lamin B1 levels do not completely predict nuclear lamina organization or membrane stability. Instead, small gene-dense micronuclei have decreased nuclear lamina gaps compared to large micronuclei, despite very low levels of lamin B1. Our data strongly suggest that nuclear envelope composition defects previously correlated with membrane rupture only partly explain membrane stability in micronuclei. We propose that an unknown factor linked to gene density has a separate function that inhibits the appearance of nuclear lamina gaps and delays membrane rupture until late in the cell cycle.
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Liu, Yifan, Xiaoyuan Song, Martin A. Gorovsky, and Kathleen M. Karrer. "Elimination of Foreign DNA during Somatic Differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila Shows Position Effect and Is Dosage Dependent." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 2 (February 2005): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.2.421-431.2005.
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ABSTRACT In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, approximately 15% of the germ line micronuclear DNA sequences are eliminated during formation of the somatic macronucleus. The vast majority of the internal eliminated sequences (IESs) are repeated in the micronuclear genome, and several of them resemble transposable elements. Thus, it has been suggested that DNA elimination evolved as a means for removing invading DNAs. In the present study, bacterial neo genes introduced into the germ line micronuclei were eliminated from the somatic genome. The efficiency of elimination from two different loci increased dramatically with the copy number of the neo genes in the micronuclei. The timing of neo elimination is similar to that of endogenous IESs, and they both produce bidirectional transcripts of the eliminated element, suggesting that the deletion of neo occurred by the same mechanism as elimination of endogenous IESs. These results indicate that repetition of an element in the micronucleus enhances the efficiency of its elimination from the newly formed somatic genome of Tetrahymena thermophila. The implications of these data in relation to the function and mechanism of IES elimination are discussed.
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Reimann, Hauke, Helga Stopper, and Henning Hintzsche. "Long-term fate of etoposide-induced micronuclei and micronucleated cells in Hela-H2B-GFP cells." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 10 (July 17, 2020): 3553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02840-0.
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Abstract Micronuclei are small nuclear cellular structures containing whole chromosomes or chromosomal fragments. While there is a lot of information available about the origin and formation of micronuclei, less is known about the fate of micronuclei and micronucleated cells. Possible fates include extrusion, degradation, reincorporation and persistence. Live cell imaging was performed to quantitatively analyse the fates of micronuclei and micronucleated cells occurring in vitro. Imaging was conducted for up to 96 h in HeLa-H2B-GFP cells treated with 0.5, 1 and 2 µg/ml etoposide. While a minority of micronuclei was reincorporated into the main nucleus during mitosis, the majority of micronuclei persisted without any alterations. Degradation and extrusion were observed rarely or never. The presence of micronuclei affected the proliferation of the daughter cells and also had an influence on cell death rates. Mitotic errors were found to be clearly increased in micronucleus-containing cells. The results show that micronuclei and micronucleated cells can, although delayed in cell cycle, sustain for multiple divisions.
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Lepage, Chloe C., Laura L. Thompson, Bradley Larson, and Kirk J. McManus. "An Automated, Single Cell Quantitative Imaging Microscopy Approach to Assess Micronucleus Formation, Genotoxicity and Chromosome Instability." Cells 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9020344.
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Micronuclei are small, extranuclear bodies that are distinct from the primary cell nucleus. Micronucleus formation is an aberrant event that suggests a history of genotoxic stress or chromosome mis-segregation events. Accordingly, assays evaluating micronucleus formation serve as useful tools within the fields of toxicology and oncology. Here, we describe a novel micronucleus formation assay that utilizes a high-throughput imaging platform and automated image analysis software for accurate detection and rapid quantification of micronuclei at the single cell level. We show that our image analysis parameters are capable of identifying dose-dependent increases in micronucleus formation within three distinct cell lines following treatment with two established genotoxic agents, etoposide or bleomycin. We further show that this assay detects micronuclei induced through silencing of the established chromosome instability gene, SMC1A. Thus, the micronucleus formation assay described here is a versatile and efficient alternative to more laborious cytological approaches, and greatly increases throughput, which will be particularly beneficial for large-scale chemical or genetic screens.
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Wang, T., and C. D. Allis. "An abundant high-mobility-group-like protein is targeted to micronuclei in a cell cycle-dependent and developmentally regulated fashion in Tetrahymena thermophila." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.163-173.1993.
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In this report, we have demonstrated for the first time that an abundant high-mobility-group (HMG)-like protein, HMG B, previously thought to be specific to macronuclei in Tetrahymena thermophila, is also present in micronuclei. Biochemical data document the fact that HMG B is extremely labile in micronuclei. Unless extreme precautions are taken during the isolation of nuclei (addition of 1% formaldehyde to the nucleus isolation buffer), HMG B is not detected in micronuclei. Using polyclonal antibodies highly selective for HMG B, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses show that the presence of HMG B in micronuclei is dynamic, correlating well with known periods of micronuclear DNA replication. This is the case not only during the vegetative cell cycle but also during early stages of the sexual cycle, conjugation, when the presence of HMG B in micronuclei is also closely correlated with meiotic DNA recombination and repair. Since micronuclei are transcriptionally inactive during vegetative growth, our data lend support to the idea that HMG B does not function exclusively in the establishment of transcriptionally competent chromatin. However, micronuclei are transcriptionally active during early stages of conjugation. Evidence that HMG B is strongly synthesized and deposited into micronuclei during this stage is presented. Therefore, it is tempting to suggest that HMG B may play an important role in remodeling micronuclear chromatin into an "active," more open configuration. We favor a model wherein HMG B, like other abundant, low-specificity HMG box-containing proteins, functions to wrap DNA, presumably modulating higher-order chromatin structure for a broad range of biological processes, including transcription and replication.
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Wang, T., and C. D. Allis. "An abundant high-mobility-group-like protein is targeted to micronuclei in a cell cycle-dependent and developmentally regulated fashion in Tetrahymena thermophila." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.163.
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In this report, we have demonstrated for the first time that an abundant high-mobility-group (HMG)-like protein, HMG B, previously thought to be specific to macronuclei in Tetrahymena thermophila, is also present in micronuclei. Biochemical data document the fact that HMG B is extremely labile in micronuclei. Unless extreme precautions are taken during the isolation of nuclei (addition of 1% formaldehyde to the nucleus isolation buffer), HMG B is not detected in micronuclei. Using polyclonal antibodies highly selective for HMG B, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses show that the presence of HMG B in micronuclei is dynamic, correlating well with known periods of micronuclear DNA replication. This is the case not only during the vegetative cell cycle but also during early stages of the sexual cycle, conjugation, when the presence of HMG B in micronuclei is also closely correlated with meiotic DNA recombination and repair. Since micronuclei are transcriptionally inactive during vegetative growth, our data lend support to the idea that HMG B does not function exclusively in the establishment of transcriptionally competent chromatin. However, micronuclei are transcriptionally active during early stages of conjugation. Evidence that HMG B is strongly synthesized and deposited into micronuclei during this stage is presented. Therefore, it is tempting to suggest that HMG B may play an important role in remodeling micronuclear chromatin into an "active," more open configuration. We favor a model wherein HMG B, like other abundant, low-specificity HMG box-containing proteins, functions to wrap DNA, presumably modulating higher-order chromatin structure for a broad range of biological processes, including transcription and replication.
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Davie, James R., Rueyling Lin, and C. David Allis. "Timing of the appearance of ubiquitinated histones in developing new macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o91-009.
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Vegetative cells of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila contain a transcriptionally active macronucleus and a transcriptionally inert micronucleus. During vegetative growth, macronuclear histones H2A and H2B and micronuclear H2A are ubiquitinated. Despite differences in function, macro- and micro-nuclei are related. During conjugation (the sexual phase of the life cycle in Tetrahymena), postzygotic division products of micronuclei give rise to new micro- and macro-nuclei. Using an anti-ubiquitin antibody in Western blotting experiments, we determined the levels of ubiquitinated histones in new macro- and micro-nuclei at various times during conjugation. Very soon after the second postzygotic division (approximately 8 h) when new macronuclei begin to synthesize RNA, ubiquitinated H2B and polyubiquitinated H2A are present. At this time micronuclei have only low levels of ubiquitinated H2A. During later stages of conjugation (15 h), the level of polyubiquitinated H2A decreases, while ubiquitinated H2B increases in developing new macronuclei, attaining levels of ubiquitinated H2B approaching that of parental macronuclei. Ubiquitinated histones are not detectable in the 15-h micronuclei. These results show that ubiquitination of H2B coincides with the transformation of an inert germinal nucleus into that of a transcriptionally active somatic nucleus, suggesting that ubiquitinated H2B has a role in maintaining the transcriptionally active chromatin state.Key words: histone ubiquitination, Tetrahymena thermophila, chromatin, transcription.
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Godoi, Kaline de Souza Pereira, Juliana Caroline Vivian Spósito, Aline do Nascimento Rocha, Liliam Silvia Candido, Caio Augusto Mussury Silva, Ana Paula Lemke, Sandra Verza da Silva, Silvana de Paula Quintão Scalon, Emerson Machado de Carvalho, and Rosilda Mara Mussury. "Mutagenicity in Tradescantia pallida as an Indicator of the Effect of Air Pollution and Human Health." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091185.
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The present study aims to relate the micronucleus frequency in Tradescantia pallida to environmental factors and cardiorespiratory diseases to infer the effect of air pollution. The number of hospitalizations, diseases cases, frequency of micronuclei in plants, environmental variables, altitude, and vehicle traffic in cities of Mato Grosso do Sul were evaluated due to the high flow that surrounds agribusiness. The frequency of micronuclei decreased with the increase in relative humidity, while the altitude did not influence the mutagenicity or genotoxicity of the evaluated plants. The municipalities with micronucleus frequencies above 200 had the highest number of vehicle and cardiorespiratory diseases. Biomonitoring data obtained in cities throughout the year indicate that the number of cardiorespiratory diseases was probably due to vehicular pollution, which is evidenced by the increased frequency of micronuclei in T. pallida.
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CRISPIM, BRUNO A., JULIANA C. V. SPÓSITO, ROSILDA M. MUSSURY, LEONARDO O. SENO, and ALEXÉIA B. GRISOLIA. "Effects of atmospheric pollutants on somatic and germ cells of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. HUNT cv. purpurea." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86, no. 4 (December 2014): 1899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140338.
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Anatomical alterations in leaves and DNA damage in cells caused by the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants can be measured by epidermal leaf analyses and Tradescantia micronuclei assay with early pollen tetrad cells. The present study examined the feasibility of using somatic and germ cells of Tradescantia pallida for biomonitoring purposes in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Stomatal, micronucleus and epidermal leaf analyses were performed, using standard methodologies, on plants growing at three locations during six different time periods. Tradescantia micronuclei data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software package and stomatal data were analyzed using SANEST software. Analyses of stomatal characteristics and micronuclei examination in T. pallida were found to be an efficient tool for monitoring atmospheric pollution. The micronucleus assay suggested that the number of micronuclei in early pollen tetrad cells was related to the intensity of vehicular traffic. Increased number of epidermal cells and stomata and increased stomatal density observed at locations with greater vehicular traffic are likely physiological responses of those plants to the increased gas exchange in highly polluted environments.
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Nersesyan, Armen, Nina Vardazaryan, Ani Gevorgyan, and Rouben Arutyunyan. "Micronucleus level in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of cancer patients." Archive of Oncology 10, no. 1 (2002): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0201035n.
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Micronucleus levels in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of patients with primary breast, lung, cervix uteri cancer, and patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied (n=59). Significantly increased number of micronuclei in cells of cancer patients was observed compared with healthy persons (n=45). The evaluation of micronuclei number in buccal mucosa cells shows genomic instability in somatic cells of humans.
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Petrovic, Sandra, Andreja Leskovac, and Gordana Joksic. "Positive correlation between micronuclei and necrosis of lymphocytes in medical personnel occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation." Archive of Oncology 13, no. 2 (2005): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0502065p.
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BACKGROUND: Current radiation protection standards are based on premise that any radiation dose may result in detrimental health effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate extent of the DNA damages (measured by induction of micronuclei) and interphase cell death in circulating lymphocytes of medical personnel exposed to ionizing radiation. METHODS: Baseline micronuclei were assessed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by flow cytometry for human white blood cells to identify cells that displayed apoptosis-associated DNA condensation. Necrotic cells were analyzed simultaneously. All parameters were compared with corresponding controls. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (t = 4.54, p = 0.002) was found between exposed and control group in the yield of baseline micronuclei. The level of baseline micronuclei correlated positively with necrosis of leucocytes (r=0.09, p=0.68 in exposed group, r=0.02, p=0.97 in controls). An inverse correlation between baseline micronuclei and apoptosis was noted in both groups of examinees (r = -0.26, p = 0.27 in exposed group, r = -0.09, p=0.80 in controls). The data obtained also suggested an inverse correlation between necrosis and apoptosis (r = -0.37, p = 0.11 in exposed group, r = -0.89, p = 0.001 in controls). CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry being a rapid, fast, and accurate method is strongly recommended in evaluation of radiation injuries. The integration of apoptosis and necrosis into micronucleus assay could be very important in the assessment of cumulative effects of ionizing radiation in occupationally exposed medical personnel.
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Kosovskiy, Gleb Yurievich, Tamara Konstantinovna Karelina, Tamara Viktorovna Prokhorenko, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Streltsova, and Ekaterina Valentinovna Golovanova. "Cytogenetic characteristics of male rabbits with different reproductive capacity in the formation of a breeding group." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (November 17, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i10pp88-92.
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The cytogenetic characteristics of rabbits are presented using a micronucleus test, which makes it possible to improve existing breeds and types, to seek opportunities for the accelerated creation of new forms of animals. In the FGBNU NIIPZK, during the formation of a breeding group of rabbits, data on the reproductive capacity of males were obtained and correlated with the results of the micronucleus test. Determination of the stability of the genome of rabbits of the created breed using the micronucleus test showed that the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei varied in males in the range of 0.1 - 1.3 ‰ or on average was 0.55 ± 0.07 ‰. The research results showed that in the outbred group of males, the range of fluctuations in cytogenetic characteristics was from 0.1 ‰ to 1.17 ‰, inbred, respectively, from 0.1 ‰ to 1.3 ‰. At the same time, in males with different reproductive ability in groups, differences in the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei were revealed. Based on the assessment of the reproductive ability of males of the main herd of the breed being created, participating in outbred mating, 8 males were selected with 100% fertilizing ability of the fertile females and average indicators: fertility - 8.8 ± 0.7 (head), the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei 0.56 ± 0.15; participating in inbred mating, 8 males were selected with 100% fertilizing ability of covered females and average indicators: fertility: 8.7 ± 0.4 (head), the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei 0.77 ± 0.15 ‰.
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CHAU, M. F., and STEPHEN F. NG. "The rescue of oral development of defective-micronucleate conjugants of Paramecium tetraurelia by normal gametic nuclei." Journal of Cell Science 90, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.90.2.287.
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The present study further analyses the importance of postmeiotic divisional derivatives of the micronucleus in the development of the oral apparatus of Paramecium during sexual reproduction. Cell lines possessing defective micronuclei generated by laser microbeam irradiation of the micronucleus were employed. They exhibited anomalies in nuclear reorganization and stomatogenesis in the sexual cycle. During autogamy, in some cells the micronuclear cycle terminated shortly after meiosis, resulting in the loss of all postmeiotic micronuclear derivatives. Stomatogenesis became arrested at an early stage of assembly of the oral membranelles, but the old oral apparatus was resorbed as usual, leading to the production of astomatous cells at the end of the sexual cycle. Conjugation of these cell lines with normal micronucleates rescued both nucleogenesis and stomatogenesis in the defective micronucleate conjugant, primarily as a result of transfer of the male gametic nucleus from the normal conjugant to the defective-micronucleate mate. These observations demonstrate the stomatogenic significance, in particular in the initiation of oral membranelle assembly, of the gametic nuclei during sexual reproduction. The present study also suggests the possibility of micronuclear activities in the early part of the sexual cycle affecting postzygotic nucleogenesis.
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Chau, M. F., and S. F. Ng. "Interspecific micronuclear transplantation in Paramecium: nucleogenesis and stomatogenesis in asexual and sexual reproduction." Development 103, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.1.179.
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The micronucleus of Paramecium plays an essential role in the development of the oral apparatus in both asexual and sexual cycles. The present study analyses this somatic function of the micronucleus by interspecific transplantation of the micronucleus between two species, P. jenningsi and P. tetraurelia. The two species are similar in nucleogenesis in the sexual cycle, in the dependence of stomatogenesis on the micronucleus and in the pattern of the oral ciliature. P. jenningsi, however, has a longer oral apparatus. Renucleated cell lines were derived from heterospecific transplantation (P. jenningsi amicronucleates implanted with micronuclei of P. tetraurelia), and also from homospecific transplantation (P. jenningsi). Both homo- and heterospecific transplants exhibited abnormal micronuclear propagation during cell division. In the sexual cycle, the heterospecific transplants exhibited more severe micronuclear anomalies, suggesting interspecific incompatibility. On the other hand, the stomatogenic consequences of the two types of transplants in the asexual and sexual cycles were similar. It is concluded that micronuclear functions, in the assembly and normal patterning of the oral ciliature in the sexual cycle, are not species-specific. However, the oral apparatuses developed by the homo- and heterospecific transplants were similar in length, and approaching that of normal P. jenningsi. Hence, even though the micronucleus is necessary for developing normal oral length, the oral length characteristic of a species is determined by species-specific nonmicronuclear factors. The present findings resemble heterospecific dermal-epidermal inductive interactions in multicellular development, with the micronucleus exerting a nonspecies-specific ‘intracellular inductive stimulus’ on the oral anarchic field to promote oral development.
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Ibrulj, Slavka, Sanin Haverić, Anja Haverić, Adaleta Durmić-Pašić, and Damir Marjanović. "Effect of War and Postwar Genotoxins on Micronuclei Frequency in Sarajevo Study Group." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (November 20, 2006): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2006.3121.
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During the 1992-1995 siege, as well as after the war activities, citizens of Sarajevo were most probably exposed to various potential genotoxic agents. The effects of those potential genotoxins were evaluated by micronucleus-cytokinesis blocked assay. The study included 30 individuals who resided in the area of Sarajevo during the war and the postwar period. Point bi-serial coefficient analysis did not reveal any relationship between the frequencies of binuclear cells with micronuclei as well as total number of micronuclei and smoking habits or gender. Simple linear regression revealed statistically significant positive correlation between the age and micronuclei formation. Due to the war related environmental contamination more extensive study is recommended.
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Di Bona, Melody, Albert Agustinus, Yanyang Chen, Lorenzo Scipioni, Daniel Bronder, and Samuel F. Bakhoum. "Abstract 1589: Unraveling the mechanisms underlying micronuclear rupture, a seminal event in cancer progression." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1589.
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Abstract Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of aggressive human cancers and it is often associated with metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Chromosomally unstable tumors often contain rupture-prone micronuclei, which harbor mis-segregated chromosomes. Rupture of micronuclear envelopes represents a critical event in the evolution of chromosomally unstable tumors given its ability to catalyze the formation of genomic rearrangements known as chromothripsis, and to trigger the cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING inflammatory pathway, whose aberrant and chronic activation was found to promote metastatic progression [1]. Despite its central role in tumor progression, how micronuclear membranes collapse and why membrane repair mechanisms, which are functional at the primary nucleus, fail to restore micronuclear integrity, remains poorly understood. Here we show that the answer to these fundamental questions lays in mitochondria proximity to micronuclei: by means of advanced microscopy and cellular and molecular biology techniques, our results demonstrate that ruptured micronuclei are more heavily embedded in the mitochondrial matrix than the intact ones, and that ROS are the main cause of micronuclear rupture. We used a combination of ROS-inducing drugs on a variety of cell lines to show an increase in collapsed micronuclei, while using ROS-scavengers we reduced the physiological basal amount of micronuclear rupture. Nuclear membrane catastrophe has recently been identified as the main outcome of unrestrained activity of the ESCRT-III nuclear membrane repair complex, of which CHMP7 is the scaffolding protein [2]. We showed that cells under oxidative stress display an increase in CHMP7 content in micronuclei whose membrane is not yet collapsed, implicating a causative role of CHMP7 in micronuclear envelope rupture. Furthermore, by means of genetic manipulation we demonstrate a central role for CHMP7 in ROS-induced rupture, with evidences pointing towards a non-canonical role for CHMP7 in this process. We thus provide a mechanistic insight into a fundamental hub in advanced cancers metastatic onset: by understanding the players involved into micronuclear collapse, this work can bring to light new untapped drug targets that are specific for those cells that will undergo metastatic transformation. In conclusion, our study has the potential to develop new and more effective therapies for the treatment of aggressive chromosomally unstable cancers. 1. Bakhoum, S.F., et al., Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response. Nature, 2018. 553(7689): p. 467-472. 2. Vietri, M., et al., Unrestrained ESCRT-III drives micronuclear catastrophe and chromosome fragmentation. Nat Cell Biol, 2020. 22(7): p. 856-867 Citation Format: Melody Di Bona, Albert Agustinus, Yanyang Chen, Lorenzo Scipioni, Daniel Bronder, Samuel F. Bakhoum. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying micronuclear rupture, a seminal event in cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1589.
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Olvya, Shintia, Isti Rahayu Suryani, and Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih. "Perbedaan peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus antara mukosa gingiva dan mukosa bukal akibat paparan radiografi panoramik digital." Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v3i2.483.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the number of micronuclei between the gingival mucosa and the buccal mucosa due to exposure to digital panoramic radiography.
Material and Methods: This study used 10 healthy individuals aged 18-25 years. Exfoliated epithelial cell samples from the gingival and buccal mucosa were taken from the patient on the 10th day after exposure to digital panoramic radiography. The coloring method used is Feulgen-Rossenbeck.
Results: The micronucleus calculation was performed by the method of assessing 1000 cells per slide using a binuclear light microscope with a magnification of 400x. The results of the analysis by unpaired T test showed that the difference in the increase in the number of micronuclei was statistically significant (p <0.05). The average difference in the increase in the number of micronuclei was 3.5 ± 0.767. There is a significant difference in the increase in the number of micronuclei between the gingival mucosa and the buccal mucosa due to exposure to digital panoramic radiography with an increase in the number of micronucleus in the buccal mucosa higher than the gingival mucosa.
Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that digital panoramic radiography can cause genotoxic effects on the gingival and buccal mucosa. Digital panoramic radiography is used if needed.
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Kolenko, Yulia G., Iryna A. Volovyk, Natalia V. Bidenko, Konstantin O. Mialkivskyi, and Iryna M. Tkachenko. "BUCCAL CELL MICRONUCLEI AMONG PATIENTS WITH ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 7 (2022): 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202207119.
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The aim: The purpose of research was to evaluate the efficiency of micronucleus test in buccal cells for the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. Materials and methods: We have conducted a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of 155 patients with oral leukoplakia. It was conducted histological examination leukoplakia mucosal sites, to assess the buccal epithelium cell micronucleus test was carried out. Results: Histological evaluation of the material was made according to the classification of leukoplakia WHO (2005). They are established 10 (14%) sites unmodified mucosa, 10 (14%) of the samples hyperkeratosis without atypia, 14 (19%) biopsies hyperkeratosis SIN1, 15 (21%) of hyperkeratosis SIN2, 10 (14%) -- SIN3 and 13 (18 %) of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Micronuclei, whose appearance is caused by violation of differentiation of epithelial cells, were found in patients with leukoplakia, the detection of micronuclei almost equally high as in patients with leukoplakia SIN2, and with SIN3 (a difference of 1.3 times (p <0,05, rxy = + 0.271)), and consequently the probability of occurrence of tumoral diseases of the oral mucosa or malignancy existing large. Conclusions: Thus, on the background of the general increase in proliferative activity of epithelial cells with increasing SIN, for each treatment group revealed the appearance of micronuclei in buccal cells. And the frequency of micronuclei and the fourth type of increases with hyperplasia, indicating an increase in the likelihood of malignancy and cancer of the oral mucosa in patients with leukoplakia SIN3.
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KUCHTA-GŁADYSZ, MARTA, ANNA GRZESIAKOWSKA, AGNIESZKA OTWINOWSKA-MINDUR, PRZEMYSŁAW BARAN, and OLGA SZELESZCZUK. "Development of the optimal dose of cytochalasine B in the MN assay in a domestic cat." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 12 (2022): 6708–2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6708.
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Cytochalasine B is an indicator in the CBMN assay, but can also be geno- or cytotoxic. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal dose of cytochalasine B for the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay for the domestic cat. The results revealed a surprisingly high number of micronuclei (MN) in relation to the doses used. It was found that a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml is enough to obtain binuclear cells, with a minimal toxic effect on the lymphocytes of the domestic cat. In the material analysed, three forms of chromatin structure abnormalities were found. The most prevalent abnormalities were isolated micronuclei, with the mean number of binucleated cells with one micronucleus (BNCs + 1 MN) equal to 39.96 ± 9.02. Moreover, the numbers of binucleated cells with one micronucleus, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges did not differ significantly according to the sex or age of European cats.
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Petrova, I. V., A. N. Semikrasova, and K. V. Zhilina. "Rate of detection of erythrocytes with micronuclei in peripheral blood of rabbits in spontaneous coccidiosis." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.1.18.
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Coccidiosis is the most common disease in rabbits, causing great economic damage in rabbit farming. The aim of this work was to study the effect of coccidia on the parameters of the micronucleus test, since the authors did not come across data on the study of the mutagenic effect of Eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of somatic cells in rabbits in the literature. For the experiment, 4 groups of rabbits, 10 heads each, with high, medium, low intensity of invasion (II) by oocysts of coccidia and healthy animals were formed. In experimental and control rabbits, blood was taken from the marginal ear vein, smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa dye. To carry out the micronucleus test, microscopy of blood preparations was performed and the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was calculated. It was found that in rabbits with low IS, the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 1.49 + 0.10, which was 1.6 times higher than that of the control group (p <0.001). In the group of rabbits with medium IS, the frequency of appearance of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 2.3 times higher than in the control group (p <0.001) and was 2.15 + 0.09. The frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the group with high IS exceeded the control indicator by 3.1 times and amounted to 2.88 + 0.13 ‰. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the change in the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the peripheral blood of rabbits depends on the degree of invasion by eimeria, thereby proving the mutagenic effect of eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of the host somatic cells.
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Matthopoulos, Demetrios P. "Dynamic Analysis of DNA Damage by Flow Cytometry and FISH." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.112.
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The micronucleus assay, developed to assess DNA damage induced by noxious agents, supplies information on whether the damage is due to clastogenic or aneugenic action. Although it is the test that can be used to assess agents' toxicity, it cannot provide information on the molecular events that result in the induction of micronuclei. To study the molecular events, the combination of both microscopic and analytical techniques is required. Flow-sorting induced micronuclei, based on their DNA content, in combination with chromosomal FISH and other molecular techniques, may provide information on these events.
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Balasem, Abbas N. "Micronucleus Assay as a Biological Indicator for In Vitro Exposure of Human Lymphocytes to Gamma Rays." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.1.200.
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Micronucleus Assay was employed to detect the effects of acute exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to Cs -137 gamma rays. Human whole blood samples were irradiated with different doses of gamma rays namely ) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.00) Gy, respectively in addition to a control non-irradiated sample. The samples were tissue cultured and cytokinesis blocked method was used to investigate the frequency of micronuclei. In vitro exposure of lymphocytes to this doses led to elevation of micronuclei in comparison with non –irradiated samples However, inclusion of mono-, tri-,and quadrinucleated cells in micronucleus assay probably gives more satisfying result than restriction the test on binucleated cells. Computed programmed were employed to establish dose – response relationships to be used as biological dosimeter during radiation accidents.
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Sweet, M. T., K. Jones, and C. D. Allis. "Phosphorylation of linker histone is associated with transcriptional activation in a normally silent nucleus." Journal of Cell Biology 135, no. 5 (December 1, 1996): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.5.1219.
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Previous studies have suggested that micronuclear linker histones are phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in Tetrahymena (Sweet, M.T., and C.D. Allis. 1993. Chromosoma. 102: 637-647). In this study, we report that a rapid and dramatic phosphorylation of the micronuclear linker histone, delta, occurs early in the sexual pathway, conjugation. Phosphorylated isoforms of delta are detected as early as 30 min after mixing cells of different mating types; blocking pair formation abolishes this induction completely. Phosphorylation of delta is stimulated by the addition of N6-benzoyladenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate to starved (nonmating) cells, suggesting that a PKA/cAMP signal transduction pathway is involved. Maximal phosphorylation of delta is observed during meiotic prophase, a period when micronuclei become transcriptionally active. In situ staining, using phospho-delta-specific antibodies combined with [3H]uridine autoradiography, shows that decondensed micronuclear chromatin undergoing active transcription is enriched in phosphorylated delta isoforms. In contrast, condensed inactive micronuclear chromatin is enriched in dephosphorylated delta. These results strongly suggest that phosphorylation of linker histone plays an important and previously unsuspected role in establishing transcriptional competence in micronuclei.
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Arnaoutoglou, Christos, Anastasia Keivanidou, Georgios Dragoutsos, Ioannis Tentas, Soultana Meditskou, Paul Zarogoulidis, Dimitrios Matthaios, et al. "Factors Affecting the Nuclei in Newborn and Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074226.
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It is known that children are more sensitive to the effects of medical treatments and environment than adults. Today there is limited information regarding the differences in genotoxic effects in children. The micronucleus assay is a method that is used to monitor genotoxicity, and it was validated several years before. Today there is international interest for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the micronuclei studies in children have been performed with the analyses of lymphocytes. However, there is vast interest in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity. The reason is that other type of cells are acquired non-invasively, this is an important issue in paediatric cohorts. Unfortunately a limitation of measuring micronuclei frequency is that it has been observed to be low in newborns and on the other hand there are a large number of patients and cell sample counts. It has been observed that radiation exposure and environmental pollutants increase the micronuclei frequency in newborn and children. Regarding the medical treatments, there is little data and several studies are needed to optimise the doses. There is the need to observe if there is a relationship between micronuclei in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells and to identify the baseline of the micronuclei levels. Moreover, we evaluate the changes in response to the toxic agents. Prospective cohorts studies will clarify the predictive value of micronuclei for cancer and chronic diseases for both children and adults. Novel molecular technologies will assist in the elucidation of different biological pathways and molecular mechanisms connected with the micronulcei levels in newborn and children.
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Dahal, Mona, Paricha Upadhyaya, Purbesh Adhikari, and Niraj Regmi. "Mean Micronuclei Score in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Patients with Malignant Breast Lump in the Department of Pathology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 60, no. 256 (November 30, 2022): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7909.
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Introduction: Micronucleus is used as a biomarker of chromosomal instability, which is one of the hallmarks of neoplastic transformation. As micronuclei score increases with malignancy, it can be an effective and inexpensive adjunct to breast fine needle aspiration cytology, in diagnosing breast lumps, especially detecting grey lesions between benign and malignant tumours. The aim of this study is to find out the mean micronuclei score in fine-needle aspiration cytology of patients with malignant breast lumps in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with malignant breast lumps in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre between 1 May 2020 to 31 May 2021 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: IRC/2139/021). The fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps was diagnosed as per National Health services breast screening program guidelines. The mean micronuclei score was calculated. Convenience sampling was done and data were collected from the hospital records in the Department. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 20 malignant breast aspirates, the mean micronuclei score was found to be 8.30±3.75 (3-19, 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: The mean micronuclei score in fine-needle aspiration cytology of malignant breast lumps was found to be similar when compared to similar studies conducted in similar settings.
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Campos, Lízia Maria Franco dos Reis, Francisca da Luz Dias, Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes, and Eddie Fernando Candido Murta. "Prevalence of micronuclei in exfoliated uterine cervical cells from patients with risk factors for cervical cancer." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 126, no. 6 (November 2008): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802008000600006.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Pap smears are the most common and inexpensive screening method for cervical cancer. We analyzed micronucleus prevalence in exfoliated cervical mucosa cells, to investigate associations between increased numbers of micronuclei and risk factors for cervical cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study, at Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON). METHODS: Exfoliated cervical cells were obtained from 101 patients between September 2004 and November 2005. Patients' ages, habits (passive or active smoking, alcoholism and numbers of sexual partners), age at first sexual intercourse, contraceptive methods used, histories of sexually transmitted diseases, use of hormone replacement therapy, numbers of pregnancies and abortions, inflammatory cytology and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were obtained. Cells were collected using Ayre spatulas, transferred to vials containing 0.9% saline solution for micronucleus tests and analyzed at 1000x magnification. The number of micronuclei in 1,000 epithelial cells per patient sample was counted. RESULTS: Comparisons between groups with active (7.9 ± 7.8) and passive (7.2 ± 10.6) smoking versus no smoking (3.7 ± 5.1); with/without alcoholism (7.8 ± 1.4 and 6.9 ± 10.1); with/without inflammatory cytology (10.7 ± 10.5 and 1.3 ± 1.7); and with CIN I, II and III and no CIN (respectively 4.3 ± 4.3, 10.6 ± 5.3, 22.7 ± 11.9 and 1.3 ± 1.4) found elevated micronucleus prevalence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the prevalence of micronuclei in exfoliated uterine cervical cells was greater in patients with one or more risk factors for uterine cervical cancer than in patients without risk factors.
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Manzoor, Sathick, Kalaiselvi Santhosh, Anu Sushanth, Sakthidaran Seralathan, Vivekanandan Rajasekar, and Anoop Jacob. "A Cross-sectional Study to Evaluate Nuclear Changes in Buccal Mucosa Following Panoramic Radiography." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 21, no. 11 (2020): 1258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2921.
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ABSTRACT Aim and objective To evaluate the possible genotoxic effect of X-rays on buccal mucosa while exposing to dental panoramic radiography using micronucleus test. Materials and methods The study group comprised of 30 healthy subjects, 15 males and 15 females, aged between 24 years and 65 years. Samples were obtained from the exfoliated oral mucosa cells of buccal mucosa before and 12 days after exposing the patients to panoramic radiography. Results The study reported that there was no significant increase in the number of micronuclei cells present before and after panoramic radiography. Positive correlation existed between age with pre- and postexposure micronuclei. Conclusion Diagnostic dental panoramic radiograph does not induce micronuclei in the target buccal epithelium cells. A positive correlation between age and micronuclei frequency was established. Clinical significance Panoramic radiographs does not induce cytotoxicity but increase frequency may be vulnerable to genotoxic effects in buccal mucosal cells. Hence, dental radiographs should be prescribed only when necessary. How to cite this article Santhosh K, Manzoor S, Sushanth A, et al. A Cross-sectional Study to Evaluate Nuclear Changes in Buccal Mucosa Following Panoramic Radiography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(11):1258–1261.
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Kwasniewska, Jolanta, and Adrianna Wiktoria Bara. "Plant Cytogenetics in the Micronuclei Investigation—The Past, Current Status, and Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031306.
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Cytogenetic approaches play an essential role as a quick evaluation of the first genetic effects after mutagenic treatment. Although labor-intensive and time-consuming, they are essential for the analyses of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mutagenesis and environmental monitoring. Over the years, conventional cytogenetic analyses were a part of routine laboratory testing in plant genotoxicity. Among the methods that are used to study genotoxicity in plants, the micronucleus test particularly represents a significant force. Currently, cytogenetic techniques go beyond the simple detection of chromosome aberrations. The intensive development of molecular biology and the significantly improved microscopic visualization and evaluation methods constituted significant support to traditional cytogenetics. Over the past years, distinct approaches have allowed an understanding the mechanisms of formation, structure, and genetic activity of the micronuclei. Although there are many studies on this topic in humans and animals, knowledge in plants is significantly limited. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on micronuclei characteristics in plants. We pay particular attention to how the recent contemporary achievements have influenced the understanding of micronuclei in plant cells. Together with the current progress, we present the latest applications of the micronucleus test in mutagenesis and assess the state of the environment.
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Guogytė, Kamilė, Aista Plieskienė, Olga Sevriukova, Rima Ladygienė, Julius Žiliukas, and Vinsas Janušonis. "Micronuclei And G2 Assays For Assessment Of Chromosomal Radiosensitivity As Assistant Tool In Radiotherapy: Method-Comparison Study." Sveikatos mokslai 26, no. 5 (December 22, 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2016.073.
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Radiation therapy is widely used for cancer treatment. Medical application of ionizing radiation can cause different responses in human depending on individual radiosensitivity. Therefore, assessment of individual radiosensitivity could be proposed as assistant tool in optimizing radiotherapy. The cytokinesis- block micronucleus and G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assays were proposed as appropriate methods for assessment of individual radiosensitivity. In current study we carried out a pilot cytokinesis-block micronucleus and G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assays comparison by evaluating specificity of chromatid breaks yield and micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes as biomarkers of individual radiosensitivity in three cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Our study revealed positive correlation between higher increase in frequency of micronuclei and chromatid breaks after in vitro irradiation in radiotherapy patients peripheral blood lymphocytes with occurrence of adverse radiation effects in tissue which are not being targeted. G2 assay appeared to be more sensitive than micronuclei assay for assessment of irradiation-induced alterations in individual radiosensitivity during the radiotherapy that could affect development of treatment side effects. Therefore, further investigations involving more radiotherapy patients as well as healthy donors are required to select the most sensitive method and reveal the possible correlation between individual radiosensitivity and adverse effect of radiotherapy.
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Rudman, B., L. B. Preer, B. Polisky, and J. R. Preer. "Mutants affecting processing of DNA in macronuclear development in paramecium." Genetics 129, no. 1 (September 1, 1991): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/129.1.47.
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Abstract In Paramecium tetraurelia, stock 51, the A surface protein is coded by the wild type A51 gene, present in micronuclei in two copies and in macronuclei in about 1500 copies. DNA processing, comprised of DNA cleavage, copy number amplification and telomere addition occurs at autogamy and conjugation when old macronuclei degrade and new macronuclei are formed from micronuclei. In this paper we characterize mutants with macronuclear A gene deletions. These mutants are notable in three respects. First, the mutants do not appear to be simple micronuclear deletions. Although genetic analysis shows that the d12 mutant d12(-1300) is homozygous for the allele A-1300 and the mutant d12(+1) for A+1, analysis by the polymerase chain reaction indicates that the micronuclei in these two mutants contain intact, but presumably altered, micronuclear A genes. They undergo deletion during DNA processing when new macronuclei are formed. Second, the position of the deletions in these alleles has been shown to change. The deficiency present in the d12 allele A-1300 was originally determined to extend from position -1300 (relative to the start of translation of the A gene) to the end of the chromosome. Later, a derivative of this strain, homozygous for the d12 allele A+1 was isolated in which the start site of the deletion was found to have moved from -1300 to +1. Third, a surprising interaction occurs in crosses between a line homozygous for the d12 allele and one homozygous for the wild-type A51 allele. Previous work on the non-Mendelian d48 mutant (which has intact A51 genes in its micronucleus, but has truncated A51 genes in its macronucleus) has shown that intact A51 alleles must be present in the old macronucleus in order for A51 alleles to undergo proper processing. We find that d12 alleles act on A51 alleles in heterozygotes such that intact macronuclear A genes are no longer required for proper processing of A51. Thus, in crosses of 51 x d12 (either +1 or -1300) d12 exconjugants, as well as 51 exconjugants, give rise to clones carrying both intact A51 and truncated d12 alleles. Remarkably the d12 alleles, which are themselves deleted during processing, are capable in the heterozygote of fostering normal processing of the A51 allele.
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Velickova, Nevenka, Misko Milev, Tatjana Ruskovska, Biljana Petrova, Bojana Nedeljkovik, and Pale Gorgieva. "Cytogenetic abnormalities in lymphocytes evaluated with micronucleus assay in medical personnel occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation." Genetika 47, no. 3 (2015): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1503927v.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of ionizing radiation on medical personnel using the micronucleus assay and to determine the human health risk. Paired Student?s t-test shows significant statistical difference between the total number of binucleated (BN) cells with micronuclei within the two groups (exposed and control) (t=6,812; p<0,05). The mean of MN frequencies in the exposed group increased in comparison with the mean of MN frequencies in the control group. The formation of small and large micronuclei indicates that medical personnel who are exposed on radiation in their work place, have a chromosomal instability and a risk of cancer.
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Jeličová, Marcela, Anna Lierová, Zuzana Šinkorová, and Jaroslav Pejchal. "CHANGES IN BLOOD COUNT AND LYMPHOCYTE MICRONUCLEI IN PIGLETS AFTER WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (November 11, 2019): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz198.
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Abstract Biodosimetry is focused on effects of ionizing radiation at cellular and molecular levels of living organisms so that a qualified retrospective estimate of radiation load can be made. Two biodosimetry methods were evaluated in irradiated piglets: complete blood count analysis and quantification of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes using a micronucleus test. Animals were whole-body irradiated with gamma radiation at doses of 0–10 Gy. The analysis of complete blood count was performed at intervals ranging from 0 to 48 hours. Micronuclei were measured at 4 hours after irradiation. Changes in lymphocyte counts and increased levels of micronuclei reflected received dose of ionizing radiation.
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Puspita Sari, Khairunnisa, Didit Aspriyanto, and Beta Widya Oktiani. "THE EFFECT OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY ON THE NUMBER OF MICRONUCLUES IN PERIODONTITIS." Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 6, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v6i2.11996.
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Background: Periodontitis is a periodontal disease that can cause an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The increase in ROS concentration will cause oxidative stress which has a role in DNA damage. In the case of periodontitis, panoramic radiography plays an important role in showing generalized horizontal bone loss. Radiation on panoramic radiography may cause DNA damage. DNA damage that occurs due to periodontitis or panoramic radiographic radiation exposure is characterized by the formation of micronuclei in gingival epithelial cells. Objective: To determine the effect of panoramic radiography on the number of micronuclei in Wistar rats with periodontitis. Method: This study was true experimental with post-test only and control group design. This study used 15 male Wistar rats which divided into 5 groups. Result: The average number of micronuclei in the normal group and 1 time exposures was 4 compared to the periodontitis group without exposure was 1.67, periodontitis and 1 time exposures was 8, periodontitis and 2 times the exposure was 15.67, and in the periodontitis and 3 times the exposure was 42.67. Result of One-Way Annova test and Post Hoc Bonferroni test indicated that signigicant changes in the number of micronuclei was seen between the normal group with 1 time exposure to the periodontitis group with 2 times and 3 times exposure and int the periodontitis group without exposure to the periodontitis group with 2 times and 3 times exposure. Conclusion: Panoramic radiograph X ray radiation and periodontitis can cause changes in the number of micronuclei in wistar rats. Keywords: , Micronucleus, Panoramic Radiography, Periodontitis.
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Sabatinos, Sarah A., Nimna S. Ranatunga, Ji-Ping Yuan, Marc D. Green, and Susan L. Forsburg. "Replication stress in early S phase generates apparent micronuclei and chromosome rearrangement in fission yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 19 (October 2015): 3439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0318.
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DNA replication stress causes genome mutations, rearrangements, and chromosome missegregation, which are implicated in cancer. We analyze a fission yeast mutant that is unable to complete S phase due to a defective subunit of the MCM helicase. Despite underreplicated and damaged DNA, these cells evade the G2 damage checkpoint to form ultrafine bridges, fragmented centromeres, and uneven chromosome segregations that resembles micronuclei. These micronuclei retain DNA damage markers and frequently rejoin with the parent nucleus. Surviving cells show an increased rate of mutation and chromosome rearrangement. This first report of micronucleus-like segregation in a yeast replication mutant establishes underreplication as an important factor contributing to checkpoint escape, abnormal chromosome segregation, and chromosome instability.
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Ferraz, Gregory Alves, Antônio de Oliveira Costa Neto, Eneida de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira, and José Roberto Cardoso Meireles. "Effects of age on the frequency of micronuclei and degenerative nuclear abnormalities." Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia 19, no. 4 (August 2016): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.150155.
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Abstract The effects of aging, gender and lifestyle factors on inducing chromosomal damage (micronuclei) and nuclear degenerative changes were assessed using the micronucleus test on exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The sample included 80 healthy subjects divided into four groups according to age and gender: men and women aged 19-29 years (M19, W19) and men and women aged over sixty years (M60, W60). An interview questionnaire was used to characterize the sample and to determine an index reflecting lifestyle (HLI). The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear degenerative changes was significantly higher among the elderly (p<0.001) and did not differ by gender among young people (p>0.05). The occurrence of micronuclei was similar among elderly men and women (p>0.10), but karyorrhexis and karyolysis were more frequent among men (p<0.005 and p<0.025, respectively), who also had a lower HLI than the other groups (p<0.0004). The results of the study indicate that age is the main factor associated with the induction of genetic material damage.
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Yang Jee Kim, Jun Yeol Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Hae Dong Woo, and Hai Won Chung. "Micronucleus-centromere assay in workers occupationally exposed to low level of benzene." Human & Experimental Toxicology 29, no. 5 (February 3, 2010): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110361500.
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Benzene is a well-known carcinogen that induces chromosomal instability, including chromosome aberration and aneuploidy. In order to assess aneugenic effect of low-level benzene, micronucleus-centromere assay using specific probes for chromosomes 7 and 9 was performed in workers occupationally exposed to low-dose benzene at a petroleum refinery. A micronucleus-centromere assay using a pan-centromeric probe was also performed to determine the origin of benzene-induced micronucleus (MN). Frequency of aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 9 was significantly higher among workers compared to the unexposed control group. Poisson regression analysis revealed that aneuploidy frequency of chromosome 7 or 9 was significantly associated with benzene level after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, smoking, alcohol intake, and duration of work (p = .042). Additionally, frequencies of MN and centromere-negative micronuclei (MNC—) were significantly higher in benzene-exposed workers compared to controls, while frequency of centromere-positive micronuclei (MNC+) was similar in both groups. In conclusion, aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 9 could be a useful biomarker to assess the effect of low-level benzene exposure, and benzene-induced MN originates from chromosome breaks rather than chromosome non-disjunction.
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Sriambika, K. "Assessment of DNA damage through micronucleus studies in subjects exposed to formalin." Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 19, no. 1 (2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10011911.
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Background: Formaldehyde (FA) is the reactive and simplest of all the aldehydes. It is used as a preservative in anatomy, pathology and forensic laboratories. The international agency for research on cancer has classified FA as a carcinogen that can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Leukaemia, Liver and pancreatic cancer. Objective And Method: The aim of the study was to assess the DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in buccal cells by Micronucleus assay in Formalin exposed workers of Anatomy, Pathology and Forensic laboratories and compare with the control group, and also to analyze the relationship between frequency of Micronuclei and duration of exposure to formalin. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of micronuclei in peripheral blood of exposed was 8.35 and in controls was 4.18. There was a significant increase in the frequency of MN in exposed group when compared with the comparison group (p<0. 5876). Pearson’s correlation test showed a positive correlation between the years of FA exposure and the number of micronuclei in buccal cells and peripheral blood indicating that DNA damage due to FA was directly proportional to the duration of exposure (r=0.8, 0.9). Conclusion: The present study was done to assess the DNA damage in people who were exposed to FA and a control group not exposed to FA by buccal cell and peripheral blood Micronucleus Assay. There was a significant increase in the MN in people exposed to FA which was directly proportional to the duration of exposure.
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Depuydt, Julie, Ans Baeyens, Stephen Barnard, Christina Beinke, Anett Benedek, Philip Beukes, Iwona Buraczewska, et al. "RENEB intercomparison exercises analyzing micronuclei (Cytokinesis-block Micronucleus Assay)." International Journal of Radiation Biology 93, no. 1 (August 15, 2016): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2016.1206231.
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Simakov, Yu G., S. A. Livinskaya, S. V. Smorodinskaya, and V. A. Purtskhvanidze. "Evaluation of the genome stability of schoolchildren with different food preferences by micronucleus test." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2102-09.
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The results of questionnaire and micronucleus testing of a group of 10-11 years old students are presented. The infl uence of food preferences on stabilization and destabilization of the genome was assessed using the micronucleus test (MNT) on the buccal epithelium. The greatest amount of micronuclei (MN) was found in schoolchildren who prefer dairy products (15±2.8) and cereals (19±1.4). The destabilization of the genome, determined by the MNT test, is most noted in schoolchildren who prefer dairy dishes and cereals. A value close to the average value typical for the schoolchildren population of this region, equal to 4.6±0.7, was obtained in schoolchildren who prefer vegetables and fruits, which indicates a favorable stabilization of the genome in this group of the studied. In schoolchildren who prefer confectionery, the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium is 2.7±0.3. The groups of products, according to the degree of ability to form ME, can be arranged in the following order: cereals > dairy dishes > meat and fi sh dishes > vegetables and fruits > confectionery and baked goods.
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Rudd, N. L., D. I. Hoar, S. E. Williams, and U. G. G. Hennig. "Genotype and the cryopreservation process affect the levels of aneuploidy and chromosome breakage in cultured human fibroblasts." Genome 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-429.
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Spontaneous micronucleus frequencies were measured in 11 human fibroblast strains, with early-passage cells that had never been frozen and with cells of comparable population doublings that had been cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. The mean micronucleus frequency of the 11 strains increased from 14.0 ± 0.7 to 20.4 ± 1.8/1250 mononucleated cells (P = 0.002) after the freeze – thaw process. The nature of this increase in micronucleus frequency was examined using an immunodetection assay for the in situ identification of kinetochores in micronuclei. The increase in micronucleus frequency occurred primarily in the kinetochore-positive fraction, which is indicative of aneuploidy, but also by an increase in chromosome breakage in several strains. The findings were reproducible in repeat biopsies from two donors. Plating efficiencies of the 11 strains were studied during 1 – 9 and 10 – 20 population doublings from primary outgrowth, before freezing and again after freeze – thaw. The mean plating efficiency of frozen – thawed cells before nine doublings was significantly lower than that of cells of similar ages that had never been frozen (P = 0.004). The four strains that had a greater than 25% decrease in plating efficiency post freeze-thaw also had the highest aneuploidy index post freeze-thaw, suggesting that chromosomal imbalance contributes to the observed reduction in growth. We conclude that the genotype and culture manipulations of a fibroblast strain influence the outcome of the micronucleus assay.Key words: micronuclei, kinetochore immunofluorescence, freeze – thaw, aneuploidy, chromosome breakage.
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Santiago-Manzano, Dayna. "Staining criteria, collection and number of cells evaluated to identify micronuclei in buccal mucosa cells of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 9, no. 18 (July 5, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v9i18.5717.
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Although there are several publications that refer to the basic criteria established for the micronucleus (MN) test in exfoliated buccal cells, there is still a difference in the quantity, method of obtention and staining of the cells for the evaluation of the presence of micronuclei. Objective. Identify the criteria for evaluation of MN in oral mucosa cells exposed to pesticide in investigations carried out. Material and methods. A systematic review was carried out on the internet, based on articles published in Crossref, JCR, Scopus, PubMed, Google academic, using keywords such as: micronuclei, buccal mucosa cells, genotoxic damage, pesticides and biomarker. Results. In the six selected articles, four presented statistically significant values with the presence of MN when comparing the exposed groups with respect to the control groups, and the criteria for staining, collection and number of cells evaluated to identify micronuclei were very varied. Conclusions. It is important to follow validated and standardized protocols for the MN oral cytoma assay. Being considered in all the parameters suggested in the protocol will increase the reliability of the studies and will give the possibility of comparing the results obtained.
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Safi Oz, Zehra, Banu Dogan Gun, and Sukru Oguz Ozdamar. "Evaluation of Micronuclei, Nuclear Anomalies and the Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio of Exfoliated Cervical Epithelial Cells in Genital Candidiasis." Acta Cytologica 59, no. 2 (2015): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381615.
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Objective:Candida is the most common cause of fungal infections. The aim of this study was to fill the gaps in the current knowledge on the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies, and the nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio in genital candidiasis. Study Design: A total of 88 Papanicolaou- stained cervical smears, which comprised Candida spp. (n = 44) and control cases with no infectious agent (n = 44), were studied. In each smear, cells with micronuclei and nuclear anomalies were counted in 1,000 epithelial cells and also nuclear and cellular areas were evaluated using image analysis software at a magnification of ×400. Results: The frequencies of micronucleated and binucleated cells and cells with perinuclear halos, and the nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio of epithelial cells were higher in the Candida-infected group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Genital candidiasis is able to induce changes in the size and shape of epithelial cells. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and the frequency of micronuclei may reflect the DNA damage in the cervical epithelium. Micronucleus scoring could be used to screen the genomic damage profile of epithelial cells in candidiasis.