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Albaker, Abdullah, Mansoor Alturki, Rabeh Abbassi, and Khalid Alqunun. "Zonal-Based Optimal Microgrids Identification." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072446.
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Even though many studies have been deployed to determine the optimal planning and operation of microgrids, limited research was discussed to determine the optimal microgrids’ geographical boundaries. This paper proposes a zonal-based optimal microgrid identification model aiming at identifying the optimal microgrids topology in the current distribution systems through zoning the network into several clusters. In addition, the proposed model was developed as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem that identifies the optimal capacity and location of installing distributed energy resources (DERs), including but not limited to renewable energy resources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), within the determined microgrid’s boundaries. Moreover, it investigates the impact of incorporating the BESS in boosting the DERs’ penetration on the optimal centralized microgrid. Numerical simulations on the IEEE-33 bus test system demonstrate the features and effectiveness of the proposed model on identifying the optimal microgrid geographical boundaries on current distribution grids as well as its capability on defining the optimal sizes and locations of installing DERs within the microgrid’s zonal area.
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Malyshev, Evgeny Anatolyevich, and Evgeny Fedorovich Shcherba. "Overview of conceptualization and operational management of seaport microgrides." Актуальные проблемы экономики и управления, no. 1 (2022): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52899/978-5-88303-644-5_305.
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Silva, Vanderlei Aparecido, Alexandre Rasi Aoki, and Germano Lambert-Torres. "Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling of Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage System." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 5188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195188.
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Optimal scheduling is a requirement for microgrids to participate in current and future energy markets. Although the number of research articles on this subject is on the rise, there is a shortage of papers containing detailed mathematical modeling of the distributed energy resources available in a microgrid. To address this gap, this paper presents in detail how to mathematically model resources such as battery energy storage systems, solar generation systems, directly controllable loads, load shedding, scheduled intentional islanding, and generation curtailment in the microgrid optimal scheduling problem. The proposed modeling also includes a methodology to determine the availability cost of battery and solar systems assets. Simulations were carried out considering energy prices from an actual time-of-use tariff, costs based on real market data, and scenarios with scheduled islanding. Simulation results provide support to validate the proposed model. Data illustrate how energy arbitrage can reduce microgrid costs in a time-of-use tariff. Results also show how the microgrid’s self-sufficiency and the storage system’s capacity can impact the microgrid’s energy bill. The findings also bring out the need to consider the scheduled islanding event in the day-ahead optimization for microgrids.
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Azeem, Omar, Mujtaba Ali, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Uzair, Ayman Qahmash, Abdulmohsen Algarni, and Mohammad Rashid Hussain. "A Comprehensive Review on Integration Challenges, Optimization Techniques and Control Strategies of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 6242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146242.
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The depletion of natural resources and the intermittence of renewable energy resources have pressed the need for a hybrid microgrid, combining the benefits of both AC and DC microgrids, minimizing the overall deficiency shortcomings and increasing the reliability of the system. The hybrid microgrid also supports the decentralized grid control structure, aligning with the current scattered and concentrated load scenarios. Hence, there is an increasing need to explore and reveal the integration, optimization, and control strategies regarding the hybrid microgrid. A comprehensive study of hybrid microgrid’s performance parameters, efficiency, reliability, security, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness is required. This paper discusses major issues regarding the hybrid microgrids, the integration of AC and DC microgrids, their security and reliability, the optimization of power generation and load management in different scenarios, the efficient management regarding uncertainty for renewable energy resources, the optimal placement of feeders, and the cost-effective control methodologies for the hybrid microgrid. The major research areas are briefly explained, aiming to find the research gap that can further improve the performance of the grid. In light of the recent trends in research, novel strategies are proposed that are found most effective and cost-friendly regarding the hybrid microgrid. This paper will serve as a baseline for future research, comparative analysis, and further development of novel techniques regarding hybrid microgrids.
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Twaisan, Kumail, and Necaattin Barışçı. "Integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids: Modeling and Optimization of DERs." Electronics 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182816.
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In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community’s and stakeholders’ reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid’s total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode.
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Singh, Shruti, and David Wenzhong Gao. "Improved Virtual Synchronous Generator Principle for Better Economic Dispatch and Stability in Grid-Connected Microgrids with Low Noise." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 12, 2023): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124670.
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The proper operation of microgrids depends on Economic Dispatch. It satisfies all requirements while lowering the microgrids’ overall operating and generation costs. Since distributed generators constitute a large portion of microgrids, seamless communication between generators is essential. While guaranteeing a reliable microgrid operation, this should be achieved with the fewest losses as possible. The distributed generator technology introduces noise into the system by design. To find the best economic dispatch strategy, noise was considered in this research as a limitation in grid-connected microgrids. The microgrid’s performance was improved, and the proposed technique also showed increased resilience. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control approach is proposed with a noiseless consensus-based algorithm to improve the power quality of microgrids. Voltage and frequency regulation modules are the foundation of the VSG paradigm. The synchronous generator’s second-order equation (hidden-pole configuration) was also used to represent the voltage of the stator and rotor motion. This study compared changes in power, frequency, and voltage for the microgrid by utilizing the described control approach using MATLAB. According to the findings, this method aids in controlling load and noise variations and offers distributed generators an efficient control strategy.
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Vegunta, Sarat Chandra, Michael J. Higginson, Yashar E. Kenarangui, George Tsai Li, David W. Zabel, Mohammad Tasdighi, and Azadeh Shadman. "AC Microgrid Protection System Design Challenges—A Practical Experience." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072016.
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Alternating current (AC) microgrids are the next step in the evolution of the electricity distribution systems. They can operate in a grid-tied or island mode. Depending on the services they are designed to offer, their grid-tied or island modes could have several sub-operational states and or topological configurations. Short-circuit current levels and protection requirements between different microgrid modes and configurations can vary significantly. Designing a microgrid’s protection system, therefore, requires a thorough understanding of all microgrid operational modes, configurations, transitional states, and how transitions between those modes are managed. As part of the microgrid protection design, speed and reliability of information flow between the microprocessor-based relays and the microgrid controller, including during microgrid failure modes, must be considered. Furthermore, utility protection practices and customer requirements are not always inclusive of the protection schemes that are unique to microgrids. These and other aspects contribute to the overall complexity and challenge of designing effective microgrid protection systems. Following a review of microgrid protection system design challenges, this paper discusses a few real-world experiences, based on the authors’ own engineering, design, and field experience, in using several approaches to address microgrid protection system design, engineering, and implementation challenges.
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Campo-Ossa, Daniel D., Enrique A. Sanabria-Torres, Jesus D. Vasquez-Plaza, Omar F. Rodriguez-Martinez, Oscar D. Garzon-Rivera, and Fabio Andrade. "Novel Rotated Virtual Synchronous Generator Control for Power-Sharing in Microgrids with Complex Line Impedance." Electronics 12, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102156.
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Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is based on the fact that the line impedance in a microgrid is highly inductive. This assumption was made due to the emulation of the stator winding of an electrical machine. This concept can affect the controllability of a microgrid with complex line impedance, generating deviations in the chosen operation point. To overcome this issue, additional techniques must be implemented. This paper describes a novel mathematical approach that uses the power line characteristics in a microgrid to rotate the power control reference frame and proposes a new control method called a “Rotated Virtual Synchronous Generator” (RVSG). This RVSG control approach integrates the effect of complex impedance on the microgrid’s operation and adjusts the reference frame accordingly to improve the system’s stability and performance. The use of this proposed mathematical approach in microgrids allows the further emulation of virtual inertia in microgrids that lack inertia. Finally, a comparison between RVSG control and the classical virtual synchronous generator method is carried out to show that it allows the improvement of the transient power response, power quality, stability, and performance, mainly in microgrids with complex line impedance.
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Lanas, Fernando J., Francisco J. Martínez-Conde, Diego Alvarado, Rodrigo Moreno, Patricio Mendoza-Araya, and Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez. "Non-Strategic Capacity Withholding from Distributed Energy Storage within Microgrids Providing Energy and Reserve Services." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 5235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195235.
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Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in the main system’s energy and ancillary services market. The traditional minimum-cost operation, however, can undermine microgrid’s ability to hold reserve capacity for operation in islanded mode and can rapidly degrade distributed batteries. This paper studies the impacts of various operational strategies from distributed energy storage plants on their revenues and on market prices, considering an array of microgrids that act in a synchronized fashion. The operational model minimizes the entire electric power system cost, considering transmission-connected and distributed energy resources, and capturing capacity degradation of batteries as part of the cost function. Additionally, microgrid-based, distributed batteries can provide energy arbitrage and both system-level and microgrid-level security services. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the economic impacts of distributed energy storage providing these services, including also capacity degradation. We also demonstrate the benefits of providing reserve services in terms of extra revenue and battery lifespan. Finally, we conclude that limitations in the provision of system-level services from distributed batteries due to degradation considerations and higher microgrid-level security requirements may, counterintuitively, increase system-level revenues for storage owners, if such degradation considerations and microgrid-level security requirements are adopted, at once, by a large number of microgrids, leading to unintended, non-strategic capacity withholding by distributed storage owners.
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Marchand, Sophie, Cristian Monsalve, Thorsten Reimann, Wolfram Heckmann, Jakob Ungerland, Hagen Lauer, Stephan Ruhe, and Christoph Krauß. "Microgrid Systems: Towards a Technical Performance Assessment Frame." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082161.
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A microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. However, if islanded, microgrids do not benefit from the high inertia of the main grid and can be subject to high variations in terms of voltage and frequency, which challenge their stability. In addition, operability and interoperability requirements, standards as well as directives have addressed main concerns regarding a microgrid’s reliability, use of distributed local resources and cybersecurity. Nevertheless, microgrid systems are quickly evolving through digitalization and have a large range of applications. Thus, a consensus over their testing must be further developed with the current technological development. Here, we describe existing technical requirements and assessment criteria for a microgrid’s main functionalities to foster harmonization of functionality-level testing and an international conception of system-level one. This framework is proposed as a reference document for assessment frame development serving both microgrid research and implementation for a comprehensive understanding of technical microgrid performance and its current assessment challenges, such as lack of standardization and evolving technology.
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Villalón, Ariel, Marco Rivera, Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Javier Muñoz, Tomislav Dragičević, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Predictive Control for Microgrid Applications: A Review Study." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102454.
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Microgrids need control and management at different levels to allow the inclusion of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review is presented to analyse the latest trends in research and development referring to the applications of predictive control in microgrids. As a result of this review, it was found that the application of predictive control techniques on microgrids is performed for the three control levels and with adaptations of the models in order to include uncertainties to improve their performance and dynamics response. In addition, to ensure system stability, but also, at higher control levels, coordinated operation among the microgrid’s components and synchronised and optimised operation with utility grids and electric power markets. Predictive control appears as a very promising control scheme with several advantages for microgrid applications of different control levels.
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Shezan, Sk A., Kazi Nazmul Hasan, Akhlaqur Rahman, Manoj Datta, and Ujjwal Datta. "Selection of Appropriate Dispatch Strategies for Effective Planning and Operation of a Microgrid." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217217.
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The power system responsiveness may be improved by determining the ideal size of each component and performing a reliability analysis. This study evaluated the design and optimization of an islanded hybrid microgrid system with multiple dispatch algorithms. As the penetration of renewable power increases in microgrids, the importance and influence of efficient design and operation of islanded hybrid microgrids grow. The Kangaroo Island in South Australia served as the study’s test microgrid. The sizing of the Kangaroo Island hybrid microgrid system, which includes solar PV, wind, a diesel engine, and battery storage, was adjusted for four dispatch schemes. In this study, the following dispatch strategies were used: (i) load following, (ii) cycle charging, (iii) generator order, and (iv) combination dispatch. The CO2 emissions, net present cost (NPC), and energy cost of the islanded microgrid were all optimized (COE). The HOMER microgrid software platform was used to build all four dispatch algorithms, and DIgSILENT PowerFactory was used to analyze the power system’s responsiveness and dependability. The findings give a framework for estimating the generation mix and required resources for an islanded microgrid’s optimal functioning under various dispatch scenarios. According to the simulation results, load following is the optimum dispatch technique for an islanded hybrid microgrid that achieves the lowest cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC).
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Huang, Jing, and Kui Wu. "Energy Optimal Scheduling Method of Microgrid with Wind and Solar Storage Based on Demand Response." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012017.
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Abstract In the operation of a microgrid with wind and light storage, energy dispatching will directly affect its operating cost, which is a core technology of microgrid operation. This paper designs an energy optimization method for a microgrid with wind and solar storage based on demand response to realizing more scientific micro-power energy scheduling. Considering the wind-solar storage microgrid’s lowest demand response cost and other comprehensive costs, an energy-optimal scheduling model of the wind-solar storage microgrid is constructed. The model sets the constraints of energy storage devices and ties line transmission power and power balance. A model-solving algorithm based on an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is designed to realize the optimal energy scheduling of wind and solar storage microgrids. The experimental results show that the cost of microgrid operation has decreased in winter and summer after the optimal scheduling is implemented using the design method, and an excellent economic operation effect has been achieved.
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Nasare, Ruchita, Sakshi Garad, Sakshi Patil, and Nikita Besekar. "Fault Detection and Isolation ofDCMicro-Grid." April-May 2023, no. 33 (May 25, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeet.33.31.39.
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In a microgrid, faults can lead to voltage instability, which can produce voltage sags, swells, or even a full collapse of the voltage. This may result in electrical equipment damage and interfere with the microgrid's operation. Faults can also produce safety risks including fire, explosion, or electrocution, which can endanger employees and harm equipment. By isolating or shutting down the system when a malfunction is found, the danger of harm or injury is reduced. The purpose of fault isolation and detection in a DC microgrid is to guarantee the microgrid's dependability and safety. The microgrid's flaws are found using fault detection and isolation (FDI) techniques, which are then used to isolate them so they won't influence other system components. Themicrogrid's downtime can be reduced by immediately identifying and isolating issues, ensuring a steady supply of electricity to the associated loads. Additionally, fault isolation and detection can stop problems from spreading to other system components, which can reduce the severity of the fault's harm.The purpose of this research is to identify and isolate faults that occur in DC microgrids, as well as to minimise their impact. In this project fault detection and isolation is properly done, for detecting a fault microprocessor is used which continuously monitor the values of current and voltage and for isolation of microgrid relay is used. We are successfully providing the circuit which detects the fault and isolate within the time which reduces the severity of fault and protect the healthy
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Lv, Jiechao, Xiaoli Wang, Guishuo Wang, and Yuhou Song. "Research on Control Strategy of Isolated DC Microgrid Based on SOC of Energy Storage System." Electronics 10, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070834.
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With the rapid development of renewable energy technologies, islanded DC microgrids have received extensive attention in the field of distributed power generation due to their plug-and-play, flexible operation modes and convenient power conversion, and are likely to be one of the mainstream structures of microgrids in the future. The islanded DC microgrid contains multiple distributed power generation units. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is the main controlled unit used to smooth power fluctuations. The main parameter of concern is the state of charge (SOC). In order to maintain the stability of the microgrid, this paper takes the islanded DC microgrid as the research object and designs a control strategy based on the SOC of the BESS. Additionally, in the control strategy, the BESS’s energy balance control strategy and the microgrid’s operation control strategy are emphatically designed. The designed BESS control strategy adjusts the droop coefficient in real time according to the SOC of the battery energy storage unit (BESU), and controls the charge and discharge power of the BESU to achieve the SOC balance among the BESUs. The microgrid operation control strategy takes the energy storage system (ESS) as the main controlled unit to suppress power fluctuations, and distributes the power of distributed power sources according to the SOC of the BESS to achieve power balance in the microgrid, and control the DC bus voltage fluctuation deviation within 4.5%.
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Mehta, Sahil, and Prasenjit Basak. "A Novel Design, Economic Assessment, and Fuzzy-Based Technical Validation of an Islanded Microgrid: A Case Study on Load Model of Kibber Village in Himachal Pradesh." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (November 10, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9639253.
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Rural and remote area electrification is of grave concern around the globe. Therefore, well-planned and cost-effective microgrids integrating renewable energy sources are emerging as effective solutions. However, the microgrid's stable operation and its future deployment is affected by the perturbations caused due to uncertainity in renewable sources, dependency on the battery state of charge, and load variation. So, considering the possible concerns affecting the planning and development of a microgrid for any given region, this paper proposes a comprehensive performance assessment of the hybrid residential microgrid based on a load model of Kibber village in Himachal Pradesh, India. The proposed approach is divided into three parts for the best planning of microgrids. Firstly, the MATLAB–Simulink software technically analyzes the system performance under perturbations considering the available renewable sources. Secondly, an economic analysis using HOMER Pro software is done to examine the cost-effectiveness of the proposed microgrid model through the simulation of electrical loads for Kibber village, considering the available renewable sources. Lastly, a real-time analysis of the proposed prototype of programmable logic controller-based hardware test bench has been developed, aiming for future regional microgrid deployment. System voltage, frequency, power shared, percentage of load met, energy cost, available renewable energy resource, etc. have been considered for validating the proposed controller. The proposed comprehensive assessment of the microgrid model is reproducible with necessary modifications for any geographical location. It will be helpful for its future deployment aiming at rural and remote electrification.
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Zhao, Yuhao, Yixing Liu, Zhiheng Wu, Shouming Zhang, and Liang Zhang. "Improving Sparrow Search Algorithm for Optimal Operation Planning of Hydrogen–Electric Hybrid Microgrids Considering Demand Response." Symmetry 15, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15040919.
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Microgrid operation planning is crucial for ensuring the safe and efficient output of distributed energy resources (DERs) and stable operation of the microgrid power system. The integration of hydrogen fuel cells into microgrids can increase the absorption rate of renewable energy, while the incorporation of lithium batteries facilitates the adjustment of microgrid power supply voltage and frequency, ensuring the three-phase symmetry of the system. This paper proposes an economic scheduling method for a grid-connected microgrid that considers demand response and combines hydrogen and electricity. Based on the operating costs of renewable energy, maintenance and operation costs of nonrenewable energy, interaction costs between the microgrid and main grid, and pollution control costs, an optimization model for dispatching a hydrogen–electric hybrid microgrid under grid-connected mode is established. The primary objective is to minimize the operating cost, while the secondary objective is to minimize the impact on the user’s power consumption comfort. Therefore, an improved demand response strategy is introduced, and an enhanced sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) is proposed, which incorporates a nonlinear weighting factor and improves the global search capability based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). The ISSA is used to solve the optimal operation problem of the demand-response-integrated microgrid. After comparison with different algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), sooty tern optimization algorithm (STOA), and dingo optimization algorithm (DOA), the results show that the proposed method using demand response and ISSA achieves the lowest comprehensive operating cost for the microgrid, making the microgrid’s operation safer and with minimum impact on user satisfaction. Therefore, the feasibility of the demand response strategy is demonstrated, and ISSA is proved to have better performance in solving optimal operation planning problems for hydrogen–electric hybrid microgrids.
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El Gohary, Fouad, Sofie Nyström, Lizette Reitsma, and Cajsa Bartusch. "Identifying Challenges in Engaging Users to Increase Self-Consumption of Electricity in Microgrids." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051257.
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A microgrid’s self-consumption rate reflects its ability to retain its own energy and decrease its reliance on the synchronous grid. This paper investigates the empirical case of a microgrid equipped with photovoltaic (PV) panels and identifies challenges in engaging the microgrid’s users to increase their self-consumption. Accordingly, we explored both the physical and social dimensions of the microgrid. The former involved mapping the electricity consumption and production through an exploratory data analysis, and evaluating the associated price signals, while the latter involved the use of design interventions to explore users’ perceptions of the system. We highlight the problem of price signal impedance, the need for cost reflective pricing and the challenge in designing and extending internal price models in settings with various actors. We address the limitations of price signals, alongside alternative unidimensional signals, and emphasize the need for an integrated approach to a user engagement strategy as well as the challenges that this approach entails. Our results shed light on the complexity of energy communities such as microgrids, and why their implementation can introduce multidimensional challenges that demand cross-disciplinary approaches.
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Takano, Hirotaka, Ryota Goto, Ryosuke Hayashi, and Hiroshi Asano. "Optimization Method for Operation Schedule of Microgrids Considering Uncertainty in Available Data." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092487.
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Operation scheduling in electric power grids is one of the most practical optimization problems as it sets a target for the efficient management of the electric power supply and demand. Advancement of a method to solve this issue is crucially required, especially in microgrids. This is because the operational capability of microgrids is generally lower than that of conventional bulk power grids, and therefore, it is extremely important to develop an appropriate, coordinated operation schedule of the microgrid components. Although various techniques have been developed to solve the problem, there is no established solution. The authors propose a problem framework and a solution method that finds the optimal operation schedule of the microgrid components considering the uncertainty in the available data. In the authors’ proposal, the objective function of the target problem is formulated as the expected cost of the microgrid’s operations. Since the risk of imbalance in the power supply and demand is evaluated as a part of the objective function, the necessary operational reserve power is automatically calculated. The usefulness of the proposed problem framework and its solution method was verified through numerical simulations and the results are discussed.
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Purushotham, K. "Design and Implementation of Electric Vehicle Technology by Using ANN Controller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40065.
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Abstract: It is possible to utilise EVs as both a load and provider of energy using the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) approach (or Gridto-Vehicle technique if EVs are used as a load). With this technology, industrial microgrids may have voltage and power flow regulation and congestion management. An no of electric vehicles with a variety of charging profiles, battery states of charge and electric vehicle counts may benefit from two separate controllers (grid regulation and charger controller), according to the controllers, It is possible to regulate the main power flow and voltage drop in an industrial microgrid by allowing bidirectional power flow. Simulations indicate that the suggested controllers can regulate an industrial microgrid's voltage levels and power flow. According to industrial microgrids include solar, wind farms, electric car fleets, industrial loads, commercial loads, and a diesel generator. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate and analyze the results. Keywords: Electric vehicles (EV), State of Charge (SOC), Grid Regulation Power Genereation Controller(GRPGC), Charge Controller(CC), Grid to Vehicle(G2V), Vehicle to Grid(V2G), Industrial Microgrid(IMG), Grid Regulation Controller(GRC), Destributed Energy Resources(DER), Diesel Generators(DGs).
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Charalambous, Anastasis, Lenos Hadjidemetriou, Lazaros Zacharia, Angelina D. Bintoudi, Apostolos C. Tsolakis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, and Elias Kyriakides. "Phase Balancing and Reactive Power Support Services for Microgrids." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235067.
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Alternating current (AC) microgrids are expected to operate as active components within smart distribution grids in the near future. The high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources and the rapid electrification of the thermal and transportation sectors pose serious challenges that must be addressed by modern distribution system operators. Hence, new solutions should be developed to overcome these issues. Microgrids can be considered as a great candidate for the provision of ancillary services since they are more flexible to coordinate their distributed generation sources and their loads. This paper proposes a method for compensating microgrid power factor and loads asymmetries by utilizing advanced functionalities enabled by grid tied inverters of photovoltaics and energy storage systems. Further, a central controller has been developed for adaptively regulating the provision of both reactive power and phase balancing services according to the measured loading conditions at the microgrid’s point of common coupling. An experimental validation with a laboratory scale inverter and a real time hardware in the loop investigation demonstrates that the provision of such ancillary services by the microgrid can significantly improve the operation of distribution grids in terms of power quality, energy losses and utilization of available capacity.
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Ahmadi, Hamed, Qobad Shafiee, and Hassan Bevrani. "Dynamic modeling and transient stability analysis of distributed generators in a microgrid system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3692-3703.
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Increasing the penetration level of distributed generation units as well as power electronic devices adds more complexity and variability to the dynamic behaviour of the microgrids. For such systems, studying the transient modelling and stability is essential. One of the major disadvantages of most studies on microgrid modelling is their excessive attention to the steady state period and the lack of attention to microgrid performance during the transient period. In most of the research works, the behaviour of different microgrid loads has not been studied. One of the mechanisms of power systems stability studies is the application of state space modelling. This paper presents a mathematical model for connected inverters in microgrid systems with many variations of operating conditions. Nonlineal tools, phase-plane trajectory analysis, and Lyapunov method were employed to evaluate the limits of small signal models. Based on the results of the present study, applying the model allows for the analysis of the system when subjected to a severe transient disturbance such as loss of large load or generation. Studying the transient stability of microgrid systems in the standalone utility grid is useful and necessary for improving the design of the microgrid’s architecture.
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Mohan, Harin M., and Santanu Kumar Dash. "Renewable Energy-Based DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Management System Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging System." Systems 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11060273.
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Growing Electric vehicle (EV) ownership leads to an increase in charging stations, which raises load demand and causes grid outages during peak hours. Microgrids can significantly resolve these issues in the electrical distribution system by implementing an effective energy management approach. The suggested hybrid optimization approach aims to provide constant power regardless of the generation discrepancy and should prevent the early deterioration of the storage devices. This study suggests using a dynamic control system based on the Fuzzy-Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) to provide a reliable power balance for microgrid (MG) operation. The proposed DC microgrid integrating renewable energy sources (RES) and battery storage system (BSS) as sources are designed and evaluated, and the findings are further validated using MATLAB Simulink simulation. In comparing the hybrid SSA strategy with the most widely used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based power management, it was observed that the hybrid SSA approach was superior in terms of convergence speed and stability. The effectiveness of the given energy management system is evaluated using two distinct modes, the variation of solar irradiation and the variation of battery state of charge, ensuring the microgrid’s cost-effective operation. The enhanced response characteristics indicate that the Fuzzy-SSA can optimise power management of the DC microgrid, making better use of energy resources. These results show the relevance of algorithm configuration for cost-effective power management in DC microgrids, as it saves approximately 7.776% in electricity expenses over a year compared to PSO.
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Sidea, Dorian O., Andrei M. Tudose, Irina I. Picioroaga, and Constantin Bulac. "Two-Stage Optimal Active-Reactive Power Coordination for Microgrids with High Renewable Sources Penetration and Electrical Vehicles Based on Improved Sine−Cosine Algorithm." Mathematics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010045.
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As current global trends aim at the large-scale insertion of electric vehicles as a replacement for conventional vehicles, new challenges occur in terms of the stable operation of electric distribution networks. Microgrids have become reliable solutions for integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, and are considered a suitable alternative for accommodating the growing fleet of electrical vehicles. However, efficient management of all equipment within a microgrid requires complex solving algorithms. In this article, a novel two-stage scheme is proposed for the optimal coordination of both active and reactive power flows in a microgrid, considering the high penetration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and electric mobility. An improved sine-cosine algorithm is introduced to ensure the day-ahead optimal planning of the microgrid’s components aiming at minimizing the total active energy losses of the system. In this regard, both local and centralized control strategies are investigated for multiple generations and consumption scenarios. The latter proved itself a promising control scheme for the microgrid operation, as important energy loss reduction is encountered when applied.
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Lasabi, Olanrewaju, Andrew Swanson, Leigh Jarvis, Anuoluwapo Aluko, and Matthew Brown. "Enhanced Distributed Non-Linear Voltage Regulation and Power Apportion Technique for an Islanded DC Microgrid." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 8659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158659.
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There is a growing focus on exploring direct current (DC) microgrids in traditional power grids. A key challenge in operating these microgrids is ensuring proper current distribution among converters. While conventional droop control has been used to address this issue, it requires compensating for voltage deviations in the DC bus. This paper introduces an innovative distributed secondary control approach that effectively addresses both voltage restoration and current sharing challenges within a standalone DC microgrid. The distributed secondary control proposed in this study is integrated into the microgrid’s cyber layer, enabling information sharing between controllers. This distributed approach ensures reliability, even in the event of partial communication connection failures. The controller employs a fuzzy logic control approach to dynamically determine the parameters of the secondary control, resulting in an enhanced control response. Additionally, the proposed approach can handle constant power and resistive loads without specific requirements. Employing the Lyapunov method, we have derived adequate stability conditions for the proposed controller. The performance of the controller has been assessed using MATLAB/Simulink® models and validated with real-time experimental testing performed with a SpeedgoatTM real-time machine, considering five different test cases. The results indicated that the proposed control system is robust in achieving its control objectives within a DC microgrid, exhibiting fast response and minimal oscillations.
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Venkata Pavan Kumar, Yellapragada, Sivakavi Naga Venkata Bramareswara Rao, and Ramani Kannan. "Islanding Detection in Grid-Connected Urban Community Multi-Microgrid Clusters Using Decision-Tree-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for Improved Transient Response." Urban Science 7, no. 3 (July 3, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7030072.
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The development of renewable-energy-based microgrids is being considered as a potential solution to lessen the unrelenting burden on the centralized utility grid. Furthermore, recent studies reveal that integrated multi-microgrid cluster systems developed in urban communities maximize the effectiveness of microgrids and greatly decrease the utility grid dependence. However, due to the uncertain nature of renewable energy sources and frequent load variations, these systems face issues with unintentional islanding operations. This can create severe damage to the microgrid’s performance in its stable operating condition and lead to undesired transient responses. Hence, islanding must be identified rapidly to take preventive measures to address the issue. This requires the development of a suitable anti-islanding technique that is faster in terms of accuracy and timely detection. With this intention, this paper proposes a decision-tree-based fuzzy logic (DT-FL) controller for the rapid identification of islands in an urban community multi-microgrid cluster. The DT-FL controller’s operation includes two steps. First, the decision tree extracts the electrical parameters at the point of common coupling of the multi-microgrid system. Second, these extracted parameters are utilized for the online tuning of the fuzzy logic controller, for the fast detection of islanding. The multi-microgrid cluster under study, along with the proposed islanding technique, is implemented in the MATLAB-2021a software. The efficacy of the proposed DT-FL controller is validated by comparing its performance with that of the conventional fuzzy logic controller under different test scenarios. From the results, it is observed that the proposed DT-FL controller shows superior performance in terms of the islanding detection time as well as the transient response of the system when compared with the conventional controller.
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Micallef, Alexander, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. "New Horizons for Microgrids: From Rural Electrification to Space Applications." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041966.
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The microgrid concept has evolved from the humble origins of simple remote electrification applications in rural environments to complex architectures. Microgrids are key enablers to the integration of higher penetrations of renewables in the energy sector (including electricity, heating, cooling, transport and industry). In addition to the local energy sources, energy storage systems and loads, the modern microgrid encompasses sophisticated energy and power management systems, peer-to-peer energy markets and digital technologies to support this energy transition. The microgrid concept has recently been applied to all energy sectors, in order to develop solutions that address pressing issues related to climate change and the decarbonization of these important sectors. This paper initially reviews novel applications in which the microgrid concept is being applied, from a detailed analysis of recent literature. This consists of a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art in shipboard microgrids, port microgrids, aircraft microgrids, airport microgrids and space microgrids. Future research directions are then presented, based on the authors’ perspectives on pushing the boundaries of microgrids further.
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El Zerk, Abdallah, and Mohammed Ouassaid. "Real-Time Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Management System for Microgrid Using Hardware in the Loop." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052244.
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This research presents a hierarchical energy management strategy for isolated microgrids (MG). The strategy’s objectives are achieved through a master-slave topology where local controllers are managed and controlled through a central controller. This can provide many technical advantages, particularly regarding the microgrid’s performance and the supply of energy. The local controller is designed to meet the local objectives of the microgrid, such as stabilization of DC voltage and maximization of sources’ extracted power. The objectives of the central controller are achieved through a centralized approach based on fuzzy logic to preserve battery life and manage the energy balance between generation and consumption. The microgrid’s performances were investigated under a steady-state and faulty regime. A Hardware in the Loop (HIL) test based on the Simulink platform is established by RT-LAB real-time simulator. Results are presented to validate the proposed hierarchical control. The OP1400 test bench, based on the OP4150 digital simulator, is utilized to test and validate the proposed hierarchical control strategy. The results are compared to international standards IEEE 1547 and IEC 61727, which demonstrate excellent consistency.
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Sampath Ediriweera, W. E. P., and N. W. A. Lidula. "Design and protection of microgrid clusters: A comprehensive review." AIMS Energy 10, no. 3 (2022): 375–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022020.
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<abstract> <p>A microgrid is a concept that has been developed with the increasing penetration of distributed generators. With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources in the microgrids, along with advanced control and communication technologies, the traditional microgrid concept is being transited towards the concept of microgrid clustering. It decomposes the distribution system into several interconnected microgrids, effectively reducing problems such as voltage rise, harmonics, poor power factor, reverse power flow and failure of the conventional protection schemes. Microgrid clusters effectively coordinate power sharing among microgrids and the main grid, improving the stability, reliability and efficiency of the distribution network at the consumption premises. Despite the evident benefits of microgrid clusters to the consumers and the electrical utility, there are challenges to overcome before adopting the microgrid cluster concept. This paper is aimed at critically reviewing the challenges in design aspects of microgrid clustering. Categorization of multi-microgrids into different architectures based on the layout of the interconnections, evaluation of reported control techniques in microgrid clustering and multi-microgrid protection aspects are presented, highlighting the possible areas of future research that would improve the operational aspects of microgrid clusters.</p> </abstract>
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Yang, Da Wei, Jian Hua Yang, Fei Lin, Jian Su, and Hai Tao Liu. "Application and Selection to AC and DC Voltage Grades for Microgrids." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1876.
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Distributed resources and microgrids may be designed for power supply in some area. AC-DC or DC-AC conversions are required in microgrids because of DC distributed resources, e.g. photovoltaic arrays. In this paper some factors are considered for determining the voltage grades of microgrids, both AC grid and DC grid, according to comprehensive analysis of microgrid design and operation. The factors include microgrid or distributed resource capacity, efficiency, cost, safety and so on. The line length, microgrid capacity and economic impacts are taken into account for selecting the voltage grade to connect the microgrid into the distribution system. Further, suitable AC and DC voltage grades are selected for residential and commercial application with some microgrid cases.
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Wu, Xiong, Shuo Shi, and Zhao Wang. "Microgrid Planning Considering the Supply Adequacy of Critical Loads under the Uncertain Formation of Sub-Microgrids." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 4683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174683.
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A microgrid can be partitioned into several autonomous sub-microgrids in case of multiple faults in natural disasters. How to guarantee the supply adequacy of critical loads in sub-microgrids is a problem that should be considered at the planning stage. This paper proposes a microgrid planning model considering the supply adequacy of critical loads under the uncertain formation of sub-microgrids. The proposed model minimizes the total cost during the project life, which includes the construction cost and operation cost for the candidate distributed energy resources (DERs). The supply adequacy of critical loads in sub-microgrids is taken into account in the model. As we only know the critical load areas, the locations of switches which divide the microgrid into sub-microgrids are unknown at the planning stage. Considering this uncertainty, the microgrid planning issue is finally formulated as a robust model against the worst formation of sub-microgrids. The developed model is tested on two systems: IEEE 33-bus and 123-bus distribution systems. Simulation indicates (1) the proposed method is more robust than deterministic strategy as critical load loss is intolerable in sub-microgrids; (2) the investment cost is the same with that of the deterministic case when the number of sub-microgrids is within two.
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Rangarajan, Shriram S., Rahul Raman, Amritpal Singh, Chandan Kumar Shiva, Ritesh Kumar, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, E. Randolph Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "DC Microgrids: A Propitious Smart Grid Paradigm for Smart Cities." Smart Cities 6, no. 4 (July 3, 2023): 1690–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040079.
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Recent years have seen a surge in interest in DC microgrids as DC loads and DC sources like solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, batteries, and other options have become more mainstream. As more distributed energy resources (DERs) are integrated into an existing smart grid, DC networks have come to the forefront of the industry. DC systems completely sidestep the need for synchronization, reactive power control, and frequency control. DC systems are more dependable and productive than ever before because AC systems are prone to all of these issues. There is a lot of unrealized potential in DC power, but it also faces some significant challenges. Protecting a DC system is difficult because there is no discrete location of where the current disappears. DC microgrid stability that is dependent on inertia must also be considered during the planning stage. The problems that DC microgrids have include insufficient power quality and poor communication. The power quality, inertia, communication, and economic operations of these value streams, as well as their underlying architectures and protection schemes, are all extensively discussed in this paper. This review paper examines the pros and cons of both grid-connected and isolated DC microgrids. In addition, the paper compares the different kinds of microgrids in terms of power distribution and energy management agency, such as the prerequisites for a DC microgrid’s planning, operation, and control that must be met before state-of-the-art systems can be implemented.
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Nazia, S. B., and A. Satish Babu. "An Advanced Control and Stability Analysis of Wind Solar Integrated Microgrid." Journal of Energy Engineering and Thermodynamics, no. 32 (February 2, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeet32.1.11.
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In this article, we suggest a micro-grid methodology based on renewable energy sources (RES) in order to make more efficient use of renewable energy sources and use less energy from the traditional power grid. Off-grid, RES likes solar (generated by a photovoltaic panel) and wind can be stored in a battery and utilised to power loads. As an additional measure, a Fuzzy logic-based energy-saving method has been applied. Microgrids are used to integrate these systems in a decentralised fashion, and they provide a suite of technology solutions that facilitate communication between end users and dispersed power plants. This raises the question of how best to administer these systems. In order to guarantee that both the generating and distribution systems produce energy at low operating costs, energy management in microgrids is described as a data and monitoring network that allows the required functions. In this study, we discuss the difficulties associated with using RES and managing a microgrid. Voltage and frequency variations result from the dynamic nature of DG systems. Unpredictable dynamics result from the load's unknowability. As a result of this nonlinear dynamic, there are observable changes to the microgrid's operation. In this study, we test the efficiency of the microgrid in a variety of settings. We compare the PI controller's performance on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to that of a Fuzzy logic-based controller with various levels of complexity.
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Nazia, S. B., and A. Satish Babu. "An Advanced Control and Stability Analysis of Wind Solar Integrated Microgrid." Journal of Energy Engineering and Thermodynamics, no. 32 (February 2, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeet.32.1.11.
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In this article, we suggest a micro-grid methodology based on renewable energy sources (RES) in order to make more efficient use of renewable energy sources and use less energy from the traditional power grid. Off-grid, RES likes solar (generated by a photovoltaic panel) and wind can be stored in a battery and utilised to power loads. As an additional measure, a Fuzzy logic-based energy-saving method has been applied. Microgrids are used to integrate these systems in a decentralised fashion, and they provide a suite of technology solutions that facilitate communication between end users and dispersed power plants. This raises the question of how best to administer these systems. In order to guarantee that both the generating and distribution systems produce energy at low operating costs, energy management in microgrids is described as a data and monitoring network that allows the required functions. In this study, we discuss the difficulties associated with using RES and managing a microgrid. Voltage and frequency variations result from the dynamic nature of DG systems. Unpredictable dynamics result from the load's unknowability. As a result of this nonlinear dynamic, there are observable changes to the microgrid's operation. In this study, we test the efficiency of the microgrid in a variety of settings. We compare the PI controller's performance on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to that of a Fuzzy logic-based controller with various levels of complexity.
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Xu, Deng, and Yong Long. "The Impact of Government Subsidy on Renewable Microgrid Investment Considering Double Externalities." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113168.
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Since microgrids require public support to make economic sense, governments regularly subsidize renewable microgrids to increase their renewable energy market penetration. In this study, we investigated the optimal subsidy level for governments to correct the market failure of microgrids and analyzed the impacts of regulation on the interaction between a microgrid and a distribution network operator (DNO). Specifically, we proposed economic rationales for government subsidies for microgrids regarding public interest benefits in relation to double externalities (learning spillover effect and environmental externality). We incorporated the double externalities into a three-echelon game model in an electricity supply chain with one regulator, one microgrid, and one DNO, in which the regulator decides the subsidy level to achieve maximal social welfare. We found that the double externalities and double marginalization caused underinvestment in microgrid capacity in the scenario without government intervention. The government could choose the appropriate subsidy level to achieve the system optimum, which led to a triple win for the microgrid, the DNO, and the social planner. Our analytical results also showed that the microgrid gained more benefits from regulation than the DNO. The microgrid may offer a negative wholesale price to the DNO in exchange for more opportunities to import electricity into the grid, especially when the investment cost is sufficiently low. Our study suggests that supporting microgrids requires a subsidy phase-out mechanism and alternative market-oriented policies with the development of the microgrid industry.
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Marcus Soares Callegari, João, Wanderson F. de Souza, Danilo Iglesias Brandão, Thiago R. Oliveira, and Braz de Jesus Cardoso Filho. "The UFMG Microgrid Laboratory: A testbed for advanced microgrids." Eletrônica de Potência 28, no. 2 (June 14, 2023): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2023.2.0043.
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Lei, Bingyin, Yue Ren, Huiyu Luan, Ruonan Dong, Xiuyuan Wang, Junli Liao, Shu Fang, and Kaiye Gao. "A Review of Optimization for System Reliability of Microgrid." Mathematics 11, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11040822.
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Clean and renewable energy is the only way to achieve sustainable energy development, with considerable social and economic benefits. As a key technology for clean and renewable energy, it is very important to research the reliability optimization of microgrids. This paper reviews the research progress in microgrid reliability optimization. This paper first classifies and summarizes the existing research on microgrid control strategies and reliability assessment. Then, the system reliability optimization framework is summarized in terms of both microgrid systems and optimization objectives. Next, we summarize the most commonly used optimization algorithms for microgrid reliability for different microgrid systems. Finally, we provide a bibliometric analysis of the literature on the reliability research of microgrids. In addition, we propose some research challenges in the future for the reliability of microgrids.
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Xingli and Ning. "Multi-Agent Consensus Algorithm-Based Optimal Power Dispatch for Islanded Multi-Microgrids." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100679.
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Islanded multi-microgrids formed by interconnections of microgrids will be conducive to the improvement of system economic efficiency and supply reliability. Due to the lack of support from a main grid, the requirement of real-time power balance of the islanded multi-microgrid is relatively high. In order to solve real-time dispatch problems in an island multi-microgrid system, a real-time cooperative power dispatch framework is proposed by using the multi-agent consensus algorithm. On this basis, a regulation cost model for the microgrid is developed. Then a consensus algorithm of power dispatch is designed by selecting the regulation cost of each microgrid as the consensus variable to make all microgrids share the power unbalance, thus reducing the total regulation cost. Simulation results show that the proposed consensus algorithm can effectively solve the real-time power dispatch problem for islanded multi-microgrids.
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Huang, Xiu Qiong, Da Wei Yang, Jian Hua Yang, Yun Feng Tang, Ren Gang Yang, Jing Zhang, and Bin Feng. "Analysis and Study on Microgrid Planning Based IEEE 1547." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.587.
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Distributed resources and microgrids may be designed for power supply in some rural areas. Basic design requirements based IEEE 1547 and optimal plan methods of the microgrids are focused in this paper. Some technical specifications and requirements to design and plan the microgrids are introduced. An optimal plan model is discussed to provide the size of a hybrid, renewable energy generation based the microgrid with the goal of minimizing the lifecycle cost while satisfying the required capacity shortage probability of power supply. The conception and the configuration of a microgrid cluster are put forward. Moreover, the energy modeling software for the microgrids, HOMER is applied in the study based the microgrid project information and data at an island in the southern China.
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Omar, Rohaizan, and Mohd Kamal Mohd Shah. "ASSESSING FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON SMART MICROGRID SYSTEMS: A GLOBAL REVIEW AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPARISON FOR IMPLEMENTING MICROGRIDS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution 5, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijirev.513003.
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This paper serves as a comprehensive review of past feasibility studies conducted worldwide on smart microgrid systems. The primary focus of microgrids lies in the generation of electricity using micro sources, such as micro-hydro, photovoltaic, or biomass gasifiers. These generated power is then distributed through low voltage networks, catering to a relatively small number of consumers. Malaysia, owing to its geographical location, possesses abundant renewable resources, making it highly suitable for the implementation of microgrids. The adoption of microgrids in Malaysia holds significant potential, offering numerous benefits to the nation and its residents. Prior to initiating a feasibility study within Malaysia, it is crucial to conduct a preliminary study to gain insights into the methodologies employed in previous studies. This review paper concentrates on comparing the methodologies utilized in various studies, including the feasibility study of microgrid installation in an educational institution with grid uncertainty, the feasibility study for 100% renewable energy microgrids in Switzerland, the feasibility study of a microgrid village employing renewable energy sources, the feasibility study for a solar PV microgrid in Malawi, and the feasibility study of microgrid applications in Langkawi and Socotra Islands. By thoroughly examining these studies, this review paper aims to identify the most optimal methodology for conducting feasibility studies on microgrids.
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Armghan, Ammar, Muhammad Kashif Azeem, Hammad Armghan, Ming Yang, Fayadh Alenezi, and Mudasser Hassan. "Dynamical Operation Based Robust Nonlinear Control of DC Microgrid Considering Renewable Energy Integration." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133988.
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The importance of microgrids has been acknowledged with the increasing amount of research in direct current (DC) microgrids. The main reason for this is the straightforward structure and efficient performance. In this research article, double integral sliding mode controllers (DISMCs) have been proposed for energy harvesting and DC microgrid management involving renewable sources and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). DISMC offers a better dynamic response and reduced amount of chattering than the traditional sliding mode controllers. In the first stage, the state differential model for the grid was derived. Then, the nonlinear control laws were proposed for the PV system and hybrid energy storage system to achieve the main objective of voltage regulation at the DC link. In the later part, the system’s asymptotic stability was proven using Lyapunov stability criteria. Finally, an energy management algorithm was provided to ensure the DC microgrid’s smooth operation within the safe operating limit. The proposed system’s effectiveness was validated by implementing on MATLAB/Simulink software and comparing against sliding mode control and Lyapunov redesign. Moreover, to ensure the proposed controller’s practical viability for this scheme, it has been tested on real-time hardware-in-the-loop test bench.
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Zhao and Wang. "Comprehensive Evaluation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Planning Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183843.
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The comprehensive evaluation of AC/DC hybrid microgrid planning can provide reference for the planning of AC/DC hybrid microgrids. This is conducive to the realization of reasonable and effective microgrid planning. Aiming at comprehensive evaluation of AC/DC hybrid microgrids, this paper establishes an evaluation index system for planning of AC/DC hybrid microgrids. This paper combines the subjective evaluation method with the objective evaluation method, and proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of AC/DC hybrid microgrid planning based on analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method. Finally, the validity and rationality of the evaluation method are verified by an example.
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Abdulkarim, Abubakar, Nasir Faruk, A. O. Oloyode, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Segun I. Popoola, A. I. Abdullateef, O. Ibrahim, et al. "State of the Art in Research on Optimum Design, Reliability and Control of Renewable Energy Microgrids." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 17, no. 3 (December 26, 2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v17n3.84.
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This paper has presented a comprehensive review in the area of microgrid from the design to implementation. The aim is to evaluate the current status, problems and research efforts toward realising functional microgrids in the power system. The expectations about microgrid are many; therefore the study is divided into three main sections. Recent advancements in the wind energy, solar energy and their future prediction are summarised. States of arts in optimum design of renewable energy microgrid are also investigated. In addition, critical literature review in the reliability analysis of microgrids consisting of renewable energy sources is also reported. Control of microgrids consisting renewable energy sources have been presented. Some examples of existing microgrids across the globe are critically reviewed. The work therefore recommends that energy planners and all stakeholders should consider environmental and regional difference in microgrids planning. Finally, future research areas and directions in these areas are highlighted.
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Yan, Mengxuan, Dongxiao Wang, Chun Sing Lai, and Loi Lei Lai. "A Review on Thermal Energy Modelling for Optimal Microgrids Management." Thermo 1, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo1010006.
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Microgrids have become increasingly popular in recent years due to technological improvements, growing recognition of their benefits, and diminishing costs. By clustering distributed energy resources, microgrids can effectively integrate renewable energy resources in distribution networks and satisfy end-user demands, thus playing a critical role in transforming the existing power grid to a future smart grid. There are many existing research and review works on microgrids. However, the thermal energy modelling in optimal microgrid management is seldom discussed in the current literature. To address this research gap, this paper presents a detailed review on the thermal energy modelling application on the optimal energy management for microgrids. This review firstly presents microgrid characteristics. Afterwards, the existing thermal energy modeling utilized in microgrids will be discussed, including the application of a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) and thermal comfort model to form virtual energy storage systems. Current trial programs of thermal energy modelling for microgrid energy management are analyzed and some challenges and future research directions are discussed at the end. This paper serves as a comprehensive review to the most up-to-date thermal energy modelling applications on microgrid energy management.
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Volnyi, Vladislav, Pavel Ilyushin, Konstantin Suslov, and Sergey Filippov. "Approaches to Building AC and AC–DC Microgrids on Top of Existing Passive Distribution Networks." Energies 16, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 5799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155799.
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The process of building microgrids on top of existing passive distribution networks warrants a multi-criteria analysis. Besides the calculation of the investment outlays needed for the modernization of distribution networks, such an analysis covers an assessment of the technological and economic effects of building microgrids. The resulting effects depend on the topology and configuration of distribution networks, specific microgrid features, the choice of the current type for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the methods of connecting distributed energy resources (DERs), the availability and maturity of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, and other factors. Comprehensive input data allow for designing an optimal microgrid configuration, but the main technological and economic effects are determined by the algorithms of operation and the parameter settings of the automatic control system (ACS) and the protection system. The known approaches to designing microgrids focus on addressing basic tasks while minimizing the investment required for their implementation. The above is fully justified when constructing new microgrids, but building microgrids on top of existing distribution networks, given the uniqueness of their topology and configuration, does not allow the use of standardized solutions. The development of approaches to the design of microgrids under such constraints, with minimized investment in the modernization of existing distribution networks, is an urgent task. The use of different types of current for individual microgrid segments determines the choice of the particular ACS and protection system, which depends on the availability of information and communications technology infrastructure. This article contributes a review of approaches to designing AC and AC–DC microgrids so as to maximize their technological and economic effects. We review techniques for analyzing the existing distribution networks aimed at choosing the type of current for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the optimal points for the connection of microgrids to distribution networks, and the mix and capacity of DERs, with such choices informed by the conditions of the switching devices and information and communications technology infrastructure. This article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to choosing the optimal configuration of microgrids, microgrid ACS, and protection system, with an evaluation of the technological and economic effects subject to the minimization of investment in the modernization of the existing distribution networks.
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Lee, Seongwoo, Joonho Seon, Chanuk Kyeong, Soohyun Kim, Youngghyu Sun, and Jinyoung Kim. "Novel Energy Trading System Based on Deep-Reinforcement Learning in Microgrids." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175515.
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Inefficiencies in energy trading systems of microgrids are mainly caused by uncertainty in non-stationary operating environments. The problem of uncertainty can be mitigated by analyzing patterns of primary operation parameters and their corresponding actions. In this paper, a novel energy trading system based on a double deep Q-networks (DDQN) algorithm and a double Kelly strategy is proposed for improving profits while reducing dependence on the main grid in the microgrid systems. The DDQN algorithm is proposed in order to select optimized action for improving energy transactions. Additionally, the double Kelly strategy is employed to control the microgrid’s energy trading quantity for producing long-term profits. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed strategies can achieve a significant improvement in the total profits and independence from the main grid via optimized energy transactions.
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Zhao, Ensheng, Yang Han, Hao Zeng, Luqiao Li, Ping Yang, Congling Wang, and Amr S. Zalhaf. "Accurate Peer-to-Peer Hierarchical Control Method for Hybrid DC Microgrid Clusters." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010421.
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Hybrid DC microgrid clusters contain various types of converters such as BOOST, BUCK, and bidirectional DC/DC converters, making the control strategy complex and difficult to achieve plug-and-play. The common master–slave hierarchical control strategy makes it difficult to achieve accurate and stable system control. This paper proposes an accurate peer-to-peer hierarchical control method for the hybrid DC microgrid cluster, and the working principle of this hierarchical control method is analyzed in detail. The microgrid cluster consists of three sub-microgrids, where sub-microgrid A consists of three BUCK converters, sub-microgrid B consists of three BOOST converters, and sub-microgrid C consists of two bidirectional DC/DC converters. According to all possible operations of various sub-microgrids in the microgrid cluster, the top-, mid-, and bottom-level controls are designed to solve the coordination control problem among different types of sub-microgrids. In this paper, a hybrid microgrid cluster simulation model is built in the PLECS simulation environment, and an experimental hardware platform is designed. The simulation and experiment results verified the accuracy of the proposed control strategy and its fast plug-and-play regulation ability for the system.
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Bhunia, Ankan, Prof Lini Mathew, and Prof Shimi S. L. "Various types of Voltage Stability Control Techniques of DC Microgrid: A Comparative Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54867.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This article presents a survey of control systems, steadiness, and adjustment procedures for DC microgrids (MG). A DC microgrid is getting huge consideration all over the planet because of the improvement of different DC loads, expanded efficiency, and progressions in power electronics devices. Developing worldwide worry over a dangerous atmospheric deviation and non-renewable energy sources (NRES) decrease and raised the requirement for perfect and green renewable energy sources (RES) for power generation through the Micro-Grid impression. DC Micro-Grid can be associated with the fundamental power framework or can turn in disconnection. Thus, in this manner a proficient framework for remote and country regions, available from little structures to enormous plants. As the control technique assumes a significant part in guaranteeing microgrid’s power superiority and effectiveness, a farreaching survey of the state of art control methods in DC microgrid sets is important. DC MG are portrayed by alluring elements, for example, high framework efficiency, high power quality, lower cost, less complexity control and dependable answer for charge in regions. The various levelled control procedure is separated into three coatings in main, secondary and tertiary in view of their usefulness.
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Muqeet, Hafiz Abdul, Haseeb Javed, Muhammad Naveed Akhter, Muhammad Shahzad, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Muhammad Usama Nadeem, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, and Mikulas Huba. "Sustainable Solutions for Advanced Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids: Model Opportunities and Future Challenges." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062345.
Full textAbstract:
Distributed generation connected with AC, DC, or hybrid loads and energy storage systems is known as a microgrid. Campus microgrids are an important load type. A university campus microgrids, usually, contains distributed generation resources, energy storage, and electric vehicles. The main aim of the microgrid is to provide sustainable, economical energy, and a reliable system. The advanced energy management system (AEMS) provides a smooth energy flow to the microgrid. Over the last few years, many studies were carried out to review various aspects such as energy sustainability, demand response strategies, control systems, energy management systems with different types of optimization techniques that are used to optimize the microgrid system. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the energy management system of campus microgrids is presented. In this survey, the existing literature review of different objective functions, renewable energy resources and solution tools are also reviewed. Furthermore, the research directions and related issues to be considered in future microgrid scheduling studies are also presented.
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García-Ceballos, C., S. Pérez-Londoño, and J. Mora-Flórez. "Iterative Approach for Tuning Multiple Converter-Integrated DER in Microgrids." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (April 11, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1394096.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes an iterative approach to adjust the control parameters of multiple power converters within a microgrid, which operates in grid-connected and grid-islanded modes. The adequate control parameters are determined using an optimisation-based strategy, local measurements, and results obtained in previous algorithm iterations. The proposed objective function is based on the integral time-weighted absolute error (ITAE), modified to improve the microgrid control performance. The proposed approach addresses the control tuning complexity by considering an incremental strategy, starting from adjusting basic microgrids, continuing to the setting of intermediate microgrids, and finalising when the target microgrid control is fine adjusted. The results obtained at the CIGRE LV benchmark microgrid validate the proposal, obtaining during faults, the maximum deviations from rated frequency around 2.2% and 0.3% in grid-islanded or grid-connected cases, respectively. Also, voltage and power references are adequately followed during steady-state regardless of the microgrid operation mode, where the steady voltage profile is below 10% variation. The obtained results demonstrate the proposed approach advantages, which straightforwardly adjust multiple converters integrated into a microgrid. The main contributions are as follows: (a) the microgrid model is not required, and (b) only measurements at the point of common coupling of the distributed energy resource are used; consequently, the proposed tuning approach is especially applicable to complex microgrids. Finally, finely adjusted microgrids are required for further operation or protection studies where complex system configurations are commonly required.