Journal articles: 'Microfluidic thermal management solution'

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Yan, Zhibin, Mingliang Jin, Zhengguang Li, Guofu Zhou, and Lingling Shui. "Droplet-Based Microfluidic Thermal Management Methods for High Performance Electronic Devices." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020089.

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Advanced thermal management methods have been the key issues for the rapid development of the electronic industry following Moore’s law. Droplet-based microfluidic cooling technologies are considered as promising solutions to conquer the major challenges of high heat flux removal and nonuniform temperature distribution in confined spaces for high performance electronic devices. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods in the literature, including the basic theory of electrocapillarity, cooling applications of continuous electrowetting (CEW), electrowetting (EW) and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD), and jumping droplet microfluidic liquid handling methods. The droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods have shown an attractive capability of microscale liquid manipulation and a relatively high heat flux removal for hot spots. Recommendations are made for further research to develop advanced liquid coolant materials and the optimization of system operation parameters.

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Mouskeftaras, Alexandros, Stephan Beurthey, Julien Cogan, Gregory Hallewell, Olivier Leroy, David Grojo, and Mathieu Perrin-Terrin. "Short-Pulse Laser-Assisted Fabrication of a Si-SiO2 Microcooling Device." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091054.

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Thermal management is one of the main challenges in the most demanding detector technologies and for the future of microelectronics. Microfluidic cooling has been proposed as a fully integrated solution to the heat dissipation problem in modern high-power microelectronics. Traditional manufacturing of silicon-based microfluidic devices involves advanced, mask-based lithography techniques for surface patterning. The limited availability of such facilities prevents widespread development and use. We demonstrate the relevance of maskless laser writing to advantageously replace lithographic steps and provide a more prototype-friendly process flow. We use a 20 W infrared laser with a pulse duration of 50 ps to engrave and drill a 525 μm-thick silicon wafer. Anodic bonding to a SiO2 wafer is used to encapsulate the patterned surface. Mechanically clamped inlet/outlet connectors complete the fully operational microcooling device. The functionality of the device has been validated by thermofluidic measurements. Our approach constitutes a modular microfabrication solution that should facilitate prototyping studies of new concepts for co-designed electronics and microfluidics.

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Novikov, A., J. Maxa, M. Nowottnick, M. Heimann, and K. Jarchoff. "Investigation of phase change materials for efficient thermal management of electronic modules." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, HiTen (July 1, 2019): 000045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491.2019.hiten.000045.

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Abstract Power electronics is a key technology for the advancement and spreading of electromobility applications and compact power supply devices on the market. The use of new WBG semiconductors (e.g. SiC, GaN) as well as highly integrated silicon-based power electronics enables a significant increase in power density with increasing integration. At the same time, however, this development requires costly thermal management solutions, since the power semiconductors generate considerable heat loss during operation. To ensure the robustness of the systems, the components must be protected from critical temperatures. Nowadays, a considerable effort for active and passive cooling by fans, microfluidic systems or heat pipes is operated. Compared with that, the usage of phase change materials (PCM) is a novel approach for sophisticated thermal management [1], [2]. In this paper some selected results of research project SWE-eT (Heat-retaining coatings for next-generation, efficient, compact power electronics) funded as part of KomroL program (Compact and robust power electronics of the next generation) of German Federal Ministry of Education and Research are presented. Main goal of this project is development, investigation and testing of efficient thermal management solutions based on heat-storing layer systems through phase transition processes. The research project was focused on investigation of sugar alcohols as PCM because of its wide range of melting temperature, high enthalpy of fusion and low cost.

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Flemming, Jeb, Roger Cook, Kevin Dunn, and James Gouker. "Cost-Effective Precision 3D Glass Microfabrication for Advanced Packaging Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 000791–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-tp12.

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Today's packaging has become the limiting element in system cost and performance for IC development. Assembly and packaging technologies have become primary differentiators for manufactures of consumer electronics and the main enabler of small IC product development. Traditional packaging approaches to address the needs in these “High Density Portable” devices, including FR4, liquid crystal polymers, and Low Temperature Co-Fire Ceramics, are running into fundamental limits in packaging layer thinness, high density interconnects (HDI) size and density, and do not present solutions to in-package thermal management, and optical waveguiding. In this talk, 3D Glass Solutions will present on our efforts to create advanced microelectronic packing solutions using our APEX™ Glass ceramic which offers a single material capable of being simultaneously used for ultra-HDI through glass vias (TGVs), optical waveguiding, and in-package microfluidic cooling. In this talk we will discuss our latest results in wafer-level microfabrication of packaging solutions. We will present on our efforts for creating copper filled vias, surface metallization, and passivation. Furthermore, we will present our efforts in exploring this material to produce (1) ultra-HDI glass interposers, with TGVs as small as 12 microns, with 14 micron center –to-center, (2) advanced RF packages with unique surface architectures designed to minimize signal loss, and (3) creating wave guiding structures in HDI packages.

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N.S., Shashikumar, Gireesha B.J., B. Mahanthesh, and Prasannakumara B.C. "Brinkman-Forchheimer flow of SWCNT and MWCNT magneto-nanoliquids in a microchannel with multiple slips and Joule heating aspects." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 14, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 769–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-01-2018-0005.

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Purpose The microfluidics has a wide range of applications, such as micro heat exchanger, micropumps, micromixers, cooling systems for microelectronic devices, fuel cells and microturbines. However, the enhancement of thermal energy is one of the challenges in these applications. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to enhance heat transfer in a microchannel flow by utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). MHD Brinkman-Forchheimer flow in a planar microchannel with multiple slips is considered. Aspects of viscous and Joule heating are also deployed. The consequences are presented in two different carbon nanofluids. Design/methodology/approach The governing equations are modeled with the help of conservation equations of flow and energy under the steady-state situation. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized through dimensionless variables. The dimensionless expressions are treated via Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-based shooting scheme. Pertinent results of velocity, skin friction coefficient, temperature and Nusselt number for assorted values of physical parameters are comprehensively discussed. Also, a closed-form solution is obtained for momentum equation for a particular case. Numerical results agree perfectly with the analytical results. Findings It is established that multiple slip effect is favorable for velocity and temperature fields. The velocity field of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanofluid is lower than single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-nanofluid, while thermal field, Nusselt number and drag force are higher in the case of MWCNT-nanofluid than SWCNT-nanofluid. The impact of nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) is constructive for thermal boundary layer growth. Practical implications This study may provide useful information to improve the thermal management of microelectromechanical systems. Originality/value The effects of CNTs in microchannel flow by utilizing viscous dissipation and Joule heating are first time investigated. The results for SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been compared.

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Batishcheva, KSENIA A., and ATLANT E. Nurpeiis. "WATER DROPLET EVAPORATION IN A CHAMBER ISOLATED FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 6, no. 3 (2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2020-6-3-8-22.

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With an increase in the productivity of power equipment and the miniaturization of its components, the use of traditional thermal management systems becomes insufficient. There is a need to develop drip heat removal systems, based on phase transition effects. Cooling with small volumes of liquids is a promising technology for microfluidic devices or evaporation chambers, which are self-regulating systems isolated from the external environment. However, the heat removal during evaporation of droplets into a limited volume is a difficult task due to the temperature difference in the cooling device and the concentration of water vapor that is unsteady in time depending on the mass of the evaporated liquid. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the distilled water microdrops’ (5-25 μl) evaporation on an aluminum alloy AMg6 with the temperatures of 298-353 K in an isolated chamber (70 × 70 × 30 mm3) in the presence of heat supply to its lower part. Based on the analysis of shadow images, the changes in the geometric dimensions of evaporating drops were established. They included the increase in the contact diameter, engagement of the contact line due to nano roughening and chemical composition inhomogeneous on the surface (90-95% of the total evaporation time) of the alloy and a decrease in the contact diameter. The surface temperature and droplet volume did not affect the sequence of changes in the geometric dimensions of the droplets. It was found that the droplet volume has a significant effect on the evaporation time at relatively low substrate temperatures. The results of the analysis of droplet evaporation rates and hygrometer readings have shown that reservoirs with salt solutions can be used in isolated chambers to control the concentration of water vapor. The water droplets evaporation time was determined. The analysis of the time dependences of the evaporation rate has revealed that upon the evaporation of droplets in an isolated chamber under the conditions of the present experiment, the air was not saturated with water vapor. The latter did not affect the evaporation rate.

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Kroehnert, Steffen, André Cardoso, Steffen Kroehnert, Raquel Pinto, Elisabete Fernandes, and Isabel Barros. "Integration of MEMS in Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging Technology based System-in-Package (WLSiP)." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-tp2_presentation6.

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The Internet of Things/ Everything (IoT/E) will require billions of single or multiple MEMS/Sensors integrated in modules together with other functional building blocks like processor, memory, connectivity, built-in security, power management, energy harvesting, and battery charging. The success of IoT/E will also depend on the selection of the right Packaging Technology. The winner will be the one achieving the following key targets: best electrical and thermal system performance, miniaturization by dense system integration, effective MEMS/Sensors fusion into the systems, manufacturability in high volume at low cost. MEMS/Sensors packaging in low cost molded packages on large manufacturing formats has always been a challenge, whether because of the parameter drift of the sensors caused by the packaging itself or, as in many cases, the molded packaging technology is not compatible to the way MEMS/Sensors are working. Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP), namely Fan-Out WLP (FOWLP) technologies such as eWLB, WLFO, RCP, M-Series and InFO are showing good potential to meet those requirements and offer the envisioned system solutions. FOWLP will grow with CAGR between 50–80% until 2020, forecasted by the leading market research companies in this field. System integration solutions (WLSiP and WL3D) will dominate FOWLP volumes in the future compared to current single die FOWLP packages for mobile communication. The base technology is available and has proven maturity in high volume production, but for dense system integration of MEMS/Sensors, additional advanced building blocks need to be developed and qualified to extend the technology platform. The status and most recent developments on NANIUM's WLFO technology, which is based on Infineon's/Intel's eWLB technology, aiming to overcome the current limits for MEMS/Sensors integration, will be presented in this paper. This will cover the processing of Keep-Out Zones (KOZ) for MEMS/Sensors access to environment in molded wafer-level packages, mold stress relief on dies for MEMS/Sensors die decoupling from internal package stress, thin-film shielding using PVD seed layer as functional layer, and heterogeneous dielectrics stacking, in which different dielectric materials fulfill different functions in the package, including the ability to integrate Microfluidic.

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Nieto, C., H. Power, and M. Giraldo. "Boundary element solution of thermal creep flow in microfluidic devices." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 36, no. 7 (July 2012): 1062–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2012.01.001.

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Guo, Gang, Xuanye Wu, Demeng Liu, Lingni Liao, Di Zhang, Yi Zhang, Tianjiao Mao, et al. "A Self-Regulated Microfluidic Device with Thermal Bubble Micropumps." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101620.

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Currently, many microchips must rely on an external force (such as syringe pump, electro-hydrodynamic pump, and peristaltic pump, etc.) to control the solution in the microchannels, which probably adds manual operating errors, affects the accuracy of fluid manipulation, and enlarges the noise of signal. In addition, the reasonable integration of micropump and microchip remain the stumbling block for the commercialization of microfluidic technique. To solve those two problems, we designed and fabricated a thermal bubble micropump based on MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) technique. Many parameters (voltage, pulse time, cycle delay time, etc.) affecting the performance of this micropump were explored in this work. The experimental results showed the flow rate of solution with the assistance of a micropump reached more than 15 μL/min in the optimal condition. Finally, a method about measuring total aflatoxin in Chinese herbs was successfully developed based on the integrated platform contained competitive immunoassay and our micropump-based microfluidics. Additionally, the limit of detection in quantifying total aflatoxin (AF) was 0.0615 pg/mL in this platform. The data indicate this combined technique of biochemical assays and micropump based microchip have huge potential in automatically, rapidly, and sensitively measuring other low concentration of biochemical samples with small volume.

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Sisó, Gonzalo, Joana Rosell-Mirmi, Álvaro Fernández, Gerard Laguna, Montse Vilarrubi, Jérôme Barrau, Manuel Ibañez, and Joan Rosell-Urrutia. "Thermal Analysis of a MEMS-Based Self-Adaptive Microfluidic Cooling Device." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050505.

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This study presents a thermal analysis of a temperature-driven microfluidic cell through a nonlinear self-adaptive micro valve that provides the mechanisms for the system to maintain a given critical temperature in an efficient way. For the description of the dynamics of the microfluidic cell, a system of two ordinary differential equations subjected to a nonlinear boundary condition, which describes the behavior of the valve, is proposed. The solution of the model, for determined conditions, shows the strong nonlinearity between the overall thermal resistance of the device and the heat flux dissipated due to the action of the thermostatic valve, obtaining a variable thermal resistance from 1.6 × 10−5 to 2.0 × 10−4 Km2/W. In addition, a stability analysis of the temperature-driven microfluidic cell is presented. The stability of the device is essential for its proper functioning and thus, to prevent its oscillating behavior. Therefore, this work focuses on assessing the range of design parameters of the self-adaptive micro valve to produce a stable behavior for the entire system. The stability analysis was performed by studying the linear perturbation around the stationary solution, with the model solved for various heat flows, flow rates, and critical temperatures. Finally, a map of the design parameters space, which specifies the region with asymptotic stability, was found. In this map, the critical temperature (temperature at which the valve initiates the buckling) plays and important role.

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Wang, Z., H. Zheng, and W. Zhou. "Ultrashort laser subsurface micromachining of three–dimensional microfluidic structures inside photosensitive glass." Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 3 (July 17, 2009): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990255.

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AbstractA laser direct writing technique was used successfully to carry out subsurface micromachining of three-dimensional microfluidic structures. It involves simple steps of femtosecond laser irradiation to project a latent image of channels or chambers of various dimensions into a photosensitive Foturan glass, thermal annealing to produce crystallites of lithium metasilicates in the laser-irradiated regions, and use of a diluted hydrofluoric acid solution to remove the crystallized structures through selective chemical etching. The etched surfaces may be smoothened significantly through a secondary thermal annealing process. A microfluidic reagent mixer and reactor consisting of four cubic chambers and multiple channels was produced inside a single piece of glass to demonstrate that the technique can be used for rapid device fabrication without recourse to the cumbersome and expensive processes of alignment, stacking, bonding or assembly of the individual microcomponents. The direct writing technique makes it easy to integrate micro–optical and microfluidic components into a single chip.

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Bognár, György, Gábor Takács, Péter G. Szabó, Gábor Rózsás, László Pohl, and Balázs Plesz. "Integrated Thermal Management in System-on-Package Devices." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 64, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.14986.

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Thanks to the System-on-Package technology (SoP) the integration of different elements into a single package was enabled. However, from the thermal point of view the heat removal path in modern packaging technologies (FCBGA) goes through several layers of thermal interface material (TIM) that together with the package material create a relatively high thermal resistance which may lead to elevated chip temperature which causes functional error or other malfunctions. In our concept, we overcome this problem by creating integrated microfluidic channel based heat sink structures that can be used for cooling the high heat dissipation semiconductor devices (e.g.: processors, high power transistor or concentrated solar cells). These microchannel cooling assemblies can be integrated into the backside of the substrate of the semiconductor devices or into the system assemblies in SoP technology. In addition to the realization of the novel CMOS compatible microscale cooling device we have developed precise and valid measurement methodology, simulation cases studies and a unique compact model that can be added to numerical simulators as an external node. In this paper the achievements of a larger research are summarized as it required the cooperation of several experts in their fields to fulfil the goal of creating a state-of-the-art demonstrator. Thanks to the System-on-Package technology (SoP) the integration of different elements into a single package was enabled. However, from the thermal point of view the heat removal path in modern packaging technologies (FCBGA) goes through several layers of thermal interface material (TIM) that together with the package material create a relatively high thermal resistance which may lead to elevated chip temperature which causes functional error or other malfunctions. In our concept, we overcome this problem by creating integrated microfluidic channel based heat sink structures that can be used for cooling the high heat dissipation semiconductor devices (e.g.: processors, high power transistor or concentrated solar cells). These microchannel cooling assemblies can be integrated into the backside of the substrate of the semiconductor devices or into the system assemblies in SoP technology. In addition to the realization of the novel CMOS compatible microscale cooling device we have developed precise and valid measurement methodology, simulation cases studies and a unique compact model that can be added to numerical simulators as an external node. In this paper the achievements of a larger research are summarized as it required the cooperation of several experts in their fields to fulfil the goal of creating a state-of-the-art demonstrator.

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Boulter, Richard. "Thermal Management with Ceramic Cooling Solution for Drive Inverters." Interceram - International Ceramic Review 70, no. 2 (July 2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42411-021-0455-y.

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Qian, Hanhua, Xiwei Huang, Hao Yu, and Chip Hong Chang. "Cyber-Physical Thermal Management of 3D Multi-Core Cache-Processor System with Microfluidic Cooling." Journal of Low Power Electronics 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jolpe.2011.1121.

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Kelly, Anthony. "Composite Materials for Thermal Expansivity Matching and High Heat Flux Thermal Management." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1017.

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Andriukaitis, Deividas, Rokas Vargalis, Lukas Šerpytis, Tomas Drevinskas, Olga Kornyšova, Mantas Stankevičius, Kristina Bimbiraitė-Survilienė, Vilma Kaškonienė, Audrius Sigitas Maruškas, and Linas Jonušauskas. "Fabrication of Microfluidic Tesla Valve Employing Femtosecond Bursts." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081180.

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Expansion of the microfluidics field dictates the necessity to constantly improve technologies used to produce such systems. One of the approaches which are used more and more is femtosecond (fs) direct laser writing (DLW). The subtractive model of DLW allows for directly producing microfluidic channels via ablation in an extremely simple and cost-effective manner. However, channel surface roughens are always a concern when direct fs ablation is used, as it normally yields an RMS value in the range of a few µm. One solution to improve it is the usage of fs bursts. Thus, in this work, we show how fs burst mode ablation can be optimized to achieve sub-µm surface roughness in glass channel fabrication. It is done without compromising on manufacturing throughput. Furthermore, we show that a simple and cost-effective channel sealing methodology of thermal bonding can be employed. Together, it allows for production functional Tesla valves, which are tested. Demonstrated capabilities are discussed.

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Raman, Chandrashekar. "Thermally Conductive Plastics for Enhanced Thermal Management." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-wp66.

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Electronic devices continue to shrink while continuing to offer increasing functionality. This trend poses a significant challenge to design engineers who need to adequately address the increasing thermal management requirements of these devices on a shrinking footprint. Thermally conductive plastics have been gaining attention as an innovative new material option to address this challenge. While plastics are typically poor conductors of heat, it is possible to increase the thermal conductivity with the use of certain additives. Unique ceramic additives like boron nitride offer the added advantage of enabling thermally conductive plastic formulations that are also electrically insulating. The replacement of aluminum heat sinks in free (natural) convection environments with thermally conductive plastics is discussed in this paper. The results show it may indeed be possible to replace aluminum with thermally conductive plastic heat sinks in convection limited environments, and if judicious redesign of the plastic heat sink is incorporated, an improved thermal management solution can be realized. Additionally, the benefits of enhancing existing plastic housings to enable an improved thermal management solution are discussed. The results also show that modest enhancements to the thermal conductivity of existing plastic housings can yield significant improvements to the overall thermal management solution as well.

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Dong, Xuan Xuan, Lei Zhang, and Jian Fu. "Laser-Induced Thermal Bubble-Mixing on a Microfluidic Platform for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 2197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.2197.

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This paper discusses the study of the multimode evolution of microfiber taper and its potential application of micromixer in the lab-on-a-chip. By using numerical simulation, multimode interference effects are demonstrated in the taper transition of a micro-nano fiber. Due to the leaked optical energy gasifies the solution surrounding the taper and produces air bubbles, the laminar flow effect is destroyed with the help of disturbance of air bubble and two solutions are mixed quickly. Therefore, it will be used in microfluidic platform for chemical analysis & testing, chemical synthesis and environmental monitoring.

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Anyaegbunam, F. N. C. "Thermal Plasma Solution for Environmental Waste Management and Power Generation." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 6, no. 5 (2014): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4861-06530816.

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Gorgannezhad, Lena, Kamalalayam Sreejith, Jun Zhang, Gregor Kijanka, Melody Christie, Helen Stratton, and Nam-Trung Nguyen. "Microfluidic Array Chip for Parallel Detection of Waterborne Bacteria." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120883.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a robust technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. However, the available PCR platforms require elaborate and time-consuming operations or costly instruments, hindering their application. Herein, we introduce a sandwiched glass–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–glass microchip containing an array of reactors for the real-time PCR-based detection of multiple waterborne bacteria. The PCR solution was loaded into the array of reactors in a single step utilising capillary filling, eliminating the need for pumps, valves, and liquid handling instruments. Issues of generating and trapping bubbles during the loading chip step were addressed by creating smooth internal reactor surfaces. Triton X-100 was used to enhance PCR compatibility in the chip by minimising the nonspecific adsorption of enzymes. A custom-made real-time PCR instrument was also fabricated to provide thermal cycling to the array chip. The microfluidic device was successfully demonstrated for microbial faecal source tracking (MST) in water.

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Wang, Xinzhong, Weiquan Fang, and Zhongfeng Zhao. "Design of UVA Ultraviolet Disinfection System for Nutrient Solution Residual Liquid and Development of Microbial Online Monitoring System." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010173.

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If the nutrient solution used in the hydroponic system is recycled and reused without disinfection, the plant diseases are likely to spread. The current disinfection system still cannot conduct online monitoring of microorganisms at the same time as disinfection. In this paper, a UVA ultraviolet disinfection system and an online microbial monitoring system are proposed, which can conduct online monitoring at the same time as disinfection. This system includes the design of the disinfection system, the microbial online detection system and the microfluidic chip. The practical performance of the disinfection system and the microfluidic chip was verified by means of simulation and experiment. The relationship between the working power (P) of the UVA ultraviolet sterilizer used and its irradiance (Ee) is P = 29.98 Ee. The direct influencing factor of the ultraviolet disinfection rate of the nutrient solution residual liquid was the ultraviolet light irradiation dose. When the power of the ultraviolet lamp (radiation flux) is 30 W, the optimum wavelength is close to 300 nm, and the absorbance value is approximately 0.07. The error between bioluminescence detection and laboratory culture detection error is 0.002. The disinfection method and microfluidic chip proposed in this paper can be used in a greenhouse hydroponic system to reduce the impact of harmful microorganisms in the nutrient solution return on plants, and improve the effect of the return solution.

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Yin, Jing, Shangming Wang, Xuehao Sang, Zhifu Zhou, Bin Chen, Panidis Thrassos, Alexandros Romeos, and Athanasios Giannadakis. "Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution: A Review." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228547.

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As one of the most promising thermal management solutions, spray cooling has the advantages of high heat-transfer coefficient and maintaining a low temperature of the cooling surface. By summarizing the influential factors and practical applications of spray cooling, the current challenges and bottlenecks were indicated so as to prompt its potential applications in the future. Firstly, this paper reviewed the heat-transfer mechanism of spray cooling and found that spray cooling is more advantageous for heat dissipation in high-power electronic devices by comparing it with other cooling techniques. Secondly, the latest experimental studies on spray cooling were reviewed in detail, especially the effects of spray parameters, types of working fluid, surface modification, and environmental parameters on the performance of cooling system. Afterwards, the configuration and design of the spray cooling system, as well as its applications in the actual industry (data centers, hybrid electric vehicles, and so on) were enumerated and summarized. Finally, the scientific challenges and technical bottlenecks encountered in the theoretical research and industrial application of spray cooling technology were discussed, and the direction of future efforts were reasonably speculated.

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Feng, Shuai, Yunfei Yan, Haojie Li, Zhongqing Yang, Lixian Li, and Li Zhang. "Theoretical and numerical investigation of embedded microfluidic thermal management using gradient distribution micro pin fin arrays." Applied Thermal Engineering 153 (May 2019): 748–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.017.

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Algorri, José Francisco, Pablo Roldán-Varona, María Gabriela Fernández-Manteca, José Miguel López-Higuera, Luis Rodriguez-Cobo, and Adolfo Cobo-García. "Photonic Microfluidic Technologies for Phytoplankton Research." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12111024.

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Phytoplankton is a crucial component for the correct functioning of different ecosystems, climate regulation and carbon reduction. Being at least a quarter of the biomass of the world’s vegetation, they produce approximately 50% of atmospheric O2 and remove nearly a third of the anthropogenic carbon released into the atmosphere through photosynthesis. In addition, they support directly or indirectly all the animals of the ocean and freshwater ecosystems, being the base of the food web. The importance of their measurement and identification has increased in the last years, becoming an essential consideration for marine management. The gold standard process used to identify and quantify phytoplankton is manual sample collection and microscopy-based identification, which is a tedious and time-consuming task and requires highly trained professionals. Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip technology represents a potential technical solution for environmental monitoring, for example, in situ quantifying toxic phytoplankton. Its main advantages are miniaturisation, portability, reduced reagent/sample consumption and cost reduction. In particular, photonic microfluidic chips that rely on optical sensing have emerged as powerful tools that can be used to identify and analyse phytoplankton with high specificity, sensitivity and throughput. In this review, we focus on recent advances in photonic microfluidic technologies for phytoplankton research. Different optical properties of phytoplankton, fabrication and sensing technologies will be reviewed. To conclude, current challenges and possible future directions will be discussed.

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Yassine, O., E. Q. Li, A. Alfadhel, A. Zaher, M. Kavaldzhiev, S. T. Thoroddsen, and J. Kosel. "Magnetically Triggered Monodispersed Nanocomposite Fabricated by Microfluidic Approach for Drug Delivery." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1219469.

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Responsive microgel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or PNIPAM is a gel that can swell or shrink in response to external stimuli (temperature, pH, etc.). In this work, a nanocomposite gel is developed consisting of PNIPAM and magnetic iron oxide nanobeads for controlled release of liquids (like drugs) upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Microparticles of the nanocomposite are fabricated efficiently with a monodisperse size distribution and a diameter ranging from 20 to 500 µm at a rate of up to 1 kHz using a simple and inexpensive microfluidic system. The nanocomposite is heated through magnetic losses, which is exploited for a remotely stimulated liquid release. The efficiency of the microparticles for controlled drug release applications is tested with a solution of Rhodamine B as a liquid drug model. In continuous and pulsatile mode, a release of 7% and 80% was achieved, respectively. Compared to external thermal actuation that heats the entire surrounding or embedded heaters that need complex fabrication steps, the magnetic actuation provides localized heating and is easy to implement with our microfluidic fabrication method.

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Ye, Ping, Haiyun Huang, Siyu Shao, Guoyang Wang, Jiahui Wang, Xuan Liu, Bo Su, Jingsuo He, and Cunlin Zhang. "Effect of external magnetic field on terahertz transmission characteristics of electrolyte solution based on microfluidic technology." Results in Optics 6 (January 2022): 100211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2022.100211.

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Kim, Young Jae, Jae Hyun Lim, Jong Min Lee, Ji Wook Choi, Hyung Woo Choi, Won Ho Seo, Kyoung G. Lee, Seok Jae Lee, and Bong Geun Chung. "CuS/rGO-PEG Nanocomposites for Photothermal Bonding of PMMA-Based Plastic Lab-on-a-Chip." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010176.

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We developed copper sulfide (CuS)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanocomposites for photothermal bonding of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based plastic lab-on-a-chip. The noncontact photothermal bonding of PMMA-based plastic labs-on-chip plays an important role in improving the stability and adhesion at a high-temperature as well as minimizing the solution leakage from microchannels when connecting two microfluidic devices. The CuS/rGO-PEG nanocomposites were used to bond a PMMA-based plastic lab-on-a-chip in a short time with a high photothermal effect by a near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. After the thermal bonding process, a gap was not generated in the PMMA-based plastic lab-on-a-chip due to the low viscosity and density of the CuS/rGO-PEG nanocomposites. We also evaluated the physical and mechanical properties after the thermal bonding process, showing that there was no solution leakage in PMMA-based plastic lab-on-a-chip during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycles. Therefore, the CuS/rGO-PEG nanocomposite could be a potentially useful nanomaterial for non-contact photothermal bonding between the interfaces of plastic module lab-on-a-chip.

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Gilson, Gareth M., Stephen J. Pickering, David B. Hann, and Chris Gerada. "Piezoelectric Fan Cooling: A Novel High Reliability Electric Machine Thermal Management Solution." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60, no. 11 (November 2013): 4841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2224081.

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Walsh, Ed, and Ronan Grimes. "Low profile fan and heat sink thermal management solution for portable applications." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 46, no. 11 (November 2007): 1182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.03.010.

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Kronfeld, Klaus-Peter, Raminta Mazetyte-Stasinskiene, Xuejiao Zheng, and Johann Michael Köhler. "Textured and Hierarchically Constructed Polymer Micro- and Nanoparticles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 10421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110421.

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Microfluidic techniques allow for the tailored construction of specific microparticles, which are becoming increasingly interesting and relevant. Here, using a microfluidic hole-plate-device and thermal-initiated free radical polymerization, submicrometer polymer particles with a highly textured surface were synthesized. Two types of monomers were applied: (1) methylmethacrylate (MMA) combined with crosslinkers and (2) divinylbenzene (DVB). Surface texture and morphology can be influenced by a series of parameters such as the monomer–crosslinker–solvent composition, surfactants, and additives. Generally, the most structured surfaces with the simultaneously most uniform particles were obtained in the DVB–toluene–nonionic-tensides system. In a second approach, poly-MMA (PMMA) particles were used to build aggregates with bigger polymer particles. For this purpose, tripropyleneglycolediacrylate (TPGDA) particles were synthesized in a microfluidic co-flow arrangement and polymerized by light- irradiation. Then, PMMA particles were assembled at their surface. In a third step, these composites were dispersed in an aqueous acrylamide–methylenebisacrylamide solution, which again was run through a co-flow-device and photopolymerized. As such, entities consisting of particles of three different size ranges—typically 0.7/30/600 µm—were obtained. The particles synthesized by both approaches are potentially suitable for loading with or incorporation of analytic probes or catalysts such as dyes or metals.

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Patinglag, Laila, Louise M. Melling, Kathryn A. Whitehead, David Sawtell, Alex Iles, and Kirsty J. Shaw. "Non-thermal plasma-based inactivation of bacteria in water using a microfluidic reactor." Water Research 201 (August 2021): 117321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117321.

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Wang, Jian, and Xiao Ping Yang. "Thermal Management System Design and Simulation of Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.100.

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Power battery pack under high-rate discharge conditions produces thermal aggregation phenomena. Generated heat during charging and discharging that distributes in battery pack affects performance of battery and so that shortens its life. So the battery pack thermal management is necessary to electric vehicles. In this paper, an ideal thermal management solution is put forward with a battery pack temperature equilibrium approach and a battery pack overall thermal dissipation structure by finite element analysis. Theoretical analysis result shows that the thermal management solution can effectively cool the battery pack to the ideal working temperature range 25~40°C and improve the battery pack temperature uniformity with the maximum temperature difference which is below 5°C, which enhance the cycle life of power battery pack for electric vehicle applications.

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Kosoy, Boris. "Micro channels in macro thermal management solutions." Thermal Science 10, no. 1 (2006): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0601081k.

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Modern progress in electronics is associated with increase in computing ability and processing speed, as well as decrease in size. Future applications of electronic devices in aviation, aero space and high performance consumer products? industry demand on very stringent specifications concerning miniaturization, component density, power density and reliability. Excess heat produces stresses on internal components inside the electronic device, thus creating reliability problems. Thus, a problem of heat generation and its efficient removal arises and it has led to the development of advanced thermal control systems. Present research analyses a thermodynamic feasibility of micro capillary heat pumped net works in thermal management of electronic systems, considers basic technological constrains and de sign availability, and identifies perspective directions for the further studies. Computer Fluid Dynamics studies have been per formed on the laminar convective heat transfer and pressure drop of working fluid in silicon micro channels. Surface roughness is simulated via regular constructal, and stochastic models. Three-dimensional numerical solution shows significant effects of surface roughness in terms of the rough element geometry such as height, size, spacing and the channel height on the velocity and pressure fields.

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Das, Sayan, Shubhadeep Mandal, and Suman Chakraborty. "Effect of transverse temperature gradient on the migration of a deformable droplet in a Poiseuille flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 850 (July 12, 2018): 1142–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.493.

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Intricate manipulation of droplets in fluidic confinements may turn out to be critically important for achieving their controlled transverse distributions. Here, we study the migration characteristics of a suspended deformable droplet in a parallel plate channel under the combined influence of a constant temperature gradient in the transverse direction and an imposed pressure driven flow. An outstanding question concerning the resultant non-trivial dynamical features that we address here pertains to the nonlinearity that results as a consequence of the shape deformation, which does not permit us to analyse the combined transport as a mere linear superposition of the results for the thermocapillary and imposed flow driven droplet migration in an effort to obtain the final solution. For the analytical solution, an asymptotic approach is used, where we neglect any effect of inertia or thermal convection of the fluid in either of the phases. To obtain a numerical solution, we use the conservative level set method. We perform numerical simulations over a wide range of governing parameters and obtain the dependence of the transverse steady position of the droplet on different parameters. In order to address practical microfluidic set-ups, the influence of a bounding wall as well as the effect of thermal convection and finite shape deformation on the cross-stream migration of the droplet is investigated through numerical simulations. Increase in the thermal Marangoni stress shifts the steady-state transverse position of the droplet further away from the channel centreline, for any particular value of the capillary number (which signifies the ratio of the viscous force to the surface tension force). The confinement ratio, which is the ratio of the droplet radius to the channel height, plays an important role in predicting the transverse position of the droplet and thus has immense consequences for the design of droplet-based microfluidic devices with enhanced functionalities. A large confinement ratio drives the droplet towards the channel centre, whereas a smaller confinement ratio causes the droplet to move towards the wall. Moreover, for a fixed droplet radius and constant imposed temperature gradient, an increase in the channel height results in an increase in the time required for the droplet to reach the steady-state position. However, the final steady-state position of the droplet is independent of its initial position but at the same time dependent on the droplet phase thermal conductivity. A larger droplet thermal conductivity compared with the carrier phase results in a steady-state droplet position closer to the channel centreline. A higher fluid inertia, on the other hand, shifts the steady-state position towards the channel wall.

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Kulkarni, Madhusudan B., Yashas, Prasanth K. Enaganti, Khairunnisa Amreen, and Sanket Goel. "Internet of Things enabled portable thermal management system with microfluidic platform to synthesize MnO2 nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing." Nanotechnology 31, no. 42 (August 4, 2020): 425504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab9ed8.

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Ratanpara, Abhishek, Alexander Shaw, Mallory Thomas, Rajesh N. Patel, and Myeongsub Kim. "Microfluidic analysis of seawater-based CO2 capture in an amine solution with nickel nanoparticle catalysts." Journal of CO2 Utilization 53 (November 2021): 101712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101712.

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Niroshana Gunawardhana, Luminda, and So Kazama. "Tidal effects on aquifer thermal regime: An analytical solution for coastal ecosystem management." Journal of Hydrology 377, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.035.

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Boiko, Evgueny, Igor Polikarpov, Aleksey Bobrov, Sergey Sizintsov, Valeriy Volnev, and Pavel Shishmarev. "A digital solution for risk-oriented management of thermal power plant process equipment condition." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 5 (November 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2020-5-42-54.

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According to digital engineering, an intelligent digital infrastructure is intended to optimize performance of thermal power plants. This paper presents an intelligent digital approach to power facility management. As an example, Siberian Generating Company thermal power plants were considered. The authors have developed specialized software able to control and predict thermal power plant process equipment conditions comparing monitoring data and failure probabilities with appropriate mathematical models. Based on a life-cycle monitoring model, a management methodology was created to be applied to technical and business processes of a power facility to improve its maintenance strategy.

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Li, Zhenglong, Julian Schmid, Abhishek Kumar, Maryom Rahman, Radha Kishan Motkuri, and Sagnik Basuray. "Using Zirconium MOF Packed Microfluidic Electrochemical Cell As PFOA Screening Sensor in Water Source." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 58 (October 9, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02582192mtgabs.

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are human-made chemicals with high chemical resistance and thermal stability. The extremely stable fluoro-carbon (F-C) skeletons enable PFAS molecules can exist stably in nature especially in the water sources for a long time concerning thermal, chemical, and biodegradation. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most dominant environmental contributors, and its half-life in water has been estimated to be longer than 92 years. Therefore, the monitoring of PFOA level in the water source is needed. It is reported that Zirconium (Zr) based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown considerable affinity to PFOA molecules. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a rapid and sensitive detection method (based on measuring the impedance changes at the electrode/solution interface) is perhaps the most frequently used technique in the investigation of affinity-based transducers. In the pursuit of building a highly efficient screening sensor to PFOA molecules. In this work, the application of Zr based MOF in NP-μFEC as a combined sensing platform to PFOA molecules is conducted. Here, the NP-μFEC is our group proposed new impedance sensing platform with enhanced, three-dimensional distributed electric field. To validate the feasibility of Zr based MOF packed NP-μFEC’s sensing performance. The work is conducted with a ranging concentration of PFOA (in 0.1X PBS) from 150 to 10 ng/L. We finally find that the proposed combination of Zr based MOF and NP-μFEC can show an excellent response to the PFOA molecules, which offers a detection limit lower than the established US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s water contamination level (70 ng/L).

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Muraveva, Valeriia, Marek Bekir, Nino Lomadze, Robert Großmann, Carsten Beta, and Svetlana Santer. "Interplay of diffusio- and thermo-osmotic flows generated by single light stimulus." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 23 (June 6, 2022): 231905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090229.

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Flow control is a highly relevant topic for micromanipulation of colloidal particles in microfluidic applications. Here, we report on a system that combines two-surface bound flows emanating from thermo-osmotic and diffusio-osmotic mechanisms. These opposing flows are generated at a gold surface immersed into an aqueous solution containing a photo-sensitive surfactant, which is irradiated by a focused UV laser beam. At low power of incoming light, diffusio-osmotic flow due to local photo-isomerization of the surfactant dominates, resulting in a flow pattern oriented away from the irradiated area. In contrast, thermo-osmotic flow takes over due to local heating of the gold surface at larger power, consequently inducing a flow pointing toward the hotspot. In this way, this system allows one to reversibly switch from outward to inward liquid flow with an intermittent range of zero flow at which tracer particles undergo thermal motion by just tuning the laser intensity only. Our work, thus, demonstrates an optofluidic system for flow generation with a high degree of controllability that is necessary to transport particles precisely to desired locations, thereby opening innovative possibilities to generate advanced microfluidic applications.

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Lorenzini, Daniel, Craig Green, Thomas E. Sarvey, Xuchen Zhang, Yuanchen Hu, Andrei G. Fedorov, Muhannad S. Bakir, and Yogendra Joshi. "Embedded single phase microfluidic thermal management for non-uniform heating and hotspots using microgaps with variable pin fin clustering." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 103 (December 2016): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.08.040.

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Hadia, Fofana Gaoussou, and You Tong Zhang. "Thermal Management Simulation of Lithium Ion Batteries for EV/HEV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.350.

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In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional analytical model based on Greens Function to investigate the Impact of temperature rising on simple lithium-ion batteries and control the heat generation during charge/discharge of battery operation. The modeling is based on heat-transform mechanism analysis method that gives a closed-form solution for the fundamental problem of heat conduction in battery cores with orthotropic thermal conductivities. The method uses a simple lithium-ion battery examined, considered the ambient temperature and initial temperature as 25°C, subjected to transient heat generation in various convective cooling boundary conditions at its surfaces.

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Cardoso, André, Raquel Pinto, Elisabete Fernandes, and Steffen Kroehnert. "Implementation of Wafer Level Packaging KOZ using SU-8 as Dielectric for the Merging of WL Fan Out to Microfluidic and Biomedical Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-tha34_118.

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Abstract Due to its versatility for high density, heterogeneous integration, Wafer Level Fan Out (WLFO) packaging has recently seen a tremendous growth in a broad array of applications, from telecommunications and automotive, to optical and environmental sensing, while addressing the challenges of the next big wave of the Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, WLFO is continuously being challenged to include new families of MEMS/NEMS/MOEMS sensors, low thermal budget devices and biochips with microfluidics for biomedical applications. Recent developments in WLFO technology by NANIUM [1] demonstrated the implementation of a keep-out-zone (KOZ) mechanism intended to 1st) protect sensitive sensor areas during the backend processing of WLFO wafers and 2nd) create open zones on the Re-Distribution Layers (RDL). This way, the KOZ mechanism provides a physical, direct path from the embedded device to the environment. This is a necessary feature for environment sensing (e.g., pressure) or to create optical paths free of dielectric and protected from the harsh chemistry steps of the WLFO process. This paper describes new developments on KOZ, implemented with SU-8 photoresist as a WLFO dielectric, whose application is a novelty in the WLFO platform. The use of SU-8 and the KOZ with it, addresses some gaps of the current WLFO technology towards the integration of chips with bio-sensitive areas and sensors with low thermal budget. Due to its well-known bio-compatibility and inert behavior, SU-8 can be used as a neutral dielectric to be in direct contact to target fluids (e.g., sera, blood). Also, due to its low curing temperature, SU-8 allows a very low temperature WLFO process and thus the embedding of temperature-limited devices that have been outside the WLFO realm, for example, magneto-resistive or magnetic-spin sensor chips, which degrades its performance above 160°C. More interestingly, SU-8 exhibits a particular non-conformal behavior, which creates very smooth surfaces even over the mildly rough mold compound area of a fan-out package. Adding to this, SU-8 is readily available in the market in a wide range of thicknesses, spanning from 0.5 μm to >100 μm, and further allowing multiple spin coatings to build thick layers. Thus, SU-8 can provide smooth and deep enough channels for microfluidic flow over the chip sensing areas and, at the same time, provide the necessary layer thickness discrimination for the KOZ mechanism. Combining these features, the SU-8 layers in WLFO can play the triple role of 1) RDL dielectric insulation, 2) KOZ mechanism and 3) embedded microfluidic channels as part of the RDL. In summary, besides the unprecedented use of SU-8 in WLFO packaging, KOZ implementation on SU-8 provides a true, attainable bridge between WLFO and integrated microfluidic applications, for biosensing and biomedical applications in general. Outlooking the potentialities of such a merge, a Fan-Out package can embed several chips interconnected by RDL lines, as it currently allows, and also connected by microfluidic channel for multi-point, multi-function biosensing, constituting a true Lab-on-Package, cost-effective solution. Instead of building all sensing areas and microfluidic channels over a large silicon (Si) chip, this solution builds the feed-in, feed-out areas of the microfluidic channel over the inexpensive fan-out area, minimizing the sensing chip area, with the consequent front-end cost reduction.

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Shao, Lei, Bingchu Pan, Ruxia Hou, Yuan Jin, and Yudong Yao. "User-friendly microfluidic manufacturing of hydrogel microspheres with sharp needle." Biofabrication 14, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 025017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ac57a5.

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Abstract Hydrogel microspheres are flexible microstructures with many fascinating functions, such as three-dimensional cell culture, injection therapy, drug delivery, organoids and microtissues construction. The traditional methods of manufacturing hydrogel microspheres more or less have some shortcomings, such as atomization/emulsion method with uneven sizes; piezoelectric-/thermal-/electric-assisted inkjet with high cell damage and unknown cell growth effects; microfluidic manufacturing with sophisticated microdevices etc, which lead to poor user experiences. Here, we designed a user-friendly microfluidic device to generate hydrogel microspheres with sharp needles that can be replaced at will. Specifically, a commercial tapered opening sharp needle was inserted into a transparent silicone tube with the tapered opening facing the upper wall of the silicone tube. Then, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) solution and paraffin oil were pumped into the sharp needle and the silicone tube respectively. GelMA microdroplets were formed under the shear stress of the silicone tube and the oil phase, and after being photo-crosslinked in situ, GelMA microspheres with uniform and adjustable sizes can be generated. Due to the simplicity of our original device, heterogeneous microspheres such as Janus, core–shell and hollow microspheres can be easily manufactured by simple modification of the device. In addition, we demonstrated the strong flexibility and maneuverability of the microspheres through macroscopic free assembly. Finally, we prepared different cell-laden GelMA microspheres, and the cells showed stretching behavior similar to that in vivo after a short period culture, which indicated the high bioactivity of GelMA microspheres. Meanwhile, we cultured the Janus cell-laden GelMA microspheres and the assembly of cell-laden GelMA microspheres, where the cells stretched and interacted, demonstrating the potential of GelMA microspheres for co-culture and fabrication of large-scale tissue constructs. In view of the above results, our user-friendly microfluidic manufacturing method of hydrogel microspheres with sharp needles will provide great convenience to relevant researchers.

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Behi, Hamidreza, Danial Karimi, Rekabra Youssef, Mahesh Suresh Patil, Joeri Van Mierlo, and Maitane Berecibar. "Comprehensive Passive Thermal Management Systems for Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133881.

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Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as a promising energy source for electric vehicle (EV) applications owing to the solution offered by their high power, high specific energy, no memory effect, and their excellent durability. However, they generate a large amount of heat, particularly during the fast discharge process. Therefore, a suitable thermal management system (TMS) is necessary to guarantee their performance, efficiency, capacity, safety, and lifetime. This study investigates the thermal performance of different passive cooling systems for the LTO Li-ion battery cell/module with the application of natural convection, aluminum (Al) mesh, copper (Cu) mesh, phase change material (PCM), and PCM-graphite. Experimental results show the average temperature of the cell, due to natural convection, Al mesh, Cu mesh, PCM, and PCM-graphite compared with the lack of natural convection decrease by 6.4%, 7.4%, 8.8%, 30%, and 39.3%, respectively. In addition, some numerical simulations and investigations are solved by COMSOL Multiphysics®, for the battery module consisting of 30 cells, which is cooled by PCM and PCM-graphite. The maximum temperature of the battery module compared with the natural convection case study is reduced by 15.1% and 17.3%, respectively. Moreover, increasing the cell spacing in the battery module has a direct effect on temperature reduction.

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Cruz, Ethan, and Yogendra Joshi. "Coupled inviscid-viscous solution method for bounded domains: Application to data-center thermal management." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (June 2015): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.01.077.

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Mahmoodi, S. R., M. Mayer, and R. S. Besser. "Rapid and simple assembly of a thin microfluidic fuel cell stack by gas-assisted thermal bonding." Applied Energy 295 (August 2021): 117011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117011.

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Mikheev, V. A., G. P. Doroshko, and V. N. Ilyukhin. "Constructional Materials Quality Management According to the Scanning Thermal Analyzer." Key Engineering Materials 684 (February 2016): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.684.414.

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Structural material composition determine its structure not ambiguously. The physical and chemical nature of the linkage elements and materials of its parts act on the construction material structure and the final properties. The study of this connection in materials using the methods of physical and chemical analysis is based on the detection and measurement of continuous external influences and averaged thermal response. However, to control internal processes in the contact zones at the phase boundaries and structural elements not enough. In order to effectively control the quality of the construction material was found the solution to implement a comprehensive by the formation of a set of two alternative methods, in the form of a scanning thermal analyzer and a device for the rated thermal activation combine substances.

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Wei, Caiyang, Theo Hofman, Esin Ilhan Caarls, and Rokus van Iperen. "Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112058.

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This study presents an integrated energy and thermal management system to identify the fuel-saving potential caused by cold-starting an electrified powertrain. In addition, it quantifies the benefit of adopting waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies on the ultimate fuel savings. A cold-start implies a low engine temperature, which increases the frictional power dissipation in the engine, leading to excess fuel usage. A dual-source WHR (DSWHR) system is employed to recuperate waste heat from exhaust gases. The energy harvested is stored in a battery and can be retrieved when needed. Moreover, the system recovers waste heat from an electric machine, including power electronics and a continuous variable transmission, to boost the heating performance of a heat pump for cabin heating. This results in a decrease in the load on the battery. The integrated energy and thermal management system aims at maximizing the fuel efficiency for a pre-defined drive cycle. Simulation results show that cold-start conditions affect the fuel-saving potential significantly, up to 7.1% on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), yet have a small impact on the optimal controller. The DSWHR system improves the fuel economy remarkably, up to 13.1% on the NEDC, from which the design of WHR technologies and dimensioning of powertrain components can be derived. As the optimal solution is obtained offline, a complete energy consumption minimization strategy framework, considering both energy and thermal aspects, is proposed to enable online implementation.

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Espulgar, Wilfred Villariza, Masato Saito, Kazuya Takahashi, Sakiko Ushiro, Norihisa Yamamoto, Yukihiro Akeda, Shigeto Hamaguchi, Kazunori Tomono, and Eiichi Tamiya. "Deskilled and Rapid Drug-Resistant Gene Detection by Centrifugal Force-Assisted Thermal Convection PCR Device." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041225.

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Here we report the improved Cyclo olefin polymer (COP) microfluidic chip and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification system for point-of-care testing (POCT) in rapid detection of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). The PCR solution and thermal cycling is controlled by the relative gravitational acceleration (7G) only and is expected to pose minimal problem in operation by non-expert users. Detection is based on identifying the presence of carbapenemase encoding gene through the corresponding fluorescence signal after amplification. For preliminary tests, the device has been demonstrated to detect blaIMP-6 from patients stool samples. From the prepared samples, 96.4 fg/µL was detected with good certainty within 15 min (~106 thermocycles,) which is significantly faster than the conventional culture plate method. Moreover, the device is expected to detect other target genes in parallel as determination of the presence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-23 from control samples has also been demonstrated. With the rising threat of drug-resistant bacteria in global healthcare, this technology can greatly aid the health sector by enabling the appropriate use of antibiotics, accelerating the treatment of carriers, and suppressing the spread.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microfluidic thermal management solution'

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