Journal articles on the topic 'Microfluidic technique'
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1
Marzban, Mostapha, Ehsan Yazdanpanah Moghadam, Javad Dargahi, and Muthukumaran Packirisamy. "Microfabrication Bonding Process Optimization for a 3D Multi-Layer PDMS Suspended Microfluidics." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094626.
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Microfluidic systems have received increased attention due to their wide variety of applications, from chemical sensing to biological detection to medical analysis. Microfluidics used to be fabricated by using etching techniques that required cleanroom and aggressive chemicals. However, another microfluidic fabrication technique, namely, soft lithography, is less expensive and safer compared to former techniques. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely employed as a fabrication material in microfluidics by using soft lithography as it is transparent, soft, bio-compatible, and inexpensive. In this study, a 3D multi-layer PDMS suspended microfluidics fabrication process using soft lithography is presented, along with its manufacturing issues that may deteriorate or compromise the microsystem’s test results. The main issues considered here are bonding strength and trapped air-bubbles, specifically in multi-layer PDMS microfluidics. In this paper, these two issues have been considered and resolved by optimizing curing temperature and air-vent channel integration to a microfluidic platform. Finally, the suspended microfluidic system has been tested in various experiments to prove its sensitivity to different fluids and flow rates.
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Lu, Jin, Jiushen Pang, Ying Chen, Qi Dong, Jiahao Sheng, Yong Luo, Yao Lu, Bingcheng Lin, and Tingjiao Liu. "Application of Microfluidic Chips in Separation and Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsy for Cancer." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060390.
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are becoming a promising biomarker in liquid biopsy of cancer. Separation EV from cell culture medium or biofluids with high purity and quality remains a technique challenge. EV manipulation techniques based on microfluidics have been developed in the last decade. Microfluidic-based EV separation techniques developed so far can be classified into two categories: surface biomarker-dependent and size-dependent approaches. Microfluidic techniques allow the integration of EV separation and analysis on a single chip. Integrated EV separation and on-chip analysis have shown great potential in cancer diagnosis and monitoring treatment of responses. In this review, we discuss the development of microfluidic chips for EV separation and analysis. We also detail the clinical application of these microfluidic chips in the liquid biopsy of various cancers.
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Ballacchino, Giulia, Edward Weaver, Essyrose Mathew, Rossella Dorati, Ida Genta, Bice Conti, and Dimitrios A. Lamprou. "Manufacturing of 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices for the Synthesis of Drug-Loaded Liposomal Formulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158064.
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Microfluidic technique has emerged as a promising tool for the production of stable and monodispersed nanoparticles (NPs). In particular, this work focuses on liposome production by microfluidics and on factors involved in determining liposome characteristics. Traditional fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices suffer from several disadvantages, such as multistep processing and expensive facilities. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has been revolutionary for microfluidic device production, boasting facile and low-cost fabrication. In this study, microfluidic devices with innovative micromixing patterns were developed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and liquid crystal display (LCD) printers. To date, this work is the first to study liposome production using LCD-printed microfluidic devices. The current study deals with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes with cholesterol (2:1) prepared using commercial and 3D-printed microfluidic devices. We evaluated the effect of microfluidic parameters, chip manufacturing, material, and channel design on liposomal formulation by analysing the size, PDI, and ζ-potential. Curcumin exhibits potent anticancer activity and it has been reported that curcumin-loaded liposomes formulated by microfluidics show enhanced encapsulation efficiency when compared with other reported systems. In this work, curcumal liposomes were produced using the developed microfluidic devices and particle sizing, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release studies were performed at 37 °C.
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Lundy, Terence. "Advanced Confocal Microscopy An Essential Technique for Microfluidics Development." Microscopy Today 14, no. 1 (January 2006): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500055127.
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Many believe that microfluidics has the potential to do for chemistry and biology what the integrated circuit has done for electronics — integrating tremendously complex chemical and biological processes into simple easy-to-use devices that will eventually pervade our lives. While microfluidics has made great progress in the last decade — addressing many of the fundamental questions related to manipulating nanoliter volumes of chemicals and solutions — it still faces some very basic challenges as it moves out of the laboratory and into use. Perhaps most basic is the need for fast, accurate characterization of the size and shape of the microfluidic devices themselves. Conventional imaging and measurement techniques have proven adequate for initial development, but are unable to provide the speed and accuracy needed to support the continued development of microfluidic technologies.
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Chiesa, Enrica, Rossella Dorati, Silvia Pisani, Bice Conti, Gloria Bergamini, Tiziana Modena, and Ida Genta. "The Microfluidic Technique and the Manufacturing of Polysaccharide Nanoparticles." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (December 9, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040267.
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The microfluidic technique has emerged as a promising tool to accelerate the clinical translation of nanoparticles, and its application affects several aspects, such as the production of nanoparticles and the in vitro characterization in the microenvironment, mimicking in vivo conditions. This review covers the general aspects of the microfluidic technique and its application in several fields, such as the synthesis, recovering, and samples analysis of nanoparticles, and in vitro characterization and their in vivo application. Among these, advantages in the production of polymeric nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible, and high-throughput manner have been highlighted, and detailed descriptions of microfluidic devices broadly used for the synthesis of polysaccharide nanoparticles have been provided. These nanoparticulate systems have drawn attention as drug delivery vehicles over many years; nevertheless, their synthesis using the microfluidic technique is still largely unexplored. This review deals with the use of the microfluidic technique for the synthesis of polysaccharide nanoparticles; evaluating features of the most studied polysaccharide drug carriers, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate polymers. The critical assessment of the most recent research published in literature allows us to assume that microfluidics will play an important role in the discovery and clinical translation of nanoplatforms.
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Ahmed, Isteaque, Katherine Sullivan, and Aashish Priye. "Multi-Resin Masked Stereolithography (MSLA) 3D Printing for Rapid and Inexpensive Prototyping of Microfluidic Chips with Integrated Functional Components." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080652.
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Stereolithography based 3D printing of microfluidics for prototyping has gained a lot of attention due to several advantages such as fast production, cost-effectiveness, and versatility over traditional photolithography-based microfabrication techniques. However, existing consumer focused SLA 3D printers struggle to fabricate functional microfluidic devices due to several challenges associated with micron-scale 3D printing. Here, we explore the origins and mechanism of the associated failure modes followed by presenting guidelines to overcome these challenges. The prescribed method works completely with existing consumer class inexpensive SLA printers without any modifications to reliably print PDMS cast microfluidic channels with channel sizes as low as ~75 μm and embedded channels with channel sizes as low ~200 μm. We developed a custom multi-resin formulation by incorporating Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and Ethylene glycol polyether acrylate (EGPEA) as the monomer units to achieve micron sized printed features with tunable mechanical and optical properties. By incorporating multiple resins with different mechanical properties, we were able to achieve spatial control over the stiffness of the cured resin enabling us to incorporate both flexible and rigid components within a single 3D printed microfluidic chip. We demonstrate the utility of this technique by 3D printing an integrated pressure-actuated pneumatic valve (with flexible cured resin) in an otherwise rigid and clear microfluidic device that can be fabricated in a one-step process from a single CAD file. We also demonstrate the utility of this technique by integrating a fully functional finger-actuated microfluidic pump. The versatility and accessibility of the demonstrated fabrication method have the potential to reduce our reliance on expensive and time-consuming photolithographic techniques for microfluidic chip fabrication and thus drastically lowering our barrier to entry in microfluidics research.
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Zhu, Zhiyuan, Fan Zeng, Zhihua Pu, and Jiyu Fan. "Conversion Electrode and Drive Capacitance for Connecting Microfluidic Devices and Triboelectric Nanogenerator." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030522.
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Microfluidics is a technique that uses channels of tiny sizes to process small amounts of fluid, which can be used in biochemical detection, information technology, and other fields. In the process of microfluidic development, there are many problems that need to be solved urgently. Many microfluidic systems require the support of external devices, which increases the construction cost, and the electronic interface technology is not mature. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can harvest mechanical energy and turn it into electrical energy. It has been greatly developed now and is widely used in various fields. Nowadays, many studies are committed to the study of TENGs and microfluidic systems. The microfluidics device can be combined with a TENG to convert fluid mechanical signals into electrical signals for transmission. Meanwhile, TENGs can also act as a high-voltage source to drive microfluidic motion. In this paper, we reviewed the development of microfluidics and related technologies of microfluidic systems in conjunction with TENGs and discussed the form of electronic interface between microfluidic systems and TENG devices.
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Sánchez Barea, Joel, Juhwa Lee, and Dong-Ku Kang. "Recent Advances in Droplet-based Microfluidic Technologies for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060412.
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Recently, droplet-based microfluidic systems have been widely used in various biochemical and molecular biological assays. Since this platform technique allows manipulation of large amounts of data and also provides absolute accuracy in comparison to conventional bioanalytical approaches, over the last decade a range of basic biochemical and molecular biological operations have been transferred to drop-based microfluidic formats. In this review, we introduce recent advances and examples of droplet-based microfluidic techniques that have been applied in biochemistry and molecular biology research including genomics, proteomics and cellomics. Their advantages and weaknesses in various applications are also comprehensively discussed here. The purpose of this review is to provide a new point of view and current status in droplet-based microfluidics to biochemists and molecular biologists. We hope that this review will accelerate communications between researchers who are working in droplet-based microfluidics, biochemistry and molecular biology.
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Al-Amin, MD, Federica Bellato, Francesca Mastrotto, Mariangela Garofalo, Alessio Malfanti, Stefano Salmaso, and Paolo Caliceti. "Dexamethasone Loaded Liposomes by Thin-Film Hydration and Microfluidic Procedures: Formulation Challenges." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051611.
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Liposomes have been one of the most exploited drug delivery systems in recent decades. However, their large-scale production with low batch-to-batch differences is a challenge for industry, which ultimately delays the clinical translation of new products. We have investigated the effects of formulation parameters on the colloidal and biopharmaceutical properties of liposomes generated with a thin-film hydration approach and microfluidic procedure. Dexamethasone hemisuccinate was remotely loaded into liposomes using a calcium acetate gradient. The liposomes produced by microfluidic techniques showed a unilamellar structure, while the liposomes produced by thin-film hydration were multilamellar. Under the same remote loading conditions, a higher loading capacity and efficiency were observed for the liposomes obtained by microfluidics, with low batch-to-batch differences. Both formulations released the drug for almost one month with the liposomes prepared by microfluidics showing a slightly higher drug release in the first two days. This behavior was ascribed to the different structure of the two liposome formulations. In vitro studies showed that both formulations are non-toxic, associate to human Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial cell line-19 (ARPE-19) cells, and efficiently reduce inflammation, with the liposomes obtained by the microfluidic technique slightly outperforming. The results demonstrated that the microfluidic technique offers advantages to generate liposomal formulations for drug-controlled release with an enhanced biopharmaceutical profile and with scalability.
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Hu, Beiyu, Bingxue Xu, Juanli Yun, Jian Wang, Bingliang Xie, Caiming Li, Yanghuan Yu, et al. "High-throughput single-cell cultivation reveals the underexplored rare biosphere in deep-sea sediments along the Southwest Indian Ridge." Lab on a Chip 20, no. 2 (2020): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00761j.
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Mudrik, Jared M., Michael D. M. Dryden, Nelson M. Lafrenière, and Aaron R. Wheeler. "Strong and small: strong cation-exchange solid-phase extractions using porous polymer monoliths on a digital microfluidic platform." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 3 (March 2014): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2013-0506.
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We present the first method for digital microfluidics-based strong cation-exchange solid-phase extractions. Digital microfluidics is a microscale fluid handling technique in which liquid droplets are actuated over an array of electrodes by electrodynamic forces. Strong cation exchange has gained considerable importance in the field of proteomics as a separation mode for protein and peptide extractions. The marriage of these two techniques is achieved by incorporating sulphonate-functionalised porous polymer monolith discs onto digital microfluidic chips. By manipulating sample and solvent droplets onto and off of these porous polymer monoliths, proteins and peptides are extracted by controlling solution pH and ionic strength. This novel microscale extraction method has efficiency comparable to commercially available strong cation-exchange ZipTips and is highly effective for sample cleanup. We anticipate that this digital microfluidic strong cation-exchange extraction technique will prove useful for microscale proteomic analyses and other applications requiring separation of cationic compounds.
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Niioka, Takuma, and Yasutaka Hanada. "Surface Microfabrication of Conventional Glass Using Femtosecond Laser for Microfluidic Applications." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0878.
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Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to a single-cell analysis using microfluidic chips, since each cell is known to have several different characteristics. The microfluidic chip manipulates cells and performs high-speed and high-resolution analysis. In the meanwhile, femtosecond (fs) laser has become a versatile tool for the fabrication of microfluidic chips because the laser can modify internal volume solely at the focal area, resulting in three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication of glass materials. However, little research on surface microfabrication of materials using an fs laser has been conducted. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrate the surface microfabrication of a conventional glass slide using fs laser direct-writing for microfluidic applications. The fs laser modification, with successive wet etching using a diluted hydrofluoric (HF) acid solution, followed by annealing, results in rapid prototyping of microfluidics on a conventional glass slide for fluorescent microscopic cell analysis. Fundamental characteristics of the laser-irradiated regions in each experimental procedure were investigated. In addition, we developed a novel technique combining the fs laser direct-writing and the HF etching for high-speed and high-resolution microfabrication of the glass. After establishing the fs laser surface microfabrication technique, a 3D microfluidic chip was made by bonding the fabricated glass microfluidic chip with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer substrate for clear fluorescent microscopic observation in the microfluidics.
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Russom, Aman, Palaniappan Sethu, Daniel Irimia, Michael N. Mindrinos, Steve E. Calvano, Iris Garcia, Celeste Finnerty, et al. "Microfluidic Leukocyte Isolation for Gene Expression Analysis in Critically Ill Hospitalized Patients." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.099150.
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Abstract Background: Microarray technology is becoming a powerful tool for diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic applications. There is at present no consensus regarding the optimal technique to isolate nucleic acids from blood leukocyte populations for subsequent expression analyses. Current collection and processing techniques pose significant challenges in the clinical setting. Here, we report the clinical validation of a novel microfluidic leukocyte nucleic acid isolation technique for gene expression analysis from critically ill, hospitalized patients that can be readily used on small volumes of blood. Methods: We processed whole blood from hospitalized patients after burn injury and severe blunt trauma according to the microfluidic and standard macroscale leukocyte isolation protocol. Side-by-side comparison of RNA quantity, quality, and genome-wide expression patterns was used to clinically validate the microfluidic technique. Results: When the microfluidic protocol was used for processing, sufficient amounts of total RNA were obtained for genome-wide expression analysis from 0.5 mL whole blood. We found that the leukocyte expression patterns from samples processed using the 2 protocols were concordant, and there was less variability introduced as a result of harvesting method than there existed between individuals. Conclusions: The novel microfluidic approach achieves leukocyte isolation in <25 min, and the quality of nucleic acids and genome expression analysis is equivalent to or surpasses that obtained from macroscale approaches. Microfluidics can significantly improve the isolation of blood leukocytes for genomic analyses in the clinical setting.
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Xu, Anlin, and Ping Li. "Microfluidic Device Control System Based on Segmented Temperature Sensor." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (May 18, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9930649.
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Microfluidic technology refers to the technique of controlling the flow, mass transfer, and heat transfer of a fluid with a volume of picoliter to nanoliter in a low-dimensional channel structure with at least one dimension of micron or even nanometer scale. It is widely used in biochemical analysis, immunity, minimally invasive surgery, and environmental monitoring. This paper proposes a microfluidic device based on a segmented temperature sensor. This device can be used for segmental temperature measurement and controlling the temperature of the solution in the microchannel of a glass microfluidic chip. The device is based on a transparent indium tin oxide film glass as a heating element. It adopts a temperature control platform of a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm. The system uses a charged coupled device camera, a fluorescence microscope, and an image acquisition card to form a noncontact fluorescent indicator temperature measuring device. The device measures the temperature distribution of the microfluid space with time and controls the microfluidics. Moreover, the device has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, and convenient operation.
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Han, Xiao Wei, Wei Wang, G. H. Ye, Xiao Wei Liu, Li Tian, and Zhi Gang Mao. "Heating Carve Technique for Polymer Microfluidic Microchannel." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.103.
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A new manufacture mainly for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic chips is presented in this paper. In this technique, polymer microfluidic microchannels were fabricated by microcutter which temperature is controlled and stabilized by PID methord. There are so many techniques, such as hot embossing, laser direct-write, for mass-production of polymer microfluidic chip. However, we may feel different kinds of shortages when we use these techniques. In this paper, the experiment result shows that microcutter’s movement velocity and temperature have effert on microfluidic microchannel’s roughness.
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Zhang, Haoqing, Honglong Chang, and Pavel Neuzil. "DEP-on-a-Chip: Dielectrophoresis Applied to Microfluidic Platforms." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060423.
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Dielectric particles in a non-uniform electric field are subject to a force caused by a phenomenon called dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP is a commonly used technique in microfluidics for particle or cell separation. In comparison with other separation methods, DEP has the unique advantage of being label-free, fast, and accurate. It has been widely applied in microfluidics for bio-molecular diagnostics and medical and polymer research. This review introduces the basic theory of DEP, its advantages compared with other separation methods, and its applications in recent years, in particular, focusing on the different electrode types integrated into microfluidic chips, fabrication techniques, and operation principles.
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Baczyński, Szymon, Piotr Sobotka, Kasper Marchlewicz, Artur Dybko, and Katarzyna Rutkowska. "Low-cost, widespread and reproducible mold fabrication technique for PDMS-based microfluidic photonic systems." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i1.981.
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In this letter the possibility of low-cost fabrication of molds for PDMS-based photonic microstructures is considered. For this purpose, three different commercially available techniques, namely UV-curing of the capillary film, 3D SLA printing and micromilling, have been analyzed. Obtained results have been compared in terms of prototyping time, quality, repeatability, and re-use of the mold for PDMS-based microstructures fabrication. Prospective use for photonic systems, especially optofluidic ones infiltrated with liquid crystalline materials, have been commented. Full Text: PDF References:K. Sangamesh, C.T. Laurencin, M. Deng, Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2004). [DirectLink]A. Mata et. al, "Characterization of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Properties for Biomedical Micro/Nanosystems", Biomed. Microdev. 7(4), 281 (2005). [CrossRef]I. Rodríguez-Ruiz et al., "Photonic Lab-on-a-Chip: Integration of Optical Spectroscopy in Microfluidic Systems", Anal. Chem. 88(13), 6630 (2016). [CrossRef]SYLGARD™ 184 Silicone Elastomer, Technical Data Sheet [DirectLink]N.E. Stankova et al., "Optical properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) during nanosecond laser processing", Appl. Surface Science 374, 96 (2016) [CrossRef]J.C. McDonald et al., "Fabrication of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane)", Electrophoresis 21(1), 27 (2000). [CrossRef]T. Fujii, "PDMS-based microfluidic devices for biomedical applications", Microelectronic Eng. 61, 907 (2002). [CrossRef]F. Schneider et al., "Process and material properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for Optical MEMS", Sensors Actuat. A: Physical 151(2), 95 (2009). [CrossRef]T.K. Shih et al., "Fabrication of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microlens and diffuser using replica molding", Microelectronic Eng. 83(11-12), 2499 (2006). [CrossRef]K. Rutkowska et al. "Electrical tuning of the LC:PDMS channels", PLP, 9, 48-50 (2017). [CrossRef]D. Kalinowska et al., "Studies on effectiveness of PTT on 3D tumor model under microfluidic conditions using aptamer-modified nanoshells", Biosensors Bioelectr. 126, 214 (2019).[CrossRef]N. Bhattacharjee et al., "The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics", Lab on a Chip 16(10), 1720 (2016). [CrossRef]I.R.G. Ogilvie et al., "Reduction of surface roughness for optical quality microfluidic devices in PMMA and COC", J. Micromech. Microeng. 20(6), 065016 (2010). [CrossRef]D. Gomez et al., "Femtosecond laser ablation for microfluidics", Opt. Eng. 44(5), 051105 (2005). [CrossRef]Y. Hwang, R.N. Candler, "Non-planar PDMS microfluidic channels and actuators: a review", Lab on a Chip 17(23), 3948 (2017). [CrossRef]
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Balaji, Vidhya, Kurt Castro, and Albert Folch. "A Laser-Engraving Technique for Portable Micropneumatic Oscillators." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090426.
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Microfluidic automation technology is at a stage where the complexity and cost of external hardware control often impose severe limitations on the size and functionality of microfluidic systems. Developments in autonomous microfluidics are intended to eliminate off-chip controls to enable scalable systems. Timing is a fundamental component of the digital logic required to manipulate fluidic flow. The authors present a self-driven pneumatic ring oscillator manufactured by assembling an elastomeric sheet of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) between two laser-engraved polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) layers via surface activation through treatment with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The frequency of the fabricated oscillators is in the range of 3–7.5 Hz with a maximum of 14 min constant frequency syringe-powered operation. The control of a fluidic channel with the oscillator stages is demonstrated. The fabrication process represents an improvement in manufacturability compared to previous molding or etching approaches, and the resulting devices are inexpensive and portable, making the technology potentially applicable for wider use.
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Wang, Lei, and Jianying Wang. "Self-assembly of colloids based on microfluidics." Nanoscale 11, no. 36 (2019): 16708–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06817a.
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Microfluidic technique provides a powerful way for the control over the self-assembly of colloids. Here, recent advances of colloids self-assembly via microfluidics were reviewed, with the representative potential applications.
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Kojic, Sanja P., Goran M. Stojanovic, and Vasa Radonic. "Novel Cost-Effective Microfluidic Chip Based on Hybrid Fabrication and Its Comprehensive Characterization." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071719.
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Microfluidics, one of the most attractive and fastest developed areas of modern science and technology, has found a number of applications in medicine, biology and chemistry. To address advanced designing challenges of the microfluidic devices, the research is mainly focused on development of efficient, low-cost and rapid fabrication technology with the wide range of applications. For the first time, this paper presents fabrication of microfluidic chips using hybrid fabrication technology—a grouping of the PVC (polyvinyl chloride) foils and the LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) Ceram Tape using a combination of a cost-effective xurography technique and a laser micromachining process. Optical and dielectric properties were determined for the fabricated microfluidic chips. A mechanical characterization of the Ceram Tape, as a middle layer in its non-baked condition, has been performed and Young’s modulus and hardness were determined. The obtained results confirm a good potential of the proposed technology for rapid fabrication of low-cost microfluidic chips with high reliability and reproducibility. The conducted microfluidic tests demonstrated that presented microfluidic chips can resist 3000 times higher flow rates than the chips manufactured using standard xurography technique.
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Liu, Xiao Wei, Xiao Wei Han, He Zhang, Xi Yun Jiang, and Lin Zhao. "A Microfluidic Chip Microwave Bonding Method Based on the PMMA." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.561.
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A new bonding technique mainly for PMMA microfluidic chips is presented in this paper. In this technique, polymer microfluidic microchannels were bonded by microwave radiation. Its strength and time can be controlled accurately in watt and second level. There are so many techniques for mass-production of polymer microfluidic chip, such as heat bonding, ultrasonic bonding. However, we may find different kinds of shortages when we use these techniques. In this paper, the experiment result shows that microwave radiation’s strength and time have effects on microfluidic chip`s bonding strength. The microwave absorbing coating can also have a certain degree influence on microfluidic chip`s bonding strength.
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Jamiruddin, Mohd Raeed, Bushra Ayat Meghla, Dewan Zubaer Islam, Taslima Akter Tisha, Shahad Saif Khandker, Mohib Ullah Khondoker, Md Ahsanul Haq, Nihad Adnan, and Mainul Haque. "Microfluidics Technology in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Beyond: A Systematic Review." Life 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050649.
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With the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, new technologies are being implemented for more rapid, scalable, and sensitive diagnostics. The implementation of microfluidic techniques and their amalgamation with different detection techniques has led to innovative diagnostics kits to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, antigens, and nucleic acids. In this review, we explore the different microfluidic-based diagnostics kits and how their amalgamation with the various detection techniques has spearheaded their availability throughout the world. Three other online databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were referred for articles. One thousand one hundred sixty-four articles were determined with the search algorithm of microfluidics followed by diagnostics and SARS-CoV-2. We found that most of the materials used to produce microfluidics devices were the polymer materials such as PDMS, PMMA, and others. Centrifugal force is the most commonly used fluid manipulation technique, followed by electrochemical pumping, capillary action, and isotachophoresis. The implementation of the detection technique varied. In the case of antibody detection, spectrometer-based detection was most common, followed by fluorescence-based as well as colorimetry-based. In contrast, antigen detection implemented electrochemical-based detection followed by fluorescence-based detection, and spectrometer-based detection were most common. Finally, nucleic acid detection exclusively implements fluorescence-based detection with a few colorimetry-based detections. It has been further observed that the sensitivity and specificity of most devices varied with implementing the detection-based technique alongside the fluid manipulation technique. Most microfluidics devices are simple and incorporate the detection-based system within the device. This simplifies the deployment of such devices in a wide range of environments. They can play a significant role in increasing the rate of infection detection and facilitating better health services.
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Liu, Yaoping, and Wei Wang. "Multi-Modal Microfluidics (M3) for Sample Preparation of Liquid Biopsy: Bridging the Gap between Proof-of-Concept Demonstrations and Practical Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020209.
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Liquid biopsy, the technique used to shed light on diseases via liquid samples, has displayed various advantages, including minimal invasiveness, low risk, and ease of multiple sampling for dynamic monitoring, and has drawn extensive attention from multidisciplinary fields in the past decade. With the rapid development of microfluidics, it has been possible to manipulate targets of interest including cells, microorganisms, and exosomes at a single number level, which dramatically promotes the characterization and analysis of disease-related markers, and thus improves the capability of liquid biopsy. However, when lab-ready techniques transfer into hospital-applicable tools, they still face a big challenge in processing raw clinical specimens, which are usually of a large volume and consist of rare targets drowned in complex backgrounds. Efforts toward the sample preparation of clinical specimens (i.e., recovering/concentrating the rare targets among complex backgrounds from large-volume liquids) are required to bridge the gap between the proof-of-concept demonstrations and practical applications. The throughput, sensitivity, and purity (TSP performance criteria) in sample preparation, i.e., the volume speed in processing liquid samples and the efficiencies of recovering rare targets and depleting the backgrounds, are three key factors requiring careful consideration when implementing microfluidic-based liquid biopsy for clinical practices. Platforms based on a single microfluidic module (single-modal microfluidics) can hardly fulfill all the aforementioned TSP performance criteria in clinical practices, which puts forward an urgent need to combine/couple multiple microfluidic modules into one working system (i.e., multi-modal microfluidics, M3) to realize practically applicable techniques for the sample preparation of liquid biopsy. This perspective briefly summarizes the typical microfluidic-based liquid biopsy techniques and discusses potential strategies to develop M3 systems for clinical practices of liquid biopsy from the aspect of sample preparation.
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Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven, Arif Cahyo Imawan, Sathuluri Ramachandra Rao, Keisuke Ohto, Wataru Iwasaki, Masaya Miyazaki, and Jumina. "Microfluidics Era in Chemistry Field: A Review." Journal of the Indonesian Chemical Society 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34311/jics.2019.02.1.7.
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By miniaturizing the reactor dimension, microfluidic devices are attracting world attention and starting the microfluidic era, especially in the chemistry field because they offer great advantages such as rapid processes, small amount of the required reagents, low risk, ease and accurate control, portable and possibility of online monitoring. Because of that, microfluidic devices have been massively investigated and applied for the real application of human life. This review summarizes the up-to-date microfluidic research works including continuous-flow, droplet-based, open-system, paper-based and digital microfluidic devices. The brief fabrication technique of those microfluidic devices, as well as their potential application for particles separation, solvent extraction, nanoparticle fabrication, qualitative and quantitative analysis, environmental monitoring, drug delivery, biochemical assay and so on, are discussed. Recent perspectives of the microfluidics as a lab-on-chip or micro total analysis system device and organ-on-chip are also introduced.
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Saylan, Yeşeren, and Adil Denizli. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Microfluidic Systems for Point-of-Care Applications." Micromachines 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10110766.
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Fast progress has been witnessed in the field of microfluidic systems and allowed outstanding approaches to portable, disposable, low-cost, and easy-to-operate platforms especially for monitoring health status and point-of-care applications. For this purpose, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based microfluidics systems can be synthesized using desired templates to create specific and selective cavities for interaction. This technique guarantees a wide range of versatility to imprint diverse sets of biomolecules with different structures, sizes, and physical and chemical features. Owing to their physical and chemical robustness, cost-friendliness, high stability, and reusability, MIP-based microfluidics systems have become very attractive modalities. This review is structured according to the principles of MIPs and microfluidic systems, the integration of MIPs with microfluidic systems, the latest strategies and uses for point-of-care applications and, finally, conclusions and future perspectives.
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Lee, Hong Joo, Jun Hong Park, Perumal Jayakumar, Tae Ho Yoon, Lan Young Hong, Sang Hee Park, and Dong Pyo Kim. "Characterization and Fabrication of Nano-Sized Patterns and Microfluidic Channels Derived from Polyvinylsilazane via Soft Lithographic Technique." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.677.
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Interests on the fabrication of microfluidic devices have increased in the fields of micro total analysis system (μ-TAS) and MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) due to their chemical inertness and high thermal stability. The thermal characterization of the SiCN preceramic polymer, polyvinylsilazane, showed that the cured polymer has ceramic properties at heat treatment temperature of 600 oC or above. In the characterization of the mechanical properties, the characteristic values of the elastic modulus and hardness notably increased for the heat-treated SiCN. The present study describes the preparation of nano-sized patterns and microfluidic channels using a soft lithographic technique. The study shows that the fabrication of microchannels using the cured inorganic polymers holds tremendous potential in the field of microfluidics, where materials with high optical transparency, thermal stability and chemical inertness are in demand as niche between conventional microfluidics using glass and polymeric materials.
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Schomburg, W. K., J. Vollmer, B. Bustgens, J. Fahrenberg, H. Hein, and W. Menz. "Microfluidic components in LIGA technique." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/003.
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Davic, Andrew, and Michael Cascio. "Development of a Microfluidic Platform for Trace Lipid Analysis." Metabolites 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11030130.
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The inherent trace quantity of primary fatty acid amides found in biological systems presents challenges for analytical analysis and quantitation, requiring a highly sensitive detection system. The use of microfluidics provides a green sample preparation and analysis technique through small-volume fluidic flow through micron-sized channels embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device. Microfluidics provides the potential of having a micro total analysis system where chromatographic separation, fluorescent tagging reactions, and detection are accomplished with no added sample handling. This study describes the development and the optimization of a microfluidic-laser induced fluorescence (LIF) analysis and detection system that can be used for the detection of ultra-trace levels of fluorescently tagged primary fatty acid amines. A PDMS microfluidic device was designed and fabricated to incorporate droplet-based flow. Droplet microfluidics have enabled on-chip fluorescent tagging reactions to be performed quickly and efficiently, with no additional sample handling. An optimized LIF optical detection system provided fluorescently tagged primary fatty acid amine detection at sub-fmol levels (436 amol). The use of this LIF detection provides unparalleled sensitivity, with detection limits several orders of magnitude lower than currently employed LC-MS techniques, and might be easily adapted for use as a complementary quantification platform for parallel MS-based omics studies.
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Chen, Pin Chuan, and Zhi Ping Wang. "A Rapid and Low Cost Manufacturing for Polymeric Microfluidic Devices." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.348.
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A rapid manufacturing process was demonstrated to fabricate a microfluidic device to amplify specific DNA fragments in less than 8 hours. Microfluidics was derived from microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with lithography technique on the substrates of silicon and glass, which made the microfluidic product have a higher fabrication cost and laborious fabrication steps. This rapid approach only requires three steps for a PDMS microfluidic device: metal mold insert manufacturing, PDMS casting, and glass bonding. Each step did not require complicated equipments or procedures, and make this approach very attractive in rapid prototyping and experimental optimization with microfluidic devices. In this work, a brass mold insert was manufactured by a micromilling machine, followed by the standard PDMS casting and glass bonding to fabricate a microfluidic device. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific DNA fragments, a typical microfluidic example, was successfully realized on this PDMS microfluidic device. This rapid and low cost (compared to conventional lithography) fabrication approach can provide researchers a lower entry to polymeric lab-on-a-chip either on PDMS or thermoplastic substrate for various applications.
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Streck, Sarah, Linda Hong, Ben J. Boyd, and Arlene McDowell. "Microfluidics for the Production of Nanomedicines: Considerations for Polymer and Lipid-based Systems." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 7, no. 6 (December 10, 2019): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738507666191019154815.
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Background: Microfluidics is becoming increasingly of interest as a superior technique for the synthesis of nanoparticles, particularly for their use in nanomedicine. In microfluidics, small volumes of liquid reagents are rapidly mixed in a microchannel in a highly controlled manner to form nanoparticles with tunable and reproducible structure that can be tailored for drug delivery. Both polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles are utilized in nanomedicine and both are amenable to preparation by microfluidic approaches. Aim: Therefore, the purpose of this review is to collect the current state of knowledge on the microfluidic preparation of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications, including descriptions of the main synthesis modalities. Of special interest are the mechanisms involved in nanoparticle formation and the options for surface functionalisation to enhance cellular interactions. Conclusion: The review will conclude with the identification of key considerations for the production of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles using microfluidic approaches.
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Shu, Shuang, Haoran Chen, and Hao Meng. "Modelling Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) in Microfluidic Porous Chips." Geofluids 2022 (May 12, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3616473.
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Microfluidics is a new experimental approach that investigates the processes related to fluids flowing through small channels or porous media. Microfluidic chips, the core elements of the microfluidic technique, consist of quasi-2-dimensional pore structures etched and sealed in transparent materials. Fluids are allowed to flow through the chips, and real-time observations can be made about the transport and reactions of fluids at the pore scale. In this study, we test the feasibility of using the microfluidic technique to visualise the microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process. The experimental results obtained in this study show that the generation, evolution, and morphology of calcium carbonate, the effective product in MICP, can be clearly observed during the entire spatial and temporal range of the tests. Comparative tests with different testing variables, including the concentration of treatment solutions, activity of bacterial suspensions, and particle size, were also carried out. The results show that the influence of these variables on the treatment effects, such as the production rate of the reaction, spatial distribution of calcium carbonate, type and morphology of crystals, amount of ammonia gas produced, and presence/absence of clogging issues, can be visualised in microfluidic chips. The results presented in this paper prove that the microfluidic technique could be a helpful tool for unravelling the mechanisms of the MICP process at the pore scale and understanding the factors influencing the MICP process.
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Wu, Nan, John Oakeshott, Sue Brown, Christopher Easton, and Yonggang Zhu. "Microfluidic Droplet Technique for In Vitro Directed Evolution." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 9 (2010): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10116.
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Increasingly over the past two decades, biotechnologists have been exploiting various molecular technologies for high-throughput screening of genes and their protein products to isolate novel functionalities with a wide range of industrial applications. One particular technology now widely used for these purposes involves directed evolution, an artificial form of evolution in which genes and proteins are evolved towards new or improved functions by imposing intense selection pressures on libraries of mutant genes generated by molecular biology techniques and expressed in heterologous systems such as Escherichia coli. Most recently, the rapid development of droplet-based microfluidics has created the potential to dramatically increase the power of directed evolution by increasing the size of the libraries and the throughput of the screening by several orders of magnitude. Here, we review the methods for generating and controlling droplets in microfluidic systems, and their applications in directed evolution. We focus on the methodologies for cell-based assays, in vitro protein expression and DNA amplification, and the prospects for using such platforms for directed evolution in next-generation biotechnologies.
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Guan, Wenjian, and Yi Zhang. "Application of Microfluidic Technique in Drug Delivery." Nano LIFE 06, no. 03n04 (October 18, 2016): 1642009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984416420095.
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Drug delivery as a strategy to improve the effect of therapeutic treatment is gaining tremendous interest in biomedical research. The recent advancement in microfluidic technique designed to precisely control the liquid at micro or nano liter level has shed some new lights on reshaping the ongoing drug delivery research. In this aspect, this present mini-review gives an overview on the potential applications of microfluidic technique in the area of drug delivery, which basically covers the fabrication of drug delivery carriers and the design of microfluidic-based smart systems for localized in vivo drug delivery.
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Nawrot, Witold, Kamila Drzozga, Sylwia Baluta, Joanna Cabaj, and Karol Malecha. "A Fluorescent Biosensors for Detection Vital Body Fluids’ Agents." Sensors 18, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082357.
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The clinical applications of sensing tools (i.e., biosensors) for the monitoring of physiologically important analytes are very common. Nowadays, the biosensors are being increasingly used to detect physiologically important analytes in real biological samples (i.e., blood, plasma, urine, and saliva). This review focuses on biosensors that can be applied to continuous, time-resolved measurements with fluorescence. The material presents the fluorescent biosensors for the detection of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other human metabolites as glucose, lactate or uric acid. The construction of microfluidic devices based on fluorescence uses a variety of materials, fluorescent dyes, types of detectors, excitation sources, optical filters, and geometrical systems. Due to their small size, these devices can perform a full analysis. Microfluidics-based technologies have shown promising applications in several of the main laboratory techniques, including blood chemistries, immunoassays, nucleic-acid amplification tests. Of the all technologies that are used to manufacture microfluidic systems, the LTCC technique seems to be an interesting alternative. It allows easy integration of electronic and microfluidic components on a single ceramic substrate. Moreover, the LTCC material is biologically and chemically inert, and is resistant to high temperature and pressure. The combination of all these features makes the LTCC technology particularly useful for implementation of fluorescence-based detection in the ceramic microfluidic systems.
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Ahmed, Ishtiaq, Zain Akram, Mohammed Bule, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Advancements and Potential Applications of Microfluidic Approaches—A Review." Chemosensors 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040046.
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A micro-level technique so-called “microfluidic technology or simply microfluidic” has gained a special place as a powerful tool in bioengineering and biomedical engineering research due to its core advantages in modern science and engineering. Microfluidic technology has played a substantial role in numerous applications with special reference to bioscience, biomedical and biotechnological research. It has facilitated noteworthy development in various sectors of bio-research and upsurges the efficacy of research at the molecular level, in recent years. Microfluidic technology can manipulate sample volumes with precise control outside cellular microenvironment, at micro-level. Thus, enable the reduction of discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro environments and reduce the overall reaction time and cost. In this review, we discuss various integrations of microfluidic technologies into biotechnology and its paradigmatic significance in bio-research, supporting mechanical and chemical in vitro cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, specific innovations related to the application of microfluidics to advance microbial life, solitary and co-cultures along with a multiple-type cell culturing, cellular communications, cellular interactions, and population dynamics are also discussed.
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Wang, Ji-Xiang, Wei Yu, Zhe Wu, Xiangdong Liu, and Yongping Chen. "Physics-based statistical learning perspectives on droplet formation characteristics in microfluidic cross-junctions." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 20 (May 16, 2022): 204101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086933.
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Size-controllable micro-droplets obtained in microfluidic cross-junctions are significant in microfluidics. Modeling and predictions in microfluidic-based droplet formation characteristics to date using various traditional theoretical or empirical correlations are far from satisfactory. Driven by unprecedented data volumes from microfluidic experiments and simulations, statistical learning can offer a powerful technique to extract data that can be interpreted into underlying fluid physics and modeling. This Letter historically combines the current experimental data and experimental/numerical data from previous publications as a microfluidics-based droplet formation characteristics database. Two supervised statistical learning algorithms, deep neural network and factorization-machine-based neural network (Deep-FM), were established to model and predict the formed droplet size in microfluidic cross-junctions. As a newly developed statistical learning code in 2017, the Deep-FM manifests a better prediction performance, where the average relative error was only 4.09% and nearly 98% of the data points had individual relative errors of 10% or less. Such high accuracy can be attributed to the outstanding interactions between high-order and low-order features of the Deep-FM framework. Another innovation in this Letter lies in the training dataset shrinkage and optimization without sacrificing the prediction accuracy. Such a method pioneers statistical learning algorithms in small-sample modeling problems, which is different from big data modeling and analyses. The improved statistical learning proposed in this Letter provides universal high-accuracy modeling for microfluidic-based droplet characteristics prediction, which can be an influential data-processing framework that can boost and probably transform current lines of microfluidic physics research and industrial applications.
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Molloy, Antonia, James Harrison, John S. McGrath, Zachary Owen, Clive Smith, Xin Liu, Xin Li, and Jonathan A. G. Cox. "Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis: From Diagnostics to Drug Discovery." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112330.
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. There is an urgent need for new methods of diagnosis, sufficient in vitro models that capably mimic all physiological conditions of the infection, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Microfluidic-based techniques provide single-cell analysis which reduces experimental time and the cost of reagents, and have been extremely useful for gaining insight into monitoring microorganisms. This review outlines the field of microfluidics and discusses the use of this novel technique so far in M. tuberculosis diagnostics, research methods, and drug discovery platforms. The practices of microfluidics have promising future applications for diagnosing and treating TB.
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Nerguizian, Vahé, Anas Alazzam, Jules Gauthier, Dacian Roman, Ion Stiharu, and Miguel Burnier. "Microfluidic device fabrication with serigraphy technique." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 230, no. 7 (December 3, 2015): 1309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415615801.
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Fleck, Elyse, Alec Sunshine, Emma DeNatale, Charlise Keck, Alexandra McCann, and Joseph Potkay. "Advancing 3D-Printed Microfluidics: Characterization of a Gas-Permeable, High-Resolution PDMS Resin for Stereolithography." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101266.
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The rapid expansion of microfluidic applications in the last decade has been curtailed by slow, laborious microfabrication techniques. Recently, microfluidics has been explored with additive manufacturing (AM), as it has gained legitimacy for producing end-use products and 3D printers have improved resolution capabilities. While AM satisfies many shortcomings with current microfabrication techniques, there still lacks a suitable replacement for the most used material in microfluidic devices, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Formulation of a gas-permeable, high-resolution PDMS resin was developed using a methacrylate–PDMS copolymer and the novel combination of a photoabsorber, Sudan I, and photosensitizer, 2-Isopropylthioxanthone. Resin characterization and 3D printing were performed using a commercially available DLP–SLA system. A previously developed math model, mechanical testing, optical transmission, and gas-permeability testing were performed to validate the optimized resin formula. The resulting resin has Young’s modulus of 11.5 MPa, a 12% elongation at break, and optical transmission of >75% for wavelengths between 500 and 800 nm after polymerization, and is capable of creating channels as small as 60 μm in height and membranes as thin as 20 μm. The potential of AM is just being realized as a fabrication technique for microfluidics as developments in material science and 3D printing technologies continue to push the resolution capabilities of these systems.
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Stojanović, Paroški, Samardžić, Radovanović, and Krstić. "Microfluidics-Based Four Fundamental Electronic Circuit Elements Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor and Memristor." Electronics 8, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090960.
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The microfluidics domain has been progressing rapidly recently, particularly considering its useful applications in the field of biomedicine. This paper presents a novel, microfluidics-based design for four fundamental circuit elements in electronics, namely resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor. These widely used passive components were fabricated using a precise and cost-effective xurography technique, which enables the construction of multi-layered structures on foil, with gold used as a conductive material. To complete their assembly, an appropriate fluid was injected into the microfluidic channel of each component: the resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor were charged with transformer oil, ferrofluid, NaCl solution, and TiO2 solution, respectively. The electrical performance of these components was determined using an Impedance Analyzer and Keithley 2410 High-Voltage Source Meter instrument and the observed characteristics are promising for a wide range of applications in the field of microfluidic electronics.
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Caffiyar, Mohamed Yousuff, Kue Peng Lim, Ismail Hussain Kamal Basha, Nor Hisham Hamid, Sok Ching Cheong, and Eric Tatt Wei Ho. "Label-Free, High-Throughput Assay of Human Dendritic Cells from Whole-Blood Samples with Microfluidic Inertial Separation Suitable for Resource-Limited Manufacturing." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050514.
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Microfluidics technology has not impacted the delivery and accessibility of point-of-care health services, like diagnosing infectious disease, monitoring health or delivering interventions. Most microfluidics prototypes in academic research are not easy to scale-up with industrial-scale fabrication techniques and cannot be operated without complex manipulations of supporting equipment and additives, such as labels or reagents. We propose a label- and reagent-free inertial spiral microfluidic device to separate red blood, white blood and dendritic cells from blood fluid, for applications in health monitoring and immunotherapy. We demonstrate that using larger channel widths, in the range of 200 to 600 µm, allows separation of cells into multiple focused streams, according to different size ranges, and we utilize a novel technique to collect the closely separated focused cell streams, without constricting the channel. Our contribution is a method to adapt spiral inertial microfluidic designs to separate more than two cell types in the same device, which is robust against clogging, simple to operate and suitable for fabrication and deployment in resource-limited populations. When tested on actual human blood cells, 77% of dendritic cells were separated and 80% of cells remained viable after our assay.
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Liu, Taotao, Wenxian Weng, Yuzhuo Zhang, Xiaoting Sun, and Huazhe Yang. "Applications of Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Hydrogels in Microfluidic Technique-Assisted Tissue Engineering." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225305.
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In recent years, the microfluidic technique has been widely used in the field of tissue engineering. Possessing the advantages of large-scale integration and flexible manipulation, microfluidic devices may serve as the production line of building blocks and the microenvironment simulator in tissue engineering. Additionally, in microfluidic technique-assisted tissue engineering, various biomaterials are desired to fabricate the tissue mimicking or repairing structures (i.e., particles, fibers, and scaffolds). Among the materials, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)-based hydrogels have shown great potential due to their biocompatibility and mechanical tenability. In this work, applications of GelMA hydrogels in microfluidic technique-assisted tissue engineering are reviewed mainly from two viewpoints: Serving as raw materials for microfluidic fabrication of building blocks in tissue engineering and the simulation units in microfluidic chip-based microenvironment-mimicking devices. In addition, challenges and outlooks of the exploration of GelMA hydrogels in tissue engineering applications are proposed.
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Garg, Mayank, Martin Christensen, Alexander Iles, Amit Sharma, Suman Singh, and Nicole Pamme. "Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Immunosensing of Ferritin." Biosensors 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10080091.
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Ferritin is a clinically important biomarker which reflects the state of iron in the body and is directly involved with anemia. Current methods available for ferritin estimation are generally not portable or they do not provide a fast response. To combat these issues, an attempt was made for lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical detection of ferritin, developed with an integrated electrochemically active screen-printed electrode (SPE), combining nanotechnology, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. The SPE surface was modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide to facilitate the binding of ferritin antibodies on the electrode surface. The functionalized SPE was embedded in the microfluidic flow cell with a simple magnetic clamping mechanism to allow continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin. Ferritin detection was accomplished via cyclic voltammetry with a dynamic linear range from 7.81 to 500 ng·mL−1 and an LOD of 0.413 ng·mL−1. The sensor performance was verified with spiked human serum samples. Furthermore, the sensor was validated by comparing its response with the response of the conventional ELISA method. The current method of microfluidic flow cell-based electrochemical ferritin detection demonstrated promising sensitivity and selectivity. This confirmed the plausibility of using the reported technique in point-of-care testing applications at a much faster rate than conventional techniques.
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Varani, Michela, Giuseppe Campagna, Valeria Bentivoglio, Matteo Serafinelli, Maria Luisa Martini, Filippo Galli, and Alberto Signore. "Synthesis and Biodistribution of 99mTc-Labeled PLGA Nanoparticles by Microfluidic Technique." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111769.
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The aim of present study was to develop radiolabeled NPs to overcome the limitations of fluorescence with theranostic potential. Synthesis of PLGA-NPs loaded with technetium-99m was based on a Dean-Vortex-Bifurcation Mixer (DVBM) using an innovative microfluidic technique with high batch-to-batch reproducibility and tailored-made size of NPs. Eighteen different formulations were tested and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, labeling efficiency, and in vitro stability. Overall, physical characterization by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed an increase in particle size after radiolabeling probably due to the incorporation of the isotope into the PLGA-NPs shell. NPs of 60 nm (obtained by 5:1 PVA:PLGA ratio and 15 mL/min TFR with 99mTc included in PVA) had high labeling efficiency (94.20 ± 5.83%) and >80% stability after 24 h and showed optimal biodistribution in BALB/c mice. In conclusion, we confirmed the possibility of radiolabeling NPs with 99mTc using the microfluidics and provide best formulation for tumor targeting studies.
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Wang, Shaoxi, Yue Yin, and Xiaoya Fan. "The Chip Cooling Model and Route Optimization with Digital Microfluidics." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 1 (February 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193710107.
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Using microfluidic technology to achieve integrated chip cooling is becoming a promising method to extend Moore law effective period. The thermal management is always critical for 3D integrated circuit design. Hot spots due to spatially non-uniform heat flux in integrated circuits can cause physical stress that further reduces reliability. The critical point for chip cooling is to use microfluidic cooling accurately on the hot spots. First, based on electro-wetting on dielectric, the paper presents an adaptive chip cooling technique using the digital microfluidics. Then, a two-plans 3D chip cooling model has been given with its working principle and characteristics. And single plan chip cooling model is presented, including its capacitance performance and models. Moreover, the dentate electrode is designed to achieve droplet continuing movement. Next, the ant colony optimization is adopted to get optimal route during electrode moving. Last, the experiments demonstrate the adaptive chip cooling technique proposed in this paper is effective and efficiency.
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Ma, Yan, Jian-Zhang Pan, Shi-Ping Zhao, Qi Lou, Ying Zhu, and Qun Fang. "Microdroplet chain array for cell migration assays." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 24 (2016): 4658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc00823b.
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We developed a miniaturized and massive parallel microfluidic platform for multiple cell migration assays combining the traditional membrane-based cell migration technique and the droplet-based microfluidic technique.
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Chen, Pin-Chuan, Chung-Ying Lee, and Lynh Duong. "Microfabrication of Nonplanar Polymeric Microfluidics." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100491.
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For four decades, microfluidics technology has been used in exciting, state-of-the-art applications. This paper reports on a novel fabrication approach in which micromachining is used to create nonplanar, three-dimensional microfluidic chips for experiments. Several parameters of micromachining were examined to enhance the smoothness and definition of surface contours in the nonplanar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mold inserts. A nonplanar PMMA/PMMA chip and a nonplanar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/PMMA chip were fabricated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. In the first case, a S-shape microchannel was fabricated on the nonplanar PMMA substrate and sealed with another nonplanar PMMA via solvent bonding. In the second case, a PDMS membrane was casted from two nonplanar PMMA substrates and bonded on hemispherical PMMA substrate via solvent bonding for use as a microlens array (MLAs). These examples demonstrate the effectiveness of micromachining in the fabrication of nonplanar microfluidic chips directly on a polymeric substrate, as well as in the manufacture of nonplanar mold inserts for use in creating PDMS/PMMA microfluidic chips. This technique facilitates the creation of nonplanar microfluidic chips for applications requiring a three-dimensional space for in vitro characterization.
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CHEN, Jiu-Sheng, and Jia-Huan JIANG. "Droplet Microfluidic Technique: Mirodroplets Formation and Manipulation." CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) 40, no. 8 (July 5, 2013): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1096.2012.11438.
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Lai, Siyi, Xia Cao, and L. James Lee. "A Packaging Technique for Polymer Microfluidic Platforms." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 4 (February 2004): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac034990t.
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Hou, Jennifer H., and Adam E. Cohen. "3-D Microfluidic Technique for Patterning Cells." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 48a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.144.
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