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Journal articles on the topic 'Microflora orale'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Castagnola, M., E. Scarano, G. C. Passali, I. Messana, T. Cabras, F. Iavarone, G. Di Cintio, A. Fiorita, E. De Corso, and G. Paludetti. "Salivary biomarkers and proteomics: future diagnostic and clinical utilities." Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 37, no. 2 (April 2017): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-1598.

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Lo studio della proteomica salivare, test economico e non invasivo, rappresenta una fonte di numerose informazioni, ed è utile per la diagnosi di svariate malattie. Da quando siamo entrati nellera della tecnologia genomica e delle scienze omiche, la raccolta di campioni salivari è aumentata esponenzialmente. Recenti piattaforme proteomiche hanno analizzato il proteoma salivare umano, caratterizzando circa 3000 peptidi e proteine, espressi in maniera differente: più del 90% in peso deriva dalla secrezione delle tre ghiandole salivari maggiori, mentre la restante parte proviene dalle ghiandole salivari minori, dal fluido crevicolare gengivale, da essudati mucosi e dalla microflora orale. Lobiettivo principale dellanalisi proteomica è discriminare tra condizioni fisiologiche e patologiche. Ad oggi, tuttavia, non esiste un preciso protocollo che permetta di analizzare lintero proteoma salivare, pertanto sono state realizzate svariate strategie. Innanzitutto, è possibile distinguere due tipologie di piattaforme proteomiche: lapproccio top-down prevede lanalisi delle proteine sotto esame come entità intatte; nellapproccio bottom-up la caratterizzazione della proteina avviene mediante lo studio dei peptidi ottenuti dopo digestione enzimatica (con tripsina tipicamente). A causa di questa eterogeneità, per una stessa patologia sono stati proposti differenti biomarkers. Il proteoma salivare è stato caratterizzato in numerose malattie: carcinoma squamoso e leucoplachie orali, malattia del trapianto contro lospite (GVHD) cronica, sindrome di Sjögren e altri disordini autoimmuni come la sindrome SAPHO (sinovite, acne, pustolosi, iperostosi e osteite), schizofrenia e disordine bipolare, malattie genetiche come la sindrome di Down o la malattia di Wilson. In conclusione, i risultati delle ricerche riportate in questa review suggeriscono che nel prossimo futuro la saliva diverrà un fluido di indubbia rilevanza diagnostica utile per fini clinici, sia diagnostici, sia prognostici.

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2

Dzambas, Ljubisa, Ljiljana Suvajdzic, and Slobodanka Hrvacanin. "Bacterial and mycotic flora of the oral cavity in patients using a postresection prosthesis." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 103 (2002): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0201057d.

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The surgeries in the middle third of the face that distort the anatomic and topographic integrity of the oral cavity, the nose and the sinuses, besides functional damage to these regions, also induce changes in their microfloras of diverse hypothetical combinations. This was the reason to start an investigation on the qualitative and quantitative structure of the microfloras of these regions and their changes. The investigation included 35 patients using a postresection prosthesis. The material for bacteriologic and microbiologic analyses was obtained by single swab sampling from six different localizations, cultured on the blood, TKV, ECV, TYCS, SABOURAND and ENDO agar over 24-48 hours, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Species belonging to the pyogenic cocci family, enterobacteria, oral streptococci and fungal microflora were detected in both the oral and the postresection cavity. Frequency distribution and Spearman's range correlation coefficient (R = 0.961; SS = 17; 14.280) (p<0.01) reveal the microfloras of the two cavities were almost identical regarding the species/families of the isolated microorganisms.

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3

Abass, Varin T., and Sherko A. Omer. "ORAL FINDINGS AND MICROFLORA IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS IN SULAIMANI CITY." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10011.

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4

Laheij, Alexa M. G. A., and Johannes J. de Soet. "Can the oral microflora affect oral ulcerative mucositis?" Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 8, no. 2 (June 2014): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000053.

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5

Zakharova, N. M., N. A. Gulyaeva, A. M. Ammosova, S. V. Markova, M. V. Khandy, S. Yu Artamonova, L. A. Stepanova, and V. B. Egorova. "Analysis of oral microflora in children." Yakut Medical Journal, no. 3 (2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25789/ymj.2018.63.09.

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6

Andonova, Irena, and Vasil Iliev. "Oral Anaerobic Microflora and Pregnancy Complication." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (December 5, 2021): 1681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7601.

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Bacterial vaginosis and periodontal diseases share very similar pathogenesis. Each of these diseases occurs when healthy microbiome changes to predominately anaerobic bacterial flora. Bacterial vaginosis is proven factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. In recent years it has been hypothesized that infection from distant sites of the fetoplacental unit may also elicit an inflammatory response in utero. Aim: The study is designed to determine whether the presence of specific oral anaerobic bacteria in subgingival sulcus of mother increase the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. Material and Methods: Case-control study. Control group: 50 patients who gave birth to neonate whit normal birth weight at term. Group cases: I group - 40 pregnant women who were hospitalized with signs of preterm labor. II - 20 pregnant women, who have an ultrasound diagnosis of fetal growth retardation. Sub-gingival microbiological paper-point swab was taken in all patients. Results: The total number of isolated oral anaerobic bacteria was statistically significantly higher in the cases group compared to control group p <0.01. In our study, pregnant women who tested positive for Porphyrmonas gingivalis for 6.65 times were more likely to have preterm labor compare with pregnant women with negative oral swabs (95.0% CI: 1.38-32.11 / p <0.05), and for 2,79 times more likely to have fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (95.0% CI: 1.10-7.91 / p <0.05 Conclusions: The study confirmed the hypothesis of a statistically significant association between oral anaerobic infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the future, more studies are needed to investigate the role of the microbial load, maternal immune response, pathophysiological pathway that leads to negative pregnancy outcome.

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7

Hegde, Mithra N. "Dysbiosis of Oral Microflora: A Review." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 08, no. 04 (December 2018): 034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708772.

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AbstractMicroorganisms being an integral part of human body colonise various sites, with oral cavity being one of the most densely populated environment. Within the oral cavity there are varying environment, properties of which determines the type of microbes colonising the site, while the metabolic activities of these microorganisms later on modifies the environmental properties. These microorganisms when in equilibrium confer health benefit however any alteration in the flora allows the pathogenic bacteria to outgrow in numbers and cause oral disease. Such alteration could be due to various factors. The present review article focuses on the various aspects of oral microbial flora, their role in the body, dysbiosis and factors influencing along with the reestablishment of normal healthy microbiome. A search was made on pubmed and scopus using keywords and 25 relevant articles published during 2000 to 2018 along with their references were included in the study.With increasing knowledge of human microbiome, attempts are made to limit the alteration in oral ecosystem or re-establish the normal healthy flora as a part of prevention or treatment of diseases. This brings about change in approach which initially focused on elimination of microbes to maintaining their equilibrium.

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8

Ledder, R. G., P. Gilbert, A. Pluen, P. K. Sreenivasan, W. De Vizio, and A. J. McBain. "Individual microflora beget unique oral microcosms." Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, no. 5 (May 2006): 1123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02847.x.

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9

Khaydarov, Artur, Saodat Muratova, Abdugofir Khajimetov, and Nodira Shukurova. "CELLULAR COMPOSITION STATE AND MICROFLORA OF ORAL MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA." UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 2, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2021-3-6.

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The cell composition and microflora of oral mucosal epithelium smearsand the hormonal composition of oral fluid in patients with chronic cerebral ischemiawere studied. We examined 54 patientsaged 45-65 years suffering from cerebral blood circulation disorders caused by atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels and under outpatient observation. In patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, a decrease in the size of the neutrophil pool and epithelial cell pool was noted in saliva smears, against the background of an increase in the number of lymphocytes (threefold) and “bare nuclei” -more than ten times, which indicates a weakening of local protection and is considered as a pathogenetically significantindicator. Smears of buccal epithelial cells revealed yeast-like fungi of the Candida genus (C.albicans), whose content reached 105CFU/ml in 61.44% of cases and averaged 82.5±6.4% of strains in CCI patients. Free progesterone increased 1.9-fold in oral fluid, whereas estradiol levels decreased 5-fold and cortisol increased 1.6-fold.Keywords: chronic cerebral ischemia, buccal cells, candidiasis, sex hormones.

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10

Vecherkovskaya, M. F., G. V. Tets, B. V. Afanasiev, and V. V. Tets. "Oral microflora in children with hematologic malignancies." Oncohematology 10, no. 2 (June 4, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2015-10-2-51-57.

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11

Pulverer, G., and H. Schütt-Gerowitt. "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the Human Oral Microflora." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 288, no. 1 (July 1998): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80104-7.

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12

Marsh, Philip D. "Role of the Oral Microflora in Health." Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 12, no. 3 (January 2000): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/089106000750051800.

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13

Nagy, K. N., I. Sonkodi, I. Szöke, E. Nagy, and H. N. Newman. "The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas." Oral Oncology 34, no. 4 (July 1998): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1368-8375(98)80012-2.

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14

Nagy, K., I. Szöke, I. Sonkodi, E. Nagy, A. Mari, G. Szolnoky, and H. N. Newman. "Inhibition of microflora associated with oral malignancy." Oral Oncology 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1368-8375(99)00046-9.

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15

Ren, Wen, Qun Zhang, Xuenan Liu, Shuguo Zheng, Lili Ma, Feng Chen, Tao Xu, and Baohua Xu. "Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children." Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 7 (April 22, 2017): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6474-8.

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16

Hasegawa, Mizuho, Toshifumi Osaka, Kazuki Tawaratsumida, Takashi Yamazaki, Hiroyuki Tada, Grace Y. Chen, Satoshi Tsuneda, Gabriel Núñez, and Naohiro Inohara. "Transitions in Oral and Intestinal Microflora Composition and Innate Immune Receptor-Dependent Stimulation during Mouse Development." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 2 (November 23, 2009): 639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01043-09.

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ABSTRACT Commensal bacteria possess immunostimulatory activities that can modulate host responses to affect development and homeostasis in the intestine. However, how different populations of resident bacteria stimulate the immune system remains largely unknown. We characterized here the ability of intestinal and oral microflora to stimulate individual pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in bone marrow-derived macrophages and mesothelial cells. The intestinal but not oral microflora elicited age- and cell type-specific immunostimulation. The immunostimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora varied among individual mice but was largely mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during breast-feeding, whereas it became TLR4 independent after weaning. This transition was associated with a change from a microflora rich in TLR4-stimulatory proteobacteria to one dominated by Bacteroidales and/or Clostridiales that poorly stimulate TLR4. The major stimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora was still intact in NOD1-, NOD2-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR5-, TLR9-, TLR11-, ASC-, or RICK-deficient cells but still relied on the adaptor MyD88. These studies demonstrate a transition in the intestinal microflora accompanied by a dynamic change of its ability to stimulate different PRRs which control intestinal homeostasis.

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17

Bochkaryova, O. P., Yu V. Kistenyov, Ye P. Krasnozhyonov, L. S. Mushtovatova, Ye S. Nikotin, N. O. Popova, and V. A. Fokin. "State evaluation of the oral cavity microflora based on Laser optical-acoustic spectroscopy." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2010): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2010-1-26-30.

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Owing to shortcomings of existing methods of evaluation of oral cavity microflora, reviewed possibilities for this purpose of new noninvasive method — laser optical-acoustic spectroscopy. The results show perspectivities of this method for diagnosis of microflora disorders.

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18

Kim, Su-Hyang, Chung-Jae Lee, Kyu-Hwan Lee, and Su-Kyung Jwa. "Changes in Oral Microflora with Oral Gargling and Interdental Brushing." International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15236/ijcpd.2015.11.3.143.

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19

Ruby, John, and Jean Barbeau. "The Buccale Puzzle: The Symbiotic Nature of Endogenous Infections of the Oral Cavity." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13, no. 1 (2002): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/492656.

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The indigenous, 'normal' microflora cause the majority of localized infectious diseases of the oral cavity (eg, dental caries, alveolar abscesses, periodontal diseases and candidiasis). The same microflora also protect the host from exogenous pathogens by stimulating a vigorous immune response and providing colonization resistance. How can a microflora that support health also cause endogenous oral disease? This paradoxical host-symbiont relationship will be discussed within the dynamic of symbiosis.Symbiosis means 'life together' - it is capable of continuous change as determined by selective pressures of the oral milieu. Mutualistic symbiosis, where both the host and the indigenous microflora benefit from the association, may shift to a parasitic symbiosis, where the host is damaged and the indigenous microflora benefit. Importantly, these are reversible relationships. This microbial dynamism, called amphibiosis, is the essential adaptive process that determines the causation of endogenous oral disease by a parasitic microflora or the maintenance of oral health by a mutualistic microflora.Complex microbial consortiums, existing as a biofilm, usually provide the interfaces that initiate and perpetuate the infectious assault on host tissue. The ecology of the various oral microhabitats is critical for the development of the appropriate selecting milieux for pathogens. The microbiota associated with dental caries progression are primarily influenced by the prevailing pH, whereas periodontal diseases and pulpal infection appear to be more dependent on redox potential. Candidiasis results from host factors that favour yeast overgrowth or bacterial suppression caused by antibiotics. Oral health or disease is an adventitious event that results from microbial adaptation to prevailing conditions; prevention of endogenous oral disease can occur only when we realize that ecology is the heart of these host-symbiont relationships.

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20

Keijser, B. J. F., E. Zaura, S. M. Huse, J. M. B. M. van der Vossen, F. H. J. Schuren, R. C. Montijn, J. M. ten Cate, and W. Crielaard. "Pyrosequencing analysis of the Oral Microflora of healthy adults." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 11 (November 2008): 1016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808701104.

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A good definition of commensal microflora and an understanding of its relation to health are essential in preventing and combating disease. We hypothesized that the species richness of human oral microflora is underestimated. Saliva and supragingival plaque were sampled from 71 and 98 healthy adults, respectively. Amplicons from the V6 hypervariable region of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene were generated by PCR, pooled into saliva and plaque pools, and sequenced by means of the Genome Sequencer 20 system at 454 Life Sciences. Data were evaluated by taxonomic and rarefaction analyses. The 197,600 sequences generated yielded about 29,000 unique sequences, representing 22 taxonomic phyla. Grouping the sequences in operational taxonomic units (6%) yielded 3621 and 6888 species-level phylotypes in saliva and plaque, respectively. This work gives a radically new insight into the diversity of human oral microflora, which, with an estimated number of 19,000 phylotypes, is considerably higher than previously reported.

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Rosenblatt, R., D. Steinberg, D. Mankuta, and A. Zini. "Acquired Oral Microflora of Newborns During the First 48 Hours of Life." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-39.5.442.

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Objective: To compare the oral microflora of a newborn during first hours after birth and after two days, and determine whether the newborn acquires his mother's microflora during this period. Study design: Saliva samples were taken from 50 newborns, on their first day of life, two days after, and from their mothers. Those samples were checked for total aerobic cultivated bacteria and mutans streptococci. Results: Soon after birth, most newborns lacked any of the tested microorganisms in their oral cavity. Two days later, oral microorganisms were detected. A significant correlation was found between the total aerobic cultivated bacteria counts of the mothers, and of their newborns. Conclusions: It can be assumed, that on the first 48 hours of life, the newborn gains a major part of his oral microflora from his mother. These results might shade light on a possible to control and change the acquired microflora, at the very beginning of a human's life, creating a new, but less cariogenic flora. An accurate protocol should be examine to avoid this initial transmission during these days, while the mother and her newborn are still in the hospital, and thus might be possible to reduce caries prevalence in the future.

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22

Yesayan, M. S., E. I. Selifanova, E. G. Margaryan, and T. V. Beketova. "The state of the oral microflora in patients with systemic sclerosis." Modern Rheumatology Journal 15, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2021-5-39-43.

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Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can lead to pathological changes in the maxillofacial region, contributing to the violation of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity with a predominance of pathogenic microflora.Objective: to study the composition of the oral microflora in patients with SSc. Patients and methods. The composition of the oral microflora was studied in 50 patients with SSc. The control group consisted of 50 subjects without rheumatic diseases. To assess the intensity of dental caries and the level of oral hygiene we used dental indices: the index of caries intensity (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and the hygienic index (OHI-S).Results and discussion. Microbiological examination in patients with SSc revealed pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans > 10-6 CFU in equal percentage of cases (18.9%), which was significantly more frequent than in the control group (p=0.049). In the oral cavity in SSc, there were no representatives of normal microflora (lactobacilli). In patients with SSc, the DMFT index was 17.8±7.1 on average, and OHI-S – 2.3±0.7, which corresponds to a very high level of caries intensity and low indicators of oral hygiene, respectively. When analyzing the microflora of the oral cavity in 90% of cases, a dysbiotic shift of the 3rd degree was stated.Conclusion. It can hypothesized that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the oral cavity affects the development and severity of inflammatory and destructive pathology of the periodontal and oral mucosa. It is necessary to develop and implement an adapted personal hygiene regimen, including cleansing of the tongue and administration of local probiotics, which, as part of complex therapy, can improve the results of SSc treatment.

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23

Margaryan, E. G., M. S. Esayan, A. G. Kajoyan, and I. M. Makeeva. "COMPOSITION OF ORAL MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMIA." Chronos: natural and technical sciences 6, no. 2(35) (July 4, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2712-9691-35-2-2.

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24

Bansal, Deepty, Mala Kamboj, Anjali Narwal, and Anju Devi. "Oral microflora and contemporary procedures for their isolation." Dental Poster Journal 8, no. 2 (2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15713/ins.dpj.022.

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25

Sedgley, Christine, and Don B. Clewell. "Bacterial plasmids in the oral and endodontic microflora." Endodontic Topics 9, no. 1 (November 2004): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00077.x.

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26

Zhou, Xianjie, Jun Li, and Jin-Lyu Sun. "Oral Nickel Changes of Intestinal Microflora in Mice." Current Microbiology 76, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-019-01664-1.

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27

Almstahl, A., and M. Wikstrom. "Oral Microflora in Subjects with Reduced Salivary Secretion." Journal of Dental Research 78, no. 8 (August 1999): 1410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780080601.

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28

Kennedy, Michelle A., Sam Rosen, George W. Paulson, Daniel E. Jolly, and F. Michael Beck. "Relationship of oral microflora with oral health status in Parkinson's disease." Special Care in Dentistry 14, no. 4 (July 1994): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.1994.tb01125.x.

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29

Guobis, Žygimantas, Violeta Kareivienė, Nomeda Basevičienė, Pajauta Paipalienė, Irena Niedzelskienė, Gintautas Sabalys, Ričardas Kubilius, and Albinas Gervickas. "Microflora of the Oral Cavity in Patients with Xerostomia." Medicina 47, no. 12 (January 3, 2012): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina47120094.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dependence of the condition of the microflora of the oral cavity on the etiology of xerostomia, patients’ sex, age, degree of hyposalivation, and duration of the sense of dryness. Material and Methods. A total of 64 patients with complaints of oral dryness referred to the Clinic of Oral and Dental Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, for consultation during the period from 2003 to 2005 were selected for the study. The etiological factors of xerostomia were as follows: radiotherapy (PRT) to the maxillofacial area, Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and xerogenic medications, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Results. There were 50 women and 14 men. Their mean age was 60.5±1.6 years. All the patients in the PRT group had high counts of Candida spp. as compared with percentages of patients in the TCA and SS groups (100% vs. 66.7% and 56.2%, P<0.05). Patients’ age and sex in different etiology groups had no significant impact on the condition of their oral microflora. There were equal percentages of patients with deficient and normal salivation in the TCA group (44% in both the groups; P<0.01). All the patients in the PRT group had pronounced hyposalivation (P<0.002). A significantly greater percentage of patients with severely reduced salivation had high counts of Lactobacillus spp. (P<0.01). Significantly greater percentages of patients with the clinical duration of xerostomia of up to 6 months had high counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Candida spp. colonies. Conclusions. In patients with xerostomia, the condition of the microflora of the oral cavity and impairment of major salivary gland function varied according to the etiology of the disease. The level of hyposalivation and the duration of xerostomia were found to have a significant impact on the microflora of the oral cavity.

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30

Carpenter, G. H. "Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 6 (April 13, 2020): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520915486.

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The oral microbiome is one of the most stable ecosystems in the body and yet the reasons for this are still unclear. As well as being stable, it is also highly diverse which can be ascribed to the variety of niches available in the mouth. Previous studies have focused on the microflora in disease—either caries or periodontitis—and only recently have they considered factors that maintain the normal microflora. This has led to the perception that the microflora proliferate in nutrient-rich periods during oral processing of foods and drinks and starves in between times. In this review, evidence is presented which shows that the normal flora are maintained on a diet of salivary factors including urea, lactate, and salivary protein degradation. These factors are actively secreted by salivary glands which suggests these factors are important in maintaining normal commensals in the mouth. In addition, the immobilization of SIgA in the mucosal pellicle indicates a mechanism to retain certain bacteria that does not rely on the bacterial-centric mechanisms such as adhesins. By examining the salivary metabolome, it is clear that protein degradation is a key nutrient and the availability of free amino acids increases resistance to environmental stresses.

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31

Yuvaraj, V., Mohan Alexander, and Sanjay Pasupathy. "Microflora in Maxillofacial Infections—A Changing Scenario?" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 70, no. 1 (January 2012): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.006.

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32

Apel, Stephanie, Christian Apel, Camillo Morea, André Tortamano, Gladys Cristina Dominguez, and Georg Conrads. "Microflora associated with successful and failed orthodontic mini-implants." Clinical Oral Implants Research 20, no. 11 (November 2009): 1186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01756.x.

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33

Bradshaw, D. J., A. S. McKee, and P. D. Marsh. "Effects of Carbohydrate Pulses and pH on Population Shifts within Oral Microbial Communities in vitro." Journal of Dental Research 68, no. 9 (September 1989): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680090101.

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A mixed culture chemostat system was used to distinguish between the effects of carbohydrate availability per se and the low pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism on the proportions of bacteria within microbial communities. Nine oral bacteria were grown at pH 7 and pulsed with glucose on ten consecutive days. In one chemostat, the pH was maintained automatically at 7 throughout the experimental period, while in the other, pH control was discontinued for six hours after each pulse. Glucose pulses at neutral pH had little effect on the composition of the microflora. Only the proportions of A. viscosus and V. dispar increased; L. casei and S. mutans remained at low levels (0.2% and 1.0%, respectively). Acetate and propionate were the predominant end-products of metabolism; lactate levels were low. In contrast, when pH was allowed to fall after each glucose pulse, the composition of the microflora altered dramatically. The amounts of L. casei and S. mutans increased both as a proportion of the total count and in absolute numbers, as did V. dispar, whereas the amounts of the other Gram-negative organisms (B. intermedius, F. nucleatum, and N. subflava) and S. sanguis were considerably reduced. Lactate formed a major portion of the metabolic end-products. Successive glucose pulses resulted in both amplified changes in the microflora and a steadily greater rate and final extent of acid production. This is in agreement with the reported shifts in the oral microflora in vivo in response to frequent carbohydrate intake. Analysis of the data strongly suggests that the pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism, rather than carbohydrate availability per se, is responsible for the widely reported shifts in composition and metabolism of the oral microflora in vivo.

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34

Kumar, M. G. Sanal, S. Nandakumar, B. Bini, and M. S. Mahitha. "Concentration study of antimicrobial activity with selected oral cleansers on oral microflora." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 9, no. 12 (2016): 2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00452.2.

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Wang, Bao-gui, Hai-bo Xu, Hua Wei, Zhe-ling Zeng, and Feng Xu. "Oral administration ofBifidobacterim bifidumfor modulating microflora, acid and bile resistance, and physiological indices in mice." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 61, no. 2 (February 2015): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0694.

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Bifidobacteria are generally acknowledged as major gut microflora used as probiotics, which promote human health. In this study, the effects of the administration of Bifidobacterim bifidum on modulating gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora, acid and bile resistance, and physiological indices in BALB/c mice were investigated. Results showed that B. bifidum can significantly improve the ecosystem of the GI tract by increasing the amount of probiotics and reducing the populations of pathogenic bacteria, as measured by plate count and real-time PCR. After exposure to simulated GI tract conditions, the growth of gut microflora in the B. bifidum group was higher than that in the control group when incubated for 12 h in MRS or nutrient broth adjusted to pH 2.0 or 3.0 or in the presence of a concentration of bile salt (0.45% m/v). The blood biochemical index was examined, and the physiological effect of the cell-free extract of gut microflora was evaluated by measuring the activity of various enzymes, including α-glucosidases, esterase, and lactate dehydrogenase. This study suggested that a B. bifidum strain can stabilize blood sugar, lower cholesterol levels in serum, and improve metabolic activity. Moreover, B. bifidum was a promising enhancer of microbial diversity in mouse intestine and played a vital role in human physiological processes, which can benefit the health of a host.

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36

Hill, Gale B. "Preterm Birth: Associations With Genital and Possibly Oral Microflora." Annals of Periodontology 3, no. 1 (July 1998): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.222.

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37

Nandakumar, S., M. G. Sanal Kumar, B. Bini, and Geethu G. Krishnan. "Antimicrobial activity of selected medicinal plants against oral microflora." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 9, no. 12 (2016): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00458.3.

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38

Singh, Seema, Sunita Singh, MB Tiwari, US Pal, and Santosh Kumar. "Microflora analysis in the postchemotherapy patients of oral cancer." National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 10, no. 2 (2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njms.njms_7_19.

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39

Shillitoe, Edward, Ruth Weinstock, Taewan Kim, Howard Simon, Jessica Planer, Susan Noonan, and Robert Cooney. "The oral microflora in obesity and type-2 diabetes." Journal of Oral Microbiology 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 19013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v4i0.19013.

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Oizumi, Makoto. "Aging and Denture Wearing Effects on the Oral Microflora." Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 38, no. 6 (1994): 1195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2186/jjps.38.1195.

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SHAO, Zi-Yang, Zi-Sheng TANG, Chao YAN, Yun-Tao JIANG, Rui MA, Zheng LIU, and Zheng-Wei HUANG. "Effects of Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy on Human Oral Microflora." Journal of Radiation Research 52, no. 6 (2011): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.11085.

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42

Yang, Y., and P. K. Sreenivasan. "An ex-vivo multiplexed antibacterial test on oral microflora." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 20, no. 3 (June 2005): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.2005.00209.x.

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43

Marsh, P. D., and R. S. Percival. "The oral microflora — friend or foe? Can we decide?" International Dental Journal 56 (August 2006): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2006.tb00107.x.

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Bazzocchi, G., P. Gionchetti, P. F. Almerigi, C. Amadini, and M. Campieri. "Intestinal microflora and oral bacteriotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome." Digestive and Liver Disease 34 (September 2002): S48—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(02)80164-5.

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45

Harboubi, N. Y., R. Sinharay, P. R. Hudson, and A. Ross. "Effect of oral microflora on interpreting hydrogen breath test." Journal of Clinical Pathology 41, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.41.11.1244.

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46

Van Der Hoeven, J. S., M. H. De Jong, and A. Van Nieuw Amerongen. "Growth of Oral Microflora on Saliva from Different Glands." Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2, no. 3 (January 1989): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08910608909140215.

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47

Yuvaraj, V., and M. Alexander. "Is the microflora of oral and maxillofacial infections changing?" International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 36, no. 11 (November 2007): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.08.285.

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48

Kumar, Mahesh, DN Umashankar, Deepak Viswanath, and G. Girish. "Role of the Oral Microflora in Health and Disease." Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 25, no. 3 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-1363.161099.

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49

N. D, Gupta, and Jain S. S. "UTILITY OF HERBS WITH ITS PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETER IN ORAL HEALTH: A REVIEW." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj2909072021.

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Oral hygiene is the key to one's healthy life. Maintaining oral hygiene is directly related to the body's first line of defence mechanism. It maintains both oral as well as systemic health. Oral microflora plays a very important role in oral hygiene. It is a complex ecosystem of several species of micro-organisms such as streptococci, Neisseria, Veillonella, Actinomyces and other obligate anaerobes. This microbiome is mainly affected by an acidic diet and the acidic environment of the oral cavity. Poor oral hygiene decreases the rate of survival of the oral microbiome and causes dental caries, periodontal diseases, halitosis oral pain & discomfort. Hence, it becomes very essential to maintain the environment of oral cavity friendly to oral microflora. Ayurveda is the science of preserving one’s health has described various herbs to maintain oral hygiene such as Khadira (Catechu tree), Sunthi (Ginger), Da- ruharidra (Indian Berbery), Tankana (Borax), etc. But, to attain its global acceptability physicochemical parameter is used to describe their action. Based on physicochemical parameters herbs seem to be effective in the maintenance of oral hygiene and can reduce the chances of oral diseases. Keywords: Oral hygiene, Oral microflora, physicochemical parameter, pH, etc.

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Jumayev, A. H. "MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ORAL CAVITY FOR PROSTHETICS OF DEFECTS OF DENTITION." UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2021-2-9.

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Prosthetic materials interact with the tissuesof the prosthetic role and often harmthe oral cavity condition. This depends on the material from which the prosthesis is made, the specificsof its structure, the state of oral hygiene, and the body's characteristics. The use of dental prosthetics is anintervention that changes the biological balance and microflora in thetissues of the oral cavity. It plays an important role in formingsoft and hard caries on the surface of the denture and the structure of damage in it.Keywords: defects of the tooth row, oral cavity, microbiology

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