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1

Allotey, Daniel. "Commercializing a microfinance institution to maximize profit : (A study of the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution-Ghana)." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4264.

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ABSTRACT

Date: 2008-06-23

Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, Basic Level 300, 15 ECTS-Points

Author: Daniel Allotey

Tutor: Per Nordqvist

Title: Commercializing a microfinance institution to maximize profit

(A study of the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution-Ghana)

Background: Microfinance is one major approach to offering financial services to the majority, (mainly poor people) in developing countries. Traditionally, most of these institutions largely operate based on support by international donor agencies. Research into this field has shown that a microfinance institution has the ability to maximize profits by commercializing its services.

Problem: The research problem is to find out how the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution, (Ghana) can maximize profits as a result of commercialization of operations.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to illustrate to the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution how it could maximize profits through the commercialization of its operations.

Method: The research is a study that uses the qualitative approach. Relevant information for the theoretical background and the Sinapi Aba has been organized through primary and secondary data search. The primary data is based on a telephone interview with Mr.Opata Narh, managing director at Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution in Oda, and a questionnaire sent through an attached e-mail to Mrs. Georgina Ocansey, the human resource manager to solicit her opinion on the same subject. Information’s were also gathered from the institutions home page. The secondary data was sourced from books and articles from the Mälardalen University library and internet sources within this field of study.

Conclusion: In an effort to illustrate to the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution how it could be self sufficient through profit maximization, the author was able to base his argument on the theories used in the frame of reference in connection with the findings obtained from the telephone interview, questionnaire and the institutions home page. This also helped the author establish the fact that the Sinapi Aba Microfinance Institution can maximize profit through the commercialization of its services. Profit maximization could therefore be achieved by developing its human resources, mobilizing savings, supervision and regulative mechanisms and finally marketing and competitive positioning.

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Acclassato, Houensou Denis. "Réglementation et performances des institutions de microfinance dans l'UEMOA : analyse des expériences au Bénin." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE0511.

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Au sein de l’Union Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA), une réglementation spécifique desactivités de microfinance existe mais bon nombre de ces institutions continuent d’exercer enmarge de la réglementation sans que les autorités de régulation ne soient en mesure d’y mettrefin. La réglementation a des avantages mais aussi des coûts pour les institutions demicrofinance (IMF) déclarées et l’anticipation des pertes ou des gains nets par ces institutionspeut accélérer ou ralentir leur mise en conformité avec la loi. Les travaux de cette thèse ontanalysé la réponse des institutions de microfinance à la mise en place de cette réglementation.De façon spécifique, elle a renseigné le lien entre réglementation et performance à partir desdonnées empiriques dans le but d’évaluer les incitations à la demande de réglementation. Ilest possible de substituer la régulation prudentielle à la discipline de marché dans la microintermédiationfinancière car l’effet bénéfique net pour les systèmes de financementdécentralisés est positif. Malgré leur vocation sociale, toutes les institutions de microfinancen’assurent pas pleinement leur double mission d’équilibre financier et de performance sociale.En effet, nombreuses sont celles qui ont une stratégie orientée vers la performance financière.Les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent également d’accroître l’effort de surveillance de lagouvernance des IMF jusqu’à un niveau minimum requis afin d’améliorer leur revenufinancier
In West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), microfinance institutions (MFIs)are regulated by specific laws but many of them operate outside the regulatory framework.Regulation has advantages but also costs for regulated institutions and the anticipation ofgains or costs may strengthen or limit their incentives for regulation. We analyze MFIsreactions to the implementation of that regulation. In other way, we investigate the linkbetween regulation and performance by using empirical data to estimate the incentives forregulation. We find, it is possible to substitute the prudential regulation for market disciplinein the microfinance intermediation because the net benefit is positive. In spite of their socialvocation, some MFIs prefer ensuring financial performance. Our findings also suggest thatincreasing governance's effort improves MFIs financial income
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Boudedja, Karima. "Microfinance et ONG : bilan et analyse diagnostic du fonctionnement du dispositif de microcrédit à l'ONG algérienne Touiza en vue de la création d'une institution de microfinance /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAM Montpellier, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41305152v.

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Thèse de Master of science--Agronomie--Montpellier--CIHEAM, 2007.
CIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier. Bibliogr., webliogr. p. 160-163. Résumé en français et en anglais.
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ABEI, YOLANDA AJI. "Impact of Internal Control on Fraud Detection and Prevention in Microfinance Institutions." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85431.

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Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are an important tool of poverty reduction which has gained grounds over the years and grown rapidly given the services they provide. The rapid growth of the MFIs has had huge challenges on their regulatory framework which in turn has resulted in the prevalence of fraudulent cases. With the devasting effects of fraud on MFIs and the importance of MFIs in many economies this thesis aims to examine how the design and use of internal control impact fraud detection and prevention in MFIs. To achieve this aim, a qualitative study was conducted with a case study on eight MFIs in Cameroon. Primary data will be obtained from fourteen semi-structured interviews. Data will be analysed manually using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that internal control has a positive impact on fraud detection and prevention in MFIs by reducing fraud incentive, opportunity, rationalization, and capability. Further, findings revealed that the greatest causes of fraud in MFIs are poor remuneration, weak monitoring, and a poor internal control system. Therefore, for the purpose of future fraud prevention, MFIs should ensure to improve their remuneration schemes, improve1 their monitoring system and ensure regular internal control system updates in term of software and design. The study also, suggests further research on this topic in MFIs with a case study in other countries of the world. It will also be interesting for other researchers to explore how the aspect of capability as a key determinant of fraud can be reduced. This thesis contributes to academic literature as there is lack of studies on the impact of internal control on fraud detection and prevention in MFIs.
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5

Peter, Simon. "L'institutionnalisation du marché de la microfinance : le cas du Gabon." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU2009/document.

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Avec les orientations prises en 2002 par la Commission Bancaire de l’Afrique Centrale (COBAC) en vue de développer les activités microfinancières, le métier de la microfinance s’est transformé dans sa forme organisationnelle (en passant de l’informel au formel) mais aussi dans sa relation avec son environnement. L’observation du terrain met en lumière que cette perspective est largement déterminée par la coopération entre les très petites entreprises (TPE) et les établissements de microfinance (EMF) dont les pratiques managériales sont soumises à l’épreuve de la réglementation. A ce titre, la réglementation conditionne les pratiques des acteurs, et donc devrait contribuer au développement du marché et assurer la pérennité des EMF et TPE à travers leur coopération. Par rapport à ce qui précède, quels enseignements peut-on tirer de l’expérience gabonaise afin de générer une meilleure compréhension du problème de l’impact de la réglementation sur les acteurs du marché de la microfinance? Ce travail révèle qu’en environnement institutionnalisé, les EMF sont partagés entre deux attitudes : financière ou sociale. Il fait apparaître que plusieurs TPE, porteuses de projets, n’arrivent pas à bénéficier de l’offre du marché microfinancier. Ce paradoxe nous amène alors à interroger les différents comportements que la réglementation du marché de la microfinance traduit et induit. Nous avançons que ces comportements, de même que leur interaction, agissent sur la coordination des acteurs, c'est-à-dire sur la manière dont les EMF et les TPE sont gérés, ainsi que sur la coopération EMF/TPE. Ce travail participe ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du marché de la microfinance au Gabon
With the direction taken in 2002 by the Banking Commission of Central Africa (COBAC) to develop microfinance activities, the business of microfinance has turned in its organizational form (moving from informal to formal), but also its relationship to its environment. Our field observation shows that this perspective is largely determined by the cooperation between the very small enterprises (VSE) and microfinance institutions (MFIs) whose management practices are put to the test of regulations. As such, the regulation affects the behavior of actors and thus should contribute to market development and the sustainability of MFIs and VSE through their cooperation. Compared to the above, what lessons can be learned from the Gabonese experience to generate a better understanding of the problem of the impact of regulation on the market of microfinance? We show that in an institutionalized environment, EMF have two options: a financial attitude and a social attitude. We show that many small businesses, with projects, are unable to benefit from the offer of the microfinance market. This paradox then leads us to question the different behaviors that the regulation of the microfinance market translated and induced. We induce that these behaviors as well as their interaction affect the internal organization of tasks (coordination) of the actors, that is to say on how EMF and VSE are managed, as well as the cooperation between EMF and VSE. This work opens up new areas of understanding of the microfinance market in Gabon
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Kaluge, David, and n/a. "Microfinance and poverty in Indonesia: an analysis of the role of KUKESRA and MKEJ." University of Canberra. Economics and Marketing, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050509.093311.

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Following the success of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Microfinance institutions (MFIs) which apply group-lending method through the medium of small credit have been regarded as a new and effective tools for poverty alleviation for the poor in many Less Developed Countries. This study analyses the role of two MFIs, namely KUKESRA, a government administered programme and Mitra Karya East Java (MKEJ) which is a privately managed institution in poverty alleviation in Indonesia. It examines to what extent these institutions have been successful in helping the poor, and improving the living standards of the recipients. Two alternative approaches, namely the institutionalist and the welfarist approaches, are used to examine the question of whether the poor benefited from the two programmes, followed by a comparison of the performances between the two. Using data obtained from a sample survey of 393 respondents in the District of Malang in East Java, from December 1998 - June 1999, it was found that the differences in management, organisational structure, programme design, and the system of coordination all resulted in differences in performance of the two MFI institutions studied. It was found that both programmes increased the incomes of the recipients, but the impact of KUKESRA was much lower than that of MKEJ. However, KUKESRA had a greater positive effect on employment than MKEJ. Neither of the programmes resulted in a significant improvement in the consumption of basic needs of the recipients. Of the two approaches used in the evaluation of the programmes, a good performance in terms of outreach and sustainability under the institutional approach did not imply that the poor really benefited from the programme. It was found that the welfarist approach is much more appropriate in evaluating the effectiveness of MFIs in Indonesia.
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Michell-Auli, Peter. "Finance for the poor: community banking as an approach to institution building : the example of the Nigerian community banks : a theoretical and empirical analysis /." Aachen : Shaker, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390681571.

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8

Ahmed, Juber. "Client Information Needs of MFIs : A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1117.

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Abstract Title: Client Information Needs of MFIs: A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh Author: Juber Ahmed Academic Advisor: Dr. Klaus Solberg Søilen Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Master Thesis in Business Administration Purpose: To enrich the knowledge base of client’s needs of financial services and assessing the tools MFIs used to collect clients’ information and how they utilized the information for developing new products and services or modifying existing products and services or their terms and conditions to meet the needs of financial services of their clientele. Also how MFIs organized and managed the information and how they categorized their clients using that information. Method: The investigation conducted from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The deductive approach used for the study and the case study method deployed. I studied ASA which is an MFI renowned in Bangladesh and beyond. At first, I had gone through a secondary research for collecting a number of successful methods and standard types of information used by successful MFIs from existing literature. In primary research, I interviewed 10 Managers (Assistant Directors) for ASA to determine which of the methods found in the literature were more effective for collecting clients’ information for them and also asked them to add their ideas to the list. At last I asked interviewees to rate the methods and results presented in this paper. Theory: This study was an exploratory one where I discussed the related aspects for the study - Microfinance, Client Assessment, Clients of Microfinance, Information needs and Management Information System. Findings: The study showed that ASA utilized client information for developing their credit products and services and based on number of loans taken by the clients they categorized their clients and modified or developed new products and services for each category of clients. Although ASA executed several tools for collecting client information but the managers think that their staffs’ collection of information from regular meeting with clients was more effective than others for modifying products’ terms and conditions and modifying or developing new products and services to their women and small enterprise clients. The conducted study also revealed that in ASA impact study was necessary to know clients’ overall level of satisfaction but management needed specific information on what aspects of ASA and its credit products and services clients preferred and did not prefer and the reasons of the preferences. Also they needed action plan to address clients’ specific concerns, so they needed the information on a continual basis and they were successful to achieve this continuous flow of information. For ASA, the best way to get this type of information would be through client satisfaction Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), although they utilized several tools but not often as discussed in part 3 in chapter 5. ASA owned an MIS (AMMS) for monitoring and managing clients’ information and they utilized this to categorize their clients based on the collected information about their number of loans. Conclusion: This study revealed that ASA served only women and small enterprise clientele that included the vulnerable non-poor and could contribute to the profitability of ASA. There was no attempt to diversify the products to include all poor that should be the goal of microfinance to alleviate poverty. Moreover client treated as individual client but the loans used to fulfill household or family needs of the clients. There were tools for collecting information on household about impact of credit programs participation but they took seldom effort for collecting information of the household money management or in other words how they utilized the loans for variety of household needs. There is lack of access to a variety of financial services for poor clients, even though MFIs are mostly serving vulnerable non-poor instead of taking consideration of all categories of poor. It revealed from the study that MFIs could gain long term success by serving specific market segment but it should not be only focus of MFIs, their initiative should be to include all poor in their clients profile with a priority to a specific market segment. This could help them to become sustainable and to minimize risks by spreading it in different market segments. The study found that ASA considered FGDs as an effective tool for collecting clients’ information as their staffs and managers were familiar with this tool, moreover it was cost effective for them. It observed that they seldom followed Tool Selection Process and it was the top management that decided over the tools, the decision might influence by internal and external interest groups and the competition. MFIs should organize client information in a way so that they could be able to manipulate the specific client information to serve client better and to take effective decision, although it is imperative to argue that they may like to serve the wealthier clients. This research paper is also presenting some important findings from existing literature of microfinance and a number of recommendations based on the study experience and scholars opinions from existing microfinance study that may help MFIs to prepare themselves to adopt client-oriented approach by utilizing client assessment tools to fulfill the needs of financial services of their clients that may hopefully include all poor irrespective of their categories.
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Mbaye, Khady. "Analyse de la transformation institutionnelle des organisations de microfinance en milieu rural au Sénégal." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0034.

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Cette thèse analyse à travers une étude de cas, le parcours d’un programme de micro-crédit rural mis en place par l’ONG Plan International, transformé en institution formelle et intégré aujourd’hui dans l’un des plus grands réseaux mutualistes du Sénégal : l’UM-PAMECAS (Union des Mutuelles du Partenariat pour la Mobilisation de l'Epargne et du Crédit au Sénégal). Notre objectif était de montrer comment les organisations de microfinance concilient les logiques sociale et financière, à priori en opposition, dans leur mode d’action après une transformation institutionnelle. Compte tenu de la diversité des règles et des modes d’actions observés au sein des organisations étudiées, nous avons mobilisé l’économie des conventions pour construire notre cadre d’analyse. La thèse s’appuie sur une analyse qualitative diachronique des logiques en présence, de façon à comprendre ce qui les soustend, les mécanismes et enjeux de pouvoir qui les font évoluer et se stabiliser. Sur une période s’étalant de 2006 à 2008 nous avons mené des enquêtes auprès de 169 personnes aux statuts divers (salariés, élus, bénéficiaire des crédits, etc.). Ce travail a apporté un éclairage sur le processus de transformation institutionnelle des organisations de microfinance rural et ses enjeux. Nous avons montré que grâce à une méthodologie combinant plusieurs principes relevant de cités différentes mais essentiellement rattachés à une « logique sociale », les organisations de microfinance de premières générations ont permis à des personnes vivant en milieu rural, dont le profil socio-économique n’intéressait pas les banques commerciales, d’accéder aux services financiers. La transformation institutionnelle induite par des facteurs exogènes et endogènes a apporté des bouleversements auxquelles les organisations devaient faire face pour assurer leur pérennité. Notre recherche a montré que pour réussir cette transition et éviter des conflits, des concertations doivent être menées tout au long du processus avec l’ensemble des acteurs afin que tous s’entendent sur le but de la transformation, la façon dont le processus doit être mené et les réformes à mettre en place. En outre, les nouvelles procédures mises en place doivent être en adéquation avec les spécificités locales. Par ailleurs, cette thèse a montré la forte prédominance des tontines. Ces dernières ont fortement évolué et se sont enrichies grâce à l’hybridation de règles marchandes, domestiques et civiques qui en font aujourd’hui, des dispositifs locaux concurrençant fortement la collecte de l’épargne au niveau des structures formelles
This thesis analyses, trough a case study, the operation of a rural micro-credit program implemented by Plan international NGO. It has then been changed into a formal institution and integrated into one of the largest network of mutual organizations in Senegal: UMPAMECAS. Our objective was to show how micro-finance organizations reconcile social and financial logics that are primarily contradictory, in their action after institutional changes. Considering the diversity of rules and operation modes observed in the institutions under scrutiny, we have mobilized the convention economy to build the framework of our analysis. The thesis is based on a diachronic quantitative analysis of those logics to understand what underlies them, power mechanism and stakes that make them evolve and stabilize. For a period from 2006 through 2008, we surveyed 169 people from different (wages-earners, elected, credits beneficiaries, etc.). This work has cast light on the transformation process of rural microfinance and its stakes. We have shown that, thanks to a methodology combining several principles from different cities, but essentially related to a “social logic”, the first generation of microfinance institutions have enabled several people living in rural areas, whose economic profile did not appeal to commercial banks, to get access to financial services. The institutional transformations induced by endogenous and exogenous facts have brought changes which should be dealt with by the institutions to ensure their sustainability. Our research has shown that to survive the transition and avoid conflicts, consultations should be conducted all through the process with all the stakeholders for all to agree on the objective of the transition, the way the process should be conducted and the reforms that need to be implemented. Besides, the newly implemented procedures should match local specificities. Furthermore, this thesis has shown the supremacy of the “tontine” systems (rotating saving and credit associations). Those systems have deeply evolved and enriched due to the hybridization of commercial, domestic and civic rules that make them today local organizations that strongly challenge formal structures in the collecting of savings
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Paris, Bethany L. "INSTITUTIONAL LENDING MODELS, MISSION DRIFT, AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/9.

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Microfinance is a development tool used to reduce poverty among extremely poor households. Impoverished households can access lines of credit through microfinance institutions (MFIs), in order to create a new business, smooth household consumption, fund medical emergencies, etc. Many authors postulate that MFIs are drifting from a welfarist to an institutionalist approach to lending. Using MIXMarket data on specific MFIs in 118 countries between 1995 and 2011, the average loan balance of these organizations will be regressed against measure of outreach and sustainability of these institutions by charter type through a series of four, fixed effects models. The main research question is: given that a positive, overall shift in average loan balance indicates an institutionalist shift in mission, how does this impact microfinance institutions and the demographics they target on the intensive and extensive margins? These analyses will test the theory that MFIs with larger average loan balances serve households closer to the subsistence poverty level, a manifestation of mission drift toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. The phenomenon of mission drift directly impacts the outcomes of microfinance institutions and the target demographic of the organization. The results of this study indicate that the mission of these organizations is drifting toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. With this general result, mission drift can be observed within both the internal and external margins of the microfinance industry, which influences the chosen target market, profit generated, and structure of MFIs, as determined by the mission of the organization.
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Kala, Kamdjoug Jean Robert. "Aide à la décision pour la gestion des micro-crédits en Afrique : application à la sélection des CVECA au refinancement." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0110.

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L'évaluation des institutions de microfinance et la prise de décision dans la gestion des microcrédits sont les motivations des travaux de cette thèse. Pour apporter une solution à ces problèmes, nous avons développé une méthodologie d'aide multicritère à la décision. C'est une méthodologie d'aide à la décision pour la résolution d'un problème de "sélection/rejet" dans un contexte multicideurs où plusieurs points de vue peuvent s'exprimer. La méthodologie est composée de trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, nous déterminons les stratégies de décisions individuelles de chaque décideur. Celles-ci sont représentées par des règles de la forme " si condition alors conclusion". La seconde étape consiste à calculer un esemble unique de règles prenant en compte les différents ensembles de stratégies de décision. On dispose alors d'une sorte de "décideur de épistémique". Cette opération a pour effet de structurer l'espace de décision en trois zone ordonnées : une zone de rejet, une zone d'acceptation et une de doute pour laquelle les décideurs ne convergent pas suffisamment. La troisième étape de notre méthode consiste à fournir une recommandation aux décideurs lorsqu'une nouvelle action se présente. Le classement d'une novelle action se fait bien évidemment facilement pour les deux premières zones. Nous développons une nouvelle méthode d'aide à la décision pour établir une recommandation pour les actions se situant dans la zone de doute. Cette méthodologie est appliquée, pour le processus de sélection des institutions de microfinance, au refinancement dans le PCRD (Projet Crédit Rural décentralisé) au Cameroun. Elle peut s'appliquer à toute problématique où plusieurs décideurs coopèrent pour faire des tâches de jugement sur des actions décrites par plusieurs critères qualificatifs ordinaux
The evaluation of microfinance institutions and the decision-making in the management of "microcrédits" are the motivations af these works. To bring solutions to these problems, we have developped a multicriteria decision aid methodology. This methodology aimed to perform "selection/elimination" tasks on objects in a multiactor context, where several points of view can be expressed. The methodology is composed of three stages. Initially, we determine the individual decision strategies of each expert. They are represented by "if then" rules. The second stages consists of computing a set rules, which takes into account the various decision strategies. Then we have a kind of "epistemic decision maker". This operation structures the decision space into three ordered zones : one for elimination, one for selection and the last one for doubt when the decision makers do not converge sufficiently. The third stage of our method provides a recommendationdecision makers when a new action is presented. Therefore, the classification of a new action is made easily for the first two zones. We propose a new decision aid method to perform recommendations for actions located in the doubt zone. This methodology is applied in Cameroon for the microfinance institutions selection process for refinancing in the PCRD (Projet Crédit Rural décentralisé), a decentralized rural credit project. It can be extended to other contexts and problems where several decision makers cooperate to make tasks of judgement on actions described by several ordinal qualitative criteria
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García, Pérez Icíar. "Sustainability in Microfinance Institutions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666062.

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Inspired by the 1999 Program of Action defined by the United Nations, which describes eight pragmatic areas for a Culture of Peace. My proposal will work on the section 'Sustainable economic and social development' evaluating microfinance and the organizations that manage them, as a tool to achieve this objective. Immersed in a global context and under the prism of sustainability, the performance analysis of the organizations activity can not be done only from its economic exercise, but it is necessary to measure its impact under a wider range of criteria (Fernández et al., 2013). The main objective of this thesis will be to contribute to the improvement of research in this sector, presenting a global vision of the behaviour of MFIs in terms of sustainable performance, based on a model that articulates the financial, environmental, social and governance dimensions of integrated form.
Inspirado en el Programa de Acción de 1999 definido por Naciones Unidas en el que se describen ocho ámbitos pragmáticos para una Cultura de Paz. Mi propuesta trabajará sobre el apartado ‘Desarrollo económico y social sostenible’ evaluando las microfinanzas y las organizaciones que las gestionan, como herramienta para la consecución de este objetivo. Inmersos en un contexto global y bajo el prisma de la sostenibilidad, el análisis de desempeño de la actividad de las organizaciones no puede realizarse únicamente desde su ejercicio económico, sino que es preciso medir su impacto bajo una mayor amplitud de criterios (Fernández et al., 2013). El principal objetivo de esta tesis será contribuir a la mejora de la investigación de este sector, presentando una visión global del comportamiento de las IMFs en términos de desempeño sostenible, basado en un modelo que articule las dimensiones financiera, ambiental, social y de gobernanza de forma integrada.
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Abd, El-Maksoud Sarah. "Performance of microfinance institutions." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/8363.

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Microfinance is regarded as a financial development tool used in fighting poverty by providing the poor with financial services such as microloans, savings, insurance and money transfers thereby gradually lifting them out of poverty. Improving the performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) makes them more capable of better serving more poor people, contributing to the development and enhancement of their economies and improving the welfare of the poor. It is therefore of great importance to study the performance of MFIs from different aspects in order to understand how they operate, what causes their success/failure, and try to find ways to enhance MFI performance to get the most possible benefit out of them. This thesis consists of three interconnected studies, each of which addresses the performance of MFIs from a different aspect. The first study examines the effect of the external environment on MFI performance worldwide in order to identify the context that is best suitable for MFI success, with a special emphasis on the MENA region. The second study investigates the causal relationship between microfinance and formal banking sector development in order to help improve the performance of MFIs with the possible help of the banking sector. The third study tests whether a trade-off exists between the two most pursued goals by MFIs: profitability and outreach in order to help MFIs find a way to achieve both goals simultaneously. A balanced panel dataset of 124 MFIs from 45 countries worldwide for the period 2004-2011 is used in conducting the three studies by applying multiple linear regression models and PVAR model using GMM. Results reveal that the external environment surrounding an MFI significantly influences MFI performance which helps in explaining the uneven performance of MFIs worldwide. It is also concluded that MFIs in the MENA region are the most profitable on average compared to MFIs in other regions which is mainly driven by GDP per capita, whereas South Asian MFIs tend to outperform MFIs in the MENA region when it comes to outreach. Additionally, it is concluded that MFI sustainability and banking sector development do not Granger cause each other, but MFI outreach tends to Granger cause formal banking sector development. Finally, no evidence of trade-off between MFI profitability and outreach is found except when the effect of profitability on outreach is disaggregated by MFI type.
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14

Batin, Artyom. "Risk management in microfinance institutions." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201080.

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In the following paper I have tried to find the correlation between type of ownership and effective risk management in the operations of microfinance institutions in India. The results found are consistent with the current findings of how the type of ownership does not impact both the financial or social performance of MFIs. Dataset of 72 MFIs was acquired from the Microfinance Information Exchange on MFIs and evaluated using an OLS regression. The results show that the type of ownership insignificantly impacts both the credit and liquidity risk ratios of MFIs. It is possible that the impact of ownership type is more evident in other aspects of operations. In the future, a study on type of ownership and exposure to strategic and market risks could be a way forward.
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15

Sukadi, Mata Ritha. "Microfinance and remittances." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209717.

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Remittances (money sent home by migrants) to developing countries are estimated to have reached US$ 325 billion in 2010 (World Bank, 2011). These amounts reflect only officially recorded transfers, transferred through formal channels and calculated as the sum of three items of the Balance of Payments Statistics, namely: compensation of employees, workers’ remittances and migrants’ transfers (Salomone, 2006; Aggarwal et al. 2011). Unrecorded remittances could represent 50 to 100% of recorded flows (World Bank, 2006; Hagen-Zanker and Siegel, 2007).

Remittances are three times the size of official development assistance (ODA) and the second source of external funds after foreign direct investment (FDI) for developing countries. Given their weight in receiving countries’ economies and household livelihood in many developing countries (for instance, remittances flows represent more than 25% of Lesotho’ and Moldavia’s gross domestic product in 2008), there is increasing policy and research interest in remittances as development resource. Furthermore, unlike FDI and ODA, remittances have the particularity to be directly affected to families, even those in remote areas, where development funds don’t arrive (Shaw, 2006). The thesis addresses the relationship between microfinance and the impact remittances have on domestic investment in developing countries.

Like other sources of external finance, remittances allow the economy to invest in human and physical capital (health, education), which contribute to growth (Ziesemer, 2006; Acosta et al. 2008). However, as remittances may be either directly consumed (remittances allow households to smooth their consumption, see for instance Lucas and Stark, 1985 and Glytsos, 2005) or used to invest in physical and human capital, it appears that their impact on domestic investment is perceived to be low or limited, given the amount of money they represent each year. According to literature, this is due to the small share that is dedicated to the launch or the support of economic activities. Actually, the allocation between consumption and investment, which depends on various factors such as the level of dependence households have with remittances, the migrant gender, and the existence of a credit constraint, varies on average around 10-20% of remittances that are not directly consumed (Salomone, 2006; Sorensen, 2004; Orozco, 2004). In the thesis we focus on the share of remittances that is saved and wonder how to maximize its impact, whatever this share. We are interested in the role of microfinance institutions, as actors of the financial sector, on this issue. Actually, two recent contributions, Mundaca (2009), and Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz (2009), stress the role of the development of the financial sector. More precisely, the thesis focuses on a set of questions or issues that may be important for the microfinance industry to consider when interested in remittances flows and the deposits they may generate.

Financial development is generally defined as “increasing efficiency of allocating financial resources and monitoring capital projects, through encouraging competition and increasing the importance of the financial system. In other words, the development is about structure, size and efficiency of a financial system” (Huang, 2006). A large line of research work provides evidence that development of a financial system is a key driver of economic growth.

King and Levine (1993) argue that greater financial development increases economic growth. Levine and Zervos (1993) shows that growth is related to stock market activity, among other variables. Levine (1999) finds a significant effect of determinants of financial intermediation on economic growth. Beck et al. (2004) find strong evidence in favor of the financial-services view which stresses that financial systems provide key financial services, crucial for firm creation, industrial expansion, and economic growth. Levine (1997), Levine et al. (2000), and Beck et al. (2000) also stress the impact of financial development on growth. There is also an empirical literature that argues that the expansion and the deepening of the financial system lead to higher investment (see for instance Rajan and Zingales, 1998; Demirgüç-Kunt and Macksimovic, 1998).

By providing financial services to people whom traditionally do not have access to financial institutions, microfinance institutions (MFIs) may contribute to increasing the size of the financial system in many developing countries. Actually, according to the CFSI’s 2011 report, the one thousand-plus MFIs that report to the Microfinance Information eXchange (MIX) have 88 million borrowers and 76 million savers. Total assets of these MFIs amount to US$ 60 billion (CFSI, 2011).

The quite recent literature on remittances, financial development and growth can be categorized under two main approaches (Brown et al. 2011). One approach explores the relationship between remittances and financial development, with a view to assessing their impact on the level of financial development in receiving countries. The underlying argument is that remittances potentially contribute to financial development through both demand- and supply- side effects: by increasing households’ demand for and use of banking services, and by increasing the availability of loanable funds to the financial sector. According to this approach which consider the direct relationship between remittances and financial development, remittances have an impact on both financial outreach and depth in receiving countries, respectively through the fostering of financial literacy among remittances receivers and through the increasing availability of funds (see for instance Gupta et al. 2009, Aggarwal et al. 2011, Brown et al. 2011).

The second approach examines the remittances – financial development relationship indirectly by investigating how the given level of financial development in a country affects the impact of remittances on growth. This growth-focused approach allows for interactions between remittances and financial development in estimating growth equations for remittances receiving countries. Within the set of studies related to this approach, two opposing positions have emerged. The first position hypothesizes that the greater availability of financial services helps channel remittances to better use, thus boosting their overall impact on growth. Remittances are seen as financial flows in search of good investment projects, and good financial institutions are needed to facilitate the channeling of remittances to such investments. In this sense, remittances and financial system are complements. This position is supported by Mundaca (2009) who find that financial intermediation increases the responsiveness of growth to remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean over the 1970-2002 period. Other few studies also argue that channeling remittances through the banking sector enhances their development impact (see for instance Hinojosa Ojeda, 2003 and Terry and Wilson, 2005).

The other position argues that remittances contribute to investment and growth by substituting for inefficiencies in credit and capital markets. Remittances provide an alternative source of funding for profitable investments by alleviating liquidity constraints. In this sense, remittances promote growth more in less financially developed countries by substituting for lack of credits from financial institutions. This hypothesis is supported by Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz (2009) who argue that poor households use remittances to finance informal investment in poorly developed financial markets with liquidity constraints. In their study, they interact remittances with a measure of financial development in standard growth equations, for a sample of 73 countries over the 1975-2002 period. Ramirez and Sharma (2009) obtain similar results using data from 23 Latin American countries over the 1990-2005 period.

The thesis contributes to existing knowledge on this indirect, growth-focused approach. Given the two existing opposite views on remittances impact on investment and the level of financial intermediation (a high level of financial development implies a high level of financial intermediation), in the thesis we first analyze the relationship that links these variables. We then analyses questions related to microfinance institutions (MFIs), as financial intermediaries.

Our focus on microfinance is made from two different perspectives, leading to different research questions. First, from the demand or microfinance clients’ perspective, we question about the interest for them to have MFIs entering the money transfers market (through the money transfer facilities and/or financial products that may be directly linked to remittances). The underlying argument is that MFIs enter the remittances market by providing money transfer services because there is a need for such services (and for other financial services) from their (potential) clients who are remittances receivers and migrants. According to this point of view, MFIs can contribute to recycle remittances flows into the financial system by contributing to the financial inclusion of remittances receivers and migrants thanks to the supply of adapted financial products. The occurrence of this assumption can therefore be measured by considering the involvement of MFIs on the remittances market as a determinant of financial inclusion indicators. Second, from the supply or MFIs’ perspective, we question about the rationale for MFIs to enter the remittances market. Here, the underlying argument is that MFIs are interested in operating on the remittances market because working with migrants can potentially contributes to the improvement of their financial and social performances. According to this perspective, remittances market opportunities as well as MFIs’ characteristics will determine the offer of money transfer services by MFIs. This supply approach therefore leads to the consideration of money transfers activities in MFIs as depending on remittances market opportunities and institutional variables.

Therefore, our papers related to microfinance will be articulated around these two questions (interest for clients and rationale for MFIs to have MFIs operating on the money transfers industry) by focusing, as argued earlier, on the deposits resulting from remittances flows.

As a matter of facts, by studying the relationship between microfinance and remittances respectively through the demand and the supply perspective, we raise causality issues related to MFIs’ money transfer activities and their impacts on MFIs performances. Actually, MFIs’ characteristics such as the right to collect public savings, as a potential source of efficiency gains, may significantly determine the supply of a money transfer service (MFIs’ perspective), while a money transfer service may itself be the determinant of some MFIs’ performance indicators related to financial inclusion, such as the volume of deposits made by clients (demand approach). However, given currently existing data on MFIs’ involvement on the remittances market we cannot consider simultaneously both perspectives in order to implement causality treatment techniques. Actually, the indicator of MFIs’ involvement we will use in our regressions is time invariant, therefore we are not able to build instrumental variables for instance (such as lagged values of our variable of interest) to eliminate econometric issues in our regressions. Nevertheless, through these two approaches taken separately, we contribute to some extend to the knowledge by putting in perspective different issues at stake for the microfinance industry.

Before we tackle our research questions we have an introductory chapter related to remittances flows: what are their trends, determinants and characteristics? The chapter also includes the definition of money transfer activities that we will use in the thesis, as well as an overview of MFIs’ involvement on the money transfers market.

Then, our research framework is divided into 4 sub-questions. The first one, treated in Chapter 2, is about the relationship between our variables of interest. What is the impact of the financial sector development (FSD) on the remittances’ impact on investment? This chapter aims at stressing the relationship existing between financial intermediation and remittances’ impacts on investment, which motivated our focus on MFIs (as financial intermediaries between remittances and the formal economy) in the following chapters. We focus on two transaction costs that decline with FSD. The first is the “Cost of Bank Depositing”, henceforth CDEP, which measures the difficulties of savers, particularly the less well-off, of depositing their savings in the formal banking system. The second transaction cost is the “Cost of External Finance”, henceforth CEXF, which measures the marginal cost for the banking system of borrowing in global financial markets. This cost is notably associated with the robustness of the country’s financial sector. In a stylized model of the lendable funds market, we analyze how both these variables affect the marginal effect of remittances on investment. We test model’s propositions using country-level data on remittances, investment, and proxies for both CDEP and CEXF, on a sample of 100 developing countries. We perform empirical tests using both cross-section and panel-data with country fixed effects, over the period 1975-2004. The results demonstrate, theoretically and empirically, that remittances and ease of access to the banking sector act as complements to stimulate domestic investment, while remittances and external borrowing are substitutes. We find that remittances flows stimulate local investment, as a part of remittances indeed become banks’ deposits, which increases the availability of lendable funds, reduces the interest rate and stimulates investment. In terms of policy implication, results suggest that enhancing financial sector development is crucial as it allows remittances to better fuel domestic investment. This is even truer when the access to international funds is difficult or costly. Improving the financial inclusion of remittances receivers by developing domestic banks’ ability to collect their savings is then a straightforward recommendation to policymakers who want to improve remittances impact on investment.

The second question, developed in Chapter 3 is related to the demand perspective of the relationship between microfinance and remittances. We want to assess whether there is a need from remittances receivers for financial products that may be linked to remittances. We aboard this question by assessing whether the supply of MTA leads to higher volume of deposits mobilized by MFIs, meaning that MFIs actually contribute or succeed in turning remittances into deposits. Using an original database of 114 MFIs –operating in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), South Asia (SA), East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), and Africa–, we perform empirical tests to study whether MFIs are able to capture migrants’ savings thanks to their money transfer activity. We test the impact of money transfer activity on deposits, using the natural logarithm of deposits as explained variable. Our main result suggests that money transfer activity has a significant positive impact on savings collection. MFIs involved in the remittances market thus attract more savings than MFIs that are not involved in it, probably coming from migrants and remittances receivers who are in need of adapted financial services. This confirms the opportunity MFIs may represent as a tool or a channel to improve remittances impact on investment. In that sense, MFIs should then be encouraged to operate on the remittances market, and to design financial products dedicated to migrants and remittances receivers.

The third question, developed in Chapter 4, is related to the supply approach of the relationship between remittances and microfinance. More precisely, we try to identify factors that seem to explain the availability of such service in the scope of services provided by MFIs. In this chapter, we focus first on potential sources of efficiency gains linked to the money transfer activity as a rationale for diversification (i.e. the expansion of the offer). And second, using an original database of 435 MFIs –operating in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), South Asia (SA), East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), and Africa–, we perform empirical tests using cross-section over the year 2006, to identify which environmental and institutional parameters have an impact on the willingness of a MFI to provide a money transfer service. We test the impact of various variables that are related to one of the rationale for MFIs to enter the money transfer market, namely economies of scale and scope as a source of efficiency gains, on the probability to have a money transfer service provided by a given MFI. Our main result suggests that the size, as well as the fact that an MFI collects savings have a positive and significant impact on this probability, while the level of financial development negatively impact it. This confirms among other things that the ability to realize economies of scale through a potential increase of collected deposits may be a determinant of managers’ choice to diversify. Policies that contribute to reduce entry barriers in low financially developed countries should then, among other things, be encouraged to have MFIs fully playing their role of intermediaries between remittances and the (formal) economy.

The chapter 5 questions about the institutional consequences for MFIs to collect migrants’ savings. The aim of this chapter is to give an insight on the opportunity migrants’ money (including remittances) could represent for the microfinance industry as a source of stable medium- and long-term funds. It is therefore related to the supply approach and the motivation for MFIs to enter the remittances market by analyzing the impact of migrants’ deposits (which include remittances) on another potential source of efficiency gains, namely the internal capital market. Through a case study approach, this chapter is devoted to the analysis of funding risk in microfinance, comparing migrants’ and locals’ time deposits. Migrants’ time deposits are expected to be of longer term and more stable (in terms of early withdrawals) than locals’ deposits. This assumption had never been tested yet. Based on an original database of 7,828 deposit contracts issued between 2002 and 2008 by 12 village banks belonging to a major Malian rural microfinance network (PASECA-Kayes), we used the Cox proportional hazard model to identify the variables that have an impact on the probability to have early withdrawals, and the technique of re-sampling to calculate withdrawal rates and deposits at risk. Results from the Cox methodology suggest that the migration status is not a direct determinant for the probability to have an early withdrawal. However, this probability increases with the amount deposited and the term of the contract which are both higher for migrants compared to non-migrants. The re-sampling method results suggest that withdrawal rates are not the same for the two categories of depositors observed. We find higher withdrawal rate distributions for migrants than for locals. The value at risk is also higher on migrants’ deposits than on locals’ deposits. However, as migrants tend to deposit for longer term than locals, through the calculation of durations we have measured to which extend migrants’ deposits still have a positive impact on MFIs’ liabilities. It appears that migrants’ money has a marginal but positive impact on time deposits durations, either when considering early withdrawals, which impacts are very limited, except in 2007 (the worst year in terms of amount withdrawn early). As our results show that MFIs that receive migrants’ deposits are not necessarily better-off than without migrants’ money in terms of funding risk - and durations - this paper has stressed the importance of assessing more carefully the role of migrants for the microfinance industry.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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16

Vu, Chi Thi Cam. "Microsavings and performance of microfinance institutions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7272/.

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This thesis investigates the effects of micro-saving on the performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) using unbalanced panels that straddle the period 2000-2012. This issue is also examined in a country-specific case study of Vietnam. There are four important findings. First, we found that serving more voluntary savers is costly and curtails depth of microfinance outreach. Second, micro-savings, in terms of the total deposits and the number of deposit accounts per staff member have a positive and significant impact on financial sustainability, cost-efficiency and breadth of outreach of MFIs. Third, a trade-off between financial sustainability and depth of outreach was found for deposit-taking MFIs, compared with MFIs that do not offer micro-savings financial products. Fourth, the findings from the cross-country studies are consistent with the findings from Vietnam. Overall, these findings have important implications for policy makers, microfinance practitioners and researchers.
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17

Laureti, Carolina. "Product design in microfinance." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209214.

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The poor need a range of financial services to cope with shocks, to manage day-to-day transactions, and to grasp business opportunities, among others. To be successful in reaching the poor, microfinance institutions should offer products that meet the poor’s needs. Product design, therefore, is becoming a very important topic. “Behavioral” product design pinpoints the importance of individuals’ behavioral anomalies, such as procrastination behavior and lack of self-control. Financial products are seen as commitment devices to help individuals diverting money from immediate consumption to savings and investment.

This doctoral thesis contributes to this recent research stream by first surveying the literature on product design in microfinance, and then providing an empirical and a theoretical contribution. Precisely, the thesis is structured in four chapters. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are both reviewing the literature. Chapter 1, titled “Product Flexibility in Microfinance: A Survey”, reviews the academic literature on product flexibility in microfinance and offers a categorization scheme of flexible microfinance products. Chapter 2, titled “Innovative Flexible Products in Microfinance”, scrutinizes nine real-life practices covering microcredit, micro-savings and micro-insurance services that mix flexible features and commitment devices. Chapter 3, titled “The Debt Puzzle in Dhaka’s Slums: Do Liquidity Needs Explain Co-Holding?”, examines the use of flexible savings-and-loan accounts by SafeSave’s clients and tests whether the need for liquidity explains why the poor save and borrow simultaneously. Lastly, Chapter 4, titled “Having it Both Ways: A Theory of the Banking Firm with Time-consistent and Time-inconsistent Depositors,” proposes a theoretical model to determine the liquidity premium offered by a monopolistic bank to a pool of depositors composed of time-consistent and time-inconsistent agents.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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18

Sackey, Frank Gyimah. "Essays on microfinance institutions and human capital." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404021.

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El primer capítol examina la mesura que l'accés al crèdit i el racionament del crèdit estan influenciats pel tipus de microfinances basat en els principals factors que determinen les micro, accés de les petites i mitjanes empreses al crèdit de les institucions de microfinances en l'era de la liberalització financera. Les dades per a l'estudi van ser recollits dels registres de crèdit i préstecs de les institucions de microfinances que comprenia les diverses peces d'informació proporcionades pels prestataris en el procés de sol·licitud de préstec. Els nostres resultats són desconcertants i mostren que el racionament del crèdit no està influenciada pels tipus de microfinances sinó per les empreses microfinanceres individuals. Els nostres resultats també mostren que el tipus microfinances Govern és el més greu en el comportament de racionament El segon capítol té per objecte provar la política de microfinançament de Ghana, creat per donar suport i capacitar les persones vulnerables a través de l'accés al crèdit. Es recorre a la descomposició Blinder-Oaxaca per determinar si hi ha una discriminació positiva a favor de les dones i els joves empresaris en el comportament de racionament de les empreses de microfinances. Això és el que hauríem d'esperar si la política és efectiva. Els nostres resultats mostren que fins i tot després de controlar un gran nombre de característiques del prestatari, el tipus de microfinances i les variables de solvència creditícia, hi ha una discriminació positiva que afavoreix a les dones empresàries i joves. El tercer i últim capítol examina la importància de les característiques dels països africans "líders" i transicions de règim i com aquests factors afecten l'estat de salut com un indicador de desenvolupament dels seus ciutadans utilitzant taxa de mortalitat infantil com a mesura. Un conjunt de dades única que comprèn 45 països de l'Àfrica subsahariana que abasta des de 1970 t0 2010 es van utilitzar per a l'estudi. Els resultats globals suggereixen un avantatge democràtica en el procés d'aconseguir resultats eficaços de política de salut per promoure la salut i el benestar dels ciutadans a l'Àfrica subsahariana contemporània, almenys en el llarg termini.
El primer capítulo examina la medida en que el acceso al crédito y el racionamiento del crédito están influenciados por el tipo de microfinanzas basado en los principales factores que determinan las micro, acceso de las pequeñas y medianas empresas al crédito de las instituciones de microfinanzas en la era de la liberalización financiera. Los datos para el estudio fueron recogidos de los registros de crédito y préstamos de las instituciones de microfinanzas que comprendía las diversas piezas de información proporcionados por los prestatarios en el proceso de solicitud de préstamo. Nuestros resultados son desconcertantes y muestran que el racionamiento del crédito no está influenciada por los tipos de microfinanzas sino por las empresas microfinancieras individuales. Nuestros resultados también muestran que el tipo microfinanzas Gobierno es el más grave en el comportamiento de racionamiento El segundo capítulo tiene por objeto probar la política de microfinanciación de Ghana, creado para apoyar y capacitar a las personas vulnerables a través del acceso al crédito. Se recurre a la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca para determinar si existe una discriminación positiva a favor de las mujeres y los jóvenes empresarios en el comportamiento de racionamiento de las empresas de microfinanzas. Esto es lo que deberíamos esperar si la política es efectiva. Nuestros resultados muestran que incluso después de controlar un gran número de características del prestatario, el tipo de microfinanzas y las variables de solvencia crediticia, existe una discriminación positiva que favorece a las mujeres empresarias y jóvenes. El tercer y último capítulo examina la importancia de las características de los países africanos "líderes" y transiciones de régimen y cómo estos factores afectan el estado de salud como un indicador de desarrollo de sus ciudadanos utilizando tasa de mortalidad infantil como medida. Un conjunto de datos única que comprende 45 países del África subsahariana que abarca desde 1970 t0 2010 se utilizaron para el estudio. Los resultados globales sugieren una ventaja democrática en el proceso de lograr resultados eficaces de política de salud para promover la salud y el bienestar de los ciudadanos en el África subsahariana contemporánea, al menos en el largo plazo.
The first chapter examines the extent to which access to credit and credit rationing are influenced by the microfinance type based on the major factors determining micro, small and medium enterprises’ access to credit from microfinance institutions in the era of financial liberalization. The data for the study were gleaned from the microfinance institutions’ credit and loan records consisting of the various pieces of information provided by the borrowers in the loan application process. Our results are puzzling and show that credit rationing is not influenced by the microfinance types but by the individual microfinance companies. Our results also show that the Government microfinance type is the most severe in the rationing behavior The second chapter aims at testing the Ghana Microfinance Policy, set up to support and empower the vulnerable through access to credit. We resort to the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to determine if there is positive discrimination in favour of women and young entrepreneurs in the rationing behavior of the microfinance companies. This is what we should expect if the policy is effective. Our results show that even after controlling for a large number of borrower characteristics, microfinance type and credit worthiness variables, there is positive discrimination that favors female and young entrepreneurs. The third and the last chapter looks at the importance of African countries’ leaders’ characteristics and regime transitions and how these factors affect the health status as a development indicator of their citizens using infant mortality rate as a measure. A unique dataset comprising 45 sub-Saharan African countries spanning from 1970 t0 2010 were used for the study. The overall results are suggestive of a democratic advantage in the process of achieving effective health policy outcomes for promoting health and the wellbeing of the citizens in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa, at least in the long run.
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19

Chiumya, Chiara. "Regulation of microfinance institutions : Zambian case study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488427.

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20

Lekatsa, Teboho. "The sustainability of microfinance institutions in South." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29002.

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Microfinance targets the poor and very poor, both in urban and rural areas. It has become a common method of poverty alleviation in many developing countries. Several microfinance institutions have adopted a social mission to eradicate poverty by providing credit to the poor. In the past, microfinance organizations used to focus on farmers in rural areas. Modern microfinance programs are focused on the population that is largely neglected by the formal financial sector, specifically women. Due to the perceived risk in this type of uncollateralized lending, private equity markets are not keen on financing microfinance institutions. Furthermore, microfinance institutions are seen as socially motivated as opposed to being financially motivated. For that reason, their profitability and sustainability has come under question in the last decade. Two approaches to the issue of sustainability exist. The dominant institutionist approach argues that microfinance institutions should focus on being sustainable as this will improve their chances of alleviating poverty. The welfarist approach disagrees with this view by arguing that focusing on sustainability will result in the neglect of the poorest of the poor. This study analyses the sustainability of microfinance in South Africa by using a case study research approach. The study explores the challenges to sustainability in South Africa. The results of the study indicate that the microfinance institutions are not profitable nor self- sufficient. The most notable challenge to this sustainability is the high personnel costs. South African MFIs experience higher operating costs than their African counterparts. The study also indicates that the more financially sound microfinance institutions have a lower level of depth outreach than the more subsidy dependent institutions.
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Annim, Samuel Kobina. "Microfinance paradigm : institutional performance and outreach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microfinance-paradigm-institutional-performance-and-outreach(2b19d49b-ce81-49fe-b8ff-e65c20c7aa21).html.

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Microfinance research concerns addressed in this thesis relate to: (1) targeting of clients vis-à-vis financial sustainability; (2) loan size effect of interest rate and clients’ well-being status; (3) economic governance and the dual objectives of microfinance institutions; and (4) patterns, trends and drivers of microfinance institution’s efficiency. The thesis emphasises operational issues that affect institutional performance and outreach of microfinance institutions rather than impact of microfinance intervention on poverty reduction. The thesis revolves around four empirical chapters that seek to address the above research concerns. Both micro and macro-level analyses have been explored with the aim of identifying institutional and public policies that drive the success of microfinance interventions. Micro level data from households in Ghana and cross country data mainly from the Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) market are used. Varied microeconometric techniques (ordinary least squares, instrumental variable estimation, quantile regression, pooled regression, fixed and random effects estimations, Hausman-Taylor, Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition, stochastic frontier analysis and non-parametric efficiency estimations) are used depending on the hypotheses being considered in each of the empirical chapters. The main findings are: observed trade-off between financial sustainability and reaching poorer clients; formal institutions dispensing their own funds target poorer clients; pronounced variations in responsiveness of loan size to interest rate changes; semi-elasticity of loan amount responsiveness to a unit change in interest rate is more than proportionate and very significant for the poorest group; lesser time in securing property and availability of credit information show positive effects in targeting poorer clients; both type (pure technical and scale) and scope (narrow and broad) of financial efficiency show varying trends; and lastly, negative effects of bureaucracies in property registration and lack of credit information on social efficiency are also observed. This thesis suggests the following recommendations both for management of microfinance institutions and other stakeholders including international microfinance investors and government: harmonizing microfinance programmes irrespective of the source of funds; segmenting microfinance outreach markets based on socio-economic well-being; curtailing bureaucracies in property registration; and providing credit related information. These are paramount to the success of the microfinance paradigm, especially in achieving its social objective.
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Amin, Azmat Najma. "Commercialisation de Microfinance : comment les Institutions de Microfinance (IMFs) peut attirer les investisseurs ?" Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2029/document.

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Cette recherche examine le lien entre la Responsabilité Sociale d’Enterprise (RSE) des Institutions de Microfinance (IMFs) et les investisseurs étrangers (F.Is) dans le contexte où la micro finance commercialisée a un double objectif (DBL). Le cadre théorique et conceptuel de cette étude comprend la théorie de l'agence, la théorie des parties prenantes, la théorie de la dépendance aux ressources et le concept d'Investissement Socialement Responsable (ISR). L'étude empirique est basée sur un processus en deux étapes, une première étude qualitative exploratoire réalisée à travers des entretiens semi-directif avec 9 gestionnaires de fonds (ISR) afin de bien comprendre le sujet et d'enrichir les théories et les concepts. La deuxième étape consiste en une analyse quantitative à l'aide des modèles des moindres carrés ordinaires (OLS) et de la régression logistique en utilisant les données de 615 IMF pour l'année 2012 pour vérifier le lien entre les F.Is et la RSE et si la performance financière joue un rôle de médiateur ou de modérateur. Pour la première fois en microfinance, une définition globale / multi dimensionnelle de la RSE est utilisée et des indicateurs calculés sur la base de cela. Les résultats montrent que la RSE est un facteur clé dans les décisions d'investissement de F.Is et il montre un effet de médiation de la performance financière sur la relation entre la RSE et F.Is. Afin d'assurer l'accès aux services financiers au bas de la pyramide, les IMFs ont besoin d'avoir accès aux investisseurs étrangers. Comme la RSE est prise en compte par les investisseurs dans leur décision d'investissement, les IMF doivent donc se concentrer sur la gestion et la présentation des activités pertinentes de RSE afin d'attirer et de satisfaire ces investisseurs
This research examines the link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and foreign investors (F.Is) in the context that commercialized Microfinance has double-bottom-line. The theoretical and conceptual framework for this study includes the agency theory, stakeholder’s theory, resource dependence theory and the concept of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). The empirical study is based on a two-step process, an initial exploratory qualitative study carried out through semi-structured interviews with 9 fund managers (SRI) in order to understand well the topic and enrich the theories and concepts. The second step is a quantitative analysis through ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models using data of 615 MFIs for the year 2012 to verify the link between F.I and CSR and if financial performance plays a mediator or moderator role. For the first time in microfinance, a comprehensive/multi-dimensional definition of CSR is used and indicators calculated based on that. The results show that CSR is a key factor in investment decisions of F.Is and it shows a mediation effect of financial performance on the relationship between CSR and F.Is. In order to provide access to financial services at the bottom of the pyramid, MFIs need access to foreign investors. As CSR is taken into account by investors in their investment decision, therefore, MFIs need to focus on managing and reporting relevant CSR activities in order to attract and satisfy these investors
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Ageeli, Ather. "From international social economic to the cooperative finance : illustration by a comparative study of the action of French and Saoudi institution ofsocial finance." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH044.

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La présente thèse vise à confirmer le rôle important des institutions financières coopératives en Arabie saoudite. La finance coopérative dans KSA est un nouveau modèle d'institutions financières créées à des fins non lucratives, fermement liées à l'économie sociale. Les principaux objectifs de la thèse élaborée est d'identifier la contribution des institutions de microcrédit en Arabie Saoudite comme une alternative de financement pour aider les pauvres à améliorer leurs conditions de vie et à éradiquer la pauvreté.La thèse offre une nouvelle alternative de financement pour les personnes exclues de l'accès aux fonds du système bancaire classique et tente de mettre en évidence les effets positifs du microcrédit sur ces bénéficiaires. Dans la recherche empirique, l'auteur a principalement mené une enquête sur les clients des institutions de microcrédit en essayant de déterminer si l'attribution du microcrédit avait changé la vie des bénéficiaires et amélioré leurs conditions de vie et de lutter contre la pauvreté.L'enquête empirique est axée sur une approche quantitative. La recherche repose sur la distribution d'un questionnaire sur un échantillon de clients recevant les services financiers des institutions de microcrédit. Le choix de l'échantillon de l'étude a été sévèrement mené : les questions ont été posées sur 2 groupes d'individus : le premier groupe est composé des clients des institutions de microcrédit et le second comprend les témoins du programme (ne recevant pas de crédits).Les résultats de la recherche empirique encouragent les services financiers fournis par les institutions de microcrédit, jouant un rôle central dans l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations pauvres et l'amélioration des activités économiques des bénéficiaires des crédits. L'enquête a permis de déduire que le microcrédit a eu des effets positifs à différents niveaux. Il a eu une incidence positive sur la capacité de contrôle des ressources et la capacité de gestion des clients et a augmenté le fonds de roulement de l'activité économique et a amélioré la taille de l'entreprise dans la communauté des bénéficiaires en créant de nouvelles opportunités d'emplois
The present dissertation is an attempt to bear out the significant role of cooperative finance institutions in Saudi Arabia. Cooperative finance in KSA is a new pattern of finance institutions created for non-lucrative purpose, firmly related to social economy. The main objectives of the elaborated thesis is to identify the contribution of institutions of microcredit in Saudi Arabia as an alternative of funding to assist the poor to improve their conditions of living and to eradicate poverty.The dissertation is providing a new alternative of funding for excluded individuals from the access to the funds of classical banking system and attempts to highlight the positive effects of microcredit on those beneficiaries. In the empirical research, the author principally conducted a survey on the customers of the microcredit institutions trying to determine if the attribution of microcredit had changed the life of the beneficiaries and enhanced their living conditions and to fight poverty.The empirical investigation focuses on a quantitative approach survey. The research relies on the distribution of a questionnaire on a sample of customers receiving the financial services of microcredit institutions. The choice of the sample of the study was severely conducted: the questions was posed on 2 groups of individuals: the first group is made up of the customers of the microcredit institutions and the second is including the witnesses of the program (not receiving credits).The findings of the empirical research are encouraging the financial services provided by microcredit institutions, playing a pivotal role in enhancing the conditions of living of poor population and improving the economic activities of the recipients of the credits. The survey allowed to deduce that microcredit had positive effects on various levels. It positively affected the abilities of control of the resources and the ability of management the customers and had increased the working capital of the economic activity and had improved the size of the business in the community of the beneficiaries through creating new opportunities for jobs
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Paul, Bénédique. "Le capital institutionnel dans l'analyse du changement économique et social : application au secteur de la microfinance en Haïti." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10006.

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Les développements théoriques de l'économie (néo-)institutionnelle ont gagné récemment le débat sur le développement. En même temps, le rôle des institutions est progressivement intégré dans l'analyse des stratégies de développement. Notre recherche dont le champ empirique est le cas de la microfinance en Haïti s'inscrit dans cette optique. Elle part de l'idée que le changement économique et social à la base du développement implique l'articulation d'un ensemble d'actifs matériels et immatériels. Le développement apparaît alors comme étant le processus sinon le résultat de la mobilisation d'un ensemble de capitaux. Aussi, nous avons cherché à montrer que les institutions économiques qui structurent les interactions entre les individus constituent une forme de capital : le capital institutionnel. Appliquée à l'analyse de l'intermédiation microfinancière en Haïti, le capital institutionnel s'est révélé un élément déterminant dans la mise en oeuvre des stratégies de développement. Il apparaît comme un apport des organisations de microfinance. Il agit sur les comportements des bénéficiaires des services microfinanciers et se traduit par des conséquences économiques et sociales mesurables. A la lumière de preuves empiriques, nous sommes parvenus à la conclusion suivante : le capital institutionnel compte, à la fois comme outil analytique et comme actif véhiculé par les acteurs pour guider les comportements dans le sens du changement souhaité
Theories in (New) Institutional Economics won recently the development debate. Meanwhile, the role of institutions is being taken into account progressively in development strategies analysis. Our research in Haitian Microfinance follows the same logic. Its fundamental idea is that development implies economic and social change and this is the result of a pattern of material and immaterial assets. Then, development is viewed as the process or outcome from the interaction of several capitals. In this study, we show that economic institutions structuring relations between economic agents are constitutive of a form of capital: the institutional capital. With an analysis based in the Haitian microfinancial intermediation, we find that institutional capital is a determinant condition for development strategies implementation. In microfinancial intermediation, institutional capital is a production of microfinance organizations. It influences users' behaviors of microfinancial services and generates economic and social outcomes. The main conclusion of our study using empirical evidence is the following: institutional capital matters, either for analytic purpose or as an asset used by economic agents to modify behaviors for change
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Smit, Nicol. "Sustainability of commercial microfinance institutions in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97443.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The approach to offering financial services to the poor has evolved over the past decades. The microfinance schism between the two paradigms, institutionist and welfarist, has yet to be narrowed by evidence of greater success of the one over the other. The drive for commercialisation of microfinance institutions has spurred many crises across the globe and the validity of the argument that commercial microfinance is more sustainable has come under scrutiny. This research report dissects the sustainability of African Bank and Capitec, two commercial microfinance institutions. Accounting ratios are applied to the audited financial data of both microfinance institutions to measure their sustainability from 2007 up to their most recent audited results. The research has found that both microfinance institutions experienced rapid growth since 2007, primarily driven by larger average loan sizes over longer terms. The research shows that Capitec has more diverse sources of revenue and depends less on its loan portfolio to generate income than African Bank. It also shows that Capitec has a more conservative approach with regard to provisioning for loans, and is consequently better prepared for loan write-offs than African Bank. Overall, Capitec is found to be more sustainable in each period measured.
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Schmied, Julian. "Financial performance and social goals of microfinance institutions." Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6769/.

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Critics argue that there has been a trend among Microfinance Institutions (MFI) to focus on profitability in order to stay financially sustainable. This made some institutions neglect the social mission of microfinancing. In this paper I intend to examine if empirical evidence supports this so called mission drift hypothesis as well as other claims in this context. Using the global panel data set of the MIX (Microfinance Information Exchange), which gathers from 1995 to 2010 and contains up to 1400 institutions with a high variety of organizational forms, I was able to identify a world-wide mission drift effect in their social goal of reaching out the poorest part of the population. Furthermore, I find that, on average, the outreach of an MFI has a significant negative influence on its short and long term financial performance. Despite that, I eventually proved that the probability that an MFI worsens its social performance substantially increases if its profitability has decreased in the previous years.
Das Konzept der Mikrofinanzierung wurde, insbesondere im Zuge der Mikrofinanzkrisen in Asien und Südamerika zunehmend kritisiert. Dabei stand vor allem die Kommerzialisierung der Branche im Zentrum der Kritik. In dieser Studie soll daher unter anderem die sogenannte „Mission Drifts”-These also dass das eigentliche Ziel des Mikrokreditwesen aus den Augen verloren wurde, empirisch überprüft werden. Mit Hilfe des Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) Datensatzes, wurden Paneldaten von bis zu 1.400 Kreditinstitutionen, mit unterschiedlichen (Rechts-)formen, aus den Jahren 1995 bis 2010 ausgewertet. Die Regressionsanalyse hat gezeigt, dass Profitablität in der Tat einen negativen Einfluss auf das Ziel hat, möglichst arme Menschen zu erreichen. Auch der Trade-off zwischen der Reichweite von Mikrokrediten und kurzfristiger sowie langfristiger Profitabilität konnte nachgewiesen werden. Die Daten zeigten aber auch, dass Mikrofinanzinstitution dazu tendieren soziale Ziele zu vernachlässigen, wenn es im vergangenen Geschäftsjahr finanziell bergab ging.
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Martinez-Gonzalez, Ariadna. "Technical efficiency of microfinance institutions evidence from Mexico /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222266486.

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28

Darko, Francis Awuku. "Empirical analysis on microfinance institutions in developing countries." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59673/.

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This thesis contains three empirical essays which aim to contribute to economic research in the field of microfinance. Specifically, the first of these essays, presented in Chapter 2, examines the effect of commercialisation on efficiency of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Sub-Saharan Africa using Data Envelopment Analysis and truncated regression model. The analysis is performed on 273 MFIs in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2005 - 2011. It is shown that commercialisation has a positive effect on efficiency of MFIs. In the light of this finding, we uphold the view that commercialisation can bring some benefits to the microfinance industry. Chapter 3 reports the investigations of whether productivity growth in the microfinance industry are passed to microcredit clients in the form of lower interest rates, and whether the effect depends on the extent of competition in the industry, using a balanced panel data on 175 MFIs worldwide over the period 2005 - 2012. The study finds that the effect of productivity growth in reducing microcredit interest rates is greater for high levels of competition than for low levels of competition. Thus, the evidence suggests that microcredit clients can benefit from productivity growth in the form of lower interest rates as the microfinance industry increasingly becomes competitive. We therefore argue that productivity growth and competition should be encouraged in the microfinance industry. The third essay, presented in Chapter 4 considers the possibility of mission drift in microfinance; a situation whereby MFIs move away from targeting the poor towards better-off clients. Using two different measures of poverty, the chapter examines whether the location choices of MFIs in Uganda are consistent with the objective of extending financial services to the extreme poor; and whether the pattern observed varies across different types of MFIs. The analysis is conducted on 118 MFIs over the period 2009 - 2013, by adopting a static count data model and dynamic regression approach. The results point towards an interesting picture that is important to take into account in the debate on mission drift. We show that the location of branches of MFIs is initially correlated negatively with poverty, but this correlation disappears over time; suggesting that MFIs have a greater incentive to target richer districts during earlier years, but poorer districts tend to catch-up with time. Again, we show that Commercial Bank MFIs are more likely to increase their presence in poorer districts than do other types of MFIs. These results suggest that full-fledged commercially oriented MFIs can have a strong positive response to targeting poorer districts. The implication of these findings is that commercial microfinance could be pursued as a strategy to reach the unbanked segment of the world's poor population. Taken together the analysis presented in each of these three chapters appears to indicate that, contrary to the writing of some popular commentators, the cause of economic development may have little to fear and much to gain from the entrance of commercial MFIs. While this conclusion may surprise many development professional, it should not surprise the development economist that the very forces of competition appear to drive these findings. While it is quite possible that the MFI revolution could not have been set lose by the commercial sector, it certainly does appear that the market which they established is now a viable and flourishing area to do business. Just as importantly, fears that commercial lenders might not target the poorest, or could charge exploitative rates of interest, may have been overstated.
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Christensson, Linn. "Microfinance Institutions and Poverty Reduction : Evidence from Nigeria." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35626.

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Harraf, Omid. "Can microfinance eradicate poverty? analysis of the efficacy of microfinance using existing literature /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456489.

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31

Akinosi, Oluwafunmilayo, Daniel Nordlund, and Alejandro Turbay. "Sustainable Microfinance." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2540.

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Microfinance offers one way to combat poverty by providing access to credit and financial services to low-income borrowers. We argue that the interconnectedness of the socioeconomic and ecological system as well as the reliance on ecosystem services make it important to provide microcredit from a full sustainability perspective. We used the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, a scientific based systematic and strategic approach, to create a principle-based model of a microfinance institution operating in a socioeconomic and ecologically sustainable manner. This model was then compared with the circumstances in which these institutions currently operate. We then explored how taking a full sustainability perspective could meet current challenges and maximise opportunities. After a prioritisation process, we made recommendations on how these organisations could strategically move towards sustainability.
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Onomo, Michel Bertrand Cyrille. "Mécanismes de gouvernance en microfinance : apport sur la performance des institutions de microfinance au Cameroun." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUED003.

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Les limites des pratiques de gouvernance constituent l’un des risques majeurs qui menacent la viabilité des institutions de microfinance (IMF). Les IMF localisées en Afrique centrale, et notamment au Cameroun, ces limites se rapportent au manque de transparence dans les procédures de recrutement des dirigeants, dans les procédures de prise de décision organisationnelle et dans le mode de choix ou d’élection des administrateurs, et au système de contrôle des dirigeants. L’objectif de ce travail était de comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes de gouvernance des IMF au Cameroun. Il s’agissait précisément d’une part de mettre en relief les mécanismes de gouvernance à l’œuvre dans ces institutions, et d’autre part, de déterminer les liens entre ces mécanismes et les indicateurs de la performance de ces dernières. De l’étude empirique, il ressort que le Conseil d’administration (CA) est l’organe central de la gouvernance dans les IMF au Cameroun. A côté de ce mécanisme, la politique de rémunération du dirigeant, les contrôles par les autorités monétaires, et par l’organe faitier (dans le cas spécifique des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit appartenant à des réseaux) et l’évaluation de l’activité de l’IMF par les agences de notation sont des mécanismes supplémentaires qui assurent la discipline des dirigeants de ces institutions. Par ailleurs, la structure monale du leadership au conseil d’administration, le nombre de métiers différents que compte le conseil d’administration, les contrôles des autorités monétaires et des organes faitiers, l’évaluation de l’activité de l’IMF par des agences de notation, le niveau d’études et l’ancienneté du dirigeant, ont une influence positive sur les indicateurs de la performance de ces institutions. A contrario, la présence des femmes an conseil d’administration et le nombre annuel de rencontres du conseil d’administration, ont une influence négative sur ces indicateurs. Cependant, le nombre d’administrateurs, l’indépendance du conseil d’administration vis à vis de la direction et l’audit (externe) régulier des comptes de ces institutions, n’ont aucune influence sur leurs indicateurs de performance
The drawbacks of governance practices constitute one of the major risks that threaten le viability of microfinancial institutions (MFI). With regards to MFIs located in Central Africa and particularly in Cameroon, these limitations are related to the lack of transparency in the hiring processes of managers, in the process of organisational decision taking and in the method of choice or election of directors as well as in the system of control of chief executive. The aim of this work is to understand the functioning of governance systems of MFIs in Caemroon. Precisely, it was a matter of highlighting on one hand the governance mechanisms put in place in these institutions, and on the other hand to determine the link between these mechanisms and the performance governance in MFIs in Cameroon. Next to this mechanism, the chief executive compensation, controls y monetary authorities and by the credit’s union central organi (specifically in the case of credit union belonging to networks) and the evaluation of activities by rating agencies are additional mechanismes that assure the control of chief executive in these institutions. Moreover, the structure of leadership in the board of directors, the number of different trades counted bu the board of directions, controls by monetary authorities and by credit union central organ, evaluation by rating agencies, the level of education and the sentant of the chief executive have a positive influence on the performance indicators of these institutions. Unlikely, the presence of women in the board of directors and the number of annual meetings of the said board have a negative influence on these indicators. However, the number of directors, the independence of the board of directors vis-a-vis management and the regular (external) audit of the accounts of these institutions have no influence on their performance indicators
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Bui, Thu trang. "Factors affecting microfinance development in Vietnam." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD065/document.

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L’émergence de la micro-finance a été vue comme un remède pour un grand nombre de problèmes sociaux issus de la pauvreté en vertu de son efficacité dans l’octroi de crédits, dans l’amélioration de l’équité sociale ainsi que dans la réduction du niveau de pauvreté. Des millions de foyers en dessous du seuil de pauvreté n’ayant pas accès aux services bancaires ont ainsi pu accéder à des services financiers au travers de programmes de micro-finance. Cependant, le développement de la micro-finance ne suit pas un modèle identique pour tous les pays et les Institutions de Micro-finance (IMF) ont eu différents degrés de rentabilité. Beaucoup d’entre elles doivent encore faire face à des contraintes majeures pour fournir de manière efficace des services de micro-finance rentables. L’expansion des programmes de micro-finance reste un grand défi qui fait barrière au développement du secteur de cette dernière. Quelles pourraient être les raisons expliquant cette inefficience ?Cette thèse a pour but de contribuer à l’état des connaissances actuelles ainsi qu’aux recherches sur le développement et les caractéristiques du secteur de la micro-finance en analysant les facteurs stratégiques pouvant avoir un effet sur son développement dans le contexte du Vietnam.Pour ce faire, il sera appliqué à la fois des méthodes de recherche qualitatives et quantitatives.Nous effectuerons une analyse comparative entre l’innovation financière dans le système de micro-finance du Vietnam et deux modèles de référence internationaux : la Grameen Bank et la banque Rakyat d’Indonésie (BRI) afin de déterminer quelles contraintes limitent l’ampleur et la portée des activités de micro-finance au Vietnam ; quels types de modèles de microfinance sont adéquats : que cela soit pour des modèles commerciaux à but lucratif ou pour des projets de micro-finance sociale. Par ailleurs, des analyses empiriques seront portées par les techniques OLS et GMM afin d’examiner l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel ainsi que des facteurs macroéconomiques sur la rentabilité des IMF’s. Les résultats donnent la preuve d’une persistance de la rentabilité et de l’existence d’économies d’échelle en micro-finance. La qualité des prêts semble être un facteur déterminant concernant la rentabilité des IMF’s au Vietnam. Notre analyse confirme également le rôle important de l'État ainsi que le rôle décisif dans l'auto-innovation des institutions de microfinance
The appearance of microfinance has been known as a remedy for many social ills rooted in poverty because of its efficacy in credit dispensation, social equality enhancement and reduction of poverty. Millions of poor and non-bankable people in developing countries have been provided access to formal financial services through microfinance programs. However, the development of microfinance is not a single model for all country and microfinance institutions (MFIs) have had various degree of sustainability. Many MFIs still face major constraints in their pursuit of effectively delivering microfinance services profitably. Expansion of microfinance programs remains a formidable challenge for the development of microfinance industry. What would be reasons for that inefficiency?This thesis seeks to contribute to the current state of knowledge and research thoroughly on the development and the characteristics of microfinance industry by investigating strategic factors affecting microfinance development in Vietnam context. It applies both qualitative and quantitative research methods.We develop comparative analysis between financial innovation of Vietnam microfinance system and two other international benchmarks namely Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and the Bank Rakyat of Indonesia (BRI) to figure out what constraints limit the scale and scope of Vietnam microfinance activities; what types of microfinance models are suitable: whether for-profit commercial models or social microfinance ventures in Vietnam context. Besides, empirical work is carried out using both OLS and GMM techniques to examine the impact of institutional environment as well as macroeconomic factors on MFIs’ profitability. The results present evidence on a dynamic role of profitability and economies of scale in microfinance. Loan quality seems to be a very important determinant of MFI’s profitability in Vietnam. Our analysis also confirms the significant role of State level as well as the decisive role in self-innovation of microfinance institutions
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34

Malaki, Akhil. "Informal Finance and Microfinance in Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago : An Institutional Study." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis : Almqvist & Wiksell International [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-766.

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35

Walczak, Chloe. "The Fate of Microfinance Institutions as a Development Strategy." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297780.

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Microfinance is commonly used as a development strategy to help alleviate poverty across the globe. Microfinance has become more widespread and popular in the past decade, particularly in Latin America. This thesis outlines several variables of microfinance and how these variables affect the sustainability of microfinance institutions. The variables of microfinance analyzed in this thesis are: loan conditions, level of competition, type of microfinance institution, country, outreach, and gender. A meta-analysis study in the form of a literature review was performed in order to assess the relationship between each of these variables and the sustainability of microfinance institutions. The analysis concludes that the type of microfinance institution, specifically retail banks, is intimately linked to the sustainability of microfinance institutions in Latin America.
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López, Urresta Tania Lorena [Verfasser]. "Microfinance institutions and financial inclusion / Tania Lorena López Urresta." Frankfurt am Main : Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202722784/34.

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37

Mulunga, Anna Magano. "Factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8504.

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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
The level of poverty in Namibia is relatively high. Access to finance is cited as one of factors hampering economic growth and poverty alleviation. Microfinance is seen as one of the effective tools that can address poverty alleviation by engaging the poor in sustainable economic activities. Microfinance services have existed in Namibia since the late 1990s, yet they have not attained growth. The main providers of microfinance services consist mainly of Micro-lenders, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS), Public Financial Institutions (PFI) and to a less extent Commercial Banks (CB). This research report aimed to study and identify the problems that impact on the growth of microfinance finance institutions (MFIs) in Namibia. The findings of this study revealed that lack of regulatory and policy framework, lack of capital and high operational costs were the main problem areas hampering the growth of MFIs in Namibia. The study made recommendations which are aimed at enhancing the growth of microfinance institutions.
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38

Mukama, Julius. "Problems affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Tanzania." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50428.

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Thesis (MBA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Microfinance services in Tanzania have existed for some years, yet have remained weak and slow to develop. Therefore, the objective of this study is to survey problems that impact on the growth of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania. MFIs in Tanzania include commercial banks, rural community banks, on-bank financial institutions, NGOs and Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOs). The problems in the microfinance sector are prioritised and show that the lack of sufficient capital to lend to clients is the problem that has the greatest impact on growth, followed by education level of clients. A number of these problems show agreement as expressed by the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients. The recommendations directly touch the provision of capital support to MFIs as a most priority criteria towards MFIs growth. Sufficient capital to lend to clients can decrease the impact of other problems that shows correlation with it, such as service quality to customers, attraction of low income earners, client focus, small and irregular cash flows from clients, as well as education level of clients. Finally, it is shown by a selected best practice matrix that solutions to problems impacting on the growth of MFIs in Tanzania depend on a combination of several best practices that can lead to sustainable solutions. Hence MFls may find a combination of relevant best practices that fit efficiently. effectively and economically to their respective operating environments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikrofinansieringsdienste in Tanzania bestaan al geruime jare, maar is ongelukkig swak ontwikkeld en toon stadige groei. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om probleme te identifiseer wat impakteer op die groei van die Mikrofinansiering-instansies (MFI) in Tanzania. MFIs in Tanzania sluit in kommersiele banke, landelike / gemeenskapsbanke, niebank finansiele instansies, Nie-regeringsorganisasies (NGOs) en Spaar en Krediet Samewerkende Gemeenskappe (SACCO's). Die probleme in die mikrofinansiering-sektor is geprioritiseer en dui daarop dat die gebrek aan beskikbaarheid van voldoende lenings-kapitaal die grootste impak op die sektor het, gevolg deur die vlak van onderwys-opvoeding van kliente. Verskeie van die probleme gelys vind ooreenkomste by mekaar, soos uitgelig deur die "Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients". Aanbevelings gemaak, hou direk verhand met die voorsiening van kapitale ondersteuning aan MFIs, as die belangrikste kriteria wat sal lei tot MFI groei. Voldoende leningskapitaal kan die impak van ander probleme wat verband hou met die tekort aan kapitaal verminder, soos onder andere die kwaliteit van klientediens, die lae-inkomste mark wat bedien word, kliente fokus, klein / ongereelde inkomste-strome van kliente, asook die onderwys-opvoedingsvlakke van kliente. Ter afsluiting, dit is getoon deur die beste praktykbeginse/s matriks, dat die oplossing vir probleme wat impakteer op die groei van die MFI sektor in Tanzania, afhanklik is van 'n kombinasie van verskeie beste praktykbeginsels wat kan lei tot volhoubare oplossings. Sodoende kan MFIs 'n kombinasie van beste praktykbeginsels vind wat effektief en ekonomies sal werk vir hulle onderskeie omgewings.
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39

Ngo, Mahop Blanche Sonia. "Measuring Risk of Microfinance Institutions: The Case of Cameroon." Digital WPI, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1288.

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Microfinance can play an important role in the growth of an economy. Thus, we are interested in developing models that could simply estimate the probability of default of a customer and the probability of the microfinance being at risk based on probability of default of customers.
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40

Heng, Sophyrum. "Assessing Outreach and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Cambodia." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1429731492.

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41

Zetek, Pavel. "Efficiency of Microfinance Institutions in Latin America and Asia." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200216.

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The first chapter provides a comprehensive overview of microfinance academic literature with emphasis on recent innovations, trends and efficiency. In particular, we focus on controversial issues of microfinance, such as commercialization, regulation, interest rate policy and the balance between outreach and performance of MFIs. The next chapter especially investigates the role of public expenditures and general government debt in microfinance performance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Microfinance institutions finance their business activities primary with clients' deposits, equity or with external funding. The aim of the third chapter is to verify whether the external funding, macroeconomic development and the size of banking sector have some impact on a microfinance performance. This study investigates, as well, the possible reasons why many microfinance institutions have gradually experienced a decrease in the share of female borrowers in their portfolios over the last few years. The final chapter is focused on the impact of macroeconomic environment and internal variables of the microfinance sector on microfinance interest rates.
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42

Maitrot, Mathilde Rose Louise. "The social performance of microfinance institutions in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-social-performance-of-microfinance-institutions-in-rural-bangladesh(19928eac-5064-4610-b163-a852371cf7f1).html.

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Microfinance was rapidly hailed as a poverty alleviation tool by development agencies, researchers and practitioners. Despite the increasing capacity of MFIs to manage their financial sustainability, impact studies available report disappointingly low social achievements. Social performance assessment tools available struggle to combat a narrow MFI-centric approach which often overlooks contextual issues and institutional characteristics which can influence MFIs’ poverty reduction potential. This research’s main objective is to identify which and explain how organisational structures and management systems impact on MFIs’ social performance. This work uses a bottom-up research strategy, based on a 10-month extensive fieldwork in Bangladesh, a 490 household data-set, an ethnographic community study in Modhupur and institutional analyses of ASA and PDBF. It analyses the livelihoods, capitals and strategies of rural households in Bangladesh, explores their perceptions and experiences of microfinance and examines the management of socio-financial trade-offs within MFIs at different hierarchical levels. The research’s main findings seriously question the poverty reducing potential of standardised commercialised microfinance in settings characterised by vulnerability, shocks and seasonality, such as rural Bangladesh. It finds that although most MFIs have similar poverty reduction missions it is the way in which their organisational structures, managementsystems and working cultures are arranged that shapes their financial and social achievements. There is strong evidence that commercial MFIs can experience a silent practice drift at the field level in Bangladesh and that the commercialisation of MFIs provides strong incentives for the field staff to prioritise the achievement of their financial targets to the detriment of social performance, discouraging them from reporting low social performance. There are therefore few reasons why MFI senior managers should question their model and policies. This drift can manifest itself through malpractices hard-selling of loans, poor client selection and follow-up procedures, forcing clients into borrowing more and larger loans, using extreme forms of pressure through abusive language and behaviours and micro-collateral. This process usually has longer-term negative impacts on clients, especially the very poor who adopt successive short-term coping tactics to meet inflexible repayment schedules. This thesis concludes that commercial microfinance should not be targeted to the poorest and that more consideration should be given to clientselection and follow-up procedures. This thesis argues that the commercialisation of the global microfinance industry serves the interests of diverse stakeholders who contribute to maintaining the industry’s reputation though the media. This can be deemed an iceberg industry (that shows little of its actual workings and impacts to the public) which is sustained through considerable support from an increasing number of private investors for whom MFIs’ commercial expansion (regardless of its social achievements) serves their financial and political interests.
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43

Nyamsogoro, Ganka Daniel. "Financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6366/.

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An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improves profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
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Singhe, Steffi Sandra. "Commercialization of Microfinance in Cameroon : How can Microfinance Institutions manage their dual social and commercial goals?" Thesis, Nantes, 2020. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=af7850b5-b7d1-4408-a577-0827e515ebcb.

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La commercialisation de la microfinance a mis au premier plan la performance financière des I MF, les IMF adoptant désormais une logique commerciale de rentabilité en plus de leur logique sociale établie de lutte contre la pauvreté. Cela pose un défi de gestion crucial pour les IMF pour équilibrer l'aspect social et commercial de leur mission. Cette thèse vise à analyser comment les IMF surmontent leurs défis pour atteindre leur double objectif social et commercial. Elle s'appuie sur le concept de bricolage comme perspective théorique et sur une approche méthodologique abductive, exploratoire et qualitative. La thèse vise également à fournir une meilleure compréhension du secteur de la microfinance camerounaise, en termes de son histoire et évolution, et des défis spécifiques au secteur. L'étude identifie diverses pratiques de bricolage que les IMF utilisent pour faire avancer la réalisation de leur double mission. Les résultats suggèrent l'utilisation de ces pratiques de bricolage par les IMF pour mobiliser des ressources, renforcer la légitimité et accroître leur ou/reach, dans un contexte caractérisé par des contraintes de ressources. Ces trois résultats de bricolage se renforcent mutuellement pour faciliter la réalisation du double objectif des IMF. Cette recherche a également mis en évidence les quatre phases d'évolution du secteur de la microfinance camerounaise et les cinq principaux défis auxquels sont confrontées les IMF du secteur. Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur la microfinance. Elle propose un nouvel regard sur la gestion de la double mission des IMF en montrant comment les IMF mobilisent les stratégies de bricolage pour faire avancer leurs objectifs sociaux et commerciaux. Elle met en lumière le lien entre la littérature sur la microfinance et le bricolage
The commercialization of microfinance has brought to the forefront the financial performance of MF!s, with MF!s now adopting a commercial logic of profitability in addition to their established social logic of poverty alleviation. This poses a crucial management challenge for the MF!s in terms of balancing the social and commercial aspect of their mission. The main aim of this thesis is to understand how MFls overcome their challenges so as to achieve their dual social and commercial goals. lt draws on the bricolage concept as a theoretical perspective and on an abductive, exploratory and qualitative research approach. The thesis also aimed to provide a better understanding of the Cameroonian microfinance sector, in terms of its history and evolution, and the challenges specific to the sector. The study identifies various bricolage practices that the MF!s use to advance the fulfilment of their dual mission. The findings suggest the use of these bricolage practices by the MF!s to mobilize resources, build legitimacy, and increase outreach, in a context characterized by resource constraints. These three bricolage outcomes reinforce each other, and they all strengthen the achievement of the MF!s' dual goals. This research also highlighted the four phases of evolution of the Cameroonian microfinance sector and the five main challenges faced by MF!s in the sector. This thesis contributes to the microfinance literature. lt offers a new perspective on MF! dual-mission management by showing how MF!s mobilize bricolage practices to advance their dual social and commercial goals. lt brings light on the link between the literature on microfinance and bricolage
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45

Aquice, Quispe Julio Cesar, JoséJuan Mamani, and Carrillo Meira Peña. "Pérdida de fidelidad de los clientes, por la alta rotación de personal del área de negocios en las instituciones especializadas en microfinanzas. (ciudad Arequipa)." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625988.

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La rotación laboral en las empresas del sector Microfinanzas en Arequipa, ha generado interés especial, la rotación en el Área de Negocios, específicamente el puesto de Analistas de Créditos, porque ocasionan un impacto directo en la pérdida de fidelización de los clientes; a la vez genera distintos efectos en las siguientes áreas de la empresa: en el área de talento humano se generan costos de reclutamiento, capacitación e Impacto en el clima laboral; En el Área de negocios, reducción de la cartera de créditos, pérdida de clientes, incremento de la cartera atrasada, retraso en el cumplimiento de metas y reducción de la rentabilidad La rotación se da entre Bancos (especializados en Microfinanzas), Financieras, Cajas Municipales, Cajas Rurales, Edpymes y Cooperativas, esta rotación genera principalmente tres efectos: (1) pérdida de clientes, por compras de deuda; (2) disminución del nivel de exclusividad, los clientes empiezan a tener crédito con otras entidades; (3) Sobrendeudamiento, incrementan su monto de crédito, manteniendo su capacidad de pago El presente trabajo de investigación se basara en un enfoque cualitativo, encontrando que la rotación en el área de negocios en el puesto de Analista de créditos, en el sector de Microfinanzas en la provincia de Arequipa, es causada por tipo personal y Organizacional; Este problema hace necesario identificar las razones de la rotación y poder proponer soluciones, y lograr disminuir la rotación del puesto de Analista de créditos, esto permitirá que se atenúe la perdida de fidelidad de los clientes. Por lo anterior, este trabajo de investigación revisara literatura de Administración de Recursos Humanos, Artículos y estudios sobre la rotación de Personal, que permitan encontrar propuestas de solución adecuadas a este problema.
Job rotation in companies in the Microfinance sector in Arequipa has generated special interest, turnover in the Business Area, specifically the position of Credit Analysts, because they have a direct impact on the loss of customer loyalty; At the same time, it generates different effects in the following areas of the company: in the area of human talent, recruitment, training and Impact costs are generated in the work environment; In the Business area, reduction of the loan portfolio, loss of clients, increase of the overdue portfolio, delay in the achievement of goals and reduction of profitability The rotation occurs between Banks (specialized in Microfinance), Financial, Municipal Savings Banks, Rural Savings Banks, Edpymes and Cooperatives, this rotation generates mainly three effects: (1) loss of clients, due to debt purchases; (2) decrease in the level of exclusivity, customers begin to have credit with other entities; (3) Over-indebtedness, increase your credit amount, maintaining your ability to pay The present research work will be based on a qualitative approach, finding that the rotation in the business area in the position of Credit Analyst, in the microfinance sector in the province of Arequipa, is caused by personal and Organizational type; This problem makes it necessary to identify the reasons for the rotation and be able to propose solutions, and to reduce the turnover of the Credit Analyst position, this will allow the loyalty loss of the clients to be mitigated. Therefore, this research work will review literature on Human Resources Management, Articles and studies on Staff turnover, which will allow finding suitable solutions to this problem.
Trabajo de investigación
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46

Waweru, Ruth Wambui. "Competitive strategy implementation in microfinance organisations in Kenya." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020815.

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Poverty is a major challenge in most developing countries. Key challenges of the government are to alleviate poverty and propel citizens toward wealth creation through development of enterprises across all sectors and to address the problem of unemployment. In Kenya, the SME sector comprises of about 99% of private sector enterprises and is prolific in employment and wealth creation. Despite this critical role played by SMEs in growing the economy, they remain outside the formal banking sector, especially in Africa. Although the number of MFOs since the 1980s has increased, the demand for financial services is largely unmet. However, MFOs are increasingly experiencing competition from new entrants and commercial banks that have developed financial models to target SMEs. MFOs are required to formulate and implement competitive strategies to enable them achieve sustainable growth and compete with commercial banks. However, strategy implementation is generally accepted as a challenge across organisations and it is often easier to formulate strategies than implementing it. Despite the need to address strategy implementation challenges across organisations, there is a greater focus by practitioners and researchers regarding strategy formulation than implementation. Consequently, this study aimed at assessing the level of strategy implementation in MFOs and factors that affect strategy implementation in MFOs. The ultimate objective was to develop a hypothetical model that could be used to improve strategy implementation in microfinance organisations in Kenya. This quantitative study used purposive sampling to select MFOs that are members of the Association of Microfinance Institutions (AMFI) in Kenya, completing a selfadministered structured questionnaire. In total, 135 MFOs were involved in this study and a total sample size of 300 managers was used in this study. This study considered fourteen factors to have an influence on the level of strategy implementation of MFOs in Kenya and hence fourteen null-hypotheses were formulated and tested. The content factors included stakeholder involvement in strategy development and the quality of strategies. The context factors included organisational structure and culture, strategic leadership and alignment of strategy to market conditions. The operational process factors included operational planning, monitoring and review of progress, teamwork, resources allocation, people-strategy fit, effective communication, strategic and management control systems and information resources. It is assumed that if all these critical strategy implementation factors are addressed, MFOs should be able improve their level of strategy implementation, ultimately leading to improved performance. The outcome factors considered were improved financial sustainability and outreach of MFOs. Advanced statistical analyses were used to analyse the data, such as factor analysis, regression and correlation analysis to assess the hypothesised relationship between the dependent and independent variables of this study. The empirical results revealed that the level of strategy implementation in MFOs in Kenya is moderate to high and content, context and operational factors do have an influence on the level of strategy implementation. However, operational factors have a more significant positive linear relationship with level of strategy implementation than the other two factors. There is also a positive relationship between the level of strategy implementation and financial sustainability and outreach by MFOs. This study has contributed to the existing body of knowledge by developing a hypothetical model that can be utilised by MFOs as well as other organisations to improve the level of strategy implementation resulting in better performance. The findings of the study can also inform strategy formulation and implementation of MFOs in Kenya, but also in other developing countries, to become more competitive. This study could also help MFOs and other organisations to put in place structures, systems, people and other resources required to attain a high level of strategy implementation. This study provides useful and practical guidelines in dealing with content, context and operational factors affecting strategy implementation in any organisational setting.
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47

Silva, Berta Arsénio da. "O desempenho das instituições de microfinanças: uma análise empírica transnacional (1996-2009)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3395.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este trabalho intitulado a "O Desempenho das Instituições de Microfinanças: Uma Análise Empírica Transnacional (1996-2009)" foi motivado por duas razões, primeiro, fruto do contacto com a parte operacional da agência Aga Khan para as Microfinanças (AKAM) em Moçambique, e pela oportunidade de realizar o trabalho final de mestrado nesta área financeira específica. As microfinanças integram projectos de desenvolvimento e de inclusão financeira para as pessoas que por diversas razões não têm acesso a serviços financeiros convencionais. Inúmeros estudos foram já realizados sobre o impacto das microfinanças como estratégia de desenvolvimento, bem como sobre a sustentabilidade destas instituições. Este estudo tem por objectivo avaliar e aprofundar o impacto de determinadas variáveis chave no desempenho das instituições de microfinanças (IMF), como sejam: macroeconómicas; institucionais; regulamentares; políticas; condições locais; e características geográficas e humanas do país. Através da revisão de literatura pretende-se, ainda, testar empiricamente algumas teorias, isto é: se um melhor funcionamento das IMF está associado a contextos economicamente mais adversos, pela maior permanência destas nestes ambientes; ou se as microfinanças funcionam como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento que precede a industrialização dos países; ou, ainda, se a performance das IMF tende a melhorar com o tempo. Utilizaram-se indicadores financeiros de sustentabilidade, de eficiência e de incumprimento para avaliar o desempenho das IMF com recurso a modelos econométricos e dados de painel. A amostra foi constituída por IMF distribuídas por diversos países do mundo, com diferentes estatutos (bancos, cooperativas, bancos rurais, NGO, NBFI) e maturidades. Após se efectuarem correcções de maneira a tornar os resultados econometricamente mais robustos, estes, para a maioria das variáveis externas, e não controláveis pelas IMF aqui consideradas, não têm impacto estatisticamente significativo nos indicadores de desempenho das instituições. Contudo, os resultados apontam para um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significativo entre o rendimento per capita do país e o rácio de créditos em mora, e para um impacto negativo, e igualmente significativo, entre o rendimento per capita do período anterior e o rácio de write-off. Paralelamente, o aumento do sector formal está associado a uma melhoria na qualidade do portfolio (reflectido no sinal obtido para o estimador da variável participação da força de trabalho no rácio de créditos em mora) das instituições, enquanto que, uma maior fracção da indústria no PIB está associada a piores rácios de write-off. A inflação é outra das variáveis relevantes com impacto positivo e estatisticamente significativo no indicador de eficiência - custo por cliente. Por último, comprova-se que os anos de experiência têm um efeito positivo mas marginalmente decrescente na sustentabilidade das IMF.
This research is entitled as "Microfinance Institutions Performance: an Inter-Regional Empirical Analysis (1996-2009)" the inspiration was a consequence of a field visit to the work inside Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM) in Mozambique, and the opportunity to finalize the Masters degree in this specific social area. Microfinance is a development and financial inclusion strategy for non-bankable people that, because of different reasons, do not have access to traditional financial services. Several studies have already been conducted, focused on poverty alleviation and the social impact of microfinance (outreach of microfinance), as well as, on the challenges of a microfinance institutions (MFI) to reach financial sustainability. This study aims to evaluate in more depth the impact of different key-variables on IMF performance, namely: macroeconomic; institutional framework; regulation; political; local conditions; geographic and human characteristics of the country. Based on literature review this study also intends to empirically test some theoretical ideas, for example: microfinance is more developed in economic unstable areas due to a historical presence in these contexts; and microfinance as a development strategy that preceded industrialization ofthe countries; or even iftime tends to improve MFI performance. Econometric models and panel data regressions were used to assess the IMF performance in terms of sustainability, efficiency and default. The MFI dataset is distributed for different countries around the world, with different legal status (bank, cooperative/credit union, NGO and non-bank financial institutions) and different age/maturities. After using statistical techniques in order to increase the econometric robustness of the results, overall estimates show no statistical significant relationship between most external and non controlled variables studied on the performance indicators of IMF. However, the results showed a positive statistical significant impact of the current per capita income on at-risk ratio, and a negative significant impact of the previous year's per capita income on write-off ratio. Furthermore, an increase in the formal labor market is associated with a better portfolio quality (reflected by at-risk ratio coefficient on the workforce participation rate) of the institutions, whereas a larger share of manufacturing is associated with a higher write-off ratio. Inflation is another important variable with a positive and significant impact on efficiency indicators - cost per borrower. Finally, the results prove that MFI's tend to perform better initially and then taper off.
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48

Cumbi, Gonqalo M. T. "The sustainability of microfinance in Mozambique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14638.

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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
In the microfinance discourse, sustainability can relate to organisational, managerial and financial aspects. However, what is in vogue in mainstream analysis is the financial sustainability of MFIs throughout the world, especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America. What has attracted controversial debate on the self financial viability of MFIs is the extent they have maintained the balance between achieving substantial levels of profitability (through employing the institutionalist approach), and being agents of poverty-alleviation (through the welfarist approach). Analysing the mixed fortunes of the five MFIs in Mozambique between 2005 and 2009, this study explores the scope and patterns of outreach programmes as an essay in service-delivery by the MFIs, the repayment capacity of the different stripes of clients, the cost-control regime adopted by the MFIs and the ultimate variegated levels of success realised, and the challenges faced by the MFIs in different provinces.
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49

Khachatryan, Knar. "Managing microfinance institutions : linking performance with service and capital portfolios." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911726.

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It has been commonly acknowledged that in order to reach the target clienteles with loans at attractive terms and conditions, an appropriate technology for delivering financial services must be developed. Next to this, current developments in microfinance industry encourage MFIs to offer wide-ranging services within a multiservice portfolio including microsavings, microinsurance, remittances, mobile banking etc. One of the main pillars of this trend has become MFIs increasing interest in the expansion into the savings market to reach more poor clients as well as to lower costs by attracting presumably cheaper deposits. Joint services are tailored to better meet needs of the poor and aim at building sustainable financial systems and establishing closer and long-term relationship with clients. Furthermore, the rapid evolution of microfinance has generated another essential and closely related trend: commercialization. The focus of this dissertation is on three emerging issues associated with the development of microfinance sector: incentive mechanisms to address contract enforcement and screening problems, performance of MFIs though the lenses of combined microfinance services (credit plus savings), and performance of MFIs though the lenses of capital structure. The essays in the dissertation vary in research methodology: one essay is theoretical and two are empirical. Moreover, the data come from diverse microfinance units: Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) online database and Microfinance Centre for Central & Eastern Europe and the New Independent States (MFC). As far as methods are concerned the empirical essays use less frequently applied methodologies in microfinance studies: seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) and propensity score matching (PSM).
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50

Schulte, Markus [Verfasser]. "Selected Essays on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions / Markus Schulte." Frankfurt am Main : Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198716444/34.

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