Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation

Academic literature on the topic 'Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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Wijayantini, Bayu, Maheni Ika Sari, and Alfi Arif. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN JEMBER DISTRICT." Review of Management and Entrepreneurship 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37715/rme.v2i1.953.

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Community Micro Finance Institution (CMFI) plays a significant role in alleviating poverty, which is the biggest problem in developing countries. This study aims to examine the phenomenon of CMFI development in Jember. This study is conducted using a descriptive statistical analysis and through literature study from literatures relevant to the research theme. The results of the study show that financial performance proxied by ROA has a different trend from total assets and government subsidies. ROA tends to decline even though there are some CMFIs that show good performance. This is contrary to the development of CMFI’s total assets which tend to increase throughout Jember, while government subsidies are still accepted in the same amount as intended from year to year.
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Nair, Malavika, and Martha Njolomole. "Microfinance, entrepreneurship and institutional quality." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-07-2019-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the success and failure of microfinance institutions in generating economic growth over the past 30 years and propose a dual criterion of evaluation. Design/methodology/approach It surveys the empirical literature on microfinance and finds that while there has been small and localized success in various countries in improving access to credit, at the same time there has been a broader failure to generate economic growth. The authors argue that this broader failure should be viewed from the viewpoint of institutional failure or the lack of supporting institutions such as private property rights and stable rule of law within developing countries. Findings Using Baumol’s (1968) theory of entrepreneurship, the authors argue that the broader failure of microfinance is a case of poor institutional quality leading to unproductive or even destructive entrepreneurship rather than productive entrepreneurship. The paper also suggests a link between the literature criticizing foreign aid and this view on microfinance. Originality/value The paper provides a survey of the empirical literature on micro finance as well as a novel framework that aids in understanding both the localized small-scale success as well as broader failure to generate economic growth.
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Anku-Tsede, Olivia. "Microfinance intermediation: regulation of financial NGOs in Ghana." International Journal of Law and Management 56, no. 4 (July 8, 2014): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2012-0025.

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Purpose – This study aims to seek to fill a gap in regulatory impact assessment in developing countries by presenting an analysis of how formal regulation impact on the efficiency and productivity of financial non-governmental organisations (FNGOs) in Ghana. Much has been written about the formal financial sector, but very little is known about the lower end of microfinance and the impact of formal prudential regulation on FNGOs providing microfinance services. The Bank of Ghana (BOG), nevertheless, in the year 2011, extended formal prudential regulation to FNGOs without any empirical basis. This study uses regulatory theories and empirical evidence to aid in the evaluation of whether formal prudential regulation is appropriate for FNGOs operating within the microfinance sector. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical evidence derived from FNGOs, regulatory agents, consumers and financial lawyers within the Greater Accra and Ashanti Regions of Ghana served as the basis of the analysis in this study. Descriptive statistics, frequency counts and percentage scores, were used to analyse the data collected. Findings – The existing structures of FNGOs in Ghana are unsuitable for formal prudential regulation. The BOG does not have adequate staffing and funding to supervise and monitor the microfinance activities of FNGOs. Formal prudential regulation could impede growth and efficient delivery of microfinance services. Research limitations/implications – The BOG is the only regulatory agency responsible for regulating the financial market in Ghana, thus access to officers with knowledge in the regulatory regime was very limited. Practical implications – The study revealed in depth information about FNGOs, microfinance and the impact of formal prudential regulation on FNGOs. Originality/value – The study is the first to use empirical studies and theories of regulation to assess the impact of extending formal prudential regulation to FNGOs in Ghana. Data from the regulator, the regulated and consumers, the key players in any regulatory process, served as the basis of the analysis in the study resulting in the unravelling of in-depth information on the regulation of FNGOs.
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Marr, Ana, Anne Winkel, Marcel van Asseldonk, Robert Lensink, and Erwin Bulte. "Adoption and impact of index-insurance and credit for smallholder farmers in developing countries." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2015-0050.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent scientific literature on the determinants explaining the demand for index-insurance, the impact of index-insurance and the existing links between insurance and credit. In this meta-analysis, the authors identify key discoveries on the potential of index-insurance in enhancing credit supply for smallholders and thus farm productivity. Design/methodology/approach – Following a systematic literature search in Scopus and Web of Science, relevant empirical articles were identified by using the following criteria search algorithm: “insurance” and (“weather” or “micro” or “area?based” or “rain*” or “livestock” or “index”), and ((“empiric*” or “experiment” or “trial” or “RCT” or “impact”) or (“credit” or “loan*” or “debt” or “finance”)). The authors identified 1,133 related papers, 110 of which were selected as closely matching the study criteria. After removing duplicates and analysing each document, 45 papers were included in the current analysis. The framework for addressing insurance and credit issues, in the paper, entails three subsequent themes, namely, adoption of insurance, impact of insurance and links between insurance and credit. Findings – It is not confirmed yet that demand for insurance is indeed hump-shaped in risk aversion and the functional form of this relationship should be tested in more detail. This also holds for the magnitude of the effect of trust and education on actual demand. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent other risk mitigation strategies form complements or substitutes to index-insurance. Lastly, the interaction between basis risk and price is important to the design of index-insurance products. If basis risk and price elasticity are indeed highly correlated, products that diminish basis risk are crucial in increasing demand. On the impact of bundled products, e.g. combination of insurance and credit, limited empirical research has been conducted. For example, it is unknown to what extent credit suppliers would react to the insured status of farmers or what the preferences of farmers are when it comes to a mix of financial products. In addition, several researchers have suggested that microfinance institutions or banks could insure themselves against covariate risk, yet no empirical evidence about this insurance mechanism has been conducted so far. Research limitations/implications – The authors based the research on scientific literature uploaded in Scopus and Web of Science. Other potentially insightful grey literature was not included due to lack of accessibility. Given the research findings, there is plenty of opportunity for further research particularly with regard to the effects of bundled products, e.g. insurance plus credit, on demand for index-insurance, supply of credit, loan conditions and impact on farm productivity and farmers’ well-being. Practical implications – Microfinance institutions, insurance companies, NGOs, research institutions and universities, particularly in developing countries, will be interested to learn about the systematic review of scientific research done in the area of insurance and credit for agriculture and the possibilities for application in their own practice of supplying these financial products. Social implications – A rigorous understanding of the potential of index-insurance and credit is essential for identifying the right mix of financial products that help smallholder farmers to increase farm productivity and their own well-being. Originality/value – The paper is valuable due to its rigorous evaluation of existing theoretical and empirical research around issues explaining the degree of adoption and impact of index-insurance and that of bundled financial products (i.e. index-insurance plus credit). The paper has the potential to become essential reading for academics, practitioners and policy-makers interested in researching and putting in practice the best options leading to greater farm productivity and well-being in developing countries.
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Pawlak, Katarzyna. "Developing Microfinance in Post-Communist Countries." Finance & Bien Commun 20, no. 3 (2004): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/fbc.020.0014.

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Visconti, Roberto Moro. "Microfinance vs. traditional banking in developing countries." International Journal of Financial Innovation in Banking 1, no. 1/2 (2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijfib.2016.076613.

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Musanganya, Isabelle, Chantal Nyinawumuntu, and Pauline Nyirahagenimana. "THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN RURAL AREAS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2017): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i9.2017.2201.

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Many researchers consider microfinance as a tool for poverty reduction. Even more, especially in post-conflict African countries, micro-financial institutions are seen as an opportunity of reconciliation. Lending from microfinance institutions to that from traditional banks and examine their respective effects upon economic growth has been practiced in some sub-Saharan countries. Considerable progress in research has been found that microfinance loans raise growth comparatively to that of traditional banks. A lot of number of researches carried out in sub-Saharan countries even in other developing countries outside of Africa did not find strong evidence that bank loans raise growth. There is, however, some evidence that bank loans do increase investment, whereas microfinance loans do not appear to do so. Differently, other researchers highlighted clearly that microfinance can provide its contribution on poverty reduction and better access to finance needed for startup micro-entrepreneurs along the world. These results suggest that microfinance loans are not primarily invested as physical capital in developing countries, but could still augment total factor productivity, whereas banks may have been financing non-productive investments. Herein, we highlighted the impact of microfinance banks on developing countries economic growth. We also indicate how microfinances system incorporated in rural areas boosted the lifestyle of poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Saeed, Muhammad Sajid. "Microfinance Activities and Factors Affecting the Growth of Microfinance in Developed & Developing Countries." International Finance and Banking 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v1i1.5473.

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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have served millions of poor people around the world by offering them small loans with easy repayment terms. This review paper highlights the microfinance activities performed by the MFIs and also indicates the critical factors that hinder the growth of microfinance in developing and developed nations. It is found that the foremost factors obstructing the adoption of microfinance are: lack of financial stability, uncontrolled growth, cultural and value impede, systematic frauds, bureaucratic obstacles, state intervention, methodological defects, and shortage of credit rating agencies.
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Visconti, Roberto Moro. "Global recession and microfinance risk governance in developing countries." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 1, no. 3 (2011): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv1i3art2.

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Global recession, started in 2008, is still proving an unresolved perfect storm and the financial crisis has affected also the real economy, creating widespread social unrest. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing countries seem however less affected by the worldwide turmoil, due to their segmentation and resilience to external shocks. Recession has a big impact on governance mechanisms, altering the equilibriums among different stakeholders and increasing the risk of investment returns; any governance improvement is highly welcome and recommended. No governance, no money for growth or bare survival. In the confused phase we are living in, at the moment there are not evident winners, but the underbanked poorest, unless properly supported, once again risk being the ultimate losers.
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Meyer, Richard L., and Geetha Nagarajan. "Microfinance in developing countries: accomplishments, debates, and future directions." Agricultural Finance Review 66, no. 2 (November 2006): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00214660680001186.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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Huang, Guan. "Essays on microfinance repayment behaviour : an evaluation in developing countries." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/80633/.

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Microfinance research concerns addressed in this thesis relate to: the associations between the individual characteristics of borrowers and the probabilities of being in delinquent or default; the determinants for the financial awareness of interest repayment; and the application and comparison of modern missing data techniques (Multiple Imputation, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, and Predictive Mean Matching) with incomplete loan book data. The thesis emphasises credit scoring issues that affect repayment performance and revolves around three empirical chapters that seek to address the above research concerns. Survey and loan book data from individuals in 51 MFIs across 27 developing countries. The data were compiled by the MFIs and collected by Micro Finanza Rating. Varied micro-econometric techniques (ordinary least squares, Logit regression, Tobit regression, Two-Part model, Double-Hurdle model, Box-Cox transformation, and three missing data imputation methods: Multiple Imputation, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, and Predictive Mean Matching) are used depending on the hypotheses being considered in each chapter. The main findings are: engaging in agriculture is related to a lower probability of default that measured by the amount of arrear in general; besides, the association between agriculture and the length of delayed repayment is insignificant; previous access to micro-finance has positive association with the financial awareness of the clients who lived in urban areas; in addition, previous access to saving service has positive effect on the clients with at least primary education; when the missing microfinance data is semi-continuous, PMM outperforms MI and ML in most simulations; for binary or ordinal categorical data, PMM performance surpass MI and ML only when the sample sizes of data are large, the missing rates are low, and the missing mechanism is MAR. The thesis suggests the following recommendation both for management of MFIs and government, we need to: make financial services for poor farm households and farm-related business more attractive to the MFIs; financial awareness can be improved by access to microfinance services, hence extra learning programmes may be unnecessary; Two-Part Model should be applied to credit scoring; and PMM imputation is the best technique to be applied to deal with the missing data issues and improve data quality in microfinance.
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Sagbo, Nicaise S. M. "EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL LOANS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – BENIN CASE STUDY." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/72.

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Limited access to financial services is known as a major constraint to agricultural development (FAO, 2002). Farmers need liquidity to face agricultural expenses throughout the production cycle but mainly at the beginning. Mainstream financial institutions are reluctant to serve the agricultural sector for several reasons. First, they consider the sector to be highly risky with low performance. Also, agricultural activities depend on the weather, they take place in remote rural areas, and commodities prices are volatile. All these aspects make it hard for standard banks to reach their profit goals when lending to farmers. Since microfinance was conceived, it has generated a lot of hope for alleviating poverty in low-income countries. Microfinance provides the poor with access to affordable capital by granting low-income individuals with loans they would not otherwise have access to, because of economic and geographic constraints. The goal of the dissertation is to examine the role and the importance of microfinance in the agricultural sector of developing countries. A survey took place in October 2017, in both rural and urban areas of Benin and involved 750 agricultural households. Three different agricultural zones were selected: the North-East (cotton zone); the Center (tubers and cashew nut zone) and the South (a region with special crops such as vegetables, pineapple, palm tree, exotic plants). The study focuses on agricultural loans. It includes clients of the major microfinance institution in Benin: FECECAM - Faîtière des Caisses d’Epargne et de Crédit Agricole Mutuel. This research contributes to the literature in several ways. The study allows shedding light on the effects of agricultural loans, specifically, on households’ efficiency and labor employment, which are mostly overlooked in the microfinance literature. To overcome selection bias in microcredit evaluation, the research employs a pipeline design. Control and treatment groups consist of individuals who have chosen to participate in the microfinance program. The loan treatment considered is the experience with loans which includes program entry timing, loan take-up frequency, and the average amount of loan obtained over the 2012-2017 period. The study employs a cluster analysis technique to create reliable comparable groups. Multiple variables and indicators are analyzed. A descriptive analysis of loan impact on farmers’ labor input choices shows that past loans have residual effects on both hired and family labor use. Farm loans, especially those obtained for farm machinery significantly reduce expenditure on hired labor but more family labor is employed using machine loans while other loan categories reduced the use of family labor. The evaluation of the whole-farm efficiency of borrowers in the presence of agricultural loans reveals significant technical and allocative errors leading to profit loss in all studied regions. However, experience with loans significantly increases farmers’ whole-farm efficiency, particularly in the North. Finally, the assessment of well-being indicators suggests that those farm loans have a significant positive impact on sampled recipients’ net farm income, food security and food quality statuses. Agricultural loans also have a positive impact on women’s empowerment. The monitoring and implementation mechanism of FECECAM played a crucial role in the success of its loan programs.
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Darko, Francis Awuku. "Empirical analysis on microfinance institutions in developing countries." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59673/.

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This thesis contains three empirical essays which aim to contribute to economic research in the field of microfinance. Specifically, the first of these essays, presented in Chapter 2, examines the effect of commercialisation on efficiency of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Sub-Saharan Africa using Data Envelopment Analysis and truncated regression model. The analysis is performed on 273 MFIs in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2005 - 2011. It is shown that commercialisation has a positive effect on efficiency of MFIs. In the light of this finding, we uphold the view that commercialisation can bring some benefits to the microfinance industry. Chapter 3 reports the investigations of whether productivity growth in the microfinance industry are passed to microcredit clients in the form of lower interest rates, and whether the effect depends on the extent of competition in the industry, using a balanced panel data on 175 MFIs worldwide over the period 2005 - 2012. The study finds that the effect of productivity growth in reducing microcredit interest rates is greater for high levels of competition than for low levels of competition. Thus, the evidence suggests that microcredit clients can benefit from productivity growth in the form of lower interest rates as the microfinance industry increasingly becomes competitive. We therefore argue that productivity growth and competition should be encouraged in the microfinance industry. The third essay, presented in Chapter 4 considers the possibility of mission drift in microfinance; a situation whereby MFIs move away from targeting the poor towards better-off clients. Using two different measures of poverty, the chapter examines whether the location choices of MFIs in Uganda are consistent with the objective of extending financial services to the extreme poor; and whether the pattern observed varies across different types of MFIs. The analysis is conducted on 118 MFIs over the period 2009 - 2013, by adopting a static count data model and dynamic regression approach. The results point towards an interesting picture that is important to take into account in the debate on mission drift. We show that the location of branches of MFIs is initially correlated negatively with poverty, but this correlation disappears over time; suggesting that MFIs have a greater incentive to target richer districts during earlier years, but poorer districts tend to catch-up with time. Again, we show that Commercial Bank MFIs are more likely to increase their presence in poorer districts than do other types of MFIs. These results suggest that full-fledged commercially oriented MFIs can have a strong positive response to targeting poorer districts. The implication of these findings is that commercial microfinance could be pursued as a strategy to reach the unbanked segment of the world's poor population. Taken together the analysis presented in each of these three chapters appears to indicate that, contrary to the writing of some popular commentators, the cause of economic development may have little to fear and much to gain from the entrance of commercial MFIs. While this conclusion may surprise many development professional, it should not surprise the development economist that the very forces of competition appear to drive these findings. While it is quite possible that the MFI revolution could not have been set lose by the commercial sector, it certainly does appear that the market which they established is now a viable and flourishing area to do business. Just as importantly, fears that commercial lenders might not target the poorest, or could charge exploitative rates of interest, may have been overstated.
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Benitez, Mauricio Moron. "Assessment of corporate social responsibility within the stakeholder theory in commercial microfinance instittutions in Bolivia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9152_1256197189.

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Currently, some microfinance institutions in Bolivia are adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a concept whereby sompanies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and publish the results. CSR is applied mostly by big companies in the North and in sectors more in the eye of the public, such as oil production or textile and apparel. Bolivia has been the pioneer in the commercialization of microfinance through microfinance NGO transformations. The objectives of this investigation was to asses and compare the reasons why the selected Bolivian commercial MFI's were engaged, or not engaged, in CSR. Secondly, to determine which stakeholders are more relevant for each MFI analysed, assessing how they influenced the decision to adopt or not adopt CSR and thirdly, to compare the current social performance of the selected MFI's within the framework of corporate social responsibility.

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Srivastava, Tripti. "Microfinance: A Comparative Analysis of Varying Contexts, Current Needs, and Future Prospects between Developing and Developed Countries." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1288558199.

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Casini, Paolo. "The industrial organization of financial services in developing and developed countries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210176.

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In the first part of the thesis I focus on credit markets in developing countries, and describe the competitive interaction between Microfinance Institutions (MFIs).

Microfinance has recently attracted a lot of attention from investors, politicians, scholars and, most of all, people working on development. As a results, a huge number of MFIs are being created all over the world so that, as of today, practitioners reckon that about 100 millions of customers are being served. Remarkably, about 67% of them are women.

The reason of this extraordinary effort is that Microfinance is considered the most promising development tool currently available. This belief is based on two important features of Microfinance: (i) It promises to be financially viable (and in some cases even profitable) since poor people have proven to be reliable clients. As a result, Microfinance is potentially a zero-cost development tool. (ii) It hinges on the entrepreneurial abilities of the poor. It is designed to help the poor to help themselves, in their own home countries, by allowing them to use their skills, ideas and potentials. This should progressively make developing countries independent of rich ones' help.

The growth of Microfinance has been so fast that many issues and related research questions are still not answered. In my thesis I try to address one of them, that I believe particularly important: the increase of competition between MFIs. As economic theory predicts, competition can have dramatic consequences in terms of borrower welfare, profitability of the institutions and, therefore, on the attractiveness of the business for potential investors, donors and entrants. I use the tools of industrial organization and contract theory to understand these effects, measure them, and give some interesting policy advice.

In the first paper, I analyze the effects of entry of a new MFI in a previously monopolistic microcredit market. In order to catch the salient features of financial markets in developing countries, I use a model of asymmetric information and assume that institutions can offer only one type of contract. I consider different behavioral assumptions for the MFIs and study their influence on equilibrium predictions. The model allows showing that competition can lead to equilibria in which MFIs differentiate their contracts in order to screen borrowers. This process can, unfortunately, make the poor borrowers worse off. Interestingly, the screening process we describe creates a previously unexplored source of credit rationing. I also prove that the presence in the market of an altruistic MFI, reduces rationing and, via this channel, affects positively the competitor's profit.

In the second paper, I study the effects of competition in those markets in which, due to the absence of credit bureaus, small entrepreneurs can simultaneously borrow from more than one institution. As in the first paper, I analyze an oligopolistic microcredit market characterized by asymmetric information and institutions that can offer only one type of contract. The main contribution is to show that appropriate contract design can eliminate the ex-ante incentives for multiple borrowing. Moreover, when the market is still largely unserved and particularly risky, a screening strategy leading to con-

tract differentiation and credit rationing is unambiguously the most effective to avoid multiple borrowing. The result of this paper can also be read as important robustness checks of the findings of my first paper.

In the last part of the thesis, I depart from the analysis of developing countries to consider, more generally, the corporate governance of financial infrastructures. The efficient functioning of financial markets relies more and more on the presence of infrastructures providing services like clearing, settlement, messaging and many others. The last years have been characterized by interesting dynamics in the ownership regime of these service providers. Both mutualizations and de-mutualizations took place, together with entry and exit of different players.

Starting from this observation, in the last paper (with Joachim Keller), we analyze the effects of competitive interaction between differently owned financial providers. We mainly focus on the incentives to invest in safety enhancing measures and we describe the different equilibrium market configurations. We use a model in which agents need an input service for the financial market they operate in. They can decide whether to provide it them selves by forming a Cooperative or outsource it from a Third Party Provider. We prove that the co-existence of differently governed infrastructures leads to a significant reduction in the investment in safety. In most cases, monopolistic provision is preferable to competition. Moreover, the decision rule used within the Cooperative plays a central role in determining the optimal market configuration.

All in all, throughout my thesis, I use the tools of industrial organization and contract theory to model the competitive interaction of the different actors operating in financial markets. Understanding the dynamics typical of developing countries can help in gaining a deeper comprehension of the markets in richer countries, and vice-versa. I am convinced that analyzing the differences and the similarities of financial markets in different regions of the world can be of great importance for economic theorists, in that it provides a counterfactual for the assumptions and the results on which our predictions and policy advices are based.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Banto, Jean michel. "Microfinance, growth and monetary policy : an empirical analysis using panel data from developing countries." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE019.

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Tout d'abord, cette thèse examine les relations d'une part entre la politique monétaire et la microfinance et d'autre part celles liées à la croissance économique et le secteur de la microfinance. Nos résultats montrent dans le premier cas que les taux des institutions de microfinance (IMF) à vocation non commerciale sont moins sensibles à la politique monétaire contrairement à ceux des IMF à vocation commerciale. Ce résultat peut s'expliquer par la possibilité des IMF à vocation commerciale à avoir un accès plus important au financement bancaire contrairement aux IMF à vocation non commerciale. Quant au deuxième cas, nous trouvons que la microfinance affecte la croissance économique à travers les canaux de transmission que sont la consommation et l'investissement. Ensuite, nous avons analysé l'impact des indicateurs de gouvernance notamment le nombre de personnes au conseil d'administration, le statut juridique et les ratios de prudentielles sur les performances financières et sociales des IMF dans un premier temps et dans un second temps nous examinons l'effet de la structure du capital sur l'activité de microcrédit à court, moyen et long terme. En ce qui concerne la gouvernance, nous trouvons que les IMF ayant le statut de « société anonyme » dégagent des marges bénéficiaires plus importantes que les institutions mutualiste et coopérative d'épargne et de crédit (IMCEC). Quant aux travaux sur la structure du capital, nous remarquons que les prêts aux populations à faibles revenus sont refinancés par les emprunts bancaires dont la conséquence est le renchérissement du taux prêteur. Enfin, nous constatons que les IMF qui se refinancent par les dépôts ont une activité de prêt plus importante que celles qui se refinancent par des emprunts bancaires
Firstly, this thesis examines the relationships between monetary policy and microfinance on the one hand and economic growth and the microfinance sector on the other. Our results show in the first case that the rates of non-commercial microfinance institutions (MFIs) are less sensitive to monetary policy than those of commercial MFIs. This result can be explained by the possibility that commercial MFIs have greater access to bank financing than non-commercial MFIs. As for the second case, we find that microfinance affects economic growth through the transmission channels of consumption and investment. Then, we analyzed the impact of governance indicators such as the number of people on the board of directors, legal status and prudential ratios on the financial and social performance of MFIs first and then we examine the effect of capital structure on microcredit activity in the short, medium and long term. With regard to governance, we find that MFIs with "public limited company" status generate higher profit margins than mutual and cooperative savings and credit institutions (IMCEC). As for the work on the capital structure, we note that loans to low-income populations are refinanced by bank loans, the consequence of which is the increase in the lending rate. Finally, we note that MFIs that refinance themselves through deposits have a higher lending activity than those that refinance themselves through bank loans
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Sirirangsi, Rangsima. "Population Policy Implementation and Evaluation in Less Industrialized Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279258/.

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This study emphasizes the impact of family planning program components on contraceptive prevalence in less industrialized countries. Building on Lapham and Mauldin's "Program Effort and Fertility Decline" framework and policy evaluation's theory, the author developed two models to examine the impact of family planning programs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility under the constraints of socioeconomic development and demand for family planning. The study employed path analysis and multiple regression on data from the 1982 program effort study in 94 less developed countries (LDCs) by Lapham and Mauldin and 98 LDCs of the 1989 program effort study by Mauldin and Ross. The results of data analyses for all data sets are consistent for the most part. Major findings are as follows: (1) A combination of program effort and socioeconomic development best explains the variation of contraceptive prevalence. (2) Among socioeconomic variables, female literacy exerts the strongest direct and indirect influences to increase contraceptive prevalence and indirect influence to decrease total fertility rate. (3) Christianity performs a significant role in reducing contraceptive prevalence. (4) Among program effort components, availability and accessibility for fertility-control supplies and services have the most influence on contraceptive prevalence. (5) When controlling for demand for family planning, female literacy and Christianity have expected and significant relationships with contraceptive prevalence. Availability and accessibility to fertility-control supplies and services exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on contraceptive prevalence. Demand for family planning has a positive and statistically significant effect on program variables, availability, and contraceptive prevalence. (6) There is a strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. Demand for family planning, program effort, and socioeconomic development influence fertility through contraceptive prevalence. The findings of this study suggest that governments in LDCs should give priorities to increasing female education and availability of contraception to effectively reduce fertility.
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Bondinuba, Francis Kwesi. "The role of microfinance as an innovative strategy for low-income housing delivery in developing countries." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3306.

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One of the greatest challenges faced by post-independence Developing Countries (DCs) is an immerse backlog, shortages and unsatisfactory conditions of housing for the poverty-stricken and lowest socioeconomic groups of their population. Governments and their development partners have previously embarked on many ambitious housing programmes by engaging in mass delivery of urban housing in fulfilment of the vision of adequate housing for all as reflected in many international housing policy frameworks. However, over a million of the lowest socioeconomic groups in DCs are still living in housing poverty. This is as a result of rapid urbanisation outpacing the effectiveness of most housing policies. Moreover, rapid urbanisation has led to lack of employment and lack of access to low-income housing finance among low-income groups to meet their housing needs. To address such challenges requires alternatives and innovative financial mechanisms such as Housing microfinance (HMF). Moreover, despite many microfinance institutions (MFIs) operating worldwide, there are only a few that operate within the low-income housing market. There is also little evidence in the literature about the role and motivations of such institution's involvement in the provision of HMF to low-income groups, particularly in Ghana. This study investigated the role of microfinance as an innovative strategy and modelled the motivations behind MFIs intention to enter the low-income housing market. The primary aim of the study was to explore the role of microfinance as an innovative strategy and the motivation behind MFIs’ and individuals in low-income group’s’ intentions to supply or demand HMF in Ghana. The study adopts a mixed method research approach involving in-depth interviews with three Housing Microfinance Institutions and focus group discussions with 36 low-income groups in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions in Ghana. A total of 200 survey questionnaires were also distributed to MFIs of which 135 questionnaires were returned, and 125 were usable. The qualitative data was analysed using Nvivo Version 10. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22 and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Version 3.0 Software were also used to analyse the quantitative data. A model of MFIs’ intention to enter the low-income housing market was subsequently developed and analysed. The results show that existing Housing Microfinance Institutions motivations are the social, economic and sustainability incentives for being in the low-income housing market. It further emerged that risks and appetite for profit are the strongest demotivating and motivating factors that can deter or attract new MFIs into the low-income housing market. The provision of construction and technical assistance as part of HMF packages will serve as a moderating factor between both demotivating and motivating factors. The barriers and constraints in the supply and demand for HMF include indigenous, industry capacity, credit and managerial, economic and finance issues, low-income and stringent HMF eligibility requirements. On the other hand, the risk factors identified were behavioural and relationship, economic and financial issues. Others are lack of institutional and regulatory framework, collateral and security issues, socio-cultural and construction risks. Furthermore, low-income groups are motivated to use HMF for new construction and land acquisition due to their desire for individual home ownership rather than renting. The model of intention shows that the motivating factors were more significant in predicting intention than the demotivating and moderating factors. However, together with their latent variables and factors, they explained 45% of MFIs intention to enter the low-income housing market in Ghana. The study, therefore, recommends the establishment of a national housing authority and a separate supportive and financially inclusive regulatory environment for HMF delivery. The development of any HMF programmes by the government, donor partners and MFIs should take into account the motivations behind the decisions of those in low-income groups to use HMF, rather than their effective demand for housing. Housing Microfinance Institutions should be more efficient, innovative, sustainable and viable by making their products simple, accessible and transparent. Furthermore, the future of the low-income housing market in DCs should be responsive to the 12-factor model of intention, and especially the demotivating factors vis-a-vis those from the low-income groups’ perspectives. The study provides stakeholders in the two sectors with a set of prioritised factors for making rational decisions concerning the supply and demand for HMF to low-income groups to meet their housing needs. The study demonstrates the role and usefulness of HMF and the motivations behind MFIs’ and low-income groups’ intentions to supply or demand HMF in Ghana. It has uncovered the barriers and risks associated with the provision or demand of HMF in a developing country context. Moreover, it has also re-contextualised the Push-Pull-Mooring model of human migration in a new context of demotivating-motivating-moderating factors. Hence, the study offers a foundation for other researchers to use as a follow-up for future research. Notwithstanding, further studies are required to investigate and establish the varying levels and segmentation needs of both markets.
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Almotairi, Mohammad A. T. "Evaluation of the implementation of CRM in developing countries." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4438.

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Managing relations with customers has been a main concern for business organisations from different sizes and fields. Such a concern has grown rapidly in the last few decades for a number of reasons such as the development of new technologies especially in the field of information technology (IT). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a newly emerged concept in the fields of IT and business that aims to strengthen the relationships between an organisation and its customers. Despite the promising expectations of implementing such a concept by many organisations, a significant number of CRM projects fail or result in disappointing outcomes that fall far short of expectations. This motivated researchers and practitioners to study the sources of failure and the factors of success in CRM implementation. Although CRM existed first in western organisations, it has spread almost all over the world as an increasing number of firms are implementing or planning to implement CRM. This research designed an integrated framework for investigating and evaluating the implementation of CRM in developing countries. The design of this framework was based on previous studies in the field of CRM implementation especially in the area of studying CRM success and failure. It is also based on the common sense and knowledge of the researcher in the field of CRM. To help identify successful implementation of CRM and to provide organisations with a guide to implement CRM projects, the research reviewed and organised the literature on CRM success and failure as well as the previous studies in CRM frameworks. Subsequently, the research designed a framework for CRM implementation that integrates CRM implementation phases/stages, CRM components, and CRM success factors. To assess the feasibility of the framework in developing countries, the research developed in-depth case study methodology that focused on two large communication companies which operate in Saudi Arabia and are implementing CRM projects fully and partially. The questions of the case study were developed to assess the feasibility of the framework based on the comparison between the conceptual framework and the practical implementation of CRM by the case companies, and the case study protocol was developed accordingly. Data was collected through multiple sources such as in-depth interviews, observations, documentations and archival records. The results of the case study support the feasibility of the framework in implementing CRM in general. The assessment stage was highly supported by the results. In addition, the success factors and their importance in implementing CRM were supported by the results with variation of importance of the success factors. However, cultural issues were significant to the CRM implementation and required modification to the framework to be more effective when implemented in developing countries.
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Books on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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Gueyie, Jean-Pierre, Ronny Manos, and Jacob Yaron, eds. Microfinance in Developing Countries. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925.

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United Nations Capital Development Fund. Special Unit for Microfinance, ed. Microfinance distance learning course. New York: UNCDF, 2002.

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The microfinance revolution. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2001.

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H, Carr James, and Tong Zhong Yi, eds. Replicating microfinance in the United States. Washington, D.C: Published by Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002.

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L, Fernando Jude, ed. Microfinance: Perils and prospects. New York: Routledge, 2005.

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1944-, Kirkpatrick C. H., ed. Project rehabilitation in developing countries. London: Routledge, 1991.

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Brent, Robert J. Project appraisal for developing countries. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.

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Project appraisal for developing countries. New York: New York University Press, 1990.

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Brent, Robert J. Cost-benefit analysis for developing countries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1998.

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John, Middleton. Building educational evaluation capacity in developing countries. Washington, DC: Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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Marom, Dan. "Crowd-Empowered Microfinance." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 127–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_7.

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Manos, Ronny, Jean-Pierre Gueyie, and Jacob Yaron. "Dilemmas and Directions in Microfinance Research." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 1–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_1.

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Meyer, Richard L. "Microcredit and Agriculture: Challenges, Successes and Prospects." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 199–226. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_10.

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Hartarska, Valentina, Denis Nadolnyak, and Thomas McAdams. "Microfinance and Microenterprises’ Financing Constraints in Eastern Europe and Central Asia." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 22–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_2.

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Adams, Dale W., and Robert C. Vogel. "Through the Thicket of Credit Impact Assessments." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 36–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_3.

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Bédécarrats, Florent, and Cécile Lapenu. "Assessing Microfinance: Striking the Balance Between Social Utility and Financial Performance." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 62–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_4.

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Beisland, Leif Atle, and Roy Mersland. "Earnings Quality in the Microfinance Industry." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 83–106. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_5.

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Seibel, Hans Dieter. "Culture and Governance in Microfinance: Desa Pakraman and Lembaga Perkreditan Desa in Bali." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 107–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_6.

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Schicks, Jessica. "From a Supply Gap to a Demand Gap? The Risk and Consequences of Over-indebting the Underbanked." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 152–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_8.

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Aggarwal, Shilpa, Leora Klapper, and Dorothe Singer. "Financing Businesses in Africa: The Role of Microfinance." In Microfinance in Developing Countries, 178–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137301925_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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MERA, Nertil, and Manjola TOZAJ. "MICROFINANCE AS A TOOL FOR POVERTY REDUCTION: CASE OF WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.43.

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Microfinance is of a vital importance to the unprivileged people especially in the developing countries. People with no means of sustaining themselves, rely on microfinance for a variety of services as a means for poverty reduction and increasing happiness. This study employs a Fixed Effects Model to analyze the impact of microfinance and some other macroeconomic factors on poverty reduction in Albania, Montenegro and Bosnia and Hercegovina. Empirical findings suggest that inflation does not play a role on the poverty reduction. On the other hand, total output (GDP) and microfinance (GLP) are found to be highly statistically significant in explaining the poverty reduction in the respective countries. Therefore, putting serious efforts on increasing GDP and supporting microfinance institutions may help the countries reduce the poverty level. Keywords: Western Balkans, microfinance, GDP, poverty reduction, fixed effects model
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Fritz, Heiko. "Poverty Alleviation and Microfinance in post-Soviet Central Asia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00710.

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Microfinance has played an important role in poverty alleviation throughout the developing world. Though some Central Asian countries are blessed with abundant natural resources, uneven income distribution and poverty are prevalent. Microfinance, however, has not been much in the public discussion in the region. The aim of this paper is to take stock of microfinance in Central Asia; to review recent developments in the context of the global development in the sector; to assess the regulatory and supervisory environment; and to identify untapped potential with respect to the future development of the industry.
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Tellis, Winston, and Aaron Seymour. "Transition From A Microfinance Institution to Regulated Bank: Technology Infrastructure Planning in a Developing Country." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2582.

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In this paper, the authors describe the process of converting from a microfinance organization to a regulated bank in Haiti. The literature was helpful as far as some of the procedures were concerned, and the organization was able to use the recommendations. However the researchers found some major omissions in those recommendations as far as infrastructure was concerned. In some developing countries, it is impossible to install PCs because there is no electricity. Similarly network connections and access to the Internet without telephone service would be impossible. A comparison is made between the recommendations and the realities of the environment in Haiti. Future implementations could benefit from the findings of the authors.
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Chandra, Bobby, Tatsuya Koizumi, Masahiro Hayashi, and Hisao Yamamoto. "A study on network reliability evaluation for developing countries." In 2012 18th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcc.2012.6388190.

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Carta, Giuseppe. "The challenge of the last few years: planning against poverty, microfinance." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8152.

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The last ten years have witnessed a heightened interest in infrastructure in both developed and developing countries, with emphasis on the financial crisis in developed countries, and the recurring attention on growth and poverty reduction. An edition of the UN Report underlines the choices available to policymakers across the range of economic, social, cultural and political challenges that are needed to bridge the urban divide. The term “inequality” has many different meanings. Shortly we describe how an indicator of economic well-being is distributed over a particular population. The coefficient or index is commonly used for measuring the grade of difference in size, income, wealth, costs, etc. Gini’s Coefficient (1921). Obviously the index only considers one aspect of difference, that of the distribution of income. The effect of social services which are administered directly, as for example, the Health Service and Education, even though they are extremely important for a substantial equality of rights and opportunities, is not taken into account. As a group of eminent planning experts recognized in the Global Report on Human Settlements 2009: “Among the most significant challenges that urban planning has to address in the next few decades are increasing poverty and inequality, as well as the rapidly expanding urban sector.” Urbanization, therefore, does indeed play a positive role in overall poverty reduction, particularly where supported by well-adapted policies.
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Uddin, Azeem, Suman Devi, and Jitendra Kumar Verma. "Qualitative Software Process Management for Developing Countries- An Exploratory Study." In 2020 International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compe49325.2020.9199995.

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Xia, Xintao, and Junzi Xia. "Evaluation of Potential for Developing Renewable Sources of Energy to Facilitate Development in Developing Countries." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5449477.

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Bhoyroo, Mitranand, and Vandana Bassoo. "Performance evaluation of Nakagami model for Vehicular communication networks in developing countries." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emergitech.2016.7737335.

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Toshboev, A. J. "Analysis And Evaluation Of Barriers To The Market Of The Developing Countries." In II International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.02.95.

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Malkin, R. A., and L. Perry. "Evaluation of the impact of a new biomedical equipment technician curriculum in Rwanda." In 7th International Conference on Appropriate Healthcare Technologies for Developing Countries. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.1485.

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Reports on the topic "Microfinance – Developing countries – Evaluation"

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Lemos, Renata, and Daniela Scur. Developing Management: An Expanded Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2016/007.

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Edwards, Sebastian. The International Monetary Fund and the Developing Countries: A Critical Evaluation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2909.

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Megersa, Kelbesa. Creating Green Jobs in Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.054.

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This rapid literature review examines evidence on interventions have been used to create green jobs in developing countries. The ‘green jobs’ concept does not have a singular and universally accepted definition. Many development organisations have come up with their own definitions, however all definitions share both an “environmental” and “decent jobs” component. Green job growth has been mostly documented in developed countries and some rapidly growing middle-income countries. However, it is becoming clearer that a green economy can create more and better jobs in all parts of the world (including the poorer developing countries) – and that these jobs can be ‘decent’. There are, however, some difficulties. Some new (green) jobs created in the food, agriculture, and recycling sectors (particularly in developing countries) can hardly be considered ‘decent’ – i.e., due to their poor labour standards. In some cases, climate change is also having a negative impact on jobs. Donors have a crucial role to play in supporting and financing green jobs initiatives and ‘green employment’ across developing countries – given the inadequate investment in the sector, growing unemployment issues and their unique vulnerability to climate change. Nevertheless, the ‘green jobs’ sector – thus far – has only been able to receive limited financial assistance from donors. Lack of focus and funding by donors and development agencies not only stymies the creation of green jobs in developing countries, but it can also result in the loss of many existing jobs and livelihoods, particularly in agriculture, because of climate change. Furthermore, the funding for most green jobs programmes by donors usually tends to be project-based, which fails to be part of a larger strategy to promote sustainable development – thus, limiting its impact. However, it is worth noting that there is relatively limited donor programming on ‘green jobs’ – i.e., most donor funded jobs creation programmes are not explicitly ‘green’. Another poignant observation is the general lack of proper programme evaluation, especially independent evaluation, on donor interventions around ‘green jobs’ (which are usually small projects). As such, there is a lack of good evidence base.
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Corbus, D., M. Martinez, L. Rodriguez, and J. Mark. Renewable energy and its potential for carbon emissions reductions in developing countries: Methodology for technology evaluation. Case study application to Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184773.

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Griffin, Andrew, Sean Griffin, Kristofer Lasko, Megan Maloney, S. Blundell, Michael Collins, and Nicole Wayant. Evaluation of automated feature extraction algorithms using high-resolution satellite imagery across a rural-urban gradient in two unique cities in developing countries. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40182.

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Feature extraction algorithms are routinely leveraged to extract building footprints and road networks into vector format. When used in conjunction with high resolution remotely sensed imagery, machine learning enables the automation of such feature extraction workflows. However, many of the feature extraction algorithms currently available have not been thoroughly evaluated in a scientific manner within complex terrain such as the cities of developing countries. This report details the performance of three automated feature extraction (AFE) datasets: Ecopia, Tier 1, and Tier 2, at extracting building footprints and roads from high resolution satellite imagery as compared to manual digitization of the same areas. To avoid environmental bias, this assessment was done in two different regions of the world: Maracay, Venezuela and Niamey, Niger. High, medium, and low urban density sites are compared between regions. We quantify the accuracy of the data and time needed to correct the three AFE datasets against hand digitized reference data across ninety tiles in each city, selected by stratified random sampling. Within each tile, the reference data was compared against the three AFE datasets, both before and after analyst editing, using the accuracy assessment metrics of Intersection over Union and F1 Score for buildings and roads, as well as Average Path Length Similarity (APLS) to measure road network connectivity. It was found that of the three AFE tested, the Ecopia data most frequently outperformed the other AFE in accuracy and reduced the time needed for editing.
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, Naftaly Goldshleger, Donald Rundquist, Dan Blumberg, and Yoram Benyamini. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.

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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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Williams, Lesley Elaine, Ernalyn Lising, and Esmyra Javier. Monitoring and Evaluation of ADB’s Climate Change Operational Framework 2017–2030. Asian Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220293-2.

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This paper reviews the Climate Change Operational Framework 2017–2030 (CCOF2030) focusing on measures to enhance the climate actions of ADB in its developing member countries. It examines primary components of the CCOF2030 results framework for good monitoring and evaluation. The similarities and overlaps between the CCOF2030 and ADB’s Strategy 2030, specifically Operational Priority 3, are also discussed in terms of the intersecting themes of climate change, disaster resilience, and environmental sustainability. Key recommendations focus on how ADB can streamline and allocate responsibilities for measuring and monitoring common performance metrics relating to climate change.
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Dudenbostel, Tobias. Supporting researchers under threat in today’s Academia. Lessons learnt from the evaluation of the Philipp Schwartz Initiative. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.552.

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The Philipp Schwartz Initiative (PSI) is a relatively new program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) that was launched in 2016 in close cooperation with the Federal Foreign Office. PSI enables universities and other research institutions in Germany to host foreign scientists who are exiled, displaced, and threatened by war and persecution in their own countries. As Philipp Schwartz fellows they are entitled to continue their research for a period of two years. Technopolis Austria was tasked with an evaluation of the first four selection rounds of PSI. The evaluation aimed at taking stock of program implementation, collecting interim results, assessing goal attainment and to provide recommendations to further improve the program. The program aimed at developing structures within organisations hosting threatened researchers, at integrating fellows into research to increase career perspectives, as well as at raising awareness and at sharing information and facilitate networking within German Academia. To our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of a comparable initiative.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.

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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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10

McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Abstract:
Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
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