Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microelectrodes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microelectrodes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microelectrodes"

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Xu, Bin, Kang Guo, Likuan Zhu, Xiaoyu Wu, and Jianguo Lei. "Applying Foil Queue Microelectrode with Tapered Structure in Micro-EDM to Eliminate the Step Effect on the 3D Microstructure’s Surface." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030335.

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When using foil queue microelectrodes (FQ-microelectrodes) for micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM), the processed results of each foil microelectrode (F-microelectrode) can be stacked to construct three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. However, the surface of the 3D microstructure obtained from this process will have a step effect, which has an adverse effect on the surface quality and shape accuracy of the 3D microstructures. To focus on this problem, this paper proposes to use FQ-microelectrodes with tapered structures for micro-EDM, thereby eliminating the step effect on the 3D microstructure’s surface. By using a low-speed wire EDM machine, a copper foil with thickness of 300 μm was processed to obtain a FQ-microelectrode in which each of the F-microelectrodes has a tapered structure along its thickness direction. These tapered structures could effectively improve the construction precision of the 3D microstructure and effectively eliminate the step effect. In this paper, the effects of the taper angle and the number of microelectrodes on the step effect were investigated. The experimental results show that the step effect on the 3D microstructure’s surface became less evident with the taper angle and the number of F-microelectrodes increased. Finally, under the processing voltage of 120 V, pulse width of 1 μs and pulse interval of 10 μs, a FQ-microelectrode (including 40 F-microelectrodes) with 10° taper angle was used for micro-EDM. The obtained 3D microstructure has good surface quality and the step effect was essentially eliminated.
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Liu, Hong, Xun Liu, and Ning Ding. "An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062023.

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Microelectrodes can be used to obtain chemical profiles within biofilm microenvironments. For example, sulfate (SO42−) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) microelectrodes can be used to study sulfate reduction activity in this context. However, there is no SO42− microelectrode available for studying sulfate reduction in biofilms. In this study, SO42− and H2S microelectrodes were fabricated and applied in the measurement of a wastewater membrane-aerated biofilm (MAB) to investigate the in situ sulfate reduction activity. Both the SO42− and H2S microelectrodes with a tip diameter of around 20 micrometers were successfully developed and displayed satisfying selectivity to SO42− and H2S, respectively. The Nernstian slopes of calibration curves of the fabricated SO42− electrodes were close to −28.1 mV/decade, and the R2 values were greater than 98%. Within the selected concentration range from 10−5 M (0.96 mg/L) to 10−2 M (960 mg/L), the response of the SO42− microelectrode was log-linearly related to its concentration. The successfully fabricated SO42− microelectrode was combined with the existing H2S microelectrode and applied on an environmental wastewater biofilm sample to investigate the sulfate reduction activity within it. The H2S and SO42− microelectrodes showed stable responses and good performance, and the decrease of SO42− with an accompanying increased of H2S within the biofilm indicated the in situ sulfate reduction activity. The application of combined SO42− and H2S microelectrodes in wastewater biofilms could amend the current understanding of sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation within environmental biofilms based on only H2S microelectrodes.
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Zhu, Zheng Han, Jing Quan Liu, Yue Feng Rui, and Chun Sheng Yang. "A Research on Implantable Microelectrodes for EMG Signal Acquisition." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.387.

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Signal acquisition microelectrode works as an interface between tissue and circuit in neural engineering. Stable, precise and lossless detection of EMG is important to functional neuromuscular stimulation. In this paper, we propose an implantable microelectrode for EMG acquisition fabricated by MEMS technology and test the impedance of several microelectrodes fabricated with different parameters. By analyzing the amplitudes and power spectrum of the EMG signals acquired from rabbits by fabricated microelectrodes, the signal acquisition performances of the microelectrodes are evaluated and compared both in time domain and frequency domain.
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Erofeev, Alexander, Ivan Antifeev, Anastasia Bolshakova, Ilya Bezprozvanny, and Olga Vlasova. "In Vivo Penetrating Microelectrodes for Brain Electrophysiology." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 9085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239085.

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In recent decades, microelectrodes have been widely used in neuroscience to understand the mechanisms behind brain functions, as well as the relationship between neural activity and behavior, perception and cognition. However, the recording of neuronal activity over a long period of time is limited for various reasons. In this review, we briefly consider the types of penetrating chronic microelectrodes, as well as the conductive and insulating materials for microelectrode manufacturing. Additionally, we consider the effects of penetrating microelectrode implantation on brain tissue. In conclusion, we review recent advances in the field of in vivo microelectrodes.
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Cheng, E., Ben Xing, Shanshan Li, Chengzhuang Yu, Junwei Li, Chunyang Wei, and Cheng Cheng. "Pressure-Driven Micro-Casting for Electrode Fabrication and Its Applications in Wear Grain Detections." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 3710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223710.

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The microelectrode is an essential and vital part in microsensors that are largely used in industrial, chemical, and biological applications. To obtain desired microelectrodes in great quality, it is also of great necessity and significance to develop a robust method to fabricate the microelectrode pattern. This work developed a four-terminal differential microelectrode that aims at recognizing microparticles in fluids. This microelectrode pair consisted of a high height–width ratio microelectrode array fabricated using a pre-designed microelectrode pattern (a micro-scale channel) and melted liquid metal. The surface treatment of microelectrodes was also investigated to reveal its impacts on the continuality of melting metal and the quality of the fabricated microelectrode patterns. To evaluate the performance of micro-casting fabricated electrodes, a microfluidic device was packaged using a microelectrode layer and a flow layer. Then impedance cytometer experiments were performed using sample fluids with polymer particles in two different sizes in diameter (5 μm and 10 μm). In addition, engine oil was tested on the microelectrodes as complex samples. The number of abrasive particles in the engine oil can be collected from the developed microfluidic device for further analysis.
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Buyong, M. R., J. Yunas, A. A. Hamzah, B. Yeop Majlis, F. Larki, and N. Abd Aziz. "Design, fabrication and characterization of dielectrophoretic microelectrode array for particle capture." Microelectronics International 32, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-10-2014-0041.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to design and characterize the dielectrophoretic (DEP) microelectrodes with various array structure arrangements in order to produce optimum non-uniform electric field for particle capture. The DEP-electrodes with 2D electrode structure was fabricated and characterized to see the effect of electrode structure configuration on the capture capability of the cells suspending in the solution. Design/methodology/approach – The presented microelectrode array structures are made of planar conductive metal structure having same size and geometry. Dielectrophoretic force (FDEP) generated in the fluidic medium is initially simulated using COMSOL Multi-physics performed on two microelectrodes poles, which is then continued on three-pole microelectrodes. The proposed design is fabricated using standard MEMS fabrication process. Furthermore, the effect of different sinusoidal signals of 5, 10 and 15 volt peak to peak voltage (Vpp) at fixed frequency of 1.5 MHz on capturing efficiency of microelectrodes were also investigated using graphite metalloids particles as the suspended particles in the medium. The graphite particles that are captured at the microelectrode edges are characterized over a given time period. Findings – Based on analysis, the capturing efficiency of microelectrodes at the microelectrode edges is increased as voltage input increases, confirming its dependency to the FDEP strength and direction of non-uniform electric field. This dependency to field consequently increases the surface area of the accumulated graphite. It is also showed that the minimum ratio of the surface accumulated area of captured graphite is 1, 2.75 and 9 μm2 for 5, 10 and 15 Vpp, respectively. The simulation result also indicates a significant improvement on the performance of microelectrodes by implementing third pole in the design. The third pole effect the particles in the medium by creating stronger non-uniform electric field as well as more selective force toward the microelectrodes’ edges. Originality/value – The microelectrode array arrangement is found as a reliable method to increase the strength and selectivity of non-uniform electric field distribution that affect FDEP. The presented findings are verified through experimental test and simulation results.
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Lei, Jianguo, Kai Jiang, Xiaoyu Wu, Hang Zhao, and Bin Xu. "Surface Quality Improvement of 3D Microstructures Fabricated by Micro-EDM with a Composite 3D Microelectrode." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090868.

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Three-dimensional (3D) microelectrodes used for processing 3D microstructures in micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) can be readily prepared by laminated object manufacturing (LOM). However, the microelectrode surface always appears with steps due to the theoretical error of LOM, significantly reducing the surface quality of 3D microstructures machined by micro-EDM with the microelectrode. To address the problem above, this paper proposes a filling method to fabricate a composite 3D microelectrode and applies it in micro-EDM for processing 3D microstructures without steps. The effect of bonding temperature and Sn film thickness on the steps is investigated in detail. Meanwhile, the distribution of Cu and Sn elements in the matrix and the steps is analyzed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Experimental results show that when the Sn layer thickness on the interface is 8 μm, 15 h after heat preservation under 950 °C, the composite 3D microelectrodes without the steps on the surface were successfully fabricated, while Sn and Cu elements were evenly distributed in the microelectrodes. Finally, the composite 3D microelectrodes were applied in micro-EDM. Furthermore, 3D microstructures without steps on the surface were obtained. This study verifies the feasibility of machining 3D microstructures without steps by micro-EDM with a composite 3D microelectrode fabricated via the proposed method.
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Castagnola, Elisa, Nasim Winchester Vahidi, Surabhi Nimbalkar, Srihita Rudraraju, Marvin Thielk, Elena Zucchini, Claudia Cea, et al. "In Vivo Dopamine Detection and Single Unit Recordings Using Intracortical Glassy Carbon Microelectrode Arrays." MRS Advances 3, no. 29 (2018): 1629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.98.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, we present a 4-channel intracortical glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode array on a flexible substrate for the simultaneous in vivo neural activity recording and dopamine (DA) concentration measurement at four different brain locations (220µm vertical spacing). The ability of GC microelectrodes to detect DA was firstly assessed in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline solution and then validated in vivo measuring spontaneous DA concentration in the Striatum of European Starling songbird through fast scan cyclic voltammetry(FSCV). The capability of GC microelectrode arrays and commercial penetrating metal microelectrode arrays to record neural activity from the Caudomedial Neostriatum of European starling songbird was compared. Preliminary results demonstrated the ability of GC microelectrodes in detecting neurotransmitters release and recording neural activity in vivo. GC microelectrodes array may, therefore, offer a new opportunity to understand the intimate relations linking electrophysiological parameters with neurotransmitters release.
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Stulík, Karel, Christian Amatore, Karel Holub, Vladimír Marecek, and Wlodzimierz Kutner. "Microelectrodes. Definitions, characterization, and applications (Technical report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 8 (January 1, 2000): 1483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072081483.

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Theory, preparation,and applications of microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays are critically reviewed, and future trends in the field are outlined. An operational definition of a microelectrode is also recommended.
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Mooney, J. L., V. Lyall, M. Acevedo, and W. M. Armstrong. "Double-barreled K+-selective microelectrodes based on dibenzo-18-crown-6." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 255, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): C408—C412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.3.c408.

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Liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes based on Corning code 477317 K+ exchanger are known to be much more sensitive to quaternary ammonium ions than to K+. In the presence of such cations, the capability of measuring K+ activities with Corning microelectrodes may be seriously impaired. We have developed a neutral carrier K+-selective microelectrode based on the crown ether dibenzo-18-crown-6. The crown ether cocktail contained (wt/wt) 2.3% dibenzo-18-crown-6, 0.8% Na-tetraphenylborate, 30.1% 2-nitrophenylocylether, and 66.8% O-nitrotoluene. Double-barreled crown ether and Corning microelectrodes were calibrated in KCl solutions with or without choline, acetylcholine, tetramethylammonium, imidazole, Na+, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and N-methyl-D-glucamine. Both kinds of microelectrodes showed similar K+ over Na+, Tris, and N-methyl-D-glucamine selectivities. However, crown ether microelectrodes had immensely greater selectivities of K+ over quaternary ammonium ions and imidazole than Corning microelectrodes. Selectivity factors, defined as log K(ij)K, of crown ether microelectrodes with respect to K+ for tetramethylammonium, choline, acetylcholine, and imidazole were -1.92 +/- 0.13, -2.97 +/- 0.03, -1.75 +/- 0.15, and -1.30 +/- 0.20, respectively. Intracellular K+ activities measured in the same Necturus gallbladders with both kinds of microelectrodes did not differ significantly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microelectrodes"

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Brady, Charlotte Louise. "Development and characterisation of microelectrodes for extreme environments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7852.

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Microelectrodes have been found to be a valuable tool in a variety of analytical studies. Their advantages over macro-sized electrodes are well known, including their enhanced mass transport properties (due to their ubiquitous hemispherical diffusion) which lead to steady state responses without external convection. They also exhibit high signal-to-noise ratios (greater sensitivities), furthering their analytical application. Microelectrode arrays are analytical devices with multiple electrodes. There are suitable for practical sensing with all the benefits of microelectrodes but with greater currents, leading to greater ease of measurement. To produce a reliable electroanalytical device the microelectrode response must be reproducible, a fundamental property based on the quality control of their production. Square microelectrode and array fabrication techniques have been developed for this purpose. This research discusses the fabrication and development of closely spaced arrays of square microelectrodes. Simulated and measured responses are compared and used to characterize electrode and array responses by cyclic voltammetry, electrical impedance spectroscopy and current-time transients. Measurements on variably spaced arrays allow insight into overlap of hemispherical diffusion from individual electrodes and the subsequent effect including peak current output on the array device. By studying these devices key insights into the mass transport properties of single square microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays were gained. This study also prepares and develops microelectrodes from materials appropriate for use in the extreme environments of molten salts and concentrated nitric acid solutions. These robust electrodes were developed for use in hydro- and pyro-chemical techniques for nuclear fuel reprocessing. These results demonstrate the practical uses for microelectrode systems across a wide range of chemical systems and in extreme conditions.
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Hodgson, Alexia Wilgith Elsa. "Microelectrodes in analysis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243097.

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McNally, Michael. "Fabrication, characterisation and modification of a carbon film microelectrode to selectively monitor dopamine in vivo." Phd thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/16067.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University (Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences), 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
Microelectrode voltammetry -- Experimental -- Microelectrode fabrication -- Characterisation of the carbon film surface: Surface stability - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Raman spectroscopy - Capacitance - Edge plane concentration - Potential window - Surface concentration of alkenes and alkynes - Outer sphere electron transfer using hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride - Reduction of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) - Anodic oxidation: diol to dione; dopamine and ascorbic acid - Surface oxidation - Ferrocene in a non aqueous solvent -- Selectivity: Formation of carboxylic acid groups on a carbon film surface by ferrous II sulfate complex oxidation - Ethanol modified carbon film surface - Modification of carbon film microelectrode surface using aromatic amines - Modification of carbon film surfaces to form a dual functional ascorbic acid barrier -- In vivo anti fouling properties of surface modified carbon film microelectrodes -- Conclusion.
In this thesis a procedure is presented for the fabrication of a microelectrode to monitor the neurotransmitter dopamine in vivo. The microelectrodes are fabricated by in situ pyrolysis of acetylene under a nitrogen blanket onto a quartz capillary. The carbon film was then anodically oxidised in the presence of 2,4-dinitroaniline. These microelectrodes are stable, provide the physical strength to penetrate brain tissue, have a low capacitance, are resistant to fouling in vivo and selectively suppress the endogenous ascorbic acid which oxidises at the same potential as dopamine. With such properties the carbon film microelectrode appears ideally suited for fast scanning cyclic voltammetric studies of cationic neurotransmitters such as dopamine in vivo.
xxviii, 323 p. ill
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Blair, Ewen O. "The optimisation and characterisation of durable microelectrodes for electroanalysis in molten salt." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25671.

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This work presents microfabricated microelectrodes, capable of quantitative analysis in molten salt (MS). MSs are an electrolytic medium of growing interest, especially in the area of nuclear reprocessing. However, designing sensors for a MS-based nuclear reprocessing system is a challenge, owing to the usually corrosive nature and high operating temperatures (typically 450 - 500◦C) of MS. Microelectrodes are well placed as sensors, with numerous advantages over macro-scale electrodes. As a consequence, there have been previous attempts to utilise microelectrodes inMS. However, these have not been successful and all have suffered disadvantages inherent in traditional microelectrode manufacturing. The microelectrodes presented in this work were produced using standard microfabrication techniques and characterised in MS. An analysis of failure mechanisms guided a systematic study of material combinations. This resulted in a sensor, which is capable of delivering quantifiable electrochemistry in MS. However, the lifetime and yield of the sensor were determined to only be 46% and 1.4 hours respectively. Further investigation of the microelectrode failure mechanisms guided several layout changes to the microelectrode design. By reducing critical area, where defects or pinholes could form, these resulted in improvements in performance. This increased the yield to 65%, while the average lifetime increased up to 45 hours. Test structures were designed to investigate the causes of the continued microelectrode failures and identified shorting between the electrode metal and silicon substrate. This suggests the existence of defects in the underlying insulator are the cause of the 35% of microelectrodes which never functioned. Separate test structures suggested the lifetimes of the microelectrodes could also be improved by removing the need for a metal adhesion layer. Tantalum has been suggested as a replacement electrode metal and a proof of concept study demonstrated the feasibility of employing thin film tantalum as an electrode metal in LKE. Using this technology as a platform, several proof-of-concept microelectrode designs are also presented: liquid microelectrodes, microelectrode arrays, and a nanoelectrode. These are targeted at specific sensing applications, and provide an expanded spectrum of measurements in MS.
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Amphlett, Jonathan Lee. "Numerical simulation of microelectrodes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341628.

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Perry, Samuel C. "Transient studies at microelectrodes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/387227/.

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Transient studies of electrochemical systems at microelectrodes allow analysis under rapid mass transport conditions. The small active area allows rapid resolution of charging currents, giving access to meaningful information even at short times. Sampled current voltammetry at microelectrodes (MSCV) is a multistep technique whereby data is collected from a series of potential step experiments along the redox wave of interest. Varying the sampling time allows comparison of how a reaction proceeds at varying timescales, whilst simultaneously showing the potential dependence. Selection of an appropriate sampling time tunes the rate of mass transport to give quasireversible conditions, allowing facile kinetic analysis using quasireversible models. Application to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) revealed unreasonably large currents at short times. This work suggests that pre-adsorbed oxygen at the electrode surface is responsible. The presence of the pre-adsorbed oxygen was confirmed by its direct reduction in argon purged solution, and its strong dependence on the metal substrate. The resultant peak potentials were used to calculate the binding energies of varying metals towards oxygen (ΔG₀), which are in excellent agreement with the literature. This is useful, as ΔG₀ is a popular descriptor for oxygen reduction activity. Once the pre-adsorbed oxygen is consumed, MSCVs for the ORR can be used for standard kinetic analysis using Tafel or Koutecky-Levich analyses, with the advantage of the electrode being oxide free before each data point is recorded.
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Tait, Russell John, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Development and application of a microelectrode based scanning voltammetric detector." Deakin University. School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 1991. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060720.100447.

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A large part of the work presented in this thesis describes the development and use of a novel electrochemical detector designed to allow the electrochemical characterisation of compounds in flowing solution by means of cyclic voltammetry. The detector was microprocessor controlled, which provides digital generation of the potential waveform and collection of data for subsequent analysis. Microdisk working electrodes are employed to permit both thermodynamic and kinetically controlled processes to be studied under steady-state conditions in flowing solutions without the distortion or hysteresis normally encountered with larger sized electrodes. The effect of electrode size, potential scan rate, and solution flow rate are studied extensively with the oxidation of ferrocene used as an example of a thermodynamically controlled process and a series of catecholamines as examples of a kinetically controlled process. The performance of the detector was best demonstrated when used as a HPLC post-column detector. The 3-dimensional chromatovoltammograms obtained allow on-line characterisation of each fraction as it elutes from the column. The rest of the work presented in this thesis involves the study of the oxidative degradation pathway of dithranol. The oxidative pathway was shown to involve a complex free radical mechanism, dependent on the presence of both oxygen and, in particular light. The pathway is further complicated by the fact that dithranol may exist in either a keto or enol form, the enol being most susceptible to oxidation. A likely mechanism is proposed from studies performed with cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis, then defined by subsequent kinetic studies.
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Silva, Eduardo Luís Trindade da. "Diamond microelectrodes for corrosion studies." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14495.

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Doutoramento em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais
Este trabalho teve como objetivos a produção, caracterização e aplicação de microelétrodos (MEs) de diamante como sensores amperométricos e potenciométricos em sistemas de corrosão nos quais a agressividade do meio e a presença de produtos de corrosão, constituem obstáculos que podem diminuir o desempenho, ou inviabilizar a utilização, de outros tipos de sensores. Os microeléctrodos são baseados em filmes finos de diamante dopado com boro (BDD – Boron Doped Diamond) depositados sobre fios de tungsténio afiados, através do método de deposição química a partir da fase vapor, assistida por filamento quente (HFCVD – Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition). A otimização das diversas etapas de fabricação dos MEs deu origem ao desenvolvimento de um novo sistema de afiamento eletroquímico para obtenção destes fios e a várias opções para a obtenção dos filmes de diamante condutor e seu isolamento com resinas para exposição apenas da ponta cilíndrica. A qualidade cristalina dos filmes de diamante foi avaliada por espectroscopia de Raman. Esta informação foi complementada com uma caracterização microestrutural dos filmes de diamante por microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM), em que se fez a identificação da tipologia dos cristais como pertencendo às gamas de diamante nanocristalino ou microcristalino. Os filmes de BDD foram utilizados na sua forma não modificada, com terminações em hidrogénio e também com modificação da superfície através de tratamentos de plasma RF de CF4 e O2 indutores de terminações C-F no primeiro caso e de grupos C=O, C-O-C e C-OH no segundo, tal como determinado por XPS. A caracterização eletroquímica dos MEs não modificados revelou uma resposta voltamétrica com elevada razão sinal/ruído e baixa corrente capacitiva, numa gama de polarização quasi-ideal com extensão de 3 V a 4 V, dependente dos parâmetros de crescimento e pós-tratamentos de superfície. Estudou-se a reversibilidade de algumas reações heterogéneas com os pares redox Fe(CN)6 3-/4- e FcOH0/+ e verificou-se que a constante cinética, k0, é mais elevada em elétrodos com terminações em hidrogénio, nos quais não se procedeu a qualquer modificação da superfície. Estes MEs não modificados foram também testados na deteção de Zn2+ onde se observou, por voltametria cíclica, que a detecção da redução deste ião é linear numa escala log-log na gama de 10-5-10-2 M em 5 mM NaCl. Realizaram-se também estudos em sistemas de corrosão modelares, em que os microeléctrodos foram usados como sensores amperométricos para mapear a distribuição de oxigénio e Zn2+ sobre um par galvânico Zn-Fe, com recurso a um sistema SVET (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique). Foi possível detetar, com resolução lateral de 100 μm, um decréscimo da concentração de O2 junto a ambos os metais e produção de catiões de zinco no ânodo. Contudo verificou-se uma significativa deposição de zinco metálico na superfície dos ME utilizados. Os MEs com superfície modificada por plasma de CF4 foram testados como sensores de oxigénio dissolvido. A calibração dos microeléctrodos foi efetuada simultaneamente por voltametria cíclica e medição óptica através de um sensor de oxigénio comercial. Determinou-se uma sensibilidade de ~0.1422 nA/μM, com um limite de deteção de 0.63 μM. Os MEs modificados com CF4 foram também testados como sensores amperométricos com os quais se observou sensibilidade ao oxigénio dissolvido em solução, tendo sido igualmente utilizados durante a corrosão galvânica de pares Zn-Fe. Em alguns casos foi conseguida sensibilidade ao ião Zn2+ sem que o efeito da contaminação superficial com zinco metálico se fizesse sentir. Os microeléctrodos tratados em plasma de CF4 permitem uma boa deteção da distribuição de oxigénio, exibindo uma resposta mais rápida que os não tratados além de maior estabilidade de medição e durabilidade. Nos MEs em que a superfície foi modificada com plasma de O2 foi possível detetar, por cronopotenciometria a corrente nula, uma sensibilidade ao pH de ~51 mV/pH numa gama de pH 2 a pH 12. Este comportamento foi associado à contribuição determinante de grupos C-O e C=O, observados por XPS com uma razão O/C de 0,16. Estes MEs foram igualmente testados durante a corrosão galvânica do par Zn-Fe onde foi possível mapear a distribuição de pH associada ao desenvolvimento de regiões alcalinas causadas pela redução do oxigénio, acima da região catódica, e de regiões ácidas decorrentes da dissolução anódica do ânodo de zinco. Com o par galvânico imerso em 50 mM NaCl registou-se uma variação de pH aproximadamente entre 4,8 acima do ânodo de zinco a 9,3 sobre o cátodo de ferro. A utilização pioneira destes MEs como sensores de pH é uma alternativa promissora aos elétrodos baseados em membranas seletivas.
This work was dedicated to the production, characterization and application of diamond microelectrodes (MEs) in corrosion systems as amperometric and potentiometric sensors in which the aggressive media and the presence of corrosion products can affect the performance, or even impede the use of other types of sensors. The MEs are based in boron doped diamond (BDD) thin films grown by HFCVD (Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition) on top of sharp tungsten filaments. The optimization of the various ME fabrication steps gave origin to a novel electrochemical etching technique for the production of sharp metal wires and to multiple options for the growth of diamond films and their insulation with resins in order to expose only the cylindrical tip. The crystalline quality of the diamond films was evaluated with Raman spectroscopy. Complementary microstructural information was gathered by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to identify the microcrystalline or nanocrystalline nature of the diamond coatings. The BDD films were used in the as-grown form, with hydrogen terminated surface and also with surface modification, by RF-plasma, using CF4 and O2 for inducing different surface terminations, C-F bonds in the first case and C=O, CO- C and C-OH in the second, as detected by XPS. The electrochemical characterization of the MEs revealed a voltammetric response with high signal-to-noise ratio and low capacitive current. The potential range of water stability varied from 3 V to 4V, depending on the growth parameters and surface treatments. Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics were measured using the Fe(CN)6 3-/4- and FcOH0/+ redox couples and it was verified that the kinetic constant, k0, is higher for the as-grown MEs than for the modified ones. The as-grown MEs were used for the detection of Zn2+ exhibiting a log-log linear response in the range of 10-5-10-2 M in 5 mM NaCl, by cyclic voltammetry. Studies in model corrosion systems were also performed in which the MEs were used as amperometric sensors to map the distribution of oxygen and Zn2+ above a corroding galvanic Zn-Fe couple, by using a SVET (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique) system. It was possible to detect with a lateral resolution of 100 μm, a decrease in O2 concentration above both metals and the release of zinc cations above the anode. However, a significant zinc deposition at the surface of the electrodes was observed. The MEs modified by CF4 plasma were tested as dissolved oxygen sensors. The calibration of the microelectrodes was performed simultaneously by cyclic voltammetry and optical measurement with a commercial oxygen sensor. A sensitivity of ~0.1422 nA/μM was determined, with a detection limit of 0.63 μM. The fluorinated MEs were also tested during galvanic corrosion of Zn-Fe couples. In some cases sensitiveness to Zn2+ was also achieved without zinc contamination. The CF4 plasma treated MEs allow a good oxygen mapping, showing a faster response than the as-grown MEs, as well as higher measurement stability and longer lifetime. For the O2 plasma treated MEs it was possible to detect, by zero-current chronopotentiometry, a pH sensitivity of ~51 mV/pH in a pH 2 to pH 12 range. This behavior was attributed to the contribution of the C-O and C=O groups, observed by XPS with an O/C ratio of 0.16. These MEs were also tested during the galvanic corrosion of a Zn-Fe couple where it was possible to map the pH distribution deriving from the development of alkaline regions caused by oxygen reduction, above the cathode, and of acidic regions resulting from the anodic dissolution of zinc. With the galvanic couple immersed in 50 mM NaCl a pH variation was registered from ca. 4.8 above the zinc anode to 9.3 above the cathode. The innovative use of these MEs as pH sensors is a promising alternative to the selective membrane based MEs.
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Saillard, Audric. "Mercury Amalgam Electrodeposition on Metal Microelectrodes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7193.

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Mercury amalgam microelectrodes, typically fabricated by electrodeposition of mercury onto metal (platinum, gold, silver) inlaid disks, possess certain advantageous properties for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and electroanalysis. But as applications require more and more precision, fundamental questions concerning the exact shape and constitution of the amalgam can become important for interpreting SECM experimental data. The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth the formation of the amalgam, in order to provide a better understanding of the key physical processes, and so be able to judge of the accuracy of the currently used models and refine them when necessary. The amalgam formation is the result of several processes that occur roughly at two different scales: the global scale, which is microscopic, and the local scale, of the order of few nanometers. On the global scale, the dominant physical process is the mass transport, driven almost entirely by diffusion, which determines the rate of mercury deposition. Other phenomena occur at the smaller local scale. Their understanding is essential to predict precisely the volume and shape of the amalgam at shorter times. Among these local phenomena, nucleation and droplet interactions appear critical. The former sets the formation rate and the size of the isolated mercury droplets that are initially formed at the surface of the electrode. An understanding of the latter is necessary to determine the droplet coalescence process. Among the specific accomplishments of this Master thesis work, a time scale analysis of the global phenomena has been performed leading to the conclusion that quasi-steady state diffusion of mercury ions in the bulk mainly defines the electrodeposition rate. Then, a series of analytical formulations for diffusion-limited electrodeposition current available in the literature has been quickly analyzed, leading to development of analytical/numerical models. These latter have been implemented, and results were critically compared with experimental data, leading to the conclusion that the early electrodeposition was not enough finely modeled. Mercury droplets nucleation and surface interaction have been identified as relevant processes of this period. They have next been investigated in detail, leading to the characterization of the nucleation process, and the derivation of two complimentary approaches on charged droplet stability. Regime maps have been developed, providing first explanations and quantitative information on charged droplet stability dependence on potential applied, electrolyte and droplet size. Finally, through analysis of theoretical predictions, a series of electroanalytical experiments have been proposed for the future validation of the suggested theoretical models.
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Caruana, Daren Joseph. "Electrochemical immobilisation of enzymes on microelectrodes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240238.

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Books on the topic "Microelectrodes"

1

Ammann, Daniel. Ion-Selective Microelectrodes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52507-0.

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Montenegro, M. Irene, M. Arlete Queirós, and John L. Daschbach, eds. Microelectrodes: Theory and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3210-7.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on Microelectrodes: Theory and Applications (1990 Alvor, Portugal). Microelectrodes: Theory and applications. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991.

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Smith, Thomas G., Harold Lecar, Steven J. Redman, and Peter W. Gage, eds. Voltage and Patch Clamping with Microelectrodes. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7601-6.

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1948-, Wang Joseph, ed. Microelectrodes: A special issue of Electroanalysis. New York: VCH, 1990.

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Graves, Smith Thomas, ed. Voltage and patch clamping with microelectrodes. Bethesda, Md: American Physiological Society, 1985.

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1931-, Smith T. G., ed. Voltage and patch clamping with microelectrodes. Bethesda, Md: American Physiological Society, 1985.

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Ammann, Daniel. Ion-selective microelectrodes: Principles, design, and application. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Ammann, Daniel. Ion-selective microelectrodes: Principles, design, and application. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Daniel, Ammann. Ion-selective microelectrodes: Principles, design, and application. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microelectrodes"

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Juarez-Martinez, Gabriela, Alessandro Chiolerio, Paolo Allia, Martino Poggio, Christian L. Degen, Li Zhang, Bradley J. Nelson, et al. "Microelectrodes." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1404. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100427.

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Pletcher, Derek. "Why Microelectrodes?" In Microelectrodes: Theory and Applications, 3–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3210-7_1.

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Potje-Kamloth, Karin, Petr Janata, and Mira Josowicz. "Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes." In Contemporary Electroanalytical Chemistry, 199–203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3704-9_20.

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Scharifker, Benjamin R. "Ensembles of Microelectrodes." In Microelectrodes: Theory and Applications, 227–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3210-7_13.

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Williams, David E. "Microelectrodes in Analysis." In Microelectrodes: Theory and Applications, 415–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3210-7_24.

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Hill, H. Allen O., Napthali P. Klein, A. Surya N. Murthy, and Ioanna S. M. Psalti. "Bioelectrochemistry at Microelectrodes." In ACS Symposium Series, 105–13. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0403.ch007.

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Sykové, Eva. "Ion-Selective Microelectrodes." In Ionic and Volume Changes in the Microenvironment of Nerve and Receptor Cells, 3–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76937-5_2.

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Ammann, Daniel. "Introduction." In Ion-Selective Microelectrodes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52507-0_1.

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Ammann, Daniel. "Impact of Neutral Carrier Microelectrodes." In Ion-Selective Microelectrodes, 281–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52507-0_10.

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Ammann, Daniel. "References." In Ion-Selective Microelectrodes, 305–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52507-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microelectrodes"

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Park, Sei Jin, Anna Ivanovskaya, and Allison Yorita. "Synthesis and Fabrication of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Microelectrode Arrays on Flexible Probes for Neurotransmitter Detection." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85273.

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Abstract Implantable microelectrode arrays are an effective method for understanding neurotransmitter dynamics with high spatial resolution. In particular, carbon-based electrodes are efficient for electrochemical detection of dopamine, a neurotransmitter studied for its role in motor movement and reward-seeking behavior. However, very few options exist for arrayed carbon microelectrodes, specifically on flexible polymeric probes. We demonstrate fabrication of polyimide probes featuring single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) microelectrode arrays and characterize their dopamine detection performance. First, SWCNT synthesis parameters were optimized to grow high density SWCNT “forests” that have uniform height with electrode diameters ranging from 15 μm to 100 μm, as these dimensions are spatially relevant to chemical sensing in an animal model. These SWCNT microelectrodes were then incorporated into a microfabrication process involving deposition and patterning of polyimide substrate and metal traces. The process flow was designed such that the polyimide was not exposed to the high temperatures required to grow SWCNTs. Instead, a bottom-up approach was utilized, in which the SWCNT catalyst was first patterned, the SWCNTs were synthesized on a silicon substrate, then polyimide and trace metal layers were deposited and patterned. Prototype probes were fabricated containing the same range of electrode diameters as those used for SWCNT synthesis development to determine the effect of electrode diameter on ease of microfabrication. Microelectrodes ranging from 15 μm to 50 μm in diameter were found to release from the carrier wafer more easily, while larger electrodes demonstrated poor release. These probes demonstrate a concentration-dependent response to dopamine, with high sensitivity compared to microelectrode arrays consisting of bare metal. Further development of this electrode material will enable neuroscientists to study dopamine at higher spatial resolution, with the benefit of utilizing flexible probes.
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Richard, Åse, Oliver Klett, Carola Strandman, Ylva Bäcklund, and Leif Nyholm. "Design of a Chip Based Microanalytical Fluidic System Based on Electrochemical Detection Using Redox Cycling." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0313.

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Abstract Microelectrodes on a chip have been investigated regarding their usefulness for dual electrode amperometric detection in off-chip and on-chip based microanalytical capillary flow systems. In the latter case, microelectrodes were integrated on a chip containing fluidic channels. A straightforward method to micromechanically manufacture the chips is presented. In this process, the microelectrodes are manufactured on a Pyrex (Corning #7740) glass wafer and anodically bonded to an oxidized silicon wafer into which fluidic channels of varying width and depth have been manufactured.
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Ying Wu, Yi Xiang, Junjie Bai, Zhaoying Zhou, and Ying Yang. "Electrical impedance microchip using microelectrodes." In 2008 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2008.4594503.

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Troyk, P. R., Z. Hu, and S. F. Cogan. "Assessing Polarization of AIROF Microelectrodes." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4352643.

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Smith, Rosemary L., YunTai Hsueh, Scott D. Collins, Jean-Charles Fiaccabrino, and Milena Koudelka-Hep. "Electrochemiluminescence at microelectrodes for biosensing." In BiOS '97, Part of Photonics West, edited by Paul L. Gourley. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.269955.

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Kaempgen, M. "Ultra microelectrodes from MWCNT Bundles." In ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NOVEL NANOSTRUCTURES: XIX International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2103937.

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Buyong, Muhamad Ramdzan, Norazreen Abd Aziz, Azrul Azlan Hamzah, and Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis. "Dielectrophoretic characterization of array type microelectrodes." In 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smelec.2014.6920841.

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Kannan, Bhuvaneswari, David E. Williams, and Jandranka Travas‐Sejdic. "CONTROLLED GROWTH OF POLYPYRROLE ON MICROELECTRODES." In ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: Proceedings of the International Conference (AMN‐4). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3203247.

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Beauchamp, Brendan P., Nabeeh Kandalaft, and Karl Brakora. "MicroElectrodes for High Density Surface Electromyography." In 2024 IEEE 14th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427589.

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Pellinen, D. S., T. Moon, R. J. Vetter, R. Miriani, and D. R. Kipke. "Multifunctional Flexible Parylene-Based Intracortical Microelectrodes." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1615669.

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Reports on the topic "Microelectrodes"

1

Wikiel, Kazimierz, and Janet Osteryoung. Corrosion Measurements Using Microelectrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada197744.

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Metz, S., M. O. Heuschkel, B. V. Avila, R. Holzer, and D. Bertrand. Microelectrodes with Three-Dimensional Structures for Improved Neural Interfacing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412975.

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Ekechukwu, A. A. Reduction of sample volume and waste generation in acid/base titrations using microelectrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/268567.

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Brina, Rossella, and Stanley Pons. The Use of Narrow Gap Line Microelectrodes as Sensitive and Species Selective Gas Chromatographic Detectors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200424.

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Beckerman, M. Modeling and Simulation of Microelectrode-Retina Interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810944.

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Hosein, W. K., A. M. Yorita, and V. M. Tolosa. Characterizing Enzymatic Deposition for Microelectrode Neurotransmitter Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1305874.

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Maghribi, Mariam Nader. Microfabrication of an Implantable silicone Microelectrode array for an epiretinal prosthesis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005780.

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Park, Christina Soyeun. Characterizing the Material Properties of Polymer-Based Microelectrode Arrays for Retinal Prosthesis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005368.

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