Academic literature on the topic 'Microeconomics'

Микроэкономика, как базовый элемент экономической теории, и микроэкономический анализ, как инструмент принятия решения, в общем виде рассматриваются при создании проектов хозяйственной деятельности, корректируются на практике и сопровождают проектные решения на всём протяжении жизненного цикла. Институциональный подход, как метод проведения исследований, является частью этого решения. Microeconomics, as a basic element of economic theory, and microeconomic analysis, as a decision-making tool, are generally considered when creating business projects, adjusted in practice and accompany design decisions throughout the life cycle. The institutional approach, as a method of conducting research, is part of this solution.

The article analyzes the current key philosophical trends in academic publications on microeconomics. The author investigates new sense that economists imply into traditional methodological grounds of Microeconomics. Based on classical marginalist microeconomic theory, contemporary Russian and World economists introduce new meanings and new interpretations into such important aspects of Microeconomics as microeconomic agents, choice and limitations for producers and consumers, market interactions and competition, time and space of microeconomic phenomena. New methodological grounds of Microeconomics in the sphere of decision-making are analysed on the ground of content-analysis. The process of economic choice in new conditions of the 21st century is based on deliberate consumption of economic goods and thoughtful limitations for time, place and number of alternatives when decision is made. Maximization of utility as the goal of behavior of a rational individual is replaced by the criterion of satisfaction and happiness which now form important elements of microeconomic analysis. New approaches to microeconomic models are formed on the ground of mathematical theories of dynamic chaos and nonlinear processes that allow to forecast more precisely microeconomic events in the era of turbulence. Stochastic concepts and differentiated games take the place of traditional statistical strict determinism of microeconomic theories and uncertainty acquires new depth as a fundamental pattern of functioning of microeconomic processes. The article specifies the motives and goals of individual and collective agents acting at micro level. Thus microeconomics of the 21st century has reconsidered its key philosophical grounds, which would contribute to a new paradigm of Microeconomic Analysis.

Microeconomics theory of Islam is one of the basic college courses for Islamic economics programs in every university. Because of microeconomic theory of Islam is a basic course,it needs more understanding. Most of the methods used lectured where the lecturer explains only existing theory, while the students are not given the opportunity to discuss and develop his ideas to solve their problems. While the ideal conditions, students should be active in seeking information, have an ability to solve problems related to topics using knowledge gained and able to work together. So this research will discuss the application of the group investigation on the subject of microeconomic theory of islam. The method used is PTK (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas) with two cycles. The results of this research is used group investigation on the subject microeconomics theory of Islam can increase the activity and learning outcomes. Keywords : Group investigation, PTK, Microeconomics theory of Islam

The article that is devoted to the appearance of the Russian edition of Samuel Bowles "Microeconomics. Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution" considers possible changes that may be brought by the new research program outlined in the book. The author analyzes the main arguments and rhetorical strategies applied by Bowles and shows that the major shift that this book may entail can be the merger of microeconomics and institutional economics that may lead to vanishing of the latter as a distinct discipline and its integration into the vast field of microeconomic analysis.

Along with experience teaching microeconomics, the authors have found that the accuracy of the concepts used and graphic tools, as well as the broad mathematical analytical foundation used by this discipline, draw a stage where some students may feel lost, particularly when they face multiple choice questions. That’s why it’s not unusual to find some people that are not able to get good marks, even when they have a quite good level on microeconomics knowledge. This work deals with an on-line training, based on Moodle platform, to provide students some tools to achieve the best results on their qualifications. The authors used a base data with multiple choice questions on microeconomics to train on solving this kind of questions. The authors presented three different types of questions, based on graphics, on mathematics and on understanding and internalization of microeconomic concepts. Results have shown that this is a practical way to get success in examinations. At the same time, some interesting differences were found on behaviour paths for women, who seem need less time to review the lessons, and men.

This paper tries to discuss about Market, Market Mechanism and Price Levels in Islamic Microeconomics Perspective. In contrast to the conventional economy which frees the formation of price levels only on the market mechanism, determining the price level through market mechanisms in Islamic economics is based on the principles of justice in order to achieve mutual benefit (al-Mashlahah). Therefore, when inequality is detrimental to one party in a market, the role of the government in creating justice for both parties is a solution that is legitimate. This in microeconomic terminology is known as market intervention, which is carried out by the government as a step to stabilize the price level so that it does not harm one party in the market. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the market and price levels in Islamic microeconomics with a philosophical approach. The methodology used in this study used qualitative research based on literature study. The result showed that there were some fundamental things that distinguished Islamic microeconomics from conventional in determining the price level in the Islamic market mechanism.

O significativo processo de evolução da dinâmica dos padrões de comunicação, trazidos no contexto de surgimento do paradigma das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs), das relações culturais, sociais e ambientais, que têm afetado nas últimas décadas setores fundamentais da economia global, evidencia o deslocamento do foco das atividades industriais para atividades intensivas em conhecimento e criatividade, localizadas no setor de serviços. O objetivo deste estudo teórico é analisar as indústrias criativas à luz de conceitos da área de microeconomia, tendo como contexto o paradigma das TICs e um novo formato de indústrias, que apresentam padrão de concorrência, tendo como base recursos intangíveis. Ao longo das discussões teóricas aqui apresentadas, procurou-se introduzir também conceitos microeconômicos para a reflexão deste setor, que apresenta uma nova classe de trabalhadores, especificamente centrando nas questões de análise da rivalidade e interdependência no campo das indústrias criativas e de barreiras à entrada nos mercados criativos. Em termos metodológicos, adotou-se um ensaio teórico com abordagem qualitativa tendo como base o método bibliográfico. Através deste, foi possível realizar o levantamento de informações em livros, artigos científicos e sites especializados sobre o tema tratado. Enquanto contribuição, este estudo possibilita a aproximação da microeconomia, resgatando discussões microeconômicas clássicas, à temática das indústrias criativas, um tema relativamente novo no cenário brasileiro, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos microeconômicos voltados para as indústrias criativas no intuito de aprofundar a dinâmica destes mercados que introduzem novo padrão de concorrência.Palavras-chave: Indústrias criativas. Microeconomia. Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação.ABSTRACTThe communication patterns dynamics has been going under a significant process of evolution, brought in the context of the emergence of the paradigm of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and associated to the changes in the cultural, social and environmental relations. Such considerable changes that have affected in the last decades fundamental sectors of the global economy shows the displacement from the focus of industrial activities to the intensive activities in knowledge and creativity, located mainly in the services sector. In this context, the objective of this study is to make a theoretical effort to integrate the analysis of the creative industries to some concepts of the microeconomics area, having as a prior base the paradigm of ICTs and a new format of industries that present a standard of competition, which is based over the intangible resources. Throughout the theoretical discussions presented here, it was also tried to introduce microeconomic concepts for the reflection of this creative economy sector, which presents a new class of workers, specifically focusing on the issues of analysis of rivalry and interdependence in the field of creative industries, and barriers to entry creative markets. In methodological terms a theoretical essay with qualitative approach was adopted, based on the bibliographical method. Through this it was possible to carry out the collection of information in books, scientific articles and specialized websites on the theme discussed here. As contributions, it is possible to point that this study brings microeconomics, rescuing the classic macroeconomic discussions, closer to the theme of the creative industries, which is a relatively new topic, specifically in the Brazilian scenario, and it is necessary to develop microeconomic studies aimed at the creative industries, in order to dynamism of these markets which introduce a new pattern of competition.Keywords: Creative indústries. Microeconomics. Information and Communication Technologies.Palavras-chave: Indústrias criativas. Microeconomia. Tecnologias da Informação e comunicação.

Literature commonly finds student evaluations of economics instruction do not assess true teaching effectiveness. Many techniques improving learning outcomes result in lower student evaluations because students must work harder. Still, we often rely on a single overall rating for assessing teacher quality. We construct a model of student responses that indicate likeability of the instructor and difficulty of the instruction. We test the predictive power of these indicators using teaching evaluations of intermediate microeconomics instructors over five years alongside data on student grades in future courses that depend on intermediate microeconomics. Using these questions to construct a more meaningful evaluation of how well the intermediate microeconomic instructors prepare students to recall and use important concepts in the future improves our ability to evaluate instructor effectiveness.

Game theory has been used as a potent analytical tool by numerous areas since its inception. It has been more popular in microeconomic analysis in recent years. It is not an exaggeration to claim that it completely rewrites microeconomics. The major ideas of game theory are summarized in this paper, as well as their application in microeconomics. This study examines the three elements and key types of game theory in its fundamental material. The Nash equilibrium and other equilibria expanded by Nash equilibrium are then reviewed in game theory equilibrium. Then, the Cournot model, Stackelberg model, and Bertrand model are discussed in game theory and market analysis. Finally, in the section on game theory and auction, it explained that, within the context of the game, English auctions and second-price sealed-bid auctions should use comparable strategies, however Dutch auctions and first-price sealed-bid auctions should conceal their own valuations.

Microeconomics is an economic science study that reviews individual behavior in conducting economic transactions. In the Islamic concept, microeconomics is characterized by the existence of norms that are applied within the limits of the Qur'an and Sunnah. The scholars of the classical period discussed many of these microeconomic issues, including Imam Abu Ubaid in his book al-Amwal and Imam al-Syaibani in his book al-kasb. This article explores the perspectives of these two influential men when examining microeconomic research through the use of descriptive qualitative methods and a review of relevant book and journal references. A Muslim scholar who specializes in Islamic economics is Imam Abu Ubaid whose ideas are contained in Kitab al-Amwal, one of the most influential scholarly references, containing many principles and concepts of public financial management. In addition to him, Iman As-Syaibani with his book Al-Kasb provides a view that work is human productivity that can make a person feel part of the world and has the value of worship for the pleasure of Allah SWT.