Journal articles: 'Microchloropsis gaditana'

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Karthikaichamy, Anbarasu, Pranali Deore, Sanjeeva Srivastava, Ross Coppel, Dieter Bulach, John Beardall, and Santosh Noronha. "Temporal acclimation of Microchloropsis gaditana CCMP526 in response to hypersalinity." Bioresource Technology 254 (April 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.062.

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Qazi, Waqas Muhammad, Simon Ballance, Katerina Kousoulaki, Anne Kjersti Uhlen, Dorinde M. M. Kleinegris, Kari Skjånes, and Anne Rieder. "Protein Enrichment of Wheat Bread with Microalgae: Microchloropsis gaditana, Tetraselmis chui and Chlorella vulgaris." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123078.

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Cell wall disrupted and dried Microchloropsis gaditana (Mg), Tetraselmis chui (Tc) and Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) microalgae biomasses, with or without ethanol pre-treatment, were added to wheat bread at a wheat flour substitution level of 12%, to enrich bread protein by 30%. Baking performance, protein quality and basic sensory properties were assessed. Compared to wheat, Mg, Tc and Cv contain higher amounts of essential amino acids and their incorporation markedly improved protein quality in the bread (DIAAS 57–66 vs. 46%). The incorporation of microalgae reduced dough strength and bread volume and increased crumb firmness. This was most pronounced for Cv and Tc but could be improved by ethanol treatment. Mg gave adequate dough strength, bread volume and crumb structure without ethanol treatment. To obtain bread of acceptable smell, appearance, and colour, ethanol treatment was necessary also for Mg as it markedly reduced the unpleasant smell and intense colour of all algae breads. Ethanol treatment reduced the relative content of lysine, but no other essential amino acids. However, it also had a negative impact on in vitro protein digestibility. Our results show that Mg had the largest potential for protein fortification of bread, but further work is needed to optimize pre-processing and assess consumer acceptance.

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Reese, Kristen L., Carolyn L. Fisher, Pamela D. Lane, James D. Jaryenneh, A. Daniel Jones, Matthias Frank, and Todd W. Lane. "Abiotic and Biotic Damage of Microalgae Generate Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Early Diagnosis of Algal Cultures for Biofuel Production." Metabolites 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100707.

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Open microalgal ponds used in industrial biomass production are susceptible to a number of biotic and abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., grazers, pathogens, pH, temperature, etc.) resulting in pond crashes with high economic costs. Identification of signature chemicals to aid in rapid, non-invasive, and accurate identification of the stressors would facilitate targeted and effective treatment to save the algal crop from a catastrophic crash. Specifically, we were interested in identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be used to as an early diagnostic for algal crop damage. Cultures of Microchloropsis gaditana were subjected to two forms of algal crop damage: (1) active grazing by the marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, or (2) repeated freeze–thaw cycles. VOCs emitted above the headspace of these algal cultures were collected using fieldable solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. An untargeted analysis and identification of VOCs was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diagnostic VOCs unique to each algal crop damage mechanism were identified. Active rotifer grazing of M. gaditana was characterized by the appearance of carotenoid degradation products, including β-cyclocitral and various alkenes. Freeze–thaw algae produced a different set of VOCs, including palmitoleic acid. Both rotifer grazing and freeze–thawed algae produced β-ionone as a VOC, possibly suggesting a common stress-induced cellular mechanism. Importantly, these identified VOCs were all absent from healthy algal cultures of M. gaditana. Early detection of biotic or abiotic environmental stressors will facilitate early diagnosis and application of targeted treatments to prevent algal pond crashes. Thus, our work further supports the use of VOCs for monitoring the health of algal ponds to ultimately enhance algal crop yields for production of biofuel.

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Verspreet, Joran, Floris Schoeters, and Leen Bastiaens. "The Impact of Non-Concentrated Storage on the Centrifugation Yield of Microchloropsis gaditana: A Pilot-Scale Study." Life 14, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010131.

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Non-concentrated algae storage can bridge the period between algae harvesting and processing while avoiding the stress conditions associated with the concentration step required for concentrate storage. This study aimed to examine organic matter losses during the non-concentrated storage of Microchloropsis gaditana at pilot-scale. Algae cultures (400–500 L) were stored for up to 12 days either at an 8 °C target temperature or at 19 °C as the average temperature. The centrifugation yield of stored algal cultures decreased from day 5 or day 8 onwards for all storage conditions. After 12 days, the centrifugation yields were between 57% and 93% of the initial yields. Large differences in centrifugation yields were noted between the algae batches. The batch-to-batch difference outweighed the effect of storage temperature, and the highest yield loss was observed for the 8 °C cooled algae batch. The analysis of stored algae before and after centrifugation suggested that the decreasing yields were not related to respiration losses, but rather, the decreasing efficiency with which organic matter is collected during the centrifugation step.

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Thurn, Anna-Lena, Josef Schobel, and Dirk Weuster-Botz. "Photoautotrophic Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid- and Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Enriched Biomass by Co-Culturing Golden-Brown and Green Microalgae." Fermentation 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040220.

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Marine microalgae offer a sustainable alternative source for the human diet’s essential omega-3-fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). However, none of them can produce DHA and EPA in a nutritionally balanced ratio of 1:1. As shown recently, the phototrophic co-cultivation of the golden-brown microalgae Tisochrysis lutea (DHA producer) with the green microalgae Microchloropsis salina (EPA producer) can provide microalgae biomass with a balanced DHA-to-EPA ratio with increased productivity compared to monocultures. This study evaluates whether other golden-brown (Isochrysis galbana) and green microalgae (Nannochloropsis oceanica, Microchloropsis gaditana) can enable the phototrophic batch production of omega-3 fatty acids in a nutritionally balanced ratio in co-culture. All co-cultivations applying a physically dynamic climate simulation of a repeated sunny summer day in Australia in LED-illuminated flat-plate gas lift photobioreactors resulted in increased biomass concentrations compared to their respective monocultures, achieving balanced DHA-to-EPA ratios of almost 1:1. Using urea instead of nitrate as a nitrogen source increased the EPA content by up to 80% in all co-cultures. Light spectra measurements on the light-adverted side of the photobioreactor showed that increased biomass concentrations in co-cultures could have been related to enhanced light use due to the utilization of different wavelengths of the two microalgae strains, especially with the use of green light (500–580 nm) primarily by golden-brown microalgae (I. galbana) and orange light (600–620 nm) predominantly used by green microalgae (N. oceanica). Phototrophic co-cultivation processes thus promise higher areal biomass yields if microalgae are combined with complimentary light-harvesting features.

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Cauchie, Gaela, Guillaume Delfau-Bonnet, Guillaume Caulier, Anne-Lise Hantson, Jean-Hugues Renault, and Pascal Gerbaux. "Comprehensive lipid profiling of Microchloropsis gaditana by liquid chromatography - (tandem) mass spectrometry: Bead milling and extraction solvent effects." Algal Research 58 (October 2021): 102388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102388.

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Karthikaichamy, Anbarasu, John Beardall, Ross Coppel, Santosh Noronha, Dieter Bulach, Ralf B. Schittenhelm, and Sanjeeva Srivastava. "Data-Independent-Acquisition-Based Proteomic Approach towards Understanding the Acclimation Strategy of Oleaginous Microalga Microchloropsis gaditana CCMP526 in Hypersaline Conditions." ACS Omega 6, no. 34 (August 16, 2021): 22151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02786.

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Thoré, Eli S. J., Floris Schoeters, Jornt Spit, and Sabine Van Miert. "Real-Time Monitoring of Microalgal Biomass in Pilot-Scale Photobioreactors Using Nephelometry." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091530.

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The increasing cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors warrants efficient and non-invasive methods to quantify biomass density in real time. Nephelometric turbidity assessment, a method that measures light scatter by particles in suspension, was introduced already several decades ago but was only recently validated as a high-throughput tool to monitor microalgae biomass. The light scatter depends on the density of the suspended particles as well as on their physical properties, but so far there are hardly any accounts on how nephelometric assessment relates to classic methods such as dry weight and spectrophotometric measurement across a broad biomass density range for different microalgae species. Here, we monitored biomass density online and in real time during the semi-continuous cultivation of three commercial microalgae species Chloromonas typhlos, Microchloropsis gaditana and Porphyridium purpureum in pilot-scale photobioreactors, and relate nephelometric turbidity to dry weight and optical density. The results confirm a relatively strong (R2 = 0.87–0.93) and nonlinear relationship between turbidity and biomass density that differs among the three species. Overall, we demonstrate how nephelometry can be used to monitor microalgal biomass in photobioreactors, and provide the necessary means to estimate the biomass density of the studied species from turbidity data to facilitate automated biomass monitoring.

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Karthikaichamy, Anbarasu, Pranali Deore, Vineeta Rai, Dieter Bulach, John Beardall, Santosh Noronha, and Sanjeeva Srivastava. "Time for Multiple Extraction Methods in Proteomics? A Comparison of Three Protein Extraction Methods in the Eustigmatophyte Alga Microchloropsis gaditana CCMP526." OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 21, no. 11 (November 2017): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/omi.2017.0128.

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Battistuzzi, Mariano, Lorenzo Cocola, Elisabetta Liistro, Riccardo Claudi, Luca Poletto, and Nicoletta La Rocca. "Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Microalgae and Plants with Different Levels of Complexity Exposed to a Simulated M-Dwarf Starlight." Life 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2023): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13081641.

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Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (OPOs) are primary producers on Earth and generate surface and atmospheric biosignatures, making them ideal targets to search for life from remote on Earth-like exoplanets orbiting stars different from the Sun, such as M-dwarfs. These stars emit very low light in the visible and most light in the far-red, an issue for OPOs, which mostly utilize visible light to photosynthesize and grow. After successfully testing procaryotic OPOs (cyanobacteria) under a simulated M-dwarf star spectrum (M7, 365–850 nm) generated through a custom-made lamp, we tested several eukaryotic OPOs: microalgae (Dixoniella giordanoi, Microchloropsis gaditana, Chromera velia, Chlorella vulgaris), a non-vascular plant (Physcomitrium patens), and a vascular plant (Arabidopsis thaliana). We assessed their growth and photosynthetic efficiency under three light conditions: M7, solar (SOL) simulated spectra, and far-red light (FR). Microalgae grew similarly in SOL and M7, while the moss P. patens showed slower growth in M7 with respect to SOL. A. thaliana grew similarly in SOL and M7, showing traits typical of shade-avoidance syndrome. Overall, the synergistic effect of visible and far-red light, also known as the Emerson enhancing effect, could explain the growth in M7 for all organisms. These results lead to reconsidering the possibility and capability of the growth of OPOs and are promising for finding biosignatures on exoplanets orbiting the habitable zone of distant stars.

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Nicodemou, Andonia, Michalis Kallis, Anastasia Agapiou, Androulla Markidou, and Michalis Koutinas. "The Effect of Trophic Modes on Biomass and Lipid Production of Five Microalgal Strains." Water 14, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020240.

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Five microalgae strains, namely Isochrysis galbana, Microchloropsis gaditana, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, were selected as potential candidates for polyunsaturated fatty acids’ production, evaluating biomass productivity and their capacity to accumulate high lipid contents under different trophic modes. Microalgae strains were cultivated in the presence of 1% glucose using mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, while autotrophic cultures served as control experiments. The results demonstrate that S. obliquus performed the highest biomass productivity that reached 0.13 and 0.14 g L−1 d−1 under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, respectively. I. galbana and S. obliquus utilized elevated contents of glucose in mixotrophy, removing 55.9% and 95.6% of the initial concentration of the carbohydrate, respectively, while glucose consumption by the aforementioned strains also remained high under heterotrophic cultivation. The production of lipids was maximal for I. galbana in mixotrophy and S. obliquus in heterotrophy, performing lipid productivities of 24.85 and 22.77 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The most abundant saturated acid detected for all microalgae strains evaluated was palmitic acid (C16:0), while oleic and linolenic acids (C18:1n9c/C18:3n3) comprised the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids. I. galbana performed the highest linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content under heterotrophic nutrition, which reached 87.9 mg g−1 of ash-free dry weight. Among the microalgae strains compared, the biomass and lipid production monitored for I. galbana and S. obliquus confirm that both strains could serve as efficient bioproducers for application in algal biorefineries.

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Karapanagiotidis, I. T., M. N. Metsoviti, E. Z. Gkalogianni, P. Psofakis, A. Asimaki, N. Katsoulas, G. Papapolymerou, and I. Zarkadas. "The effects of replacing fishmeal by Chlorella vulgaris and fish oil by Schizochytrium sp. and Microchloropsis gaditana blend on growth performance, feed efficiency, muscle fatty acid composition and liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)." Aquaculture 561 (December 2022): 738709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738709.

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Bo, Davide Dal, Leonardo Magneschi, Mariette Bedhomme, Elodie Billey, Etienne Deragon, Mattia Storti, Mathilde Menneteau, et al. "Consequences of Mixotrophy on Cell Energetic Metabolism in Microchloropsis gaditana Revealed by Genetic Engineering and Metabolic Approaches." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (May 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.628684.

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Algae belonging to the Microchloropsis genus are promising organisms for biotech purposes, being able to accumulate large amounts of lipid reserves. These organisms adapt to different trophic conditions, thriving in strict photoautotrophic conditions, as well as in the concomitant presence of light plus reduced external carbon as energy sources (mixotrophy). In this work, we investigated the mixotrophic responses of Microchloropsis gaditana (formerly Nannochloropsis gaditana). Using the Biolog growth test, in which cells are loaded into multiwell plates coated with different organic compounds, we could not find a suitable substrate for Microchloropsis mixotrophy. By contrast, addition of the Lysogeny broth (LB) to the inorganic growth medium had a benefit on growth, enhancing respiratory activity at the expense of photosynthetic performances. To further dissect the role of respiration in Microchloropsis mixotrophy, we focused on the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), a protein involved in energy management in other algae prospering in mixotrophy. Knocking-out the AOX1 gene by transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALE-N) led to the loss of capacity to implement growth upon addition of LB supporting the hypothesis that the effect of this medium was related to a provision of reduced carbon. We conclude that mixotrophic growth in Microchloropsis is dominated by respiratory rather than by photosynthetic energetic metabolism and discuss the possible reasons for this behavior in relationship with fatty acid breakdown via β-oxidation in this oleaginous alga.

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Papapolymerou, George, Ioannis Τ. Karapanagiotidis, Nikolaos Katsoulas, Maria N. Metsoviti, and Elli Z. Gkalogianni. "Biomass productivity of Microchloropsis gaditana cultivated in a variety of modes and effect of cobalt and molybdenum on its lipid distribution." Green Energy and Sustainability, April 25, 2023, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47248/ges2303020002.

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The autotropic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation mode of the microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana was studied. Three sets of experiments were carried out: In the first set, six experimental groups were tested; one autotrophic, one heterotrophic and four mixotrophic where cultivation modes carried out and biomass productivities were compared to each other. In the second and in the third set of experiments, the algae were exposed to four or five concentrations of cobalt (Co) or of molybdenum (Mo) respectively; in these sets of experiments the effect of Co and Mo on the biomass productivity and on the lipid content and distribution of M. gaditana was examined. In the 1st set of experiments, the mixotrophic cultivations, the initial carbon concentration, C(0), was equal to 2.87 g/L, 2.92 g/L, 3.96 g/L and 4.96 g/L and in the heterotrophic cultivation C(0) was equal to 2.24 g/L. Nitrogen initial concentration, Ν(0), was held constant at 77.1 mg/L. For the heterotrophic and the three mixotrophic cultivations, the biomass yield, when expressed as g/(per L-g of added carbon) was highest for the heterotrophic growth. In the 2nd and 3rd sets of experiments it was found that both Co and Mo affect biomass productivity and lipid distribution. Co, even at relatively medium concentrations, strongly inhibited the growth. On the other hand, Mo, even at relatively high concentrations, did not affect substantially the growth rate of M. gaditana. The lipid distribution showed that for most treatments with varying concentrations of Co and Mo, MUFA prevailed while, n-3 PUFA up to 26.6% and 19.4% of the total FA were obtained. Lipid and protein contents of the biomass for the treatments with Co were up to 8.18% and 14.97% respectively, while the respective values for the treatments with Mo were higher up to 16.67% and 17.76%.

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Freitas, Marco A., Joana Ferreira, Maria Cristiana Nunes, and Anabela Raymundo. "The chemistry and bioactive properties behind microalgae‐enriched gluten‐free breads." International Journal of Food Science & Technology, November 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16846.

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SummaryThis work aims to: i) assess volatiles composition of microalgae‐enriched gluten‐free breads (prepared with Tetraselmis chuii, Chlorella vulgaris and Microchloropsis gaditana); ii) report the bioaccessibility of protein and minerals after a static in vitro digestion model; and iii) understand how it affects the bioactive properties of gluten‐free breads in regards to antioxidant capacity and the α‐amylase inhibitory potential. Therefore, nutritional composition and bioactive properties of gluten‐free breads before and after in vitro digestion model were examined. Identification of compounds responsible for the overall aroma of microalgae using GC‐MS was done. There was a considerable decrease in protein and minerals available after in vitro digestion, as well as in the antioxidant potential. The overall aroma of microalgae‐enriched breads was mainly due to the presence of alcohols, representing the major class of volatiles present in breads (3% to 59%), being lower for T. chuii enriched bread. Terpenes also existed in considerable amounts especially in M. gaditana (24%) where γ‐terpinene was the most abundant. Alkanoic acids were the most abundant lipophilic bioactive compounds (25‐68%), and 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid was the major identified compound (13‐51%). Phytic acid is also present in all microalgae‐enriched breads and may contribute to the decrease in the bioaccessibility of nutrients.

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Pühringer, Marlene, Evelyn Rampler, and Natalia Castejón. "Unwrapping the (glyco-)lipidome in the microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana: Effects of eco-friendly extraction methods." Algal Research, March 2024, 103480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103480.

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Zwander, Sonja, Palak Chaturvedi, Arindam Ghatak, Wolfram Weckwerth, Doris Marko, and Natalia Castejón. "Integrating eco-friendly approaches to produce protein extracts and hydrolysates with antioxidant properties from Microchloropsis gaditana." Algal Research, December 2023, 103368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103368.

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Cecchin, Michela, Stefano Cazzaniga, Flavio Martini, Stefania Paltrinieri, Simone Bossi, Massimo E. Maffei, and Matteo Ballottari. "Astaxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid production by S4, a new mutant strain of Nannochloropsis gaditana." Microbial Cell Factories 21, no. 1 (June 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12934-022-01847-9.

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Abstract Background Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid with high antioxidant power used in different fields as healthcare, food/feed supplementation and as pigmenting agent in aquaculture. Primary producers of astaxanthin are some species of microalgae, unicellular photosynthetic organisms, as Haematococcus lacustris. Astaxanthin production by cultivation of Haematococcus lacustris is costly due to low biomass productivity, high risk of contamination and the requirement of downstream extraction processes, causing an extremely high price on the market. Some microalgae species are also primary producers of omega-3 fatty acids, essential nutrients for humans, being related to cardiovascular wellness, and required for visual and cognitive development. One of the main well-known producers of omega-3 fatty eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (named also Microchloropsis gaditana): this species has been already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human consumption and it is characterized by a fast grow phenotype. Results Here we obtained by chemical mutagenesis a Nannochloropsis gaditana mutant strain, called S4, characterized by increased carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio. S4 strain showed improved photosynthetic activity, increased lipid productivity and increased ketocarotenoids accumulation, producing not only canthaxanthin but also astaxanthin, usually found only in traces in the WT strain. Ketocarotenoids produced in S4 strain were extractible in different organic solvents, with the highest efficiency observed upon microwaves pre-treatment followed by methanol extraction. By cultivation of S4 strain at different irradiances it was possible to produce up to 1.3 and 5.2 mgL−1 day−1 of ketocarotenoids and EPA respectively, in a single cultivation phase, even in absence of stressing conditions. Genome sequencing of S4 strain allowed to identify 199 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP): among the mutated genes, mutations in a carotenoid oxygenase gene and in a glutamate synthase gene could explain the different carotenoids content and the lower chlorophylls content, respectively. Conclusions By chemical mutagenesis and selection of strain with increased carotenoids to chlorophyll ratio it was possible to isolate a new Nannochloropsis gaditana strain, called S4 strain, characterized by increased lipids and ketocarotenoids accumulation. S4 strain can thus be considered as novel platform for ketocarotenoids and EPA production for different industrial applications.

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Kareya, Mukul Suresh, Iqra Mariam, Kashif Mohd Shaikh, Asha Arumugam Nesamma, and Pannaga Pavan Jutur. "Photosynthetic Carbon Partitioning and Metabolic Regulation in Response to Very-Low and High CO2 in Microchloropsis gaditana NIES 2587." Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (July 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00981.

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Galafat, Alba, Antonio Jesús Vizcaíno, María Isabel Sáez, Juan Luis Gómez-Pinchetti, Francisco Gabriel Acién, Tomás Francisco Martínez, and Francisco Javier Alarcón. "Evaluation of the in vitro protein bioaccessibility of several microalgae and cyanobacteria as potential dietary ingredients in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles." Journal of Applied Phycology, June 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02764-5.

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Abstract This work addresses the evaluation in vitro of different marine (Dunaliella salina REC-0214B and Microchloropsis gaditana REC-0251B) and freshwater (Anabaena sp. BEA-0300B, Arthrospira platensis BEA-0007B, Chlorella vulgaris BEA-0753B, Spirogyra sp. BEA-0666B) microalgae and cyanobacteria as potential dietary ingredients in aquafeeds. For this purpose, total protein content, amino acid composition, and the presence of protease inhibitors were evaluated. In addition, protein bioaccessibility was estimated using a species-specific in vitro assay using Sparus aurata digestive enzymes. Overall, all the microalgae showed high protein content ranging from 25 to 61%, and a balanced essential to non-essential amino acid content (from 0.81 to 0.95). The inhibition assay confirmed the absence of protease inhibitors whatever the microalgae considered. Finally, the in vitro assays showed differences in the degree of protein hydrolysis with values for the coefficient of protein degradation ranging from 49.4% in Spirogyra sp. to 85.5% in D. salina. Similarly, the total amount of free amino acids released from the microalgal biomass (from 12.8 to 20.8 g L-leucine equivalents (100 g protein)−1), as well as their qualitative amino acids profile varied among the different species, although the profile can be considered as well balanced in all cases. In conclusion, the results obtained revealed that, even if significant differences were observed among species in terms of their susceptibility to be hydrolysed by S. aurata digestive enzymes, all the microalgae and cyanobacteria evaluated presented an adequate protein content and a balanced amino acid profile.

Journal articles on the topic 'Microchloropsis gaditana'

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