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Academic literature on the topic 'Microbien écotoxicologie'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbien écotoxicologie"
Drocco, Camilla. "Assessment of the toxicity of pesticide mixtures on soil microorganisms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK036.
Full textAbstract: Within the ARISTO project, this thesis addresses the need to advance the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pesticides for soil microbes. Given the magnitude of pesticide applications annually and the possible accumulation of active ingredients and their main residues in soil, there is an urgent need to develop an accurate and effective risk assessment strategy. Particular attention is directed towards ammonia oxidizers, crucial contributors to the soil nitrogen cycling. While soil microbial responses to pesticides are relatively well studied, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the effects on free-living nematodes, organisms closely interacting with the microbial community. This thesis aims also to explore this gap by investigating the responses of both soil microbes and free-living nematodes communities to pesticide mixtures, through a lab-to-field experimental approach.Molecular techniques such as qPCR and next generation sequencing were employed to study changes in microbial community due to pesticide mixture application, while impacts on free-living nematodes were recorded with the traditional taxonomical identification. Our findings suggest that pesticide mixtures do not have a stronger impact on the microbial and nematode communities than that produced by each of the pesticide studied. Overall, molecular techniques targeting microbes and taxonomical identification of nematode provide comprehensive information on the impact of pesticide mixture on the key players of the soil food web, that could be of interest to be implemented in a further revision of the current pesticides EU regulation
Vicente, Anne. "Développement d’un réseau trophique microbien standardisé pour l’évaluation de l’impact des contaminants sur les écosystèmes dulçaquicoles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0355.
Full textIn the framework of risk assessment, more environmentally realistic ecotoxicity tests taking complexity of ecosystems into account must be developed. Despite the importance of microorganisms in ecosystems and in their associated functional processes, this compartment is not enough taken into account in ecotoxicity assessment. The main objective of this thesis was the development of a model microbial food web to evaluate impact of contaminants on freshwater ecosystems. This network is composed of rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus, primary and secondary consumers) that feed on both algae (Chlorella vulgaris, primary producer) and protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis, bacterivorous ciliate). A nitrifying microbial consortium produced in the laboratory associated with protozoa constitute a microbial loop that ensure trophic links between bacteria and metazoans. Organisms of the microbial network are in interaction by trophic relationships (prey-predator) and/or by functions they ensure within the ecosystem (oxygen production, primary production, nutrient recycling). The system can evolve into 4 ml over at least 28 days without medium renewing and, for example can allow to analyze the resilience of the system over a long period of time. In order to better evaluate different effects of pollutants on the food web, various analytical methods have been adapted and tested on this system. Among them, monitoring rotifer population dynamics was found to be a suitable parameter to evaluate the response of the miniaturized ecosystem to contaminants in a simple and fast way
Thiour, Mauprivez Clémence. "DIAGSOL : développement d’un nouveau marqueur fonctionnel d’exposition aux herbicides β-tricétones dans un sol agricole Effects of herbicide on non-target microorganisms: towards a new class of biomarkers? Assessing the effects of β-triketone herbicides on bacterial HPPD: from a molecular study to an enzymatic assay Design of a degenerate primer pair to target a bacterial functional community: The hppd bacterial gene coding for the enzyme targeted by herbicides, a study case Assessing the Effects of β-Triketone Herbicides on the Soil Bacterial and hppd Communities: A Lab-to-Field Experiment." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0025.
Full textNumerous herbicides target an enzyme found not only in weeds but also in « non-target organisms » such as microorganisms. This proof-of-concept study aims to use microbial gene encoding the targeted enzyme or the targeted enzyme itself as a marker for herbicide exposure in soils. The hppd gene and the encoded enzyme (HPPD; 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase), targeted by B-triketone herbicides, are the subject of this study. In silico analyses reveal that the hppd gene is spread out in all bacterial phyla. Primers specific to this gene were designed. This primer pair is used to measure the abundance, the composition and the diversity of the hppd bacterial community in soil microcosms exposed to sulcotrione or its commercial formulation, Decano®. Similar measurements are made, over a cropping cycle, on agricultural fields treated with various herbicides, including B-triketones. No significant effect of B-triketone herbicides were observed at the bacterial community scale, strengthening their “eco-friendly” reputation. At the enzymatic scale, molecular docking studies reveal that B-triketones bind more closely to certain bacterial HPPD than others. The developed bioassay reinforces this observation: regarding the bacterial strain, ?-triketones have a variable inhibitory effect on the HPPD enzymatic activity. Tembotrione has a greater inhibitory effect on the HPPD activity of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 and Shewanella oneidensis MR1 than sulcotrione and mesotrione. This bioassay could be used as a marker of exposure for B-triketones risk assessment studies requested by authorities in charge of pesticide regulation
Romdhane, Sana. "Les herbicides β-tricétones : devenir et impact écotoxicologique dans des sols agricoles et caractérisation de souches bactériennes dégradantes." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0027.
Full textThis work aims to describe the ecodynamics of synthetic (sulcotrione and mesotrione) and natural (leptospermone) -triketone herbicides and to estimate their ecotoxicological impact on the bacterial community in arable soils. The processes involved in the dissipation of these herbicides (adsorption and biodegradation) have been studied in soil microcosms. Two bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium sp. SRl able to degrade sulcotrione and mesotrione, and Methylophilus sp. LS1 degrading leptospermone, have been isolated. A bank of 12 ooo mutants of Bradyrhizobium sp. SR1 was established allowing the selection of two Sul•mutants but interrupted genes didn't code for enzymes degrading sulcotrione. The ecotoxicological impact of synthetic (sulcotrione) and natural (leptospermone) triketones on soil bacterial community was estimated using metagenomics and metabolomic tools. Leptospermone transitory modified the diversity and composition of the bacterial community, in accordance with its persistence in soil. Sulcotrione did not modified neither the diversity nor the composition of the bacterial community. The combination of metagenomics and metabolomics is promising for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact of herbicides on soil microorganisms
Cheaib, Bachar. "Étude de l’évolution contemporaine de systèmes microbiens environnementaux et hôtes associés dans un contexte d’écotoxicologie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66414.
Full textMicrobes or microorganisms are the primary producers of ecosystem services for biogeochemical cycles of the earth and biological systems. Xenobiotics mark a new anthropogenic era, "the Anthropocene," and they represent a source of artificial selection of the structure and composition of microbial biodiversity. As a result, anthropogenic disturbances are detrimental to microbial systems and induce adaptive changes or damage in their metagenomic repertories. During resistance and recovery, the ecological processes governing the assembly of microbial communities cannot be dissociated from those of microbial evolution. This work stems from the transdisciplinary intersection of ecotoxicology, microbial ecology, metagenomics and bioinformatics. The main goal is to understand the adaptive signatures of microbial resistance and resilience in two models. The first is environmental (E) composed of a lake-bound watershed contaminated by heavy metals. The second model is hostassociated (HA), consisting of an experimental system of perch (Perca flavescens) intoxicated with cadmium using two steady and gradual regimes. Three novelties summarize the work of this doctoral thesis. Firstly, the phenomenon of taxon-function decoupling has been demonstrated for the first time, in the E system under selective pollution gradient, and second, within the cutaneous microbiota in the HA system during its recovery stage. Third, the microbiota assembly modelling in the HA system suggested mixed effects of ontogenesis, and selective pressure during the period of resistance and recovery. The increase in cadmium bioaccumulation in liver tissues of perch can argue the persistence of the long-term effects of selection during the recovery stage. In conclusion, our work showed that the adaptation of microbial metagenomic repertories could be revealed through functional and taxonomic redundancy patterns observed at the scale of taxon-function decoupling. The gap between functional and taxonomic diversity reflects an adaptive strategy by horizontal gene transfer among environmental communities microbial under gradual disruption In the HA system, the microbiota assembly shows a gradient of neutral and non-neutral processes. Finally, the taxonomic drift is a significant ecological force, more effective in the environmental system than in the intestinal system during and after the disruption.
Demailly, Floriane. "Impacts de contaminants sur les acides gras des diatomées." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0039.
Full textFatty acids (FA), which are the main components of storage and structural lipids, are crucial for the maintenance of membrane fluidity and play a central role in metabolic energy storage. Pesticide impacts on FA profiles have been documented in marine microalgae, but remain understudied in freshwater diatoms. In the same way, no study has focused on the impact of herbicides on their lipid content. The main aims of this study were to: 1) compare the responses of FA profiles and “classical descriptors” in order to evaluate their complementarity, 2) estimate the effect of herbicides on lipid content and composition of one freshwater diatom and finally, 3) examine the potential of 20:5n3 as a biomarker of herbicide pollution. To address these issues, Gomphonema gracile and Nitzschia palea were exposed during seven days to diuron and S-metolachlor at 10 μg.L-1. The results demonstrated higher toxicity of diuron compared to S-metolachlor at 10 μg.L-1 on all descriptors studied. FA responded to diuron contamination conversely to pigment content and permitted to document energy content variations in diatoms subjected to herbicide stress conversely to “classical descriptors”. Total lipid composition was impacted by diuron with a notable decrease of storage lipids. Diuron affected the content of 20:5n3 in lipids involved in photosynthesis. Based on previous studies and our current findings, it is suggested that 20:5n3 content in diatoms could be a good biomarker of diuron pollution in freshwaters
Merlin, Chloé. "Recherche de la signature biologique de la dégradation du chlordécone dans le sol des Antilles françaises." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS001/document.
Full textThe use of chlordecone (CLD) to eradicate the weevil populations in the banana plantations in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) between 1972 and 1993 led to the contamination of the soil and the environment. This very hydrophobic organochlorine insecticide persists in the soil where it slowly transfers not only to the water resources but also to terrestrial and aquatic biota (plants, animals, fishes, shellfishes). Deemed “non-degradable”, CLD is resistant to photolysis, hydrolysis and biodegradation. To date, there is no method to remediate the 20,000 hectares of polluted soil with this insecticide. Given the extent of CLD pollution, biological decontamination processes appear appropriate to the Caribbean context. The objectives of my thesis were to explore the possibilities of microbial transformation of CLD and to assess the ecotoxicological impact of CLD on the soil microbial community. My work is based on the hypothesis that microbial populations chronically exposed to CLD would be adapted to its degradation to detoxify their environment or possibly for use as an energy source for growth.To do so, I developed an analysis method in soils and microbial cultures based on the use of stable isotope to trace CLD. I conducted enrichment experiments with CLD polluted soils from Guadeloupe yielding in the isolation of one hundred fungal strains and nearly two hundred bacterial strains. No degrading bacterial strains have been identified although few of them formed dissolution halo of CLD on solid media. Among the fungal isolates, only F. oxysporum sp. MIAE01197 grew on a mineral medium containing CLD as sole carbon source and dissipated 40% of the CLD. This isolate was twice more tolerant than the reference isolate which had never been exposed to CLD. This isolate mineralizes 14C-CLD very lowly, formed very few 14C-metabolites, but the 14C-CLD was adsorbed on the fungal cell walls, suggesting that the adsorption was the main mechanism involved in the dissipation of the CLD. Analysis of three other isolates belonging to the genus Aspergillus confirmed that exposure to CLD was one of the parameters improving the tolerance of fungal strains to CLD and fungal biomass was capable of adsorbing the CLD in proportions close to those obtained with activated carbon used to treat drinking water in the French West Indies.The assessment of the CLD ecotoxicological impact on the microbial community and functions it supports was carried out on two soils never exposed to CLD showing contrasting physicochemical properties. The analysis of the overall structure (evaluated by RISA), the abundance and the activity of the microbial community of the silty-clay soil were not affected by the CLD. However, the taxonomic composition (evaluated by group specific qPCR) and respiratory activity of the microbial community were affected by the CLD in the sandy soil. These results showed that the toxicity of CLD for microbial community depends on the physicochemical properties of the soil which may determine its bioavailability. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible toxicity of the CLD on Caribbean soil ecosystemic functions
Borreca, Adrien. "Biodégradation des micropolluants à l’interface sédiment-eau, approche biomoléculaire et géochimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAH003.
Full textMicropollutants, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals, pose a growing threat to aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, micropollutants encounter the sediment-water interface (SWI), a crucial biogeochemical hotspot for their dissipation. This PhD thesis examines the effects of environmental factors on the degradation of emblematic micropollutants, such as (S)-metolachlor (agricultural herbicide), terbutryn (urban biocide) and metformin (antidiabetic drug) in laboratory microcosms mimicking the sediment-water interface. Additionally, it explores how prokaryotic communities respond to exposure to micropollutant mixtures, successive contamination events, and varying oxygen conditions. Dissipation of metformin and metolachlor occurred while terbutryn persisted. Metformin dissipation also occurred under anoxic conditions. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons evidenced distinct responses of prokaryotic communities in experiments with individual micropollutant or mixtures thereof, and a combined effect of metformin exposure and alternances of oxygen conditions. A newly developed model highlighted non-additive antagonistic and synergistic effects of micropollutants on specific taxa across taxonomic levels. Finally, exploratory Stable Isotope Probing experiments with 13C-glucose and methyl-labelled 13C2-metformin were designed to identify potential metformin-dimethylamine assimilating prokaryotes. Altogether, this thesis provides a framework to investigate dynamics governing the behaviour of micropollutant mixtures and underscores the diversity of potential interactions between micropollutants, prokaryotic communities, and environmental factors in the study of multi-contaminated SWI
Joly, Pierre. "Etude des effets de mélanges d'herbicides employés sur le maïs, sur les communautés microbiennes édaphiques : approche en microcosmes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020037.
Full textLambert, Anne-Sophie. "Influence de la température sur la réponse de communautés microbiennes périphytiques à une exposition métallique : cas du cuivre." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10235/document.
Full textMany streams are impacted by metallic pollution. In such ecosystems, microbial communities, which grow preferentially as biofilms, can be affected by these pollutants. However, there is a need to better assess the impact of toxic substances under multi-stress interactions. In this context, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature on biofilm response to copper (Cu) exposure. Accordingly, we addressed the influence of temperature on microbial community sensitivity to Cu on the one hand, and its influence on biofilm exposure to this metal on the other hand. Microcosm experiments were performed under laboratory conditions using biofilms sampled in winter or summer. This work allowed us to set up new methodological developments, which were applied to improve the protocols used to measure (i) Cu tolerance levels of biofilm microbial communities and (ii) Cu bioaccumulation in biofilms. Results showed that temperature could modulate structural and functional effects of Cu on biofilms, notably due to a decrease in Cu bioaccumulation at higher temperatures. In addition, our findings indicate that temperature increase could influence the sensitivity of microbial communities to Cu, whether they have been previously chronically exposed (PICT) or not to this metal. Nonetheless, temperature effects on biofilms varied among experiments, revealing that the influence of temperature on the effects of Cu on microbial biofilms depends on many parameters, such as the initial composition of communities, the level of the applied stresses (temperature and Cu), the microbial compartment studied (i.e. phototrophic or heterotrophic), or the measured functional parameters