Journal articles: 'Microbial taxonomy'

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Thompson, Cristiane C., Luciane Chimetto, Robert A. Edwards, Jean Swings, Erko Stackebrandt, and Fabiano L. Thompson. "Microbial genomic taxonomy." BMC Genomics 14, no. 1 (2013): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-913.

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Sanford, Robert A., Karen G. Lloyd, Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis, and Frank E. Löffler. "Microbial Taxonomy Run Amok." Trends in Microbiology 29, no. 5 (May 2021): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.12.010.

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Bowman, John P. "Proteomic applications in microbial identification." Microbiology Australia 32, no. 2 (2011): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma11077.

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Proteomics-based approaches have been used in microbial taxonomy for the last several decades. Recent improvements in instruments and software have led to the appearance of mass spectrometric fingerprinting and peptide survey approaches allowing for highly rapid and accurate taxonomic diagnoses suitable for high-throughput laboratories as well as means to deeply analyse entire proteomes.

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HÖFLING, José F., Edvaldo A. R. ROSA, Mirian J. BAPTISTA, and Denise M. P. SPOLIDÓRIO. "New Strategies on Molecular Biology Applied to Microbial Systematics." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 39, no. 6 (November 1997): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651997000600007.

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Systematics is the study of diversity of the organisms and their relationships comprising classification, nomenclature and identification. The term classification or taxonomy means the arrangement of the organisms in groups (rate) and the nomenclature is the attribution of correct international scientific names to organisms and identification is the inclusion of unknown strains in groups derived from classification. Therefore, classification for a stable nomenclature and a perfect identification are required previously. The beginning of the new bacterial systematics era can be remembered by the introduction and application of new taxonomic concepts and techniques, from the 50’s and 60’s. Important progress were achieved using numerical taxonomy and molecular taxonomy. Molecular taxonomy, brought into effect after the emergence of the Molecular Biology resources, provided knowledge that comprises systematics of bacteria, in which occurs great evolutionary interest, or where is observed the necessity of eliminating any environmental interference. When you study the composition and disposition of nucleotides in certain portions of the genetic material, you study searching their genome, much less susceptible to environmental alterations than proteins, codified based on it. In the molecular taxonomy, you can research both DNA and RNA, and the main techniques that have been used in the systematics comprise the build of restriction maps, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA-RNA hybridization, sequencing of DNA sequencing of sub-units 16S and 23S of rRNA, RAPD, RFLP, PFGE etc. Techniques such as base sequencing, though they are extremely sensible and greatly precise, are relatively onerous and impracticable to the great majority of the bacterial taxonomy laboratories. Several specialized techniques have been applied to taxonomic studies of microorganisms. In the last years, these have included preliminary electrophoretic analysis of soluble proteins and isoenzymes, and subsequently determination of deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and assessment of base sequence homology by means of DNA-RNA hybrid experiments beside others. These various techniques, as expected, have generally indicated a lack of taxonomic information in microbial systematics. There are numberless techniques and methodologies that make bacteria identification and classification study possible, part of them described here, allowing establish different degrees of subspecific and interspecific similarity through phenetic-genetic polymorphism analysis. However, was pointed out the necessity of using more than one technique for better establish similarity degrees within microorganisms. Obtaining data resulting from application of a sole technique isolatedly may not provide significant information from Bacterial Systematics viewpoint

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Kapili, Bennett J., and Anne E. Dekas. "PPIT: an R package for inferring microbial taxonomy from nifH sequences." Bioinformatics 37, no. 16 (February 13, 2021): 2289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab100.

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Abstract Motivation Linking microbial community members to their ecological functions is a central goal of environmental microbiology. When assigned taxonomy, amplicon sequences of metabolic marker genes can suggest such links, thereby offering an overview of the phylogenetic structure underpinning particular ecosystem functions. However, inferring microbial taxonomy from metabolic marker gene sequences remains a challenge, particularly for the frequently sequenced nitrogen fixation marker gene, nitrogenase reductase (nifH). Horizontal gene transfer in recent nifH evolutionary history can confound taxonomic inferences drawn from the pairwise identity methods used in existing software. Other methods for inferring taxonomy are not standardized and require manual inspection that is difficult to scale. Results We present Phylogenetic Placement for Inferring Taxonomy (PPIT), an R package that infers microbial taxonomy from nifH amplicons using both phylogenetic and sequence identity approaches. After users place query sequences on a reference nifH gene tree provided by PPIT (n = 6317 full-length nifH sequences), PPIT searches the phylogenetic neighborhood of each query sequence and attempts to infer microbial taxonomy. An inference is drawn only if references in the phylogenetic neighborhood are: (1) taxonomically consistent and (2) share sufficient pairwise identity with the query, thereby avoiding erroneous inferences due to known horizontal gene transfer events. We find that PPIT returns a higher proportion of correct taxonomic inferences than BLAST-based approaches at the cost of fewer total inferences. We demonstrate PPIT on deep-sea sediment and find that Deltaproteobacteria are the most abundant potential diazotrophs. Using this dataset, we show that emending PPIT inferences based on visual inspection of query sequence placement can achieve taxonomic inferences for nearly all sequences in a query set. We additionally discuss how users can apply PPIT to the analysis of other marker genes. Availability and implementation PPIT is freely available to noncommercial users at https://github.com/bkapili/ppit. Installation includes a vignette that demonstrates package use and reproduces the nifH amplicon analysis discussed here. The raw nifH amplicon sequence data have been deposited in the GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ databases under BioProject number PRJEB37167. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Moore, Edward R. B., Sashka A. Mihaylova, Peter Vandamme, Micah I. Krichevsky, and Lenie Dijkshoorn. "Microbial systematics and taxonomy: relevance for a microbial commons." Research in Microbiology 161, no. 6 (July 2010): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2010.05.007.

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Tamames, Javier, and Ramon Rosselló-Móra. "On the fitness of microbial taxonomy." Trends in Microbiology 20, no. 11 (November 2012): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.08.012.

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Green, J. L., B. J. M. Bohannan, and R. J. Whitaker. "Microbial Biogeography: From Taxonomy to Traits." Science 320, no. 5879 (May 23, 2008): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153475.

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Tsai, Ming-Hsin, Yen-Yi Liu, Von-Wun Soo, and Chih-Chieh Chen. "A New Genome-to-Genome Comparison Approach for Large-Scale Revisiting of Current Microbial Taxonomy." Microorganisms 7, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060161.

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Microbial diversity has always presented taxonomic challenges. With the popularity of next-generation sequencing technology, more unculturable bacteria have been sequenced, facilitating the discovery of additional new species and complicated current microbial classification. The major challenge is to assign appropriate taxonomic names. Hence, assessing the consistency between taxonomy and genomic relatedness is critical. We proposed and applied a genome comparison approach to a large-scale survey to investigate the distribution of genomic differences among microorganisms. The approach applies a genome-wide criterion, homologous coverage ratio (HCR), for describing the homology between species. The survey included 7861 microbial genomes that excluded plasmids, and 1220 pairs of genera exhibited ambiguous classification. In this study, we also compared the performance of HCR and average nucleotide identity (ANI). The results indicated that HCR and ANI analyses yield comparable results, but a few examples suggested that HCR has a superior clustering effect. In addition, we used the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), the gold standard for taxonomy, to validate our analysis. The GTDB offers 120 ubiquitous single-copy proteins as marker genes for species classification. We determined that the analysis of the GTDB still results in classification boundary blur between some genera and that the marker gene-based approach has limitations. Although the choice of marker genes has been quite rigorous, the bias of marker gene selection remains unavoidable. Therefore, methods based on genomic alignment should be considered for use for species classification in order to avoid the bias of marker gene selection. On the basis of our observations of microbial diversity, microbial classification should be re-examined using genome-wide comparisons.

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Chun, Jongsik, and Fred A. Rainey. "Integrating genomics into the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_2 (February 1, 2014): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.054171-0.

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The polyphasic approach used today in the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea includes the use of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data. The use of 16S rRNA gene sequence data has revolutionized our understanding of the microbial world and led to a rapid increase in the number of descriptions of novel taxa, especially at the species level. It has allowed in many cases for the demarcation of taxa into distinct species, but its limitations in a number of groups have resulted in the continued use of DNA–DNA hybridization. As technology has improved, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided a rapid and cost-effective approach to obtaining whole-genome sequences of microbial strains. Although some 12 000 bacterial or archaeal genome sequences are available for comparison, only 1725 of these are of actual type strains, limiting the use of genomic data in comparative taxonomic studies when there are nearly 11 000 type strains. Efforts to obtain complete genome sequences of all type strains are critical to the future of microbial systematics. The incorporation of genomics into the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea coupled with computational advances will boost the credibility of taxonomy in the genomic era. This special issue of International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology contains both original research and review articles covering the use of genomic sequence data in microbial taxonomy and systematics. It includes contributions on specific taxa as well as outlines of approaches for incorporating genomics into new strain isolation to new taxon description workflows.

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Hugenholtz, Philip, Adam Skarshewski, and Donovan H. Parks. "Genome-Based Microbial Taxonomy Coming of Age." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 8, no. 6 (March 17, 2016): a018085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a018085.

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SUZUKI, KEN-ICIRO. "New trend in microbial taxonomy. 2. Chemotaxonomy." Kagaku To Seibutsu 26, no. 12 (1988): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.26.858.

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Kersters, Karel. "Macromolecular fingerprints and data bases in microbial taxonomy." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 343, no. 1 (1992): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00331994.

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KOMAGATA, KAZUO. "New direction of microbial taxonomy. 1 Its trends." Kagaku To Seibutsu 26, no. 10 (1988): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.26.674.

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Gladka, G. V., N. V. Borzova, O. V. Gudzenko, V. M. Hovorukha, О. А. Havryliuk, and О. B. Tashyrev. "Polyphase Taxonomy of Antarctic Bacteria." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.03.003.

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The phylogenetic structure of bacteria is not always consistent with the traditional classification scheme based on the phenotypic properties of bacteria. That is one of the problems of modern bacterial taxonomy. In addition, traditional methods to identify bacteria using phenotypic properties have a number of disadvantages. In recent decades, significant progress was achieved in the investigation of microbial world using molecular methods for fast identification. The aim of the study was to clarify the species status of four strains of bacteria isolated from black lichens of the cliffs of Galindez Island in the Antarctic on the basis of phenotypic and genetic analysis. Methods. Morphological and cultural properties of bacteria were studied according to generally accepted microbiological methods. Physiological and biochemical ones were investigated using test systems API Coryne and API 20E (bioMerieux SA, France), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. To identify closely related species, a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA genes was performed using the BLAST software package. The phylogenetic position was determined by constructing trees (dendrograms) to show the position of the studied strains among closely related and typical species (programs ClustalX 2.1, Mega 6.06). The tree was constructed applying ClustalX 2.1 by comparing the nearest neighbors with bootstrap analysis (bootstrap NJ tree) using 1000 bootstrap tests (1000 alternative trees). Then the phylogenetic tree was edited by the program Mega v. 6.00. Results. Based on the results of comparative, phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis, the studied Antarctic strains 180n1, 181n2, 188n2, 190n2 were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Microbacterium foliorum, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Rothia sp., respectively. The coefficient of similarity of 16S rRNA genes of strain 180n1 with such a closely related species from the database P. fluorescens NBRC 14160 was 99.5%; 181n2 with M. foliorum P 333/02 – 99.4%; 188n2 with S. aquimarina SW28 – 99.7%. These strains form common clusters with closely related species on phylogenetic dendrograms. The strain 190n2 can be considered as Rothia sp., since has the remote position from closely related strains in the cluster Rothia and a low percentage of similarity (97.3%) with the species Rothia endophytica YIM 67072. These strains belong to the phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria. Conclusions. Phylogenetic and phenotypic analyzes allowed determining the taxonomic position of isolated aerobic chemoorganotrophic microbial strains of the Antarctic. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA genes are deposited in the International GenBank database under numbers HG518622, HG518623, HG518625, HG518626.

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Xing, Haixia, Hongwei Liu, and Jie Pan. "High-Throughput Sequencing of Oral Microbiota in Candida Carriage Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041559.

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Background: This study sought to characterize the saliva microbiota of Candida carriage Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) patients compared to oral candidiasis and healthy patients by high-throughput sequencing. Methods: Fifteen patients were included, with five Candida carriage SS patients (decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score 22), five oral candidiasis patients (DMFT score 17), and five caries active healthy patients (DMFT score 14). Bacterial 16S rRNA was extracted from rinsed whole saliva. PCR amplification generated DNA amplicons of the V3–V4 hypervariable region, which were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform and compared and aligned to the SILVA database. Taxonomy abundance and community structure diversity was analyzed using Mothur software v1.40.0. Results: A total of 1016/1298/1085 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from SS patients/oral candidiasis patient/healthy patients. Treponema, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Selenomonas, and Veillonella were the primary genera in the three groups. The most abundant significantly mutative taxonomy (OTU001) was Veillonella parvula. Microbial diversity (alpha diversity and beta diversity) was significantly increased in SS patients. ANOSIM analyses revealed significantly different microbial compositional heterogeneity in SS patients compared to oral candidiasis and healthy patients. Conclusion: Microbial dysbiosis differs significantly in SS patients independent of oral Candida carriage and DMFT.

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Woese, C. R. "Default taxonomy: Ernst Mayr's view of the microbial world." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 19 (September 15, 1998): 11043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.19.11043.

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Fredrickson, Herbert. "Applications of methods of chemical analysis in microbial taxonomy." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 343, no. 1 (1992): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00331992.

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Larsen, Thomas O., Jørn Smedsgaard, Kristian F. Nielsen, Michael E. Hansen, and Jens C. Frisvad. "Phenotypic taxonomy and metabolite profiling in microbial drug discovery." Natural Product Reports 22, no. 6 (2005): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b404943h.

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Montero, Angel, M. Elias Dueker, and Gregory D. O’Mullan. "Culturable bioaerosols along an urban waterfront are primarily associated with coarse particles." PeerJ 4 (December 22, 2016): e2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2827.

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The source, characteristics and transport of viable microbial aerosols in urban centers are topics of significant environmental and public health concern. Recent studies have identified adjacent waterways, and especially polluted waterways, as an important source of microbial aerosols to urban air. The size of these aerosols influences how far they travel, their resistance to environmental stress, and their inhalation potential. In this study, we utilize a cascade impactor and aerosol particle monitor to characterize the size distribution of particles and culturable bacterial and fungal aerosols along the waterfront of a New York City embayment. We seek to address the potential contribution of bacterial aerosols from local sources and to determine how their number, size distribution, and taxonomic identity are affected by wind speed and wind direction (onshore vs. offshore). Total culturable microbial counts were higher under offshore winds (average of 778 CFU/m3± 67), with bacteria comprising the majority of colonies (58.5%), as compared to onshore winds (580 CFU/m3± 110) where fungi were dominant (87.7%). The majority of cultured bacteria and fungi sampled during both offshore winds (88%) and onshore winds (72%) were associated with coarse aerosols (>2.1 µm), indicative of production from local sources. There was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) of wind speed with both total and coarse culturable microbial aerosol concentrations. Taxonomic analysis, based on DNA sequencing, showed that Actinobacteria was the dominant phylum among aerosol isolates. In particular,StreptomycesandBacillus, both spore forming genera that are often soil-associated, were abundant under both offshore and onshore wind conditions. Comparisons of bacterial communities present in the bioaerosol sequence libraries revealed that particle size played an important role in microbial aerosol taxonomy. Onshore and offshore coarse libraries were found to be most similar. This study demonstrates that the majority of culturable bacterial aerosols along a New York City waterfront were associated with coarse aerosol particles, highlighting the importance of local sources, and that the taxonomy of culturable aerosol bacteria differed by size fraction and wind direction.

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Chen, Huaihai, Kayan Ma, Yu Huang, Qi Fu, Yingbo Qiu, Jiajiang Lin, Christopher W. Schadt, and Hao Chen. "Lower functional redundancy in “narrow” than “broad” functions in global soil metagenomics." SOIL 8, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-297-2022.

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Abstract. Understanding the relationship between soil microbial taxonomic compositions and functional profiles is essential for predicting ecosystem functions under various environmental disturbances. However, even though microbial communities are sensitive to disturbance, ecosystem functions remain relatively stable, as soil microbes are likely to be functionally redundant. Microbial functional redundancy may be more associated with “broad” functions carried out by a wide range of microbes than with “narrow” functions in which specific microorganisms specialize. Thus, a comprehensive study to evaluate how microbial taxonomic compositions correlate with broad and narrow functional profiles is necessary. Here, we evaluated soil metagenomes worldwide to assess whether functional and taxonomic diversities differ significantly between the five broad and the five narrow functions that we chose. Our results revealed that, compared with the five broad functions, soil microbes capable of performing the five narrow functions were more taxonomically diverse, and thus their functional diversity was more dependent on taxonomic diversity, implying lower levels of functional redundancy in narrow functions. Co-occurrence networks indicated that microorganisms conducting broad functions were positively related, but microbes specializing in narrow functions were interacting mostly negatively. Our study provides strong evidence to support our hypothesis that functional redundancy is significantly different between broad and narrow functions in soil microbes, as the association of functional diversity with taxonomy was greater in the five narrow than in the five broad functions.

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Nadkarni, Mangala, Roy Byun, and Kim-Ly Chhour. "Molecular taxonomy of polymicrobial diseases ? finding novel bacteria not previously considered to be associated with oral diseases." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05117.

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Recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology have brought a revolution to the limitations imposed by traditional taxonomic methods of bacterial identification based solely on cultivation. Following on from the novel research of Carl Woese, molecular taxonomy is generally based on variations in the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and has brought a new perspective to our understanding of the diversity of uncultured bacteria in a multitude of microbial habitats. Analysis of the polymicrobial oral diseases is no exception.

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Bell, Terrence H., Franck O. P. Stefani, Katrina Abram, Julie Champagne, Etienne Yergeau, Mohamed Hijri, and Marc St-Arnaud. "A Diverse Soil Microbiome Degrades More Crude Oil than Specialized Bacterial Assemblages Obtained in Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 18 (July 1, 2016): 5530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01327-16.

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ABSTRACTSoil microbiome modification may alter system function, which may enhance processes like bioremediation. In this study, we filled microcosms with gamma-irradiated soil that was reinoculated with the initial soil or cultivated bacterial subsets obtained on regular media (REG-M) or media containing crude oil (CO-M). We allowed 8 weeks for microbiome stabilization, added crude oil and monoammonium phosphate, incubated the microcosms for another 6 weeks, and then measured the biodegradation of crude oil components, bacterial taxonomy, and functional gene composition. We hypothesized that the biodegradation of targeted crude oil components would be enhanced by limiting the microbial taxa competing for resources and by specifically selecting bacteria involved in crude oil biodegradation (i.e., CO-M). Postincubation, large differences in taxonomy and functional gene composition between the three microbiome types remained, indicating that purposeful soil microbiome structuring is feasible. Although phylum-level bacterial taxonomy was constrained, operational taxonomic unit composition varied between microbiome types. Contrary to our hypothesis, the biodegradation of C10to C50hydrocarbons was highest when the original microbiome was reinoculated, despite a higher relative abundance of alkane hydroxylase genes in the CO-M microbiomes and of carbon-processing genes in the REG-M microbiomes. Despite increases in the relative abundances of genes potentially linked to hydrocarbon processing in cultivated subsets of the microbiome, reinoculation of the initial microbiome led to maximum biodegradation.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we show that it is possible to sustainably modify microbial assemblages in soil. This has implications for biotechnology, as modification of gut microbial assemblages has led to improved treatments for diseases likeClostridium difficileinfection. Although the soil environment determined which major phylogenetic groups of bacteria would dominate the assemblage, we saw differences at lower levels of taxonomy and in functional gene composition (e.g., genes related to hydrocarbon degradation). Further studies are needed to determine the success of such an approach in nonsterile environments. Although the biodegradation of certain crude oil fractions was still the highest when we inoculated with the diverse initial microbiome, the possibility of discovering and establishing microbiomes that are more efficient in crude oil degradation is not precluded.

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Ramesh, Chatragadda, and Laurent Dufossé. "Blue Microbiology—Aquatic Microbial Resources for Sustainable Life on Earth." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030808.

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Bolduc, Benjamin, Ho Bin Jang, Guilhem Doulcier, Zhi-Qiang You, Simon Roux, and Matthew B. Sullivan. "vConTACT: an iVirus tool to classify double-stranded DNA viruses that infectArchaeaandBacteria." PeerJ 5 (May 3, 2017): e3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3243.

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Taxonomic classification of archaeal and bacterial viruses is challenging, yet also fundamental for developing a predictive understanding of microbial ecosystems. Recent identification of hundreds of thousands of new viral genomes and genome fragments, whose hosts remain unknown, requires a paradigm shift away from traditional classification approaches and towards the use of genomes for taxonomy. Here we revisited the use of genomes and their protein content as a means for developing a viral taxonomy for bacterial and archaeal viruses. A network-based analytic was evaluated and benchmarked against authority-accepted taxonomic assignments and found to be largely concordant. Exceptions were manually examined and found to represent areas of viral genome ‘sequence space’ that are under-sampled or prone to excessive genetic exchange. While both cases are poorly resolved by genome-based taxonomic approaches, the former will improve as viral sequence space is better sampled and the latter are uncommon. Finally, given the largely robust taxonomic capabilities of this approach, we sought to enable researchers to easily and systematically classify new viruses. Thus, we established a tool, vConTACT, as an app at iVirus, where it operates as a fast, highly scalable, user-friendly app within the free and powerful CyVerse cyberinfrastructure.

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Ramírez-Flandes, Salvador, Bernardo González, and Osvaldo Ulloa. "Redox traits characterize the organization of global microbial communities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 9 (February 11, 2019): 3630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817554116.

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The structure of biological communities is conventionally described as profiles of taxonomic units, whose ecological functions are assumed to be known or, at least, predictable. In environmental microbiology, however, the functions of a majority of microorganisms are unknown and expected to be highly dynamic and collectively redundant, obscuring the link between taxonomic structure and ecosystem functioning. Although genetic trait-based approaches at the community level might overcome this problem, no obvious choice of gene categories can be identified as appropriate descriptive units in a general ecological context. We used 247 microbial metagenomes from 18 biomes to determine which set of genes better characterizes the differences among biomes on the global scale. We show that profiles of oxidoreductase genes support the highest biome differentiation compared with profiles of other categories of enzymes, general protein-coding genes, transporter genes, and taxonomic gene markers. Based on oxidoreductases’ description of microbial communities, the role of energetics in differentiation and particular ecosystem function of different biomes become readily apparent. We also show that taxonomic diversity is decoupled from functional diversity, e.g., grasslands and rhizospheres were the most diverse biomes in oxidoreductases but not in taxonomy. Considering that microbes underpin biogeochemical processes and nutrient recycling through oxidoreductases, this functional diversity should be relevant for a better understanding of the stability and conservation of biomes. Consequently, this approach might help to quantify the impact of environmental stressors on microbial ecosystems in the context of the global-scale biome crisis that our planet currently faces.

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Van den Meersche, Karel, Karline Soetaert, and Jack J. Middelburg. "A Bayesian compositional estimator for microbial taxonomy based on biomarkers." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6, no. 5 (April 4, 2008): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.190.

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Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P., Markus Göker, Cathrin Spröer, and Hans-Peter Klenk. "When should a DDH experiment be mandatory in microbial taxonomy?" Archives of Microbiology 195, no. 6 (April 17, 2013): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-013-0888-4.

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Thompson, Cristiane C., Gilda R. Amaral, Mariana Campeão, Robert A. Edwards, Martin F. Polz, Bas E. Dutilh, David W. Ussery, Tomoo Sawabe, Jean Swings, and Fabiano L. Thompson. "Microbial taxonomy in the post-genomic era: Rebuilding from scratch?" Archives of Microbiology 197, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-1071-2.

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Ranasinghe, Purnika Damindi, Hiroyasu Satoh, Mamoru Oshiki, Kenshiro Oshima, Wataru Suda, Masahira Hattori, and Takashi Mino. "Revealing microbial community structures in large- and small-scale activated sludge systems by barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 10 (November 1, 2012): 2155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.428.

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The diversity of bacterial groups in activated sludge from large- and small-scale wastewater treatment plants was explored by barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Activated sludge samples (three small and 17 large scale) were collected from 12 wastewater treatment plants to clarify precise taxonomy and relative abundances. DNA was extracted, and amplified by 4 base barcoded 27f/519r primer set. The 454 Titanium (Roche) pyrosequences were obtained and analyses performed by Quantitative Insight Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) with around 100,000 reads. Sequence statistics were computed, while constructing a phylogenetic tree and heatmap. Computed results explained total microbial diversity at phylum and class level and resolution was further extended to Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) based taxonomic assignment for investigating community distribution based on individual sample. Composition of sequence reads were compared and microbial community structures for large- and small-scale treatment plants were identified as major phyla (Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and classes (Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes). Also, family level breakdowns were explained and differences in family Nitrospiraceae and phylum Actinobacteria found at their species level were also illustrated. Thus, the pyrosequencing method provides high resolution insight into microbial community structures in activated sludge that might have been unnoticed with conventional approaches.

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Miaow, Katie, Donnabella Lacap-Bugler, and Hannah L. Buckley. "Identifying optimal bioinformatics protocols for aerosol microbial community data." PeerJ 9 (September 30, 2021): e12065. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12065.

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Microbes are fundamental to Earth’s ecosystems, thus understanding ecosystem connectivity through microbial dispersal is key to predicting future ecosystem changes in a warming world. However, aerial microbial dispersal remains poorly understood. Few studies have been performed on bioaerosols (microorganisms and biological fragments suspended in the atmosphere), despite them harboring pathogens and allergens. Most environmental microbes grow poorly in culture, therefore molecular approaches are required to characterize aerial diversity. Bioinformatic tools are needed for processing the next generation sequencing (NGS) data generated from these molecular approaches; however, there are numerous options and choices in the process. These choices can markedly affect key aspects of the data output including relative abundances, diversity, and taxonomy. Bioaerosol samples have relatively little DNA, and often contain novel and proportionally high levels of contaminant organisms, that are difficult to identify. Therefore, bioinformatics choices are of crucial importance. A bioaerosol dataset for bacteria and fungi based on the 16S rRNA gene (16S) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequencing from parks in the metropolitan area of Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand was used to develop a process for determining the bioinformatics pipeline that would maximize the data amount and quality generated. Two popular tools (Dada2 and USEARCH) were compared for amplicon sequence variant (ASV) inference and generation of an ASV table. A scorecard was created and used to assess multiple outputs and make systematic choices about the most suitable option. The read number and ASVs were assessed, alpha diversity was calculated (Hill numbers), beta diversity (Bray–Curtis distances), differential abundance by site and consistency of ASVs were considered. USEARCH was selected, due to higher consistency in ASVs identified and greater read counts. Taxonomic assignment is highly dependent on the taxonomic database used. Two popular taxonomy databases were compared in terms of number and confidence of assignments, and a combined approach developed that uses information in both databases to maximize the number and confidence of taxonomic assignments. This approach increased the assignment rate by 12–15%, depending on amplicon and the overall assignment was 77% for bacteria and 47% for fungi. Assessment of decontamination using “decontam” and “microDecon” was performed, based on review of ASVs identified as contaminants by each and consideration of the probability of them being legitimate members of the bioaerosol community. For this example, “microDecon’s” subtraction approach for removing background contamination was selected. This study demonstrates a systematic approach to determining the optimal bioinformatics pipeline using a multi-criteria scorecard for microbial bioaerosol data. Example code in the R environment for this data processing pipeline is provided.

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Zheng, Xiang, Qidi Zhu, Zhijun Zhou, Fangtong Wu, Lixuan Chen, Qianrong Cao, and Fuming Shi. "Gut bacterial communities across 12 Ensifera (Orthoptera) at different feeding habits and its prediction for the insect with contrasting feeding habits." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): e0250675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250675.

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Insect microbial symbioses play a critical role in insect lifecycle, and insect gut microbiome could be influenced by many factors. Studies have shown that host diet and taxonomy have a strong influence on insect gut microbial community. In this study, we performed sequencing of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene to compare the composition and diversity of 12 Ensifera from 6 provinces of China. Moreover, the influences of feeding habits and taxonomic status of insects on their gut bacterial community were evaluated, which might provide reference for further application research. The results showed that Proteobacteria (45.66%), Firmicutes (34.25%) and Cyanobacteria (7.7%) were the predominant bacterial phyla in Ensifera. Moreover, the gut bacterial community composition of samples with different feeding habits was significantly different, which was irrespective of their taxa. The highest diversity of gut bacteria was found in the omnivorous Ensifera. Furthermore, common and unique bacteria with biomarkers were found based on the dietary characteristics of the samples. However, the bacterial community structure of the Ensifera samples was significantly different from that of Caelifera. Therefore, we concluded that feeding habits and taxonomic status jointly affect the gut bacterial community composition of the samples from Orthoptera. However, the influence of feeding habit dominates when taxonomy category below the suborder level. In addition, the dominant, common and unique bacterial community structure could be used to predict the contrastic feeding habits of insects belonging to Ensifera.

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de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, Jacobo, Ruth E. Ley, and Nicholas D. Youngblut. "Struo: a pipeline for building custom databases for common metagenome profilers." Bioinformatics 36, no. 7 (November 28, 2019): 2314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz899.

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Abstract Summary Taxonomic and functional information from microbial communities can be efficiently obtained by metagenome profiling, which requires databases of genes and genomes to which sequence reads are mapped. However, the databases that accompany metagenome profilers are not updated at a pace that matches the increase in available microbial genomes, and unifying database content across metagenome profiling tools can be cumbersome. To address this, we developed Struo, a modular pipeline that automatizes the acquisition of genomes from public repositories and the construction of custom databases for multiple metagenome profilers. The use of custom databases that broadly represent the known microbial diversity by incorporating novel genomes results in a substantial increase in mappability of reads in synthetic and real metagenome datasets. Availability and implementation Source code available for download at https://github.com/leylabmpi/Struo. Custom genome taxonomy database databases available at http://ftp.tue.mpg.de/ebio/projects/struo/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Chanson, Anaïs, Corrie S. Moreau, and Christophe Duplais. "Impact of Nesting Mode, Diet, and Taxonomy in Structuring the Associated Microbial Communities of Amazonian Ants." Diversity 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020126.

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Studies of ant biodiversity are important to understand their group better, as well as to extend our knowledge on the evolution of their associated organisms. Host-associated microbial communities, and particularly bacterial communities, are shaped by different host factors such as habitat, diet, and phylogeny. Here, we studied the structures of bacterial and microbial eukaryote communities associated with Amazonian ants collected from two habitats: the rainforest and the city. We collected 38 ant species covering a large taxonomic range, and we used 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing to study the impact of the host’s ecological and phylogenetic factors on their microbial communities. Our results show that (1) habitat does not structure ant microbial communities, (2) ant diet and nesting mode impact bacterial communities, while only nesting mode structures microbial eukaryote communities, and (3) microbial diversity is not correlated with host phylogeny, although several ant genera have conserved bacterial communities. As we continue to uncover the diversity and function of insect-associated microbes, this work explores how host ecology and evolutionary history shape ant microbial communities.

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van Belkum, Alex, Marc Struelens, Arjan de Visser, Henri Verbrugh, and Michel Tibayrenc. "Role of Genomic Typing in Taxonomy, Evolutionary Genetics, and Microbial Epidemiology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.547-560.2001.

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SUMMARY Currently, genetic typing of microorganisms is widely used in several major fields of microbiological research. Taxonomy, research aimed at elucidation of evolutionary dynamics or phylogenetic relationships, population genetics of microorganisms, and microbial epidemiology all rely on genetic typing data for discrimination between genotypes. Apart from being an essential component of these fundamental sciences, microbial typing clearly affects several areas of applied microbiogical research. The epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of infectious diseases and the measurement of genetic diversity in relation to relevant biological properties such as pathogenicity, drug resistance, and biodegradation capacities are obvious examples. The diversity among nucleic acid molecules provides the basic information for all fields described above. However, researchers in various disciplines tend to use different vocabularies, a wide variety of different experimental methods to monitor genetic variation, and sometimes widely differing modes of data processing and interpretation. The aim of the present review is to summarize the technological and fundamental concepts used in microbial taxonomy, evolutionary genetics, and epidemiology. Information on the nomenclature used in the different fields of research is provided, descriptions of the diverse genetic typing procedures are presented, and examples of both conceptual and technological research developments for Escherichia coli are included. Recommendations for unification of the different fields through standardization of laboratory techniques are made.

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Issotta, Francisco, Roberto A. Bobadilla-Fazzini, Ana Moya-Beltrán, Paulo C. Covarrubias, Raquel Quatrini, and Patricio Martinez. "Genetic Basis of Metal Resistance in Acidiphilium sp. DSM 27270 (Yenapatur)." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.358.

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Acidiphilium sp. DSM 27270 (Yenapatur) forms part of a microbial consortium isolated from copper mines in Chile, that is currently used in state of the art industrial-scale biotechnology. Its taxonomic assignment is still tentative and is metal resistance and homeostatic responses poorly characterized. Here we report the genomic taxonomy evaluation of the Yenapatur strain and the preliminary characterization of its metal resistance and homeostatic responses. The genome of Yenapatur was re-assembled, annotated and compared to other sequenced strains of the genus. Genomic signatures were derived to better define the taxonomy of the strain. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of diverse cations and anions (Cu (II), Fe (II), Mg (II), Mn (II), Zn (II), Al (III), As (III), Fe (III), chloride and nitrate) were determined. Known resistance determinants were profiled in the genome of Yenapatur and publically available sequenced Acidiphilium strains. Results are presented and discussed under the light of the operational conditions in which Yenapatur thrives.

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Remenyik, Judit, László Csige, Péter Dávid, Péter Fauszt, Anna Anita Szilágyi-Rácz, Erzsébet Szőllősi, Zsófia Réka Bacsó, et al. "Exploring the interplay between the core microbiota, physicochemical factors, agrobiochemical cycles in the soil of the historic tokaj mád wine region." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 16, 2024): e0300563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300563.

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A Hungarian survey of Tokaj-Mád vineyards was conducted. Shotgun metabarcoding was applied to decipher the microbial-terroir. The results of 60 soil samples showed that there were three dominant fungal phyla, Ascomycota 66.36% ± 15.26%, Basidiomycota 18.78% ± 14.90%, Mucoromycota 11.89% ± 8.99%, representing 97% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Mutual interactions between microbiota diversity and soil physicochemical parameters were revealed. Principal component analysis showed descriptive clustering patterns of microbial taxonomy and resistance gene profiles in the case of the four historic vineyards (Szent Tamás, Király, Betsek, Nyúlászó). Linear discriminant analysis effect size was performed, revealing pronounced shifts in community taxonomy based on soil physicochemical properties. Twelve clades exhibited the most significant shifts (LDA > 4.0), including the phyla Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Rokubacteria, the classes Acidobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Betaproteobacteria, the order Sphingomonadales, Hypomicrobiales, as well as the family Sphingomonadaceae and the genus Sphingomonas. Three out of the four historic vineyards exhibited the highest occurrences of the bacterial genus Bradyrhizobium, known for its positive influence on plant development and physiology through the secretion of steroid phytohormones. During ripening, the taxonomical composition of the soil fungal microbiota clustered into distinct groups depending on altitude, differences that were not reflected in bacteriomes. Network analyses were performed to unravel changes in fungal interactiomes when comparing postveraison and preharvest samples. In addition to the arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomeraceae, the families Mycosphaerellacae and Rhyzopodaceae and the class Agaricomycetes were found to have important roles in maintaining soil microbial community resilience. Functional metagenomics showed that the soil Na content stimulated several of the microbiota-related agrobiogeochemical cycles, such as nitrogen and sulphur metabolism; steroid, bisphenol, toluene, dioxin and atrazine degradation and the synthesis of folate.

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Flores, Roberto, Jianxin Shi, Mitchell H. Gail, Pawel Gajer, Jacques Ravel, and James J. Goedert. "Association of Fecal Microbial Diversity and Taxonomy with Selected Enzymatic Functions." PLoS ONE 7, no. 6 (June 28, 2012): e39745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039745.

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Huse, Susan M., Les Dethlefsen, Julie A. Huber, David Mark Welch, David A. Relman, and Mitchell L. Sogin. "Exploring Microbial Diversity and Taxonomy Using SSU rRNA Hypervariable Tag Sequencing." PLoS Genetics 4, no. 11 (November 21, 2008): e1000255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000255.

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Fenwick, Alexander J., and Karen C. Carroll. "Practical problems when incorporating rapidly changing microbial taxonomy into clinical practice." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): e238-e240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-1068.

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Zhou, Jiayin, Wei Qin, Xinda Lu, Yunfeng Yang, David Stahl, Nianzhi Jiao, Jizhong Zhou, Jihua Liu, and Qichao Tu. "The diversity and ecological significance of microbial traits potentially involved in B₁₂ biosynthesis in the global ocean." mLife 2, no. 4 (December 2023): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.12095.

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AbstractCobalamin (B12), an essential nutrient and growth cofactor for many living organisms on Earth, can be fully synthesized only by selected prokaryotes in nature. Therefore, microbial communities related to B12 biosynthesis could serve as an example subsystem to disentangle the underlying ecological mechanisms balancing the function and taxonomic make‐up of complex functional assemblages. By anchoring microbial traits potentially involved in B12 biosynthesis, we depict the biogeographic patterns of B12 biosynthesis genes and the taxa harboring them in the global ocean, despite the limitations of detecting de novo B12 synthesizers via metagenomes alone. Both the taxonomic and functional composition of B12 biosynthesis genes were strongly shaped by depth, differentiating the epipelagic zones from the mesopelagic layers. Functional genes related to B12 biosynthesis were relatively stably distributed across different oceans, but the taxa harboring them varied considerably, showing clear functional redundancy among microbial systems. Microbial taxa carrying B12 biosynthesis genes in the surface water were influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, oxygen, and nitrate. However, the composition of functional genes was only weakly associated with these environmental factors. Null model analyses demonstrated that determinism governed the variations in B12 biosynthesis genes, whereas a higher degree of stochasticity was associated with taxonomic variations. Significant associations were observed between the chlorophyll a concentration and B12 biosynthesis, confirming its importance in primary production in the global ocean. The results of this study reveal an essential ecological mechanism governing the assembly of microbes in nature: the environment selects for function rather than taxonomy; functional redundancy underlies stochastic community assembly.

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Moreno-Gallego, Jaime Leonardo, and Alejandro Reyes. "Informative Regions In Viral Genomes." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061164.

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Viruses, far from being just parasites affecting hosts’ fitness, are major players in any microbial ecosystem. In spite of their broad abundance, viruses, in particular bacteriophages, remain largely unknown since only about 20% of sequences obtained from viral community DNA surveys could be annotated by comparison with public databases. In order to shed some light into this genetic dark matter we expanded the search of orthologous groups as potential markers to viral taxonomy from bacteriophages and included eukaryotic viruses, establishing a set of 31,150 ViPhOGs (Eukaryotic Viruses and Phages Orthologous Groups). To do this, we examine the non-redundant viral diversity stored in public databases, predict proteins in genomes lacking such information, and used all annotated and predicted proteins to identify potential protein domains. The clustering of domains and unannotated regions into orthologous groups was done using cogSoft. Finally, we employed a random forest implementation to classify genomes into their taxonomy and found that the presence or absence of ViPhOGs is significantly associated with their taxonomy. Furthermore, we established a set of 1457 ViPhOGs that given their importance for the classification could be considered as markers or signatures for the different taxonomic groups defined by the ICTV at the order, family, and genus levels.

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Jaba, Asma, Fadi Dagher, Amir Mehdi Hamidi Oskouei, Claude Guertin, and Philippe Constant. "Physiological traits and relative abundance of species as explanatory variables of co-occurrence pattern of cultivable bacteria associated with chia seeds." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 9 (September 2019): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0052.

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Deciphering the rules defining microbial community assemblage is envisioned as a promising strategy to improve predictions of pathogens colonization and proliferation in food. Despite the increasing number of studies reporting microbial co-occurrence patterns, only a few attempts have been made to challenge them in experimental or theoretical frameworks. Here, we tested the hypothesis that observed variations in co-occurrence patterns can be explained by taxonomy, relative abundance, and physiological traits of microbial species. We used PCR amplicon sequencing of taxonomic markers to assess distribution and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial and fungal species found in 25 chia (Salvia hispanica L.) samples originating from eight different sources. The use of nutrient-rich and oligotrophic media enabled isolation of 71 strains encompassing 16 bacterial species, of which five corresponded to phylotypes represented in the molecular survey. Tolerance to different growth inhibitors and antibiotics was tested to assess the physiological traits of these isolates. Divergence of physiological traits and relative abundance of each pair of species explained 69% of the co-occurrence profile displayed by cultivable bacterial phylotypes in chia. Validation of this ecological network conceptualization approach to more food products is required to integrate microbial species co-occurrence patterns in predictive microbiology.

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Shaaban, Heba, David A. Westfall, Rawhi Mohammad, David Danko, Daniela Bezdan, Ebrahim Afshinnekoo, Nicola Segata, and Christopher E. Mason. "The Microbe Directory: An annotated, searchable inventory of microbes’ characteristics." Gates Open Research 2 (January 5, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12772.1.

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The Microbe Directory is a collective research effort to profile and annotate more than 7,500 unique microbial species from the MetaPhlAn2 database that includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. By collecting and summarizing data on various microbes’ characteristics, the project comprises a database that can be used downstream of large-scale metagenomic taxonomic analyses, allowing one to interpret and explore their taxonomic classifications to have a deeper understanding of the microbial ecosystem they are studying. Such characteristics include, but are not limited to: optimal pH, optimal temperature, Gram stain, biofilm-formation, spore-formation, antimicrobial resistance, and COGEM class risk rating. The database has been manually curated by trained student-researchers from Weill Cornell Medicine and CUNY—Hunter College, and its analysis remains an ongoing effort with open-source capabilities so others can contribute. Available in SQL, JSON, and CSV (i.e. Excel) formats, the Microbe Directory can be queried for the aforementioned parameters by a microorganism’s taxonomy. In addition to the raw database, The Microbe Directory has an online counterpart (https://microbe.directory/) that provides a user-friendly interface for storage, retrieval, and analysis into which other microbial database projects could be incorporated. The Microbe Directory was primarily designed to serve as a resource for researchers conducting metagenomic analyses, but its online web interface should also prove useful to any individual who wishes to learn more about any particular microbe.

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Hou, Fen, Junjie Du, Ye Yuan, Xihui Wu, and Sai Zhao. "Analysis of Microbial Communities in Aged Refuse Based on 16S Sequencing." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084111.

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Aged refuse is widely considered to have certain soil fertility. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is used to investigate the microbial community of aged refuse. The aged refuse is found to contain higher soil fertility elements (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, etc.) and higher concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg). Taxonomy based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shows that Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes are the main bacterial phyla in the two soils and there is a palpable difference in the microbial community composition between the two groups of samples. The genera Paramaledivibacter, Limnochorda, Marinobacter, Pseudaminobacter, Kocuria, Bdellovibrio, Halomonas, Gillisia, and Membranicola are enriched in the aged refuse. Functional predictive analysis shows that both the control soil and aged refuse have a high abundance of “carbohydrate metabolism” and “amino acid metabolism”, and show differences in the abundance of several metabolism pathways, such as “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” and “lipid metabolism”. Aged refuse and undisturbed soil show significant differences in alpha diversity and microbial community composition. Multiple environmental factors (Hg, TN, Cr, Cd, etc.) significantly impact microorganisms’ abundance (Marinobacter, Halomonas, Blastococcus, etc.). Our study provides valuable knowledge for the ecological restoration of closed landfills.

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Barka, Essaid Ait, Parul Vatsa, Lisa Sanchez, Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant, Cedric Jacquard, Hans-Peter Klenk, Christophe Clément, Yder Ouhdouch, and Gilles P. van Wezel. "Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 80, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15.

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SUMMARYActinobacteriaare Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. ManyActinobacteriahave a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.Actinobacteriaplay diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species ofCorynebacterium,Mycobacterium,Nocardia,Propionibacterium, andTropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g.,MicromonosporaandStreptomycesspecies), plant commensals (e.g.,Frankiaspp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacteriumspp.).Actinobacteriaalso play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.

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Dixit, Kunal. "Benchmarking of 16S rRNA gene databases using known strain sequences." Bioinformation 17, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026//97320630017377.

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16S rRNA gene analysis is the most convenient and robust method for microbiome studies. Inaccurate taxonomic assignment of bacterial strains could have deleterious effects as all downstream analyses rely heavily on the accurate assessment of microbial taxonomy. The use of mock communities to check the reliability of the results has been suggested. However, often the mock communities used in most of the studies represent only a small fraction of taxa and are used mostly as validation of sequencing run to estimate sequencing artifacts. Moreover, a large number of databases and tools available for classification and taxonomic assignment of the 16S rRNA gene make it challenging to select the best-suited method for a particular dataset. In the present study, we used authentic and validly published 16S rRNA gene type strain sequences (full length, V3-V4 region) and analyzed them using a widely used QIIME pipeline along with different parameters of OTU clustering and QIIME compatible databases. Data Analysis Measures (DAM) revealed a high discrepancy in ratifying the taxonomy at different taxonomic hierarchies. Beta diversity analysis showed clear segregation of different DAMs. Limited differences were observed in reference data set analysis using partial (V3-V4) and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, which signify the reliability of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences in microbiome studies. Our analysis also highlights common discrepancies observed at varioustaxonomic levels using various methods and databases.

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Dixit, Kunal. "Benchmarking of 16S rRNA gene databases using known strain sequences." Bioinformation 17, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630017377.

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16S rRNA gene analysis is the most convenient and robust method for microbiome studies. Inaccurate taxonomic assignment of bacterial strains could have deleterious effects as all downstream analyses rely heavily on the accurate assessment of microbial taxonomy. The use of mock communities to check the reliability of the results has been suggested. However, often the mock communities used in most of the studies represent only a small fraction of taxa and are used mostly as validation of sequencing run to estimate sequencing artifacts. Moreover, a large number of databases and tools available for classification and taxonomic assignment of the 16S rRNA gene make it challenging to select the best-suited method for a particular dataset. In the present study, we used authentic and validly published 16S rRNA gene type strain sequences (full length, V3-V4 region) and analyzed them using a widely used QIIME pipeline along with different parameters of OTU clustering and QIIME compatible databases. Data Analysis Measures (DAM) revealed a high discrepancy in ratifying the taxonomy at different taxonomic hierarchies. Beta diversity analysis showed clear segregation of different DAMs. Limited differences were observed in reference data set analysis using partial (V3-V4) and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, which signify the reliability of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences in microbiome studies. Our analysis also highlights common discrepancies observed at varioustaxonomic levels using various methods and databases.

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Tsai, Kai-Yen, Deng-Chyang Wu, Wen-Jeng Wu, Jiunn-Wei Wang, Yung-Shun Juan, Ching-Chia Li, Chung-Jung Liu, and Hsiang-Ying Lee. "Exploring the Association between Gut and Urine Microbiota and Prostatic Disease including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer Using 16S rRNA Sequencing." Biomedicines 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112676.

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Numerous microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts affect host health. We investigated stool and voided urine samples collected from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer (PC) and a control group to explore the potential relationship between human microbiota and prostatic disease, and aimed to identify correlations and pathogenic taxonomic units. We studied microbial composition using 16S rRNA sequencing to identify operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Extracted genome was amplified and filtered sequences were used to classify OTUs based on their specific taxonomy. No statistically significant differences were observed in stool samples among the groups. However, urine samples indicated different microbiota compositions in different patient populations. The top five microbial genera that showed significant differences between the BPH and control groups were Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Cetobacterium. Faecalibacterium, Staphylococcus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002, Neisseria, and Agathobacter were the genera with the largest proportion differences when comparing the PC and control groups. We discovered that the urine microbiota composition of the BPH and PC groups was distinct from that of the control group. Due to the impact of microbiota on prostatic disease, it is necessary to identify specific microbes for further research.

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Janda, J. Michael, and Sharon L. Abbott. "The Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23, no. 1 (January 2010): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00039-09.

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SUMMARY Over the past decade, the genus Aeromonas has undergone a number of significant changes of practical importance to clinical microbiologists and scientists alike. In parallel with the molecular revolution in microbiology, several new species have been identified on a phylogenetic basis, and the genome of the type species, A. hydrophila ATCC 7966, has been sequenced. In addition to established disease associations, Aeromonas has been shown to be a significant cause of infections associated with natural disasters (hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes) and has been linked to emerging or new illnesses, including near-drowning events, prostatitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Despite these achievements, issues still remain regarding the role that Aeromonas plays in bacterial gastroenteritis, the extent to which species identification should be attempted in the clinical laboratory, and laboratory reporting of test results from contaminated body sites containing aeromonads. This article provides an extensive review of these topics, in addition to others, such as taxonomic issues, microbial pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance markers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial taxonomy'

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