Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial old friends'

A modern interpretation of the hygiene hypothesis proposes the so-called “old friends” to trigger tolerogenic responses through innate receptors of dendritic cells (DC). Tolerogenic DCs would drive regulatory T-cell polarization through induction of old-friend-specific Treg. In the tissues of the gut that are besieged by our old friends, these cells are held to produce a continuous bystander regulation. However, such local bystander regulation in the gut may be difficult to reconcile with suppression of responses to airway allergens or autoimmune antigens present in distant body tissues. Alternatively, the regulatory Tregs may be triggered through recognition of stress proteins or heat shock proteins (HSP). Microbial HSP are immunodominant and evolutionary conserved with homologs present in mammalian cells. Microbial HSP are now known to induce Tregs that cross-recognize mammalian HSP. In addition, microbial exposures, both friendly and nonfriendly, cause cell stress and, consequently, HSP upregulation in host cells. Also such upregulated HSP can activate HSP-specific Tregs that target the upregulated HSP at sites of inflammatory stress wherever in our body. Under inflammatory conditions, cell stress-associated HSP are abundant and therefore easy targets for cognate T-cell interactions. Herewith, they provide a molecular basis for the hygiene hypothesis.

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisis an anaerobic protist, responsible for the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in humans. One of the most intriguing aspects ofT. vaginalispathobiology is the complex relationship with intracellular microbial symbionts: a group of dsRNA viruses belonging to family ofTotiviridae(T. vaginalisvirus), and eubacteria belonging to theMycoplasmagenus, in particularMycoplasma hominis. Both microorganisms seem to strongly influence the lifestyle ofT. vaginalis, suggesting a role of the symbiosis in the high variability of clinical presentation and sequelae during trichomoniasis. In the last few years many aspects of this unique symbiotic relationship have been investigated:M. hominisresides and replicates in the protozoan cell, andT. vaginalisis able to pass the bacterial infection to both mycoplasma-free protozoan isolates and human epithelial cells;M. hominissynergistically upregulates the proinflammatory response of human monocytes toT. vaginalis. Furthermore, the influence ofM. hominisoverT. vaginalismetabolism and physiology has been characterized. The identification of a novel species belonging to the class ofMollicutes(CandidatusMycoplasma girerdii) exclusively associated toT. vaginalisopens new perspectives in the research of the complex series of events taking place in the multifaceted world of the vaginal microbiota, both under normal and pathological conditions.

Background: In the past, much of the scientific research on microbes focused on mechanisms of infection and disease. This was not in vain, as we gained valuable knowledge about our immune system, as well as the ability to develop vaccines and antibiotics. However, the relationship between humans and microbes is complex. These species have been co-evolving since multicellular organisms evolved on Earth. Summary: Recently, it is beginning to be appreciated that the majority of relationships between humans and microbes are beneficial. From this follows an understanding that beneficial microbes are vital to the normal physiological development of our gut and immune system. This beneficial relationship between the human host and the multitude of microbial communities is well established. However, currently in the developed world epidemiological studies are showing dramatic increases in autoimmunity, allergies, and obesity. It is thus suggested that within westernized societies hygiene is altering the relationship between the gut and the human host in a way that makes humans susceptible to conditions not seen in less developed countries. This understanding advanced the “hygiene hypothesis,” and more recently the, “old friends hypothesis” and “disappearing microbiota hypothesis” as possible explanations for the observed epidemiological phenomena. What follows is a review of the relationship between gut microbes and the host’s immune system, with a focus on how hygiene (antibiotics, chlorination of water, etc.) is beginning to alter this relationship. This review concludes that a further understanding of how hygiene affects the relationship between humans and microbes will be crucial for developing effective therapies considerate of our microbial friends.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease that may be associated with prior bacterial infections. Microbial “old friends” can suppress exaggerated inflammation in response to disease-causing infections or increase clearance of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis (TB). One such “old friend” is Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659, a soil-derived bacterium that has been proposed either as a vaccine for prevention of TB, or as immunotherapy for the treatment of TB when used alongside first line anti-TB drug treatment. Objective: The goal of this study was to use a hypothesis generating approach to explore the effects of M. vaccae on physiological changes in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics were performed in plasma and CSF of adult male rats after immunization with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Gene enrichment analysis and analysis of protein-protein interactions were performed to integrate physiological network changes in plasma and CSF. We used RT-qPCR to assess immune and metabolic gene expression changes in the hippocampus. Results: In both plasma and CSF, immunization with M. vaccae increased proteins associated with immune activation and downregulated proteins corresponding to lipid (including phospholipid and cholesterol) metabolism. Immunization with M. vaccae also increased hippocampal expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA, implicating anti-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system. Conclusion: M. vaccae alters host immune activity and lipid metabolism. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that microbe-host interactions may protect against possible infection-induced, inflammation-related cognitive impairments.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Boulardiiyeast wall polysaccharide (BRYP) on the intestinal micro-ecosystem of early-weaned lambs. A total of 60 early-weaned lambs (35-days-old, Kazak♂*Altay♀*Suffolk♂) were randomly assigned into two treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an experimental group with a basal diet and added 0.05% BRYP. The HiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16SrRNA was used to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial flora composition, diversity, relative abundance, principle coordination analysis, and the correlation between intestinal microbial flora composition and immune indices. After feeding for 40days, the addition of 0.5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.05); Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the experimental group was significantly enhanced, but the Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in all tested intestinal segments (P <0.05).In the jejunum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fibrobacter of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Ruminobacter was significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the cecum, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira and Bifidobacterium of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Blautia were significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the colon, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacteriumof the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P <0.05). There were significant correlations between intestinal immune indices (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and intestinal microbial composition in the colon (P <0.05). These results indicated that BRYP may contribute to the promotion of the proportion of helpful microbial populations and enhancing the balance of intestinal; Besides, BRYP may indirectly improve the intestinal immune function by changes of intestinal microflora composition, but suppress the inflammatory response in the bottom of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned lambs.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Diminished exposure to harmless micro-organisms, such as lactobacilli, has been suggested to play a role in the increased prevalence of allergic disorders in Westernized communities. The development of allergies depends on both environmental factors and genetic variations, including polymorphisms in genes encoding pattern recognition receptors. The present study examines the effects of both colonization with specific Lactobacillus species and genetic variations in DC-SIGN, a pattern recognition receptor on dendritic cells that recognizes lactobacilli, on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and sensitization in infancy. Within the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, faecal samples of 681 one-month-old infants were collected and quantitatively screened for five Lactobacillus species: L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri. Eleven haplotype-tagging polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN gene were genotyped in these children. Allergic outcomes were a clinical diagnosis of AD and sensitization (specific IgE) at age 2 years. L. rhamnosus (31.5 %), L. paracasei (31.3 %) and L. acidophilus (14.4 %) were frequently detected in the faecal samples of one-month-old infants, whereas L. casei (2.5 %) and L. reuteri (<1 %) were rare. Colonization with L. paracasei decreased the risk of AD significantly (odds ratio 0.57, 95 % confidence interval 0.32–0.99), whereas effects of L. acidophilus were of borderline statistical significance (0.46, 0.20–1.04). Two DC-SIGN polymorphisms, rs11465413 and rs8112555, were statistically significantly associated with atopic sensitization. The present study supports the ‘old friends’ hypothesis suggesting that certain health-beneficial micro-organisms protect us from developing allergies and that these protective effects are species-dependent. Firm conclusions on the potential interaction between lactobacillus colonization and genetic variations in DC-SIGN in association with the development of allergic disorders cannot be drawn, given the limited power of our study. Therefore, incorporation of consecutive faecal sampling in newly started (birth) cohort studies would be a first requisite to further increase our understanding of host–microbial interactions in health and disease.

Abstract Rumen, a pregastric anaerobic gut ecosystem, inhabits arguably the most diverse and complex microbial community, with a mutualistic relationship with the host. The relationship is best exemplified in the utilization of lignocellulosic material and non-protein nitrogen to provide energy and protein to the host. The microbial community of the rumen is composed of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and bacteriophages. Culture- or microscopy-based procedures have identified over 200 species of bacteria, methanogens, ciliated protozoa and zoosporic fungi. The community analysis based on the genetic material of all microbial cells, called microbiome, has vastly expanded our understanding of the ruminal ecosystem. Microbiome analysis is based on sequencing of the targeted amplicons (16S rDNA variable regions for bacteria and archaea, 18S rDNA for protozoa or Internal Transcribed Regions for fungi) or whole genome shotgun metagenomics analysis. Rapid advancements in nucleic acid sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines have provided unprecedented opportunities to delineate the diversity and complexity of the microbial community in relation ruminal function and dysfunctions and link ruminal microbes to host nutrition and productivity. Culture-independent methods have identified thousands of microbial species in the rumen, suggesting that a major fraction of the microbiome has not been cultured and functionally identified. A core microbiome in bacterial and archaeal populations of the rumen has been identified across a wide geographical regions, but significant variations in diversity, abundance, and individual taxa do exist because of diet and host genetics. However, there is evidence of signature microbiome among individual animals on the same diet and environment. Microbiome-wide association studies in relation to dietary changes, ruminal function and dysfunctions have begun to link and define the complexity of the host-microbe relationships. Translation of the potential of the microbiome analysis is supported by emerging evidences that specific microbiota can be linked to ruminal activity and productivity.

The rise of industrialisation and widespread use of petrochemicals brought with it many useful products. One of these products was plastic, a highly polymerised hydrocarbon mainly used for its physical strength and effective microbial barrier properties. While oil is a productive and inexpensive way to produce chemicals, stocks are beginning to be depleted. Therefore, alternative ways to produce such products must be pursued. However, sustainability is becoming a necessary part of environmental management and important steps are now being made towards reduced use of non-biodegradable materials. Where old packaging was once made from polystyrene foam and CFC-containing materials, a shift back towards paper and starch based products is occurring. In the case where packaging materials are susceptible to moisture and other microbial attack, it is necessary to develop novel materials with increased barrier properties for use in such items as meat packaging.

Purpose – This paper aims to isolate fungal strains producing natural colours, explore their application as colourant in paints and develop cost-effective durable natural paints. Design/methodology/approach – Fungal strains producing natural colours of different shades were isolated. Colourant production was carried out by fermentation method. Natural lime, milk, oil-in-water emulsion paints using natural microbial colours and eco-friendly ingredients were prepared. Bio-paint applications were carried out and evaluated. Findings – Our results indicate that microbes in general and fungi in specific represent dependable source of variety of natural colours, and cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared with commonly available natural ingredients using scientific information based on history of paints. Research limitations/implications – Natural colours are gaining importance because of their use in health, nutrition, pharmaceutical, textile and environmental applications. Nature is quite rich in several types of colourants. Chemical synthesis of synthetic dyes is complex and not environmental friendly. Microbial dyes manufactured can evade inherent environmental problems of synthetic dyes and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. However, only generally regarded as safe microbial strains are to be considered for colour production. Practical implications – Choosing natural alternatives to protect the health and environment is the need of hour. Fungal colourants are relatively more stable and robust and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. Cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared using selected stable fungal colourants with commonly available natural ingredients. High diversity of rich and complex natural colourants can be obtained from microorganisms. With the available techniques of fermentation, natural colours can be produced in large quantities of on an economically viable scale and explored for their applications. Social implications – Bio-paints are eco-friendly natural paints, low volatile organic compounds (VOC) paints or organic paints alternate to conventional paints. Most of these natural paints are durable, breathable, prevent moisture problems, contribute to a positive room climate, use safer technology and are less energy-intensive than conventional latex paints to produce. These paints improve indoor air quality and reduce urban smog and offer beneficial characteristics such as low odour, excellent durability and a washable finish. Originality/value – Many of the old art works that still survive today are a tangible proof and evidence of beauty and durability of natural paints. Organic materials used in these paints include natural pigments of mineral, plant and animal origin and other raw biodegradable ingredients. Successful commercialisation of many microbial pigments for food and textile applications is reported in literature. Therefore, present research work aims at developing natural paints using microbial pigments and recipes that have been successfully used by people for years.

Background: Water pollution has become a major threat to the environment and the living so an eco-friendly bio-filter was chosen for its merits over conventional techniques. Aim: Investigating the purifying activities of the Tilapia bone powder against inorganics, heavy metals, and microbial water pollutants and its impacts on performance, biochemical and antioxidant levels, cortisol and immunoglobulin concentrations, and intestinal microbiota in challenged broiler chickens. Methods: The in-vitro activity of Tilapia bone powder was evaluated against magnesium chloride and lead nitrate using tube minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), as well as against E. coli O1527:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Candida albicans using a 96-micro-well MIC. A total of 250 one-day-old Hubbard chicks were divided into five groups on a deep litter system. Chicks were supplemented daily with Tilapia bone powder (1 g/L) for 4-6 h from the 3rd day. Challenges were served on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days for four broiler groups using magnesium chloride (100 mg/L), lead nitrate (350 mg/L), E. coli (2.4 × 1012 CFU/ml), S. Typhimurium (1.8 × 108 CFU/ml) respectively, and the 5th group was assigned as a control. A total of 2250 samples (90 Tilapia-pollutants mixes, 480 Tilapia-microbial mixes, 240 sera, 240 intestinal swabs, and 1200 tissue samples) were collected. Results: Tilapia bones powder 1% reveals a 100% reduction in the lead after 1-h, total and calcium hardness after 0.5 h, as well as 100% killing efficacy against E. coli O1527:H7, S. Typhimurium, M. gallisepticum, A. niger, T. mentagrophytes, and C. albicans after 0.5, 1, 1, 1, 1, and 1-h respectively. Tilapia bones powder 1% treated water reveals highly significant (p < 0.01) increases in dissolved oxygen and declines in physicochemical and microbial parameters compared with tap water. Challenged treated broilers revealed highly significant (p < 0.01) increases in weight gains, performance index, body weights, carcasses and organs weights, immunoglobulin concentrations, and antioxidant levels, as well as highly significant (p < 0.01) improvements in feed conversions, feed and water intakes, biochemical profile, cortisol hormone, and intestinal microbiota. Conclusion: Tilapia bone powder provided significant in-vitro adsorptive and antimicrobial actions, as well as supported the broiler chickens to mitigate the polluted water stress accompanied by enhanced performance, carcass quality, immunity, and intestinal microbiota.

Abstract Introduction: Penetrating lesions by pencil in the temporal lobe in children and adolescents are uncommon. We present the case of a teenager with penetrating injury by strange object in the temporal lobe. Case: Twelve years old male patient, with history of trauma while he was playing with his friends, presents alteration of the consciousness state, weakness in right hemibody and dysphasia. Urgent surgery is practiced employing an incision in “C” form with improvement of the consciousness state during post-operative. Discussion: Penetrating lesions in the skull and brain are classified as missiles and non-missiles depending of their impact velocity. The wood is a porous organic material that provide a natural deposit of microbian agents, making it potentially lethal. Pre-operative radiological evaluation allows check the trajectory of the penetrating object and secondary lesions present guiding de neurosurgical approach. The prognostic depends on penetration site, timely handling and complications associated. Conclusion: Penetrating lesions by pencil are uncommon, an appropriate imaging evaluation is fundamental to determine the neurosurgical approach that allows prevent and/or decrease secondary damage.

Crude oil, a major source of energy, is being exploited as a driver of the economy throughout the world. Being a limited resource, the price of crude oil increases constantly and the exploitation of mature reservoirs becomes essential in order to meet the ever-increasing energy demands. As conventional recovery methods are not sufficient to fulfil the growing needs, there is an incessant demand for developing new technologies which can help in efficient tertiary recovery in old reservoirs. Petroleum biotechnology has been emerging as a branch that can provide solutions to major problems in the oil industry, including increasing oil production from marginal oil wells. The enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method comprises four methods – chemical, thermal, miscible, and immiscible gas flooding – as well as microbial interference to increase recovery of the remaining hydrocarbons trapped in reservoir rocks. Biochemically enhanced oil recovery comprises an array of blooming technologies for tertiary oil recovery methods which is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and efficient in extracting the residual oil trapped in reservoir rocks. Biochemical enhanced oil recovery (BcEOR) is based on the principle of using biochemical by-products produced by microbial species to enhance oil recovery, etc. All these technologies work on the principles of reducing viscosity, increasing permeability, modifying solid surfaces, emulsifying through adherence to hydrocarbons, and lowering interfacial tension. BcEOR technologies either employ the beneficial microorganism itself or the biochemical by-products produced by the microbial species to enhance tertiary oil recovery. This review paper discusses the chronological development of biologically enhanced oil recovery and its various mechanisms.

Treatment of wastewater will lead to the problems again, if we will not use new more efficient alternative technologies/methods to avoid drawback of old technologies. Loss of water can be reduced through application of easy, inexpensive and eco-friendly technologies for wastewater treatment. Using Floating rafts to purify polluted wastewater is a process/method of ecological restoration at in-situ, as well as a complicated physical (attachment of pollutants to the root surface), chemical (degradation of metals into less toxic form) and biological process (microbial processes). Its core is utilizing aquatic plants such as Canna and Water lily and root attached microbes such as bac-teria, fungi and algae to absorb pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, degrade organic matter and accumulates heavy metals in their biomass. Phytoremediation of polluted wastewater using the Floating rafts technique is an Eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment, which is economically effective to construct, requires little maintenance and increase the biodiversity as different types of plants are used. Floating rafts technique has been applied to some water pollution control projects at domestic and abroad. However, there are some factors such as plants, temperature, seasons, hydraulic retention time, coverage and initial concentration of pollutants etc. influenced to the pollutants removal efficiency of Floating rafts. In the future, the development orientation has been subjected to plant and its combinations, the transformation of Floating rafts structure and the utilization of aquatic plants, and probed the technology of Floating rafts building and management, to implement the win-win of landscape benefit and ecological function.

Maritime enterprises have long sought solutions to reduce the negative consequences of the settlement and growth of marine biofouling (micro- and macro-organisms) on virtually all surfaces and materials deployed at sea. The development of biofouling control strategies requires solutions that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Polymer-based coatings, such as the poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its potential applications, have blossomed over the last decade thanks to their low cost, nontoxicity, and high versatility. Here, using multiple-choice larval settlement experiments, we assessed the efficacy of PEDOT against the balanoid barnacle Notobalanus flosculus one of the most common biofouling species in Southeastern Pacific shores, and compared results against a commercially available antifouling (AF) coating, and biofilms at different stages of succession (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). We show that larval settlement on PEDOT-coated surfaces was similar to the settlement on AF-coated surfaces, while larvae settled abundantly on roughened acrylic and on early-to-intermediate stages of biofilm (one to four weeks old). These results are promising and suggest that PEDOT is a good candidate for fouling-resistant coating for specific applications at sea. Further studies to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of barnacle larval deterrence, as well as exposure to field conditions, are encouraged.

Globally, aquaculture has developed significantly; however, poor performance at larvae stage is still a challenge. The use of antibiotics has post-application effects in aquaculture hence the demand for eco-friendly alternatives. The Lactobacillus fermentum strains BCS27 and F4S8 isolated from fermented maize and cassava respectively were supplemented in six isonitrogenous (55% protein) fry diet in three different concentrations (3x107, 6x107 and 9x107cfu/ml/100g) with a positive (T0) and negative (AT0) controls. The strain BCS27 were included in these concentrations to give treatments LF1T1, LF1T2, LF1T3 while strain F4S8 represented treatments LF2T1, LF2T2, LF2T3. Three-day old Clarias gariepinus larvae (0.005g) were fed to satiation for eight weeks in a completely randomized design. The highest mean weight gain (MWG) of 0.4116±0.02g and specific growth rate (SGR) of 0.9765±0.05%/day were recorded in LF1T1. Quadratic regression analysis of growth indices against microbial counts revealed that at concentration of 50.7CFU/ml the best weight gain of 0.39g was obtained. The treatment LF1T1 also produced the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) (0.007±0.0003) and nitrogen metabolism (NM) (4.86±0.23). Survival was significantly low (22.5±5.1%) in AT0 while the highest value (42.3±3.18%) was recorded in LF1T1. Amongst strain F4S8, LF2T1 had significantly higher (p<0.05) MWG (0.4197±0.01g). The optimum treatment concentration was 62.5CFU/ml at 0.33g MWG. The treatment LF2T1 also had the best PER of 0.007±0.000 while T0 recorded the least value (0.003±0.0004). The highest survival (44.2±1.5%) was recorded in LF2T2. The studied L. fermentum strains was viable in the feed which successfully improved the performance and nutrient utilization in C. gariepinus larvae. Thus, it’s application in fish feed production is recommended. Keywords: Lactobacillus fermentum, growth, C. gariepinus, fry, larvae.

Biogas production considered the most encouraging sources of renewable energy in Sudan. Anaerobic process of digestion is considered as efficient techniques of producing biogas. The process also a trustworthy method for treatment of municipal wastes, and the digested discharge could be utilized as soil conditioner to improve the productivity. This research work states at the option of using domestic sludge of the wastewater treatment plant in Soba municipal station (south of Khartoum-Sudan) to produce biological gas (biogas). A laboratory investigation was carried out using five-liter bioreactor to generate biogas for 30 days. The total volume of gas made was 270.25 Nml with a yield of 20 Nml of biogas/mg of COD removed. Chemical oxygen demand, Biological oxygen demand, & total solids drop produced were 89, 91 & 88.23% respectively. Microbial activity was declined from 1.8x107 (before starting the process of digestion) to 1.1x105 germs/mL (after completion of 30 days of digestion). This study offered a significant energetic opportunity by estimated the power production to 35 KWh.Key word: Sludge, municipal plant, organic material, anaerobic process, breakdown, biological gas potentialNTRODUCTIONIncreasing of urban industries style in the world has given rise to the production of effluents in huge amounts with abundant organic materials, which if handled properly, be able to end in a substantial source of energy. Although of a fact that there is an undesirable environmental effect related with industrialization, the influence can be diminished and energy can be tapped by means of anaerobic digestion of the wastewater (Deshpande et al., 2012). Biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a station for removal of mainly organic pollution from wastewaters. Organic materials are partly transformed into sludge that, with the use of up-to-date technologies, represents an important energy source. Chemical biological, and physical technology applied throughout handling of wastewater produce sludge as a by-product. Recent day-to-day totals, dry solids range from 60–90 g per population equivalent, i.e. EU produces per year 10 million tons of dry sludge (Bodík et al., 2011). Sludge disposal (fertilizers use, incineration, and landfills) is often explored since of increasingly limiting environmental legislation (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008). The energy present in sludge is obviously consumed in anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic Process is considering the most appropriate choice for the handling of organic effluents of strong content. This process upgraded in the last few years significantly with the applications of differently configured high rate treatment processes, particularly for the dealing of industrial releases (Bolzonella et al., 2005). Anaerobic process leads to the creation of biological gas with high content of methane, which can be recovered, and used as an energy source, making it a great energy saver. The produced gas volume during the breakdown process can oscillate over a wide range varying from 0.5 – 0.9 m3 kg–1 VS degraded (for waste activated sludge) (Bolzonella et al., 2005). This range rest on the concentration of volatile solids in the sludge nourish and the biological action in the anaerobic breakdown process. The residue after digestion process is stable, odorless, and free from the main portion of the pathogenic microorganism and finally be able to use as an organic nourishment for different application in agriculture. Sludge significant coming out from breakdown which allows to yield a renewable energy, that was cheap, obtainable, & no polluting. Sustainable development considered the production of biogas as environmentally friendly and an economic key (Poh and Chong, 2009).OBJECTIVES Sudan have huge tones of sewage sludge from domestic sewage water is accumulated daily in lagoon of soba sewage treatment plant, so this work, we were carried for energy production and treatment of sludge, which constitutes a plentiful waste which ever know any sort of handling after few years from establishing the station.MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental apparatus: Anaerobic breakdown was done in five liters fermenter. The fermenter was maintained at 35oC in a thermostatic bath and stirred regularly. U shaped glass tube was connected to the fermenter, allowing the measurement of produced biogas volume and pressure. Water displacement technique was used for determination of the volume of produced biological gas (biogas) at the beginning of each sampling. Testing of the biogas combustibility was determined by connecting one of ends of the tube to a gas collection and storage device (balloon), the other end to a Bunsen burner. In the process of reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to maximum dissolution in the tube the liquid must be a salty saturated acid solution (5% citric acid, 20% NaCl, pH ¼ 2) (Connaughton et al., 2006).Substrate: About 5L sludge containing culture medium were taken from the lowest part of the first settling tank in Soba station. The moisture content of initial substrate was 35%. The collected sample was preserved at 4oC prior to loading the biological reactor (Tomei et al., 2008). Table 1 showed the sludge features in the reactor with a loading rate of 16 g TS/L, (Connaughton et al., 2006; Tomei et al., 2008).Analytical Methods: The pH was controlled by using HANNA HI 8314 model as pH meter device. Assay was used for determination of Alkanility & Volatile fatty acids (Kalloum et al., 2011). The standard method of analysis was used for recognized the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Raposo et al., 2009). Titrimetric method was used for analyzing Volatile fatty acids (VFA). Alkalinity assay was used for determination of Total Alkalinity (TA). Oxitop assay was used for measuring the biological oxygen demand. Ignition method was used for measuring Volatile Solids (VS) by losing weight in dry sample at 550oC in the furnace, & Total solids were done to constant weight at 104oC (Monou et al., 2009). A method of water displacement was used for determination of the total volume of Biological gas produced (Moletta, 2005). Microbial species & analyses were determined by microbial standard assay. Sample analysis was done by explore of three replicates and the outcomes were the middling of these replicates. Startup of experiments continues until a bubble of gas was detected.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMeasurement of pH: Figure 2 exhibited pH trends during 30 days with a drop pattern from 7.0 to 6.0 during the first five days; this was mainly because of the breakdown of organic materials and the development of (VFA). Then later, an increasing pattern in pH was noticed to 6.98, for the next week, then Steadying around this pH level was continued till the completion of the breakdown period which taken 30 days. Those out comes were also reported by other researchers (Raposo et al., 2008)Measurement of VFA: Development of VFA throughout 30 days was depicted in figure 3, an increase in volatile fatty acids up to 1400 mill equivalents per liter (meq/L) in the first ten days. This criterion of making of volatile fatty acid is typical to the researcher’s report of identification of hydrolysis in acidogenesis stage (Parawira et al., 2006). The decline in volatile fatty acids after the tenth day was owing to intake by bacteria which would relate to the stage of acetogenesis.Total alkalinity (TA): During the ten days, we observed rise in volatile fatty acids content followed by a drop in a pH in the same time (figures 4 and 5). Encountered to these alterations, an increase in the total alkalinity in the medium for reestablishing situations of alkalinity to the outbreak of methanogens stage (figure 4). Through all the digestion period the ratio of VFA/TA which was equal and lower than 0.6±0.1 were described in figure 6. These ratios designated the achievability of the procedure despite the essential production of volatile fatty acid (Chen and Huang, 2006; Nordberg et al., 2007). The anaerobic digestion process may be hinder by the production of volatile fatty acid.Biogas production: Pressure measurement and biogas volume were used for controlling biogas production. Figure 7 explained the changing in biogas pressure throughout the digestion period. quality of Biogas was obtained with minimum methane of 40% (Bougrier et al., 2005; Lefebvre et al., 2006). Total volume of biological gas production was 270.25 Nml. The yield of biological gas was 20.25 Nml/mg COD removed, which is in range of the others researcher report (Tomei et al., 2008). Biogas production can be calculated from the following formula (Álvarez et al., 2006): Biogas production= (Total quantity of biogas produced)/(Total solid).The COD and BOD removal: Chemical oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) showed a significant reduction of 89% and 91% respectively (figures 8 and 9). Consequently these reduction in contaminants proved that anaerobic process of digestion was an operational technique for removal of organic pollution. Some researchers reported the same results (Bolzonella et al., 2005; Álvarez et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006). Another criterion for proving the removal of organic pollutants was reduction of total solids (TS), where the drop approached 88.23% (figure 10). Some researcher’s reports approached the same drop (Hutnan et al., 2006; Linke, 2006; Raposo et al., 2009). Therefore it was possible to conclude that anaerobic digestion necessary showed decrease or reduction of organic pollutants rates because of the transformation of organic substances into biogas and accordingly led to the drop of chemical oxygen demand (COD). This could be explained in figure 11 by the comparison of the two techniques during the anaerobic digestion process. That means the chemical oxygen demand (COD) drop should be tailed essentially by Total solids drop (TS).Microbial activity: Figure 11 showed the microbial variation during anaerobic digestion. The total micro flora (total germs) declined from 1.8x107 (before starting the process of digestion) to1.1x105 germs/mL (after completion of 30 days of digestion). Moreover figure 12 obviously explained what was running during the process of digestion in the reactor, microbial species vanishing after the 30 days such as streptococci and Escherichia coli. Some researchers reports explained that there was some sort of relationship between physicochemical and the biological parameters of micro flora with total solid (TS). figure 13 described obviously this relationship of the drop of micro flora which go along with total solids reduction. This intended that consumption and a declining in the mass residue of organic materials created at the termination of digestion was the outcome of the transformation of organic materials into biological gas and also the sum of microorganism reduction. This attained result proved that the process of anaerobic digestion was a good process for decontamination (Deng et al., 2006; Perez et al., 2006; Davidsson et al., 2007).CONCLUSIONSoba sludge’s municipal station carried in this research paper demonstrated operative for biological gas production (biogas). During the first five days, breakdown of organic materials and the formation of volatile acids were started. Volatile fatty acids increased up to 1400 mill equivalents per liter (meq/L) in the first ten days, then started to decline in after the tenth day this owing to intake by bacteria which would resemble to acetogenesis stage. The biogas production lasted until the 21th day then starting decreasing till the last day (30 day) this due to instability of the culture medium of fermentation which became completely poor. COD and BOD showed a significant reduction of 89% and 91% respectively. Another criteria for proving of removal rate of organic pollutants was reduction of total solids (TS), where the reduction rate approached 88.23%. Total volume of biological gas production was 270.25 Nml. The yield of biological gas was 20.25 Nml/mg COD removed, which is in range of the others researcher report. The total micro flora (total germs) declined from 1.8x107 (before starting the process of digestion) to 1.1x105 germs/mL (after completion of 30 days of digestion). Study proved that process of anaerobic digestion was a good process for decontamination. Industries and will be usefulness for bioremediation in marine environment and petroleum industry.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wish to express their appreciation to Soba treatment plant, for their financial support of this research.CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors wish to express their appreciation to Soba treatment plant, for their financial support of this research.REFERENCES Álvarez, J., I. Ruiz, M. Gómez, J. Presas and M. 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The original hygiene hypothesis proposed that certain diseases derive from low levels of early-life microbial exposure. Since then, the hypothesis has been applied to numerous inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic conditions. The changes in hygiene linked to these diseases include numerous changes in biotic exposure and lifestyle. To this end, some scholars have called for abandonment of the term or have suggested alternate labels, e.g., the old friends hypothesis. However, neither of these terms encompasses the complexity of plasticity in immune response and host–parasite/commensal interactions that influence these conditions. Here, I review this complexity, with particular regard to the factors affecting immunological strategies, the development of tolerance, immune dysfunction, and ecological interactions among organisms. I discuss the biotic factors that affect immune plasticity and how these interact with abiotic factors such as nutrition, as well as how transgenerational exposures may affect immune plasticity. Finally, I review the general features of diseases linked to biotic exposures. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The significance of microbiology and immunology with regard to caries and periodontal disease gained substantial clinical or research consideration in the mid 1960's. This enhanced emphasis related to several simple but elegant experiments illustrating the relevance of bacteria to oral infections. Since that point, the understanding of oral diseases has become increasingly sophisticated and many of the original hypotheses related to disease causality have either been abandoned or amplified. The COVID pandemic has reminded us of the importance of history relative to infectious diseases and in the words of Churchill “those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it.” This review is designed to present an overview of broad general directions of research over the last 60 years in oral microbiology and immunology, reviewing significant contributions, indicating emerging foci of interest, and proposing future directions based on technical advances and new understandings. Our goal is to review this rich history (standard microbiology and immunology) and point to potential directions in the future (omics) that can lead to a better understanding of disease. Over the years, research scientists have moved from a position of downplaying the role of bacteria in oral disease to one implicating bacteria as true pathogens that cause disease. More recently it has been proposed that bacteria form the ecological first line of defense against “foreign” invaders and also serve to train the immune system as an acquired host defensive stimulus. While early immunological research was focused on immunological exposure as a modulator of disease, the “hygiene hypothesis,” and now the “old friends hypothesis” suggest that the immune response could be trained by bacteria for long-term health. Advanced “omics” technologies are currently being used to address changes that occur in the host and the microbiome in oral disease. The “omics” methodologies have shaped the detection of quantifiable biomarkers to define human physiology and pathologies. In summary, this review will emphasize the role that commensals and pathobionts play in their interaction with the immune status of the host, with a prediction that current “omic” technologies will allow researchers to better understand disease in the future.

In 1989, a short paper entitled “Hay fever, hygiene and household size” observed that British children from larger families were less likely to develop hay fever and suggested that this could be because early exposure to infection prevents allergy. This sibship size association for hay fever, since replicated many times in Britain and other affluent countries and confirmed by objective measures of atopy, prompted what has come to be known as the “hygiene hypothesis for allergy”, although that term was not specifically used in the 1989 paper. The present paper reviews the historical roots of the “hygiene hypothesis” and charts its development over more than 30 years. Initial scepticism among immunologists turned to enthusiasm in the mid-1990s as the Th1/Th2 paradigm for allergic sensitisation emerged from animal experiments and the concept of “immunological old friends” became popular from the early 2000s. From the late 1990s, observations of reduced allergy risk among children of anthroposophic families and those brought up on farms suggested that the sibship size effects formed part of a broader range of “hygiene-related” determinants of allergy. Children from large families with farming exposure have approximately sixfold reduction in prevalence of hay fever, indicating the potential strength and epidemiological importance of these environmental determinants. During the 21st century, a wide range of specific microbial, environmental and lifestyle factors have been investigated as possible underlying mechanisms, but sadly none have emerged as robust explanations for the family size and farming effects. Thus, while the “hygiene hypothesis” led to a fundamental reappraisal of our relationship with our microbial environment and to the concept that early exposure, rather than avoidance, is beneficial for developing a healthy immune system, the underlying mechanism for variations in allergy prevalence with family size remains, in Churchillian terms, “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma”.

Microbiology is an essential element of our everyday lives. This is not only the consequence of the importance of some pathogenic microorganisms, but also due to their positive and important role in processes related to human health, food production or waste recycling, to cite a few. However, the relevance of microbiology for the well-being of humankind and the planet still needs to reach beyond academic circles. Many current matters of urgency, such as environmental pollution or climate change, could partly be tackled by using green and sustainable solutions derived from microbial biotechnologies. Nevertheless, the wider public still attributes a negative connotation to microbes such as fungi and bacteria. The aim of this study was to implement service-learning as a pedagogical approach to increase scientific and microbiology literacy in society. Service-learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates community service and civic responsibility, fostering the dissemination of scientific knowledge. This approach is used to communicate about pressing societal issues surrounding microbes (antibiotic resistance, natural resources recycling, human microbiota, and food production among others) to an audience of pupils attending public schools. The activity of service-learning is proposed in the final year of the biology bachelor curriculum. Its purpose is to allow university students to develop and practice their lay communication skills as a key competence to be acquired during their university education. In the activity, the students developed their own concept and material for the activity and delivered it to pupils at primary and secondary school levels (pupils aged 6–15 years old). The message is also expected to be disseminated beyond the participants, when the students and pupils share their experience with family and friends. With this pedagogical approach, we intend to raise awareness regarding about the importance of microbiology and its dual roles as harmful and beneficial for humans. We also wish to increase the connection between primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. Finally, we want to highlight the importance of having a new generation of communication savvy professionals in biology.

Abstract Traditionally, universally used pelt bating technologies rely on the application of trypsin, neutral and alkaline microbial proteases but suffer from complicated operation, limited bating efficiency and unsatisfactory leather performance. Therefore, devising a new pelt bating approach to achieve high bating efficiency and excellent leather performance has always been wished for by the leather industry. To pursue this goal, years of persistent research work enabled us to develop a novel approach for pelt bating by means of acidic proteases in pickling process. Initially, basic enzymatic characteristics and bating effectiveness of several typical acidic proteases in pelt pickling medium were investigated; then, the bating effectiveness through the quantitative characterization of protease activity of the optimal acidic protease was compared with that of the conventional bating enzyme. The results indicated that all of the selected acidic proteases had good salt-tolerance and exhibited optimum activity at pH 3.0–4.0. The novel pickling-bating method based on microbial origin acidic protease L80A led to an outstanding performance on pelt bating at the dosage of 150 U/mL of collagenolytic activity. The bating effectiveness of acidic protease L80A was comparable to and even better than that of trypsin BEM due to its moderate proteolytic ability. Moreover, the deep and even penetration of acidic protease in the pelt permitted it to produce soft, organoleptically stable and overall better quality crust leather than that of the conventional trypsin bating method. Additionally, pelt bating was performed along with the pickling process without extra inactivation and washing operation, making the bating operation more efficient, economical, and environment friendly. Results had made us to conclude that this cutting-edge acidic proteases based pickling-bating method could be the first step/ way forward to replace the decades-old traditional pelt bating technology.

Abstract Lentil is an old-world legume and grown in more than 70 countries. It is a major source of protein in plant-based diets and is often used to fix nitrogen in the soil as a rotational crop, especially with cereal crops. Canada, USA, and Australia are the major exporters of lentil. Around the globe, this crop faces various biotic and abiotic stresses. More than 35 insect pests and the same number of diseases are reported to infest lentil in different parts of the world. While the status of insect pests and diseases varies in different geographical regions, some of them are aphids, armyworm, cutworm, pod borer, Stemphylium blight, fusarium wilt, Alternaria blight, and rust. Cultural management strategies for abiotic and biotic stresses include crop rotation, the timing of seeding, appropriate seed rates, and weed management. Biological control agents are also known for several insect pests. Environmental-friendly options such as biopesticides and microbials (entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematodes, neem products, and Trichoderma sp.) can be used as seed treatment and foliar application. Various tolerant and resistant lentil varieties are available around the globe. In the present article, we provide an IPM package for the management of major biotic stresses for lentil crop.

Sustainable agriculture relies on conservation of agricultural resources for future generation through paradigm shift of modern day chemical based farming to organic farming. This conversion is not only required for generating quality agricultural produce but also protecting the environment from chemical hazards. Organic farming is done through adopting various organic inputs as well as sustainable practices. Beside the manures, various traditional organic formulations commonly known as bio-enhancers like Amritpani play a key role in organic farming through boosting agricultural productivity as well as quality in an eco-friendly way. Application of Amritpani in agriculture is an age old practice to achieve high as well as sustainable agricultural production. It has diversity of nutrients, beneficial micro-organisms, growth promoting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, bio-pesticidal compounds etc. which can improve soil health as well as crop productivity and protect the crop from pests by boosting the plant’s immunity power. Encouragement of soil microbial activity through Amritpani is a vital factor of success of organic farming in many areas. However, Amritpani still lacks scientific testing and therefore, requires adequate researches on its efficacy before recommendation. This can be achieved through multi-locational, multi-crop research trials as well as bio-chemical analysis of the formulation. Further, use of raw materials and their quantities, time, method and dose of application of end product should also be properly standardised before its effective transfusion in new areas through strong extension service.

Abstract Background Since the overuse of antibiotics in animal production has led to a selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that affect humans and animals as well. Scientists are therefore searching for novel natural alternatives to antibiotics. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and a combination of reuterin and microcin J25 (RJ) were evaluated as promoters of growth and modulators of the cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles in broiler chickens. One-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed to 8 treatments: negative control (without antibiotic), positive control (bacitracin), three concentrations of RJ and three doses of L. reuteri plus glycerol. The birds (2176, 34 per pen, 8 pens per treatment) were reared for 35 d. Results The body weight of the bacitracin and 5 mmol/L reuterin combined with 0.08 μmol/L microcin J25 (10RJ) treatment group was significantly higher than that of the negative control group (P < 0.05). L. reuteri had no significant effect on broiler growth. MiSeq high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA showed clustering of cecal microbial operational taxonomic unit diversity according to treatment. The influence of bacitracin and 10RJ on bacterial community overall structure was similar. They promoted Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes, while the negative control condition favored Bacteroidaceae and Rikenellaceae. Furthermore, 10RJ increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acid in the cecum and changed the metabolome overall. Conclusions These overall suggest that 10RJ can promote a host-friendly gut environment by changing the cecal microbiome and metabolome. This combination of natural antimicrobial agents in the drinking water had a positive effect on broiler growth and may be suitable as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.

Abstract S1.2 Emerging and Expanding Endemic Mycoses, September 21, 2022, 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM There is a broad spectrum of fungal infections involving companion, zootechnical and wild animals. Some fungi are distributed worldwide and act as opportunistic pathogens. Others, such as the dimorphic fungi Blastomyces dermatitidis and Sporothrix brasiliensis, are primary pathogens with a more defined geographical distribution. Dermatophytes cause less severe diseases limited to the skin. However, they are relevant since they are widely diffused. Moreover, some dermatophytes are transmitted from animals to humans; therefore, these infections represent a public health problem. In recent years, opportunistic fungal infections (e.g., Aspergillosis, Candidiosis, Cryptococcosis) in human medicine have increased. The main reason is the rise of people with immunosuppression of various origins (AIDS, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapies in organ transplant) (Kozel and Wickes, 2014. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 4: a019299). Moreover, the spectrum of fungi causing infections is expanding, which constitutes an identification challenge for even the most experienced mycologists. To achieve an even earlier and more precise diagnosis, new methods for the detection of fungal elements in tissue samples (e.g., PCR based techniques, serological tests) and fungal identification (e.g., matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight analyzer technology) are now available in adjunction to traditional methods (microscopic examination of clinical samples, histopathology, and culture). Cases of opportunistic deep mycosis are more rarely reported in animals because the situations leading to immunosuppression in human patients are not mirrored in veterinary medicine. However, there is an increasing interest in these cases involving animals. Thus, new diagnostic procedures are being applied more and more to animal infections (Elad and Segal, 2018. Front Microbiol, 9:1303). Direct microscopy retains its importance as a quick and inexpensive tool to ‘intercept’ a fungal infection. It also allows observing the cellular population involved in the immune response and finding other pathogens. It is helpful to interpret the results of more advanced tests (culture, PCR). The sensitivity of microscopic exams varies with the individual agent, source and quality of the specimen, and the skills and experience of the laboratorian. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infection by direct microscopy and histopathology may require the use of biopsies of deep tissues, which may pose a risk for the patient. Often it does not allow fungal identification. Fungal culture can yield the specific etiological agent if positive, which allows antifungal susceptibility testing (AST). It may take many days to achieve a result. Identification of less common fungi requires a high level of expertise and equipment. A widely employed identification method is PCR + sequencing of the ITS region (other DNA regions used are: LSU, SSU, β-Tubulin, and Calmodulin). Data generated from an unknown fungus can be used to search public databases, such as GenBank, using the web-based BLASTn algorithm. Database searches must be performed with caution owing to the public nature of the database and the high frequency of erroneous deposits. The suggestion is to employ verified, published, recent sequences. The most popular non-nucleic acid sequence-based molecular diagnostic assay for fungi is Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF). The technique generates spectra that are screened against a library of reference spectra, which correspond to individual species. The strength of MALDI-TOF technology lies in the rapid sample analysis (minutes) and the absence of any downstream data manipulation. Weaknesses of this system include the need for an existing library to compare generated spectra to and potential variability in results of unknown fungi if they are not grown under conditions similar to reference spectra. Thanks to the improvement of the identification methods in veterinary medicine, it has been possible to describe new cryptic species responsible for specific diseases, e.g., the species included in the Aspergillus viridinutans complex, agents of the sino-orbital Aspergillosis in cats) (Talbot and Barrs, 2017. Med Mycol, 56 [1]: 1:12). Another example is represented by the recently described dermatophyte species within the T. benhamiae-complex (Čmoková et al. 2020, Fungal Diver, 104 [1]: 333-387; Peano et al. 2022, Vet Dermatol, Online ahead of print). PCR-based methods targeting specific fungi are now used to detect several fungal pathogens directly from clinical samples. Real-time PCR uses fluorescent dyes to enhance specificity through either a nonspecific DNA binding dye, SYBR green, or a specific fluorescently labeled probe directed to a target sequence. Since one (or more, in the case of multiplex PCR) specific pathogen is targeted, it is possible to work on ‘contaminated’ samples. These techniques are very ‘clinical-friendly’ since they are presented as ‘panels’ (e.g., PCR panel for ‘seizure episodes in cats’ to detect the main agents responsible for neurologic infections, Cryptococcus, Toxoplasma, Neospora). The use of serological tests (e.g., the search for wall fungal components, such Beta-Glucan) may be a precious tool to diagnose and monitor the therapy response in a variety of diseases (e.g., disseminated Aspergillosis in dogs; avian Aspergillosis) (Burco et al., 2012. Avian Dis, 56 [1]: 183-191). New diagnostic tools likely will reveal animal infection cases that the traditional methods would have missed.