Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial Fish Diseases'
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1
Patel, Ajay. "Fungal Diseases of Fish: A Review." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 3 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000164.
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Now a day, fishes are used for biomedical researches along with use as a food also. Chemical contaminants of marine environments are of momentous concern. Similar to other flora and fauna, fish can also be ill with various types of diseases. Freshwater fishes are an important protein source for people of many countries. Fish farming in various parts of the world has increased many folds in the last decade. Bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia, lernaeasis, saprolegniasis and anoxia are the most frequently occurring fish diseases in pond fishes. Fungal infections are among the most general diseases seen in temperate fish. Water moulds infections cause losses of freshwater fishes and their eggs in both natural and commercial fish farms. Although, infection as a result of microbial contamination does not frequently result in disease but ecological stress may upset the balance between the probable pathogens and their hosts. Prevention is, as always, the best medicine. Most infe ctions can be successfully treated if caught early.
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Diyie, Rhoda Lims, Dennis Worlanyo Aheto, Mike Yaw Osei-Atweneboana, Emmanuel Odartei Armah, and Kobina Yankson. "Contamination of Fish Feed with Pathogenic Organisms: Implications on Fish Diseases in Aquaculture Systems." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 9, no. 2 (January 18, 2024): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/283.967x.
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Tracing contamination to its ultimate source is considered difficult as multiple factors affect stable microbial community in culture water. Feed, covering over 60 percent of production cost although less considered, could represent a significant source of fish diseases, the major constraint in aquaculture production. The present study based on the sensitivity of quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, indicated low to high concentrations of bacteria and fungi in fish-feed from various aquaculture farms in Ghana. Prevalence rate of bacteria isolated from the gut of fish (26.09%) were similar to that from diseased portions (26.89%). Although mode of transmission of most infections are largely through the water in which the fish are submerged, Staphylococcus aureus was not isolated from the culture water samples but occurred with the highest prevalence (60%) in fish-feed, thus confirming contamination of fish-feed as a significant pathway for entry of pathogens. Advancements towards the safety of fish should include the surveillance of fish-feed for microbial quality, and incorporation into human foodborne disease surveillance systems to ensure holistic effectiveness.
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Stehly, Guy R., William H. Gingerich, Connie R. Kiessling, and Cutting Jeffrey H. "A Bridging Study for Oxytetracycline in the Edible Fillet of Rainbow Trout: Analysis by a Liquid Chromatographic Method and the Official Microbial Inhibition Assay." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.866.
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Abstract Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to control certain diseases in salmonids and catfish. OTC is also a likely control agent for diseases of other fish species and for other diseases of salmonids and catfish not currently on the label. One requirement for FDA to extend and expand the approval of this antibacterial agent to other fish species is residue depletion studies. The current regulatory method for OTC in fish tissue, based on microbial inhibition, lacks sensitivity and specificity. To conduct residue depletion studies for OTC in fish with a liquid chromatographic method, a bridging study was required to determine its relationship with the official microbial inhibition assay. Triplicate samples of rainbow trout fillet tissue fortified with OTC at 0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4,4.8, and 9.6 ppm and fillet tissue with incurred OTC at approximately 0.75,1.5, and 3.75 ppm were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the microbial inhibition assay. The results indicated that the 2 methods are essentially identical in the tested range, with mean coefficients of variation of 1.05% for the HPLC method and 3.94% for the microbial inhibition assay.
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Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein, Francesca Maradonna, Mehwish Faheem, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, Gunapathy Devi, Einar Ringø, Hien Van Doan, Ghasem Ashouri, Giorgia Gioacchini, and Oliana Carnevali. "Sustainable Ornamental Fish Aquaculture: The Implication of Microbial Feed Additives." Animals 13, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13101583.
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Ornamental fish trade represents an important economic sector with an export turnover that reached approximately 5 billion US dollars in 2018. Despite its high economic importance, this sector does not receive much attention. Ornamental fish husbandry still faces many challenges and losses caused by transport stress and handling and outbreak of diseases are still to be improved. This review will provide insights on ornamental fish diseases along with the measures used to avoid or limit their onset. Moreover, this review will discuss the role of different natural and sustainable microbial feed additives, particularly probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on the health, reduction in transport stress, growth, and reproduction of farmed ornamental fish. Most importantly, this review aims to fill the informational gaps existing in advanced and sustainable practices in the ornamental fish production.
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Liu, Yiying, Irene de Bruijn, Allison LH Jack, Keith Drynan, Albert H. van den Berg, Even Thoen, Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra, et al. "Deciphering microbial landscapes of fish eggs to mitigate emerging diseases." ISME Journal 8, no. 10 (March 27, 2014): 2002–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.44.
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Tsironi, Theofania, Vladimiros Lougovois, Vassiliki Nefeli Simou, Afrodite Mexi, Stamatios Koussissis, Efstathia Tsakali, Spiridon Andreas Papatheodorou, Valentini Stefanou, Jan Van Impe, and Dimitra Houhoula. "Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for the Determination of Fish Flesh Microbiota." Journal of Food Research 8, no. 4 (July 2, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n4p101.
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The objective of the study is the assessment of the microbial ecology and safety of fish in Greece using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the correlation of the species of microbial flora with the production of histamine. Fourteen different fish species were obtained from local fish stores (Greece) within 1 day from capture. The initial microbiota in fish flesh was determined using NGS. The main pathogenic bacterial species identified in the tested fish samples included Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus, Flavobacterium and Janthinobacterium representing both native freshwater habitats and contaminants arising from different sources, including sewage and direct contamination by wild animals, livestock, and feed. The initial spoilage microbiota of fish consisted of several psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Shewanella, Psychrobacter, Lactobacillus, Brochothrix and Photobacterium. The results of the study show the potential of the application and the usefulness of NGS for the determination of microbial flora associated with food-borne diseases and spoilage in fish products. Histamine formation correlated with the valid reads (concentration and number of bacteria) and slightly with the genus of the identified microorganisms.
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Gu, Junjie, Huayu Wang, Mengye Zhang, Yichen Xiong, Lei Yang, Biao Ren, and Ruijie Huang. "Application of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Oral Microbial Detection." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121450.
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Varieties of microorganisms reside in the oral cavity contributing to the occurrence and development of microbes associated with oral diseases; however, the distribution and in situ abundance in the biofilm are still unclear. In order to promote the understanding of the ecosystem of oral microbiota and the diagnosis of oral diseases, it is necessary to monitor and compare the oral microorganisms from different niches of the oral cavity in situ. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has proven to be a powerful tool for representing the status of oral microorganisms in the oral cavity. FISH is one of the most routinely used cytochemical techniques for genetic detection, identification, and localization by a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe, which can hybridize with targeted nucleic acid sequences. It has the advantages of rapidity, safety, high sensitivity, and specificity. FISH allows the identification and quantification of different oral microorganisms simultaneously. It can also visualize microorganisms by combining with other molecular biology technologies to represent the distribution of each microbial community in the oral biofilm. In this review, we summarized and discussed the development of FISH technology and the application of FISH in oral disease diagnosis and oral ecosystem research, highlighted its advantages in oral microbiology, listed the existing problems, and provided suggestions for future development..
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Yang, Chu-Wen, Yi-Tang Chang, Chi-Yen Hsieh, and Bea-Ven Chang. "Effects of Malachite Green on the Microbiomes of Milkfish Culture Ponds." Water 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040411.
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Intensive fish farming through aquaculture is vulnerable to infectious diseases that can increase fish mortality and damage the productivity of aquaculture farms. To prevent infectious diseases, malachite green (MG) has been applied as a veterinary drug for various microbial infections in aquaculture settings worldwide. However, little is known regarding the consequences of MG and MG-degrading bacteria (MGDB) on microbial communities in milkfish culture ponds (MCPs). In this study, small MCPs were used as a model system to determine the effects of MG on the microbial communities in MCPs. The addition of MG led to cyanobacterial blooms in the small MCP. The addition of MGDB could not completely reverse the effects of MG on microbial communities. Cyanobacterial blooms were not prevented. Microbial communities analyzed by next generation sequencing revealed that cyanobacterial blooms may be due to increase of nitrogen cycle (including nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction and anammox) associated microbial communities, which raised the levels of ammonium in the water of the small MCP. The communities of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (beneficial for aquaculture and aquatic ecosystems) decreased after the addition of MG. The results of this investigation provide valuable insights into the effects of MG in aquaculture and the difficulties of bioremediation for aquatic environments polluted by MG.
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Naeem, Naureen, Saima Ahmad, Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqi, and Mona Hassan. "Microbial Quality of Fresh and Frozen Fish from Markets of Lahore." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 1, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2017.010318.
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The present study aims at the microbiological analysis of market oriented fresh and frozen fish. Displayed portions of raw fish and frozen carried bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases clearly indicates the risk posed by poor sanitation and unhygienic handling, storage and transportation conditions of fish sold in the markets. Research was designed to compare the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed, prepacked and packed portions of fish in different markets of Lahore, Pakistan. A total 40 samples of fish were purchased from Super Store (Hyper star), Local Market (local carry shop Mughalpura), Retail shop (Data Darbar), and Fresh water (River Ravi) in Lahore city and analyzed for their microbial quality. All the samples were positive for Total plate count, coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Vibrio count. Among 10 fresh water fish samples mean total Plate Count was 3.8 x 103 CFU/g (log 3.58 ± 0.03526 CFU/g). Among 10 super store fish samples mean total plate count was 4.9 x 104 CFU/g (log 4.05 ± 0.22815CFU/g). Among 10 retail store fish samples mean total plate count was 5.02 x 104 CFU/g (4.19 ± 0.0343 CFU/g) and among 10 local market fish samples mean total plate count was 5.14 x 104 CFU/g (4.212 ± 0.03793 CFU/g). In total, the plate counts range from minimum count log 3.16 to maximum count of 5.30 CFU/g. This study revealed that fish sold in Pakistan could be a source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Improvements in handling and processing are needed to minimize the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria.
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Tkacheva, Irina Vasilyevna. "Use of STF-1/56 preparation for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in fish." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i4pp70-71.
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Carps exposed to infection were investigated objects. The body of aquatic organisms is not a natural reproduction environment of Salmonella, however, as a result of cross-infection, Salmonella bacillus may appear in fish. The use of probiotic additives from living bacteria has become an alternative to the use of antibiotics, probiotics have antagonistic abilities against pathogens. A group of carp yearlings was selected for research in an aquarium installation. The average weight of animal specimen was 900 grams. During the experiment, the main hydrochemical parameters were monitored. Oxygen disturbances were not allowed by using aerators. The temperature of the water was kept at 19–20 ° C. The diet was standard for raising carp and herbivorous fish. The presence of Salmonella bacteria in the control group was revealed in all fish three days after infection. Experimentally established high efficiency of the drug "STF-1/56" in fish farming, as a method of combating Salmonella infection without disrupting the microbial balance of microflora in the intestinal cavity.
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Kabir, Md Alamgir, Mohammad Shamsur Rahman, Anwar Hossain, and Shankar Chandra Mandal. "Proximate composition and microbial quality of three imported aquarium fish feeds in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i2.23371.
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Proximate composition and microbial quality of three aquarium fish feeds commonly found in Bangladesh were collected from fish feed market of Dhaka city. Significantly higher moisture content (2.12 ± 0.06%) was found in Super NovaTM fish feed while similar moisture content was detected in other two feeds (p<0.05). On the other hand ash content detected in OptimumTM and Osaka 2000TM aquarium fish feed was significantly higher than that of Super NovaTM (10.67±0.19%) (p<0.05).Protein content found in OptimumTM (42.21 ± 0.12%) was significantly higher than that of Osaka 2000TM and Super NovaTM (p<0.05). However, similar lipid content was found in OptimumTM (1.06 ± 0.03%) and Super NovaTM (1.13 ± 0.01%) aquarium fish feed which were significantly higher than that of Osaka 2000TM (p<0.05). The Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found in all feeds. However Vibrio sp was not found in any feed. Total bacterial count was significantly higher in Osaka 2000TM feed than that of others (P<0.05). However S. aureus was significantly higher in Super NovaTM than that of others while E. coli count was significantly higher in OptimumTM fish feed than that of others (p<0.05). Nutritional quality of the aquarium fish feed was qualified to some extent to meet the minimum requirement of the aquarium fish while microbial quality indicates some degrees of deterioration which may cause diseases of the aquarium fishes. Thus proper storage condition, hygienic handling and processing should be maintained to prevent the microbial contamination in aquarium fish feeds. There should be a monitoring cell from the government to assess the quality of this expensive imported feeds for aquarist.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 283-294, 2014
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Radji, Kafilath, Nicéphore M. Glodjinon, Brice A. M. Ohin, Noël S. Tovide, Pacôme A. Noumavo, Lamine Baba-Moussa, and Farid Baba-Moussa. "State of the Art and Contribution to the Documentation on Fishing, Aquaculture and on the Microbiological Profile of Clarias Gariepinus and Oreochromis Niloticus Two Species of Fish Reared in the Whedos of the Upper Ouémé Delta in the Republic of Benin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 27 (September 30, 2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n27p108.
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Fish is an important source of animal protein in Africa and is used in the composition of several national dishes. This literature review examines fishing, aquaculture and fish reared in the whèdos of the upper Ouémé delta in Benin. It addresses socio-economic aspects, nutritional importance and traditional fish preservation technology. The sources of information used are publications, books, reports of dissertations and theses and technical notes. It was found that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus, among others, are two species of fish most often raised in the whèdos of the Ouémé River in Benin. These fish adapt to large variations of ecological factors of the aquatic environment found everywhere in Africa and reproduce easily in captivity, which favors their breeding in ponds. These species present multiple fish farming qualities: resistance to high densities, resistance to diseases and low oxygen levels, easy adaptation to artificial feeding and high growth. Microbiological contamination of fish flesh occurs only after capture and can be endogenous or exogenous contamination. Generally, several processes are used to overcome this problem of contamination of fish. Hot smoking and drying are very often used. The lack of hygiene in the traditional technology of smoking fish sometimes favor a considerable microbial contamination of the obtained products. Thus, contaminated fish can be the cause of foodborne diseases such as food poisoning. Most of the pathogenic strains responsible for these diseases are resistant to certain antibiotics.
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Zhang, Zhichao, and Yucai He. "Synthesis and Characteristics of a Fish Scale-Based Biochar–Nanosilver Antibacterial Material." Processes 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11071992.
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Microbial contamination has caused various diseases via pathogenic bacteria, endangering people’s lives every day. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the exploration of new and effective antibacterial materials. In this paper, we attempted to synthesize a fish scale charcoal nanosilver antibacterial composite using waste fish scale as a carbon substrate. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the structure of the nanosilver fish scale material formed and the nanosilver particles formed account for 72.1% of the silver element. Its antibacterial ability against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined using the plate counting method and inhibition zones; the maximum inhibition zone was 32 mm. The antibacterial rate could reach >99.9%, indicating that this prepared material had excellent antibacterial activity. After 20 batches of bacteriostasis, the bacteriostasis rate was more than 90%, indicating that the fish scale/silver composite had sustained antibacterial ability and excellent antibacterial reusability. Finally, potential antibacterial mechanism was proposed. Overall, the fish scale/silver composite has a good application prospect and a wide range of applications in the handling of microbial pollution in the future.
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Dayana Senthamarai, Murugeswaran, Muthuswami Ruby Rajan, and Palanichamy Vidhya Bharathi. "Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review." Microbial Pathogenesis 185 (December 2023): 106400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106400.
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Stouvenakers, Gilles, Sébastien Massart, Pierre Depireux, and M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Microbial Origin of Aquaponic Water Suppressiveness against Pythium aphanidermatum Lettuce Root Rot Disease." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111683.
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Aquaponic systems are an integrated way to produce fish and plants together with mutual benefits. Fish provide nutrients to plants on the one side, and plant nutrients uptake allow water reuse for fish on the other side. In this kind of system, the use of phytosanitary treatments to control plant pathogens is sensitive because of the risk of toxicity for fish present in the same water loop, especially coupled aquaponics. Among plant pathogens, Pythium aphanidermatum is a most problematic microorganism due to the Oomycete’s capacity to produce mobile form of dispersion (zoospores) in the recirculated water. Therefore, this study aimed at elucidating the potential antagonistic capacity of aquaponic water against P. aphanidermatum diseases. It was shown that aquaponic water presented an inhibitory effect on P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth in in vitro conditions. The same result was observed when lettuce plants growing in aquaponic water were inoculated by the same plant pathogen. Aquaponic lettuce was then compared to lettuce grown in hydroponic water or complemented aquaponic water (aquaponic water plus mineral nutrients). The disease was suppressed in the presence of aquaponic water, contrary to lettuce grown in hydroponic water or complemented aquaponic water. Root microbiota were analyzed by 16S rDNA and ITS Illumina sequencing to determine the cause of this aquaponic suppressive action. It was determined that the diversity and the composition of the root microbiota were significantly correlated with the suppressive effect of aquaponic water. Several taxa identified by metabarcoding were suspected to be involved in this effect. Moreover, few of these microorganisms, at the genus level, are known to have an antagonistic effect against P. aphanidermatum. These innovative results indicate that aquaponic water could be an interesting and novel source of antagonistic agents adapted to control P. aphanidermatum diseases in soilless culture.
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VATSOS (Ι. Ν. ΒΑΤΣΟΣ), N. I., and M. GEORGIADIS (Μ. ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ). "Transmission through the water of the bacterial diseases of the euryaline fish cultured in the Mediterranean. Elements of epidemiology and risk factors which concern their spread and transmission of the respective pathogens." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, no. 3 (November 22, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14959.
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Intensive fish culture practiced in the Mediterranean requires fish to live under stressful conditions and high fish densities, something that facilitates transmission and spread of bacterial pathogens within cultured fish populations. One of the most important means of transmission of bacterial diseases of the euryaline fish that are cultured in the Mediterranean is the seawater. The main pathogenic bacteria that infect the euryaline fish species that are cultured in the Mediterranean are: Listonella anguillarum, Photobacterìum damselae subsp piscicida Tenacibaculum marìtimum, Piscirikettsia salmonis, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica as well as various species of the genus Vibrìo, various species of the genera Streptococcus and Lactococcus, and species of the genus Mycobacterium. In the natural environment the bacteria, which are usually shed by infected fish, after surviving for some time in the water column and the bottom of the sea can, under appropriate conditions, infect other, cultured or wild susceptible fish. This review presents the published information that concerns the ability of the various bacterial pathogens of the euryaline fish to spread via water. Most of the published information concerning the bacterial diseases of the Mediterranean cultured euryaline fish deal with the characteristics, resistance and means of transmission of the respective bacteria, as determined in experimental studies. This information is very important for the design and application of prevention and control programs for the respective diseases, however, these programs must also consider epidemiological information concerning risk factors that may affect the onset and severity of the diseases. The investigation of risk factors, in analytical epidemiological studies, focuses on characteristics that relate to the pathogen, the host and the environment, which can concern and be measured at the farm level or at any other level of organization of the population. Especially useful in these cases is the determination of management practices which can be related to increased or decreased morbidity or mortality (total or due to specific diseases). In the current study, reference is made to analytical epidemiological studies in which risk factors that may affect the transmission of several fish pathogens, as well as the occurrence and severity of the respective diseases, have been investigated. Although these studies refer to environments outside the Mediterranean, however, they are particularly interesting because they concern infectious agents that are transmitted by water in conditions and culture environments similar to those of the Mediterranean seawater aquaculture. The approach of prevention of bacterial diseases through management of the populations and their environment is particularly important in the intensive culture of euryaline fish, since the methods that are used, today, for the reduction of the concentration of bacterial pathogens in the water have limited application and effectiveness in such systems. At the farm level, and especially in land-based facilities, three methods are used to decrease the concentration of pathogenic bacteria in the incoming sea water: ozonation, UV radiation and manipulation of the microbial flora of the water using non pathogenic microorganisms, which act antagonistically to the pathogenic bacteria. The first two methods are especially effective in flow-through systems, where water is not recirculated but not so much in closed systems where because the water is re-used fish are infected by the few bacteria that survive the treatment. The alteration of the microbial flora of the incoming water, through antagonism, can be applied in hatcheries during the initial stages of fish culture, but not at the grow out stage in the cages.
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Xiao Joe, Joan Tang, Yung-Che Tseng, Jen-Leih Wu, and Ming-Wei Lu. "The Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota Profile and Immune Response in Epinephelus coioides during Pathogen Infection." Life 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020099.
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Epinephelus coioides, or grouper, is a high economic value fish species that plays an important role in the aquaculture industry in Asia. However, both viral and bacterial diseases have threatened grouper for many years, especially nervous necrosis virus, grouper iridovirus and Vibrio harveyi, which have caused a bottleneck in the grouper industry. Currently, intestinal microbiota can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis-related factors involved in pathogen infection. Hence, we investigated the comparison of intestinal microbiota communities in control group and pathogen-infected grouper through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results showed that microbial diversity was decreased, whereas microbial richness was increased during pathogen infection. The individuals in each group were distributed distinctly on the PLSDA diagram, especially the GIV group. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in all groups. Interestingly, beneficial genera, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, predominated in the intestines of the control group. In contrast, the intestines of pathogen-infected grouper had higher levels of harmful genera such as Sphingomonas, Atopostipes, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter. Additionally, we investigated the expression levels of innate and adaptive immune-related genes after viral and bacterial infection. The results revealed that immunoglobulin T and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the intestine increased after pathogen infection. Through these unique bacterial compositions in diseased and uninfected fish, we could establish a novel therapeutic approach and bacterial marker for preventing and controlling these diseases.
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Alexopoulos, A., S. Plessas, C. Voidarou, H. Noussias, E. Stavropoulou, I. Mantzourani, A. Tzora, I. Skoufos, and E. Bezirtzoglou. "Microbial ecology of fish species ongrowing in Greek sea farms and their watery environment." Anaerobe 17, no. 6 (December 2011): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.003.
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Ghosh, Sanjoy, Erin Molcan, Daniella DeCoffe, Chaunbin Dai, and Deanna L. Gibson. "Diets rich inn-6 PUFA induce intestinal microbial dysbiosis in aged mice." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 3 (January 8, 2013): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005326.
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Controversies have emerged regarding the beneficialv.detrimental effects of dietaryn-6 PUFA. The alteration of the intestinal microbiota, a phenomenon termed dysbiosis, occurs during several chronic inflammatory diseases, but has not been well studied in an aged population. With present ‘Western’ diets predominantly composed ofn-6 PUFA, we hypothesised that PUFA-rich diets cause intestinal dysbiosis in an aged population. C57BL/6 mice (aged 2 years) were fed a high-fat (40 % energy), isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diet composed of rapeseed oil, maize oil or maize oil supplemented with fish oil. We examined ileal microbiota using fluorescencein situhybridisation and stained tissues by immunofluorescence for the presence of immune cells and oxidative stress. We observed that feeding high-fat diets rich inn-6 PUFA promoted bacterial overgrowth but depleted microbes from the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla. This corresponded with increased body mass and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils. Fish oil supplementation (rich in long-chainn-3 PUFA like DHA and EPA) restored the microbiota and inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted regulatory T-cell recruitment. However, fish oil supplementation was associated with increased oxidative stress, evident by the increased presence of 4-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that ann-6 PUFA-rich diet can cause dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in aged mice. However, while fish oil supplementation on ann-6 PUFA diet reverses dysbiosis, the combination ofn-6 andn-3 PUFA, like DHA/EPA, leads to increased oxidative stress, which could exacerbate gastrointestinal disorders in the elderly.
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Natnan, Maya Erna, Yosmetha Mayalvanan, Fahmeeda Mohd Jazamuddin, Wan Mohd Aizat, Chen-Fei Low, Hoe-Han Goh, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Hamidun Bunawan, and Syarul Nataqain Baharum. "Omics Strategies in Current Advancements of Infectious Fish Disease Management." Biology 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111086.
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Aquaculture is an important industry globally as it remains one of the significant alternatives of animal protein source supplies for humankind. Yet, the progression of this industry is being dampened by the increasing rate of fish mortality, mainly the outbreak of infectious diseases. Consequently, the regress in aquaculture ultimately results in the economy of multiple countries being affected due to the decline of product yields and marketability. By 2025, aquaculture is expected to contribute approximately 57% of fish consumption worldwide. Without a strategic approach to curb infectious diseases, the increasing demands of the aquaculture industry may not be sustainable and hence contributing to the over-fishing of wild fish. Recently, a new holistic approach that utilizes multi-omics platforms including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. This approach aims to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of host species. However, no comprehensive review has been published on multi-omics strategies in deciphering fish disease etiology and molecular regulation. Most publications have only covered particular omics and no constructive reviews on various omics findings across fish species, particularly on their immune systems, have been described elsewhere. Our previous publication reviewed the integration of omics application for understanding the mechanism of fish immune response due to microbial infection. Hence, this review provides a thorough compilation of current advancements in omics strategies for fish disease management in the aquaculture industry. The discovery of biomarkers in various fish diseases and their potential advancement to complement the recent progress in combatting fish disease is also discussed in this review.
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Gupta, Shruti, Jorge Fernandes, and Viswanath Kiron. "Antibiotic-Induced Perturbations Are Manifested in the Dominant Intestinal Bacterial Phyla of Atlantic Salmon." Microorganisms 7, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080233.
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The intestinal microbiota of certain farmed fish are often exposed to antimicrobial substances, such as antibiotics, that are used to prevent and treat bacterial diseases. Antibiotics that kill or inhibit the growth of harmful microbes can rapidly alter intestinal microbial diversity and composition, with potential effects on the host health. In this study, we have elucidated the impact of two antibiotics, florfenicol and oxolinic acid, by employing a high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technique on the distal and mid intestinal microbial communities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). For this, Atlantic salmon were offered diets with or without antibiotics. We then investigated the bacterial communities in the intestinal mucus of the fish. Our results showed that antibiotic exposure shifts the intestinal microbial profile differentially. In addition, the bacterial compositions of the control and antibiotic-fed groups were significantly different. Antibiotic feeding altered the composition and abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, and Thermotogae. The bacterial association network analysis also indicated the differential pattern of co-occurrence of bacteria in the three study groups. The results regarding the differences in the structure and association of the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon after florfenicol and oxolinic acid feeding can be employed to attenuate the adverse effects of antibiotic feeding on fish.
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Achille, S. OUEDRAOGO, OUEDA Adama, GNEME Awa, L. SAVADOGO Gueswendé, BARRO Nicolas, and B. KABRE Gustave. "Handling conditions and microbial contamination of fish from Ouagadougou markets in Burkina Faso." African Journal of Microbiology Research 12, no. 35 (September 21, 2018): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2016.7934.
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Al-Janabi, Mohamed, Jalal Al-Noor, and Adel Y. Al-Dubakel. "Assessment of Thepax and Bio Boost for promoting microbial growth in common carp intestines Cyprinus carpio." Bionatura 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.18.
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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Thepax and BioBoost as food additives on the microorganisms in the intestines of fish. From March 4 to October 22, the total number of common carp was 900 fish with an average weight of 163.41 ±10.16 g and a density of 100 fish/cage; three replicates were used for each treatment. The fish were fed three times daily. The included T1(0%additive), T2(1g/kgThepax)and T3 (1 g/kgBioBoost). The highest final weight value is Thepax treatment (2209.34 g), followed by Bio Boost and control. Microorganisms showed significant differences (P<0.05) in T2 for Lactobacillus sp. (10² x 65 CFU/ml) followed by T3 (10² x 55 CFU/ml) and control T1 (10² x 23 CFU/ml), also for Cellulomonas sp. in T2 (10² x 54 CFU/ml) followed by T3 (10² x 39 CFU/ml) and control T1 (10² x 7 CFU/ml). At the same time, Aeromonas sp. bacteria was higher in T1 (10² x 34 CFU/ml) over the treatments of T2 and T3 (10² x 2 CFU/ml) for both. We concluded the best additive was 1 g of Thepax / kg of feed in the recommended diets for common carp. Keywords: Thepax; Additives; Microorganisms; Intestines; Bacteria; Lactobacillus; Endo Bio Boost
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Suguna, T. "Management of Stress in Culture Fish." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2020.2152a.
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Over the last three decades, the commercial aquaculture has experienced spectacular growth. Many species have gone from small scale regional production to large scale global production. Concomitant with the rapid growth there also has been the increased occurrence of problems that accompany all agricultural endeavours. All the problems are stress influenced leading to diseases, impacting the profitability of the industries. In aquaculture also inspite of the unprecedented development of the intensified culture practices many economical problems have arise that are threatening the sustainability of culture systems. The root cause for all is stress. The word, “stress” is very common butreflects vast effective results. It is an invisible factor, influencing the survivality, growth, reproduction, production in culture fish especially. It is much easier for diseases to proliferate in the culture environment than in wild. Defining what levels of stressors are normal and acceptable is not easy. A level of stressor that is problematic under one set of environmental conditions might not be the same under another. The susceptibility of disease occurrence differs within species and age groups. Different stress factor such as inadequate physico chemical and microbial quality of culture water, poor nutritional stems and high stocking density can cause infection by opportunistic pathogens. In aquaculture, the stress plays major role on production, productivity, sustainability of the culture, economic loss and degradation of economic standards. A summation of causes for the acute and chronic stressors will enlighten the aqua farmers, scientists and fishery officials in designing environmentally friendly controlling measures, in obtaining higher yields.
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Jabbar Nasser, Maryam, Doaa AbdulWahid Jasim, Ammar Nabil Mujjed, and Nagham Mahmood Aljamali. "The Impact of Bacterial Contamination on Public Health and The Environment." Sumer 2 8, CSS 2 (September 15, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.02.55.
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Wastewater contains many bacteria that cause many diseases. For example, one gram of body output (sweat, urine or feces) contains 10 million viruses and a million bacteria. For example, salmonella bacteria that lead to typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. Shigella bacteria cause diarrheal diseases, and Escherichia coli causes vomiting and diarrhea and may lead to dehydration, especially in children. Leptospira bacteria cause inflammatory liver, kidneys, and central nervous system diseases, while Vibrio bacteria cause cholera. These types of bacteria and others cause various diseases due to dealing with water contaminated with sewage, whether by drinking, bathing, or even eating fish caught from this water instead of staying near contaminated water bodies. It can be referred to diseases such as polio, yellow fever, scabies and malaria. Keywords: Bacteria, Disease, Environment, Microbial, contamination.
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Auclert, Lisa Zoé, Mousumi Sarker Chhanda, and Nicolas Derome. "Interwoven processes in fish development: microbial community succession and immune maturation." PeerJ 12 (March 27, 2024): e17051. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17051.
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Fishes are hosts for many microorganisms that provide them with beneficial effects on growth, immune system development, nutrition and protection against pathogens. In order to avoid spreading of infectious diseases in aquaculture, prevention includes vaccinations and routine disinfection of eggs and equipment, while curative treatments consist in the administration of antibiotics. Vaccination processes can stress the fish and require substantial farmer’s investment. Additionally, disinfection and antibiotics are not specific, and while they may be effective in the short term, they have major drawbacks in the long term. Indeed, they eliminate beneficial bacteria which are useful for the host and promote the raising of antibiotic resistance in beneficial, commensal but also in pathogenic bacterial strains. Numerous publications highlight the importance that plays the diversified microbial community colonizing fish (i.e., microbiota) in the development, health and ultimately survival of their host. This review targets the current knowledge on the bidirectional communication between the microbiota and the fish immune system during fish development. It explores the extent of this mutualistic relationship: on one hand, the effect that microbes exert on the immune system ontogeny of fishes, and on the other hand, the impact of critical steps in immune system development on the microbial recruitment and succession throughout their life. We will first describe the immune system and its ontogeny and gene expression steps in the immune system development of fishes. Secondly, the plurality of the microbiotas (depending on host organism, organ, and development stage) will be reviewed. Then, a description of the constant interactions between microbiota and immune system throughout the fish’s life stages will be discussed. Healthy microbiotas allow immune system maturation and modulation of inflammation, both of which contribute to immune homeostasis. Thus, immune equilibrium is closely linked to microbiota stability and to the stages of microbial community succession during the host development. We will provide examples from several fish species and describe more extensively the mechanisms occurring in zebrafish model because immune system ontogeny is much more finely described for this species, thanks to the many existing zebrafish mutants which allow more precise investigations. We will conclude on how the conceptual framework associated to the research on the immune system will benefit from considering the relations between microbiota and immune system maturation. More precisely, the development of active tolerance of the microbiota from the earliest stages of life enables the sustainable establishment of a complex healthy microbial community in the adult host. Establishing a balanced host-microbiota interaction avoids triggering deleterious inflammation, and maintains immunological and microbiological homeostasis.
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Axarlis, Konstantinos, Maria G. Daskalaki, Sofia Michailidou, Nikolais Androulaki, Antiopi Tsoureki, Evangelia Mouchtaropoulou, Ourania Kolliniati, et al. "Diet Supplementation with Fish-Derived Extracts Suppresses Diabetes and Modulates Intestinal Microbiome in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity." Marine Drugs 19, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19050268.
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Metabolic syndrome-related diseases affect millions of people worldwide. It is well established that changes in nutritional habits and lifestyle can improve or prevent metabolic-related pathologies such as type-2 diabetes and obesity. Previous reports have shown that nutritional supplements have the capacity to limit glucose intolerance and suppress diabetes development. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with fish-derived extracts on obesity and type 2 diabetes and their impact on gut microbial composition. We showed that nutritional supplements containing Fish Complex (FC), Fish Complex combined with Cod Powder (FC + CP), or Cod Powder combined with Collagen (CP + C) improved glucose intolerance, independent of abdominal fat accumulation, in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition, collagen-containing supplements distinctly modulate the gut microbiome in high-fat induced obesity in mice. Our results suggest that fish-derived supplements suppress diet-induced type 2 diabetes, which may be partly mediated through changes in the gut microbiome. Thus, fish-derived supplements and particularly the ones containing fish collagen have potential beneficial properties as dietary supplements in managing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome via modulation of the gut microbiome.
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Pardo, Alda, Alejandro Villasante, and Jaime Romero. "Skin Microbial Community Associated to Strawberry Disease in Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)." Microorganisms 12, no. 1 (January 21, 2024): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010217.
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Aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing global demand for food. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture practices, especially those affecting the skin, can present significant challenges to both fish health and the industry as a whole. Strawberry disease (SD), also known as red-mark syndrome, is a persistent and non-lethal skin condition observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United States and various European countries. SD is a nonlethal skin condition of an unclear etiology that affects rainbow trout reared in freshwater close to the harvest period. We used a RNA-based approach to examine active microbiota in the SD skin lesions and compared to non-injured skin. Our results, based on using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing, showed that the skin microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The comparisons of the skin microbiota between injured and non-injured samples showed differences in the alpha diversity (Fisher index) and beta diversity metrics (ANOSIM). At the genus level, both Pseudomonas and Candidatus Midichloria were highlighted as the most abundant taxa detected in samples obtained from fish affected with strawberry diseases. In contrast, the most abundant taxa in non-injured skin were Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pseudoalteromonas. In conclusion, our study on SD revealed distinct differences in the microbiota composition between skin lesions and non-injured skin. This is the first description of microbiota associated with SD-injured skin samples using an RNA approach.
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U, Thirisshya, Vaishnavi V, Thenmozhi M, and Dhasarathan P. "EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION PATHOGENIC Escherichia coli FOR HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 5, 2022): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/07.
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In the present investigation, the affected gold fish was obtained from the fish rearing farms and microorganisms were isolated from the organs such as muscle, gill, liver and intestine. The highest microbial load (6.3 ± 0.4 x 107 cfu g-1) was observed in muscle tissue of the infected C. auratus. The lowest microbial load (4.3 ± 0.7 x 104 cfu g-1) was found in intestine of the fish C. auratus. The percentage distributions of mycotic and bacterial isolates are observed. The biochemical characterization of the pathogenic isolates was performed and the microorganisms were identified up to the generic level. Based on the results of lethal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration test to the isolates, E.coli was found to be highly antigenic to the fish Catla catla and hence E.coli strain was selected for preparation of antigen. From the E.coli strain five different types of antigens such as heat killed antigen, whole cell antigen, heat killed antigen with antiserum, whole cell antigen with antiserum and nucleotide antigens were prepared and injected in to the experimental fish (Catla catla)groups for the study of immunomodulation. Analysis of immunogenicity of antigens against the fish Catla catla was estimated. The E.coli produced β hemolytic pattern on the blood agar plate. B Lymphocytes counts using rosette forming assay revealed significant decrement in pathogens exposed fishes than in control. In conclusion, the results from the present investigation suggest that it is impendingly achievable to develop a commercial vaccine against the E.coli using immune complexes which will overcome the issues of the heterogenicity of the bacterium. It is also possible to improve the vaccine by adding additional antigens to other diseases to this formulation. The aquaculture desperately needs such a formulation to manage and overcome the distressing disease problem caused by the microorganisms. Keywords: Catla catla, Humoral immune response, E.coli and pathogens.
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Dini Chandran C. S. and Rekha Sivadasan. "The Metagenomic Characterization of Bacterial Community in Aquacultured Shrimp Penaeus monodon." Biotechnology Journal International 27, no. 5 (September 14, 2023): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bji/2023/v27i5698.
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Aquaculture has grown rapidly during the last few decades due to research and developmental activities but we are still unaware of the various microbial species thriving within the aquaculture systems and their specific roles for knowing that Mmetagenomics study required environmental sample to discover the unexplored microbial community. The aim of this present study is to characterize the gut microbiota of giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon collected gut sample and16S rRNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct and diverse microbial communities. The results showed a high abundance of Betaproteobacteria, followed by Alphaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli found in the gut sample Microbes that play essential roles in nutrient cycling and mineralization of organic compounds such as Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria could also be identified. Due to the strong influence of the gut microbiota on fish health, dominant bacterial species in the gut are strong candidates for probiotics. These findings provide valuable information on the microbial community and contribute to controlling the diseases in shrimp farms.
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Quintanilla-Martínez, Angélica Sinaí, Lizet Aguirre-Güitrón, Luis Daniel Espinosa-Chaurand, Mayra Diaz-Ramírez, and Alejandro De Jesús Cortés-Sánchez. "Microbiological Analysis of the Air in a Popular Fish Processing and Marketing Area." Applied Biosciences 1, no. 3 (December 2, 2022): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030019.
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Fish are marketed as a food and consumed worldwide. During the production of food, contamination by microorganisms is possible through the air, soil, water, surfaces, food handlers, etc. The air does not have a natural microbial composition, but it is a vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms of economic and health interest because they are associated with food spoilage and human diseases. The objective of this study was the microbiological analysis of the air in an area popular for the processing and marketing of fish products in the city of Tepic Nayarit. Using the passive or sedimentation method to collect microorganisms present in the air, the proportion of aerobic mesophile bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi and yeast was determined at different locations in the fish processing and marketing area for four weeks. The results indicated that the aerobic mesophiles had the highest counts among all the microbial groups analyzed at the twelve different sampling points during the four weeks of the study; their numbers ranged from 2.44 to 2.95 log CFU/m3/h, followed by molds with counts from 1.44 to 2.75 log CFU/m3/h, yeasts with counts from 0.7 to 2.01 log CFU/m3/h and coliforms with counts that ranged from 0.7 to 1.68 log CFU/m3/h. We determined the proportion of the viable microbiological population present in the air at the different sampling points of the study area; several of these sampling points presented values above those recommended by various agencies around the world. Knowledge of the biological hazards transported through the air is important to establish and reduce the risk to the health of occupants and the contamination pathways of processed and marketed fishery products that may be associated with spoilage and foodborne diseases.
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Wachira, A. M., L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson, K. Hallett, M. Enser, and J. D. Wood. "Rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effect on microbial efficiency in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200596884.
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Increasing the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of ruminant products may be important in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in man. However, there is some evidence to suggest that dietary PUFA are extensively biohydrogenated in the rumen (Choi et al., 1997) whilst other results indicate that long chain PUFA present in fish oil are resistant to biohydrogenation (Ashes et al, 1992). The objective of the present study was to quantify the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources are biohydrogenated in the rumen and determine their effects on rumen microbial efficiency.
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Wachira, A. M., L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson, K. Hallett, M. Enser, and J. D. Wood. "Rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effect on microbial efficiency in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032499.
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Increasing the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of ruminant products may be important in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in man. However, there is some evidence to suggest that dietary PUFA are extensively biohydrogenated in the rumen (Choi et al., 1997) whilst other results indicate that long chain PUFA present in fish oil are resistant to biohydrogenation (Ashes et al, 1992). The objective of the present study was to quantify the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources are biohydrogenated in the rumen and determine their effects on rumen microbial efficiency.
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Shakirova, Firdauz Mubarakovna, Lada Konstantinovna Govorkova, Olga Konstantinovna Anokhina, and Guzel Damirovna Valieva. "Microbiota of the aquatic environment and rainbow trout when grown in the RAS." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2106-06.
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Fish production in closed systems is an intensive way of fish farming. However, keeping fish in plants with a closed water supply does not solve the problem of diseases in aquaculture facilities. The greatest damage is caused by bacterial diseases. In this regard, the study of the sanitary state of the aquatic environment of fish is relevant. The article provides information on the physicochemical parameters of water, the species composition of the microflora of the aquatic environment in the basin, microbiological indicators of the sanitary state of water, the total microbial count (TMC) and the number of bacteria of the E. coli group (BCGC) in the RAS when growing rainbow trout. Sanitary indicators of water quality in the pool, both in the first days of keeping rainbow trout, and after a week were within the normal range. There was only a numerical increase in the total microbial number and bacteria of the E. coli group in water samples taken after a week of finding the trout in the pools. According to the results of a study of the contamination of the skin and gills of rainbow trout, as well as the water in which it is contained, an increase in time was revealed from 69 to 73 CFU/ml on the skin and from 85 to 89 CFU/ml on the gills within a week. The qualitative composition of the microflora of the skin and gills of rainbow trout is represented by bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, which is similar to the qualitative composition of the microflora of water. The study of the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout revealed that it also contains bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter. At the same time, lactic acid, streptococcal, staphylococcal bacteria, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida were found, which are normal representatives of the intestinal microflora in small quantities.
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Dwivedi, Bharti, and Suchitra Banerjee. "FISH DISEASE AS A MONITOR OF LAKE WATER POLLUTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1770.
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One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is of environmental pollution. Increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable damage to the environment .potentially harmful substances e.g. pesticides, heavy metals and hydrocarbons are often released into the aquatic environment. When large quantities of pollutants are released in water there may be immediate impact as measured by large scale. Sudden mortalities of fishes and other aquatic organisms. Lower levels of discharge may results in accumulation of the pollutants in aquatic organism. The end results which may occur long after the pollutants have passed through the aquatic environment include reduced metabolism, damage of skin and gills. Current study shows that some of the diseases caused by virus, pseudomonas, flavobacterium resulted from generally adverse water quality i.e., higher than usual quantities of organic material, oxygen depletion, change in pH values and enhanced microbial populations some infections with Serratia and Yesinia may also well reflected contamination of water with domestic sewage e.g. leaking septic tank.
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Samad, Mohammed Abdus, Linnea Eberson, Ruhena Begum, Mohammad Gazi Shah Alam, Faisol Talukdar, Rahima Akter, Sinh Dang-Xuan, et al. "Microbial Contamination and Antibiotic Resistance in Marketed Food in Bangladesh: Current Situation and Possible Improvements." Antibiotics 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030555.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health problem worldwide. Bangladesh, like its neighboring countries, faces many public health challenges, including access to safe food, inadequate food surveillance, as well as increasing AMR. This study investigated bacterial contamination and the AMR profile of pathogens in marketed food in Bangladesh and explored barriers to reducing AMR in the country. We collected 366 tomatoes, 359 chicken and 249 fish samples from 732 vendors in traditional markets in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in Bangladesh, as well as from 121 modern retails in Dhaka capital to analyse Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in fish, Salmonella in chicken, and Salmonella and E. coli in tomatoes. Antibiotic susceptibility against 11 antibiotics was tested using a disc diffusion test and interpreted by an automated zone inhibition reader. In addition, a qualitative study using key informant interviews was conducted to explore antimicrobial use and AMR reduction potential in Bangladesh. We found E. coli in 14.21% of tomatoes and 26.91% of fish samples, while 7.38% of tomatoes and 17.27% of chicken were positive for Salmonella, and 44.98% of fish were positive for Vibrio cholerae. In total 231/319 (72.4%) of all pathogens isolated were multidrug-resistant (MDR) (resistant to three or more antibiotic groups). Qualitative interviews revealed an inadequate surveillance system for antibiotic use and AMR in Bangladesh, especially in the agriculture sector. To be able to fully understand the human health risks from bacterial hazards in the food and the AMR situation in Bangladesh, a nationwide study with a one health approach should be conducted, within all sectors, including AMR testing as well as assessment of the antimicrobial use and its drivers.
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Swidsinski, Alexander, Alexander Guschin, Lorenzo Corsini, Vera Loening-Baucke, Lenka Podpera Tisakova, Sonja Swidsinski, Jack D. Sobel, and Yvonne Dörffel. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microbiota in Bacterial Vaginosis Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040456.
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Background: Testing of antibiotic resistance of intact vaginal microbiota in pure culture is not feasible. METHODS: Metronidazole, antiseptic octenisept®, antimycotic ciclopirox, bacterial probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus, yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii, Gardnerella-phage-endolysin named phagolysin and phagolysin in combination with probiotics were tested for bacteriolytic activity. Included were vaginal swabs from 38 random women with Amsel-confirmed bacterial vaginosis (BV). Test aliquots were incubated by 37° for 2 and 24 h. Gardnerella, low G+C, Atopobium, lactobacilli, Lactobacillus iners and crispatus, Prevotella-Bacteroides, and Gammaproteobacteria microbial groups were quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: The probiotic strain Lactobacillus crispatus demonstrated the weakest bacteriolytical effects, followed by metronidazole. Both had no impact on Gardnerella species, instead lysing Prevotella-Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae (by L.crispatus) or LGC, Atopobium and Prevotella-Bacteroides (by metronidazole) groups of the microbiota. Cytolytic activity on Gardnerella was highly pronounced and increased from octenisept to ciclopirox, phagolysin, phagolysin with L.crispatus, being best in the combination of phagolysin with S.boulardii. Universally active ciclopirox and octenisept® suppressed nearly all microbial groups including those which are regarded as beneficial. Phagolysin had no effect on naturally occurring Lactobacillus crispatus. Conclusions: FISH susceptibility testing allows unique efficacy evaluation of individually adjusted topical therapy without microbial isolation facilitating optimal therapy choice.
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Xu, Xiandong, Yanping Zhang, Liyun Ding, Jiangfeng Huang, Zhiyong Zhou, and Wenjing Chen. "Farmed Chinese Perch (Siniperca chuatsi) Coinfected with Parasites and Oomycete Pathogens." Fishes 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2024): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030097.
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Farming Chinese perch in aquaculture systems with artificial diets is a new method and developing trend. This method of raising Chinese perch has led to outbreaks of new diseases. In 2022, a disease outbreak occurred among farmed Chinese perch fed an artificial diet in Jiangxi Province, China, during which 50% of the fish died. The clinical signs exhibited by the diseased Chinese perch included decreased physical vitality, anorexia, emaciation, and dorsal fin ulceration with white cysts and flocs. Coinfection with ciliate parasites and an oomycete was found. No pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the microbial test, and the viral detection results were negative. After morphological and 18S or 28S rDNA sequence clustering analysis, the parasites were identified as Epistylis wuhanensis and Zoothamnium sp., while the oomycete was identified as Achlya klebsiana. This article discusses the interaction between parasitic and oomycete coinfections in Chinese perch from the perspective of the characteristics of Chinese perch raised with an artificial diet. The relationships between parasites, oomycete, and fish were also briefly discussed. This is the first report of the coinfection of Chinese perch with Epistylis wuhanensis, Zoothamnium sp. and Achlya klebsiana.
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Gerhard, Nicolas, Thomas Thurnheer, Susanne Kreutzer, Rudolf Dominik Gmür, Thomas Attin, Giancarlo Russo, and Lamprini Karygianni. "Necrotizing Gingivitis: Microbial Diversity and Quantification of Protein Secretion in Necrotizing Gingivitis." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101197.
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Necrotizing gingivitis (NG) is a necrotizing periodontal disease that differs from chronic gingivitis (CG). To date, both the microbiological causes and the involved host cytokine response of NG still remain unclear. Here, we investigated corresponding interdental plaque and serum samples from two groups of Chinese patients with CG (n = 21) or NG (n = 21). The microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the microbial metagenome and by assessing quantitatively the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, the genus Prevotella and the species T. forsythia, P. endodontalis, and P. gingivalis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). With respect to the associated host response, the levels of 30 inflammatory mediators were quantified by multiplex immunoassay analysis. Differential microbial abundance analysis of the two disease groups revealed at the phylum level that Proteobacteria accounted for 67% of the differentially abundant organisms, followed by organisms of Firmicutes (21%) and Actinobacteria (9%). At the species level, significant differences in abundance were seen for 75 species of which 58 species were significantly more abundant in CG patients. Notably, the FISH analysis revealed that Bacteroidetes was the most prevalent phylum in NG. The multiplex cytokine assay showed significant quantitative differences between the disease groups for eight analytes (GM–CSF, G–CSF, IFN–α, IL–4, IL–13, TNF–α, MIG, and HGF). The G–CSF was found to be the most significantly increased inflammatory protein marker in NG. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) data supported the understanding of NG as a multi-microbial infection with distinct differences to CG in regard to the microbial composition.
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Laharia, Reena, and Paresh Patel. "Histological changes in skin and gill of fresh water EUS infected fish Channa punctatus." Environment Conservation Journal 21, no. 1&2 (June 10, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2020.211208.
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Histopathology is an important diseases diagnostic tool. Penetration into the host is the first step for a microbial agent to mutiply and invade the vital organs of its host. Like all animals fishes suffers from environmental, stress, which is followed by pathogenic attacks and parasitic afflictions causing Epizootic Ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Histological investigations of tissues of EUS infected fish Channa punctatus showed an eroded epidermis, necrosis of skeletal muscles and intense granulomatous inflammation, infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells in muscular as well as submuscular layers of the skin. Also a characteristic focal grannular granuloma in the gill lamellae was noticed. The electron microscopic observations, of the tissue cells of the fishe showed viruses like Parvovirus even at a red spot stage. Thus, it can be said that Viruses being crystalline in nature have cellular penetrating power & the EUS infection follows the phyllogenetic evolution in life in true sense i.e. RNA virus followed by Bacterial cell and then Fungus. Thus, the presence of EUS in Channa punctatus is confirmed histologically.
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Takeshita, Shinji, Hooman Farzaneh, and Mehrnoosh Dashti. "Life-Cycle Assessment of the Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Indonesia’s Fish-Processing Industry." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 6591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246591.
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In this paper, a comprehensive life-cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out in order to evaluate the multiple environmental-health impacts of the biological wastewater treatment of the fish-processing industry throughout its life cycle. To this aim, the life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) was considered as the main LCA model. The proposed methodology is based on an endpoint modeling framework that uses the conjoint analysis to calculate damage factors for human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production, based on Indonesia’s local data inventory. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is integrated with the LIME modeling framework to evaluate the damage on human health caused by five major biological treatment technologies, including chemical-enhanced primary clarification (CEPC), aerobic-activated sludge (AS), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) in this industry. Finally, a life-cycle costing (LCC) is carried out, considering all the costs incurred during the lifetime. The LCA results revealed that air pollution and gaseous emissions from electricity consumption have the most significant environmental impacts in all scenarios and all categories. The combined utilization of the UF and RO technologies in the secondary and tertiary treatment processes reduces the health damage caused by microbial diseases, which contributes significantly to reducing overall environmental damage.
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AL-Abedi, Semaa F. H. "Molecular detection of bacteria from fish lakes in Wasit province." Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22194/jgias/11.1088.
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Fish products are very susceptible to microbial contamination, rendering them perishable thus challenging the customers health. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular identification and bacterial isolates diversity obtained from infected fish skin, gills, and fins obtained from lakes Alzarkan village in Wasit Province of Iraq during the period (October 2021- May 2022). A total of 50 fish were collected and 100 samples of organ lesions were taken. For bacterial identification, the tissuees of the fish were as cut with a sterile knife and blended in the buffered peptone water. Molecular identification and the obtained PCR product were are subjected to using the primers for Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Aeromonas salmonicida. Molecular analyseis revealed bacterial strains high proportion of Flavobacterium columnare identification was 20/50 (40%). The higher identification rates of Flavobacterium columnare in skin 10/20 (5%), in gills 7/20 (35%) and in fins 3/20 (15%). Accurate identification of the 20 isolated Flavobacterium columnare were confirmed by PCR. For identifying certain diseases, molecular approaches provided sensitive, rapid, and precise data without the need for time-consuming traditional techniques. The Edwardsiella ictaluri and Aeromonas salmonicida were not identified. While Flavobacterium columnare termed to be first molecular proof as a farmed fish pathogen in Iraq. Keywords: Molecular detection, Bacteria, Fish lakes, Wasit province, Iraq.
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Liu, Zhigang, Mudassar Iqbal, Zhibo Zeng, Yuxi Lian, Aifang Zheng, Mengmeng Zhao, Zixin Li, Guangjun Wang, Zhifei Li, and Jun Xie. "Comparative analysis of microbial community structure in the ponds with different aquaculture model and fish by high-throughput sequencing." Microbial Pathogenesis 142 (May 2020): 104101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104101.
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Papandreou, Christopher, Margret Moré, and Aouatef Bellamine. "Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health—Cause or Effect?" Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051330.
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Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is generated in a microbial-mammalian co-metabolic pathway mainly from the digestion of meat-containing food and dietary quaternary amines such as phosphatidylcholine, choline, betaine, or L-carnitine. Fish intake provides a direct significant source of TMAO. Human observational studies previously reported a positive relationship between plasma TMAO concentrations and cardiometabolic diseases. Discrepancies and inconsistencies of recent investigations and previous studies questioned the role of TMAO in these diseases. Several animal studies reported neutral or even beneficial effects of TMAO or its precursors in cardiovascular disease model systems, supporting the clinically proven beneficial effects of its precursor, L-carnitine, or a sea-food rich diet (naturally containing TMAO) on cardiometabolic health. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and epidemiological evidence on the effects of TMAO, in order to shed some light on the role of TMAO in cardiometabolic diseases, particularly as related to the microbiome.
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Ramirez Martinez, Myriam Elizabeth, Guadalupe C. Rodriguez Castillejos, Maria C. Hernandez Jimenez, Laura Y. Ramirez Quintanilla, Fernando Siller Lopez, Erika Acosta Cruz, and Humberto Martinez Montoya. "ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN RAW FISH CEVICHE." Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences 11, no. 5 (April 1, 2022): e3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.3321.
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Ceviche is a traditional dish made from raw fish meat marinated in lime juice without any heat cooking step throughout its preparation process. Although the use of organic acids as antibacterial agents is well known; recent research indicates that lime juice actually can reduce the risk of V. parahemolyticus infections but it is ineffective against other potential pathogens. Despite the fact that fresh fish meat is safe; exposed organs including skin, gills and guts represent a potential source of bacterial contamination. In Mexico, diarrheal diseases are caused mainly by contaminated food; it is estimated that almost 67% of infections are due the presence of bacterial agents mainly in frozen and fresh fish. The main objective of this study was to estimate the taxonomic diversity of microbial species present in ready-to-eat ceviche using a metagenomic approach. Six samples of commercially available ceviche were subjected to DNA high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, we identified between 65,000 and 131,000 reads per sample. The predominant phyla identified through the samples were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. We discuss the factors involved in the microbiological quality of this kind of raw foods and how they influence the bacterial diversity within the analyzed samples.
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Mer Mosharraf Hossain, Md, Shoumik Mojumdar, Nawshin Farjana, Md Saiful Islam, Md Abu Raihan, Md Anisur Rahman, and M. Aminur Rahman. "16S rRNA genes developed a baseline of the microbial community associated with soil, water, fish and shellfishes in the sundarbans of Bangladesh." Journal of Biological Studies 5, no. 3 (September 21, 2022): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v5i3.7075.
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The microbial environment of the Sundarbans mangrove forest contains sediments and water usually more diverse than the other aquatic environment, and pathogenic for finfish and shellfishes will be revealed by phylogenetic tree analysis of the positive controls PCR product. Approximately, 21 samples of the soil, 21 samples of water, 21 samples of fish, and shellfishes are dominated by typical mangrove habitats surrounded by Sathkhira, Khulna, and Bagherhat have been covered. The bio-physiochemical test was carried out after isolation and culture of the microorganisms from soil, water, fish & shellfishes. Initially, the bio-physiochemical and molecular survey tools were used to finally screen 63 samples, which were used for the genomic DNA extraction, and the accurate quantitative and qualitative estimation of the extracted DNA was confirmed by Nano-drop. Finally, 12 samples were confirmed using Nano-drop calibration for PCR amplification and UV-translumination. The allelic and loci variation, genetic diversity, heterozygosity, PIC, genetic distance, and similarity within the genotypes (samples) were examined. This research technique is a rapid and effective tool for diversity assessment; this result might be helpful to the development of a genetic baseline of the pathogenic bacterial and viral community in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh to control the diseases of fish and shellfishes in mangrove regions.
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SPINOS, EFTHIMIOS, GEORGE KATSELIS, MICHAIL AGGELOS VALSAMIDIS, MARI DANIELLA WHITE, and VASILEIOS BAKOPOULOS. "Refining the Occurrence of Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Photobacteriosis, and Vibriosis in Connection with Seawater Physicochemical Parameters: A Five-Year Case Study." Mediterranean Marine Science 25, no. 1 (February 5, 2024): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.34893.
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The marine environment and its physicochemical parameters play a pivotal role in the context of fish farming. Fundamental physicochemical factors of water, including temperature (T°C), salinity (S psu), dissolved oxygen (D.O. mg/l), and pH, exert a profound influence on the physiology of farmed aquatic animals and the composition of microbial communities. This study aimed to establish correlations between documented disease occurrences in sea bass intensive rearing and the prevailing physicochemical parameters of water. The objective was to analyse the significance of these parameters in disease outbreaks and develop a predictive model for the outbreak risk of key diseases. To this end, real-time physicochemical data were collected daily over five years (2011-2015) from two fish farms (A and B) located in the Gulf of Argostoli, island of Cephalonia, Western Greece. The focus was on incidences of Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER), Photobacteriosis caused by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (PHDP) and Vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 (VAO1). Statistically significant correlations were found between increasing water temperature and salinity and the occurrence of VER, PHDP, and VAO1 diseases. The reduction of dissolved oxygen, when combined with other parameters, synergistically triggered the manifestation of these three diseases. The study’s findings were discussed within the context of their potential to predict disease outbreaks based on fluctuations in the physicochemical parameters of water and anticipated climate change scenarios.
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Ong, Hong Ming Glendon, Yang Zhong, Cheng Cheng Hu, Kar Hui Ong, Wei Ching Khor, Joergen Schlundt, and Kyaw Thu Aung. "Quantitative Risk Evaluation of Antimicrobial-Resistant Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Grey Mullets in Singapore." Pathogens 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010093.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative pathogen for gastroenteritis involving the consumption of undercooked or raw seafood. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the quantitative detection of this pathogen in finfish, while no study reported the enumeration of haemolytic antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) V. parahaemolyticus. In this study, ampicillin-, penicillin G- and tetracycline-resistant and non-AMR haemolytic V. parahaemolyticus isolates were monitored and quantified in grey mullet samples reared locally from different premises within the food chain (farm and retail). Occurrence data for haemolytic V. parahaemolyticus were 13/45 (29%) in farm fish samples, 2/6 (one third) from farm water samples and 27/45 (60%) from retail fish samples. Microbial loads for haemolytic V. parahaemolyticus microbial loads ranged from 1.9 to 4.1 Log CFU/g in fish samples and 2.0 to 3.0 Log CFU/g in farm water samples. AMR risk assessments (ARRAs) for both the full farm-to-home and partial retail-to-home chains in the risk modelling framework were conducted, specifically for ampicillin, penicillin G, tetracycline and haemolytic (non-AMR) scenarios. The haemolytic ARRA predicted an average probability of illness of 2.9 × 10−4 and 4.5 × 10−5 per serving for the farm-to-home and retail-to-home chains, respectively, translating to 57 and 148 cases annually. The ratios of the average probability of illness per year for the three ARRAs to the haemolytic ARRA were 1.1 × 10−2 and 3.0 × 10−4 (ampicillin and penicillin G, respectively) for the farm-to-home chain and 1.3, 1.6 and 0.4 (ampicillin, penicillin G and tetracycline, respectively) for the retail-to-home chain. Sensitivity analysis showed that the initial concentrations of haemolytic V. parahaemolyticus in the gills and intestines of the fish and the cooking and washing of the fish cavity were the major variables influencing risk outputs in all modelled ARRAs. The findings of this study are useful for relevant stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding risk management to improve overall food safety.
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Dawood, Mahmoud A. O., Mohammed F. El Basuini, Amr I. Zaineldin, Sevdan Yilmaz, Md Tawheed Hasan, Ehsan Ahmadifar, Amel M. El Asely, et al. "Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Functionality of Essential Oils: An Alternative Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020185.
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Using synthetic antibiotics/chemicals for infectious bacterial pathogens and parasitic disease control causes beneficial microbial killing, produces multi-drug resistant pathogens, and residual antibiotic impacts in humans are the major threats to aquaculture sustainability. Applications of herbal products to combat microbial and parasitic diseases are considered as alternative approaches for sustainable aquaculture. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants that possess bioactive compounds like terpens, terpenoids, phenylpropenes, and isothiocyanates with synergistic relationship among these compounds. The hydrophobic compounds of EOs can penetrate the bacterial and parasitic cells and cause cell deformities and organelles dysfunctions. Dietary supplementation of EOs also modulate growth, immunity, and infectious disease resistance in aquatic organisms. Published research reports also demonstrated EOs effectiveness against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Gyrodactylus sp., Euclinostomum heterostomum, and other parasites both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, different infectious fish pathogenic bacteria like Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio harveyi, and Streptococcus agalactiae destruction was confirmed by plant originated EOs. However, no research was conducted to confirm the mechanism of action or pathway identification of EOs to combat aquatic parasites and disease-causing microbes. This review aims to explore the effectiveness of EOs against fish parasites and pathogenic bacteria as an environment-friendly phytotherapeutic in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, research gaps and future approaches to use EOs for sustainable aquaculture practice are also postulated.
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Laas, Peeter, Kelly Ugarelli, Michael Absten, Breege Boyer, Henry Briceño, and Ulrich Stingl. "Composition of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbial Communities in Waters around the Florida Reef Tract." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061120.
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The Florida Keys, a delicate archipelago of sub-tropical islands extending from the south-eastern tip of Florida, host the vast majority of the only coral barrier reef in the continental United States. Abiotic as well as microbial components of the surrounding waters are pivotal for the health of reef habitats, and thus could play an important role in understanding the development and transmission of coral diseases in Florida. In this study, we analyzed microbial community structure and abiotic factors in waters around the Florida Reef Tract. Both bacterial and eukaryotic community structure were significantly linked with variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, and total organic carbon values. High abundances of copiotrophic bacteria as well as several potentially harmful microbes, including coral pathogens, fish parasites and taxa that have been previously associated with Red Tide and shellfish poisoning were present in our datasets and may have a pivotal impact on reef health in this ecosystem.