Journal articles: 'Microbial decomposers'

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Lauber, Christian L., Jessica L. Metcalf, Kyle Keepers, Gail Ackermann, David O. Carter, and Rob Knight. "Vertebrate Decomposition Is Accelerated by Soil Microbes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 16 (June 6, 2014): 4920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00957-14.

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ABSTRACTCarrion decomposition is an ecologically important natural phenomenon influenced by a complex set of factors, including temperature, moisture, and the activity of microorganisms, invertebrates, and scavengers. The role of soil microbes as decomposers in this process is essential but not well understood and represents a knowledge gap in carrion ecology. To better define the role and sources of microbes in carrion decomposition, lab-reared mice were decomposed on either (i) soil with an intact microbial community or (ii) soil that was sterilized. We characterized the microbial community (16S rRNA gene for bacteria and archaea, and the 18S rRNA gene for fungi and microbial eukaryotes) for three body sites along with the underlying soil (i.e., gravesoils) at time intervals coinciding with visible changes in carrion morphology. Our results indicate that mice placed on soil with intact microbial communities reach advanced stages of decomposition 2 to 3 times faster than those placed on sterile soil. Microbial communities associated with skin and gravesoils of carrion in stages of active and advanced decay were significantly different between soil types (sterile versus untreated), suggesting that substrates on which carrion decompose may partially determine the microbial decomposer community. However, the source of the decomposer community (soil- versus carcass-associated microbes) was not clear in our data set, suggesting that greater sequencing depth needs to be employed to identify the origin of the decomposer communities in carrion decomposition. Overall, our data show that soil microbial communities have a significant impact on the rate at which carrion decomposes and have important implications for understanding carrion ecology.

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Siira-Pietikäinen, Anne, Janna Pietikäinen, Hannu Fritze, and Jari Haimi. "Short-term responses of soil decomposer communities to forest management: clear felling versus alternative forest harvesting methods." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-148.

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We studied the short-term responses of decomposers to different forest harvesting methods in a boreal spruce forest (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We hypothesised that the less intensive the forest harvesting method is, the fewer changes occur in the decomposer community. The treatments, in addition to untreated controls, were (1) selection felling (30% of the stand volume removed), (2) retention felling (tree patches retained), (3) clear felling, (4) gap felling without and (5) with harrowing. Microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) pattern) changed in the first year, microbial biomass and basal respiration decreased in the second year, and density of the enchytraeid worm Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejd.) increased in the third year after the clear felling. The community of collembolans did not respond to forest harvestings. Although there were changes in the microbial community, the invertebrates at higher trophic levels did not parallelly respond to these changes. The selection felling had no influence on the decomposers, while the gap fellings induced an increase in the numbers of enchytraeids in harvested gaps. We conclude that the decomposers of the coniferous forest soils are well buffered against initial environmental changes resulting from forest harvesting, and also that the PLFA pattern is a sensitive indicator of changes in the microbial community induced by forest harvesting.

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Bjelic, Dragana, Jelena Marinkovic, Branislava Tintor, Jordana Ninkov, Jovica Vasin, Milorad Zivanov, and Snezana Jaksic. "Possibility of using Bacillus and Trichoderma strains for decomposition of crop residues." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 138 (2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2038051b.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using microbial strains as residue decomposers and to determine the effect of these strains on chemical and microbial properties in the residue-amended soil. Greenhouse experiment consisted of eight Bacillus treatments, three Trichoderma treatments, and their combination, all applied to non-sterile chernozem soil amended with wheat straw. Incorporation of wheat straw improved soil chemical and microbial properties, while the extent of residue decom?position under microbial strains was intensified. Microbial treatments significantly affected the soil pH, the content of carbonate, total carbon, soil organic carbon, humus, and available phosphorus and potassium. Bacterial and fungal treatments also significantly influenced the total microbial number, ammonifiers, N2-fixers, fungi, actinomycetes, oligotrophs, copiotrophs, and cellulolytic microorganisms. The effect of microbial treatments varied depending on the applied strains and examined properties, with Bacillus strains being more promising residue decomposers compared to Trichoderma strains. The most effective microbial strains could be used as potential decomposers of crop residues.

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Thormann, Markus N. "Diversity and function of fungi in peatlands: A carbon cycling perspective." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, Special Issue (March 1, 2006): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-082.

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Peatlands are a dominant landform in the northern hemisphere, accumulating carbon in the form of peat due to an imbalance between decomposition and plant production rates. Decomposer (saprobes) and mycorrhizal fungi significantly influence carbon dynamics by degrading organic matter via the synthesis of extracellular enzymes. As organic matter decomposes, litter quality variables figure most prominently in the succession of fungi. Hence, litters composed primarily of complex polymers decompose very slowly. Surprisingly, recalcitrant polymer degraders (mostly basidiomycetes) are rarely isolated from peat, which may explain the accumulation of complex polymers in peat profiles. While enzymatic profiles of mycorrhizal fungi and other root endophytes may be more limited compared with saprobes, many of these fungi can degrade polymers of varying complexity as well and hence may also be significant decomposers of organic matter. To date, anamorphic ascomycetes and zygomycetes are the most frequently isolated fungi from peatlands (63 and 10% of all taxa, respectively), and chytridiomycetes, teleomorphic ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes appear to be less common (11% of all taxa). The remaining 16% of taxa remain unidentified or are sterile taxa. How disturbances affect peatland microbial communities and their roles is virtually unknown. This aspect of peatland microbial ecology requires immediate attention. The objective of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge of the diversity of fungi and their roles in carbon cycling dynamics in peatlands. Key words: Peatlands, fungi, carbon dynamics, diversity, functions, saprobes, mycorrhizas

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Pan, Xu, Matty P. Berg, Olaf Butenschoen, Phil J. Murray, Igor V. Bartish, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Ming Dong, and Andreas Prinzing. "Larger phylogenetic distances in litter mixtures: lower microbial biomass and higher C/N ratios but equal mass loss." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20150103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0103.

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Phylogenetic distances of coexisting species differ greatly within plant communities, but their consequences for decomposers and decomposition remain unknown. We hypothesized that large phylogenetic distance of leaf litter mixtures increases differences of their litter traits, which may, in turn, result in increased resource complementarity or decreased resource concentration for decomposers and hence increased or decreased chemical transformation and reduction of litter. We conducted a litter mixture experiment including 12 common temperate tree species (evolutionarily separated by up to 106 Myr), and sampled after seven months, at which average mass loss was more than 50%. We found no effect of increased phylogenetic distance on litter mass loss or on abundance and diversity of invertebrate decomposers. However, phylogenetic distance decreased microbial biomass and increased carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of litter mixtures. Consistently, four litter traits showed (marginally) significant phylogenetic signal and in three of these traits increasing trait difference decreased microbial biomass and increased C/N. We suggest that phylogenetic proximity of litter favours microbial decomposers and chemical transformation of litter owing to a resource concentration effect. This leads to a new hypothesis: closely related plant species occurring in the same niche should promote and profit from increased nutrient availability.

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Hättenschwiler, Stephan, Nathalie Fromin, and Sandra Barantal. "Functional diversity of terrestrial microbial decomposers and their substrates." Comptes Rendus Biologies 334, no. 5-6 (May 2011): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.001.

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Kuehn, Kevin A., Steven N. Francoeur, Robert H. Findlay, and Robert K. Neely. "Priming in the microbial landscape: periphytic algal stimulation of litter-associated microbial decomposers." Ecology 95, no. 3 (March 2014): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0430.1.

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D.J. RAJKHOWA and O. BORAH. "Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) straw management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Indian Journal of Agronomy 53, no. 2 (October 10, 2001): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v53i2.4843.

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A field experiment was conducted at Jorhat, Assam during 2004-05 and 2005-06 to find out an effective prac- tice of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) as a compo- nent of integrated nutrient management. Straw was incorporated @ 5 tlha with different decomposers, viz. starter N (one-third recommended dose of N), cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (CDM), earthworms culture (EC), EC + FYM, CDM + EC, FYM and starter N+ CDM + EC + lime. These decomposers significantly improved the yield and yield components in wheat compared with straw removal. Incorporation of rice straw @ 5 Vha under dual in- oculation of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms and earthworms improved the grain yield by 2.46 Vha. These also increased the nutrient uptake, available N, P, K in soil at harvest and benefit : cost ratio. Straw incorporation increased the organic C in the soil by 2-1 1% compared with straw removal. It also increased the microbial popula- tion in soil substantially irrespective of the decomposer used. Inoculation with CDM led to build-up of microbial population in the soil. Thus, rice straw incorporation with cellulose decomposing micro-organisms and earthworms resulted in higher yield, increased nutrient uptake, improved residual soil fertility and soil microorganism status and ultimately higher benefit : cost ratio of wheat.

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Batista, Daniela, Ahmed Tlili, Mark O. Gessner, Cláudia Pascoal, and Fernanda Cássio. "Nanosilver impacts on aquatic microbial decomposers and litter decomposition assessed as pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT)." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 7 (2020): 2130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00375a.

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Nugroho, Sutopo Ghani, Dermiyati, Jamalam Lumbanraja, Sugeng Triyono, and Hanung Ismono. "Inoculation Effect of N2-Fixer and P-Solubilizer into a Mixture of Fresh Manure and Phosphate Rock Formulated as Organonitrofos Fertilizer on Bacterial and Fungal Populations." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 1 (March 19, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i1.75-80.

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Microbial N2-fixer and P-solubilizer were innoculated in a mixture of fresh manure and phosphate rock formulated as an Organonitrophos fertilizer. The population dynamics of bacteria and fungi growing during the composting process were observed. The inoculation treatments consisted of: K = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers (control), N = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + N2-fixer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum sp.) , P = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + P-solubilizer (A. niger and P. fluorescens), and NP = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + N2-fixer + P-solubilizer. The results showed that inoculation of microbial N2-fixer and combination inoculation of N2-fixer and P-solubilizer increased the total bacterial population compared to that of the control as well as the only inoculation of microbial P-solubilizer on the 14th day of observation in which the bacteria reached the highest population. On all the observation days, the population of fungi in the inoculation of microbial P-solubilizer treatment increased significantly compared to that of the control. However, there was no difference between the populations of fungi in the inoculation of N2-fixer and combination inoculation of N2-fixer and Psolubilizer. The genus of fungy identified in the compost of the mixture of fresh manure and phosphate rock were Chytridium sp., Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., and Fusarium sp.[How to Cite : Nugroho SG, Dermiyati, J Lumbanraja, S Triyono, H Ismono. 2013. Inoculation Effect of N2-Fixer and P-Solubilizer into a Mixture of Fresh Manure and Phosphate Rock Formulated as Organonitrofos Fertilizer on Bacterial and Fungal Populations. J Trop Soils, 18 (1): 75-80. doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.75][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.75]

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Bani, Borruso, Matthews Nicholass, Bardelli, Polo, Pioli, Gómez-Brandón, Insam, Dumbrell, and Brusetti. "Site-Specific Microbial Decomposer Communities Do Not Imply Faster Decomposition: Results from a Litter Transplantation Experiment." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090349.

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Microbes drive leaf litter decomposition, and their communities are adapted to the local vegetation providing that litter. However, whether these local microbial communities confer a significant home-field advantage in litter decomposition remains unclear, with contrasting results being published. Here, we focus on a litter transplantation experiment from oak forests (home site) to two away sites without oak in South Tyrol (Italy). We aimed to produce an in-depth analysis of the fungal and bacterial decomposer communities using Illumina sequencing and qPCR, to understand whether local adaptation occurs and whether this was associated with litter mass loss dynamics. Temporal shifts in the decomposer community occurred, reflecting changes in litter chemistry over time. Fungal community composition was site dependent, while bacterial composition did not differ across sites. Total litter mass loss and rates of litter decomposition did not change across sites. Litter quality influenced the microbial community through the availability of different carbon sources. Additively, our results do not support the hypothesis that locally adapted microbial decomposers lead to a greater or faster mass loss. It is likely that high functional redundancy within decomposer communities regulated the decomposition, and thus greater future research attention should be given to trophic guilds rather than taxonomic composition.

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Pollierer, Melanie M., Bernhard Klarner, David Ott, Christoph Digel, Roswitha B. Ehnes, Bernhard Eitzinger, Georgia Erdmann, Ulrich Brose, Mark Maraun, and Stefan Scheu. "Diversity and functional structure of soil animal communities suggest soil animal food webs to be buffered against changes in forest land use." Oecologia 196, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04910-1.

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AbstractForest soil and litter is inhabited by a diverse community of animals, which directly and indirectly rely on dead organic matter as habitat and food resource. However, community composition may be driven by biotic or abiotic forces, and these vary with changes in habitat structure and resource supply associated with forest land use. To evaluate these changes, we compiled comprehensive data on the species composition of soil animal communities and environmental factors in forest types varying in land-use intensity in each of three regions in Germany, i.e., coniferous, young managed, old managed, and unmanaged beech forests. Coniferous forests featured high amounts of leaf litter and low microbial biomass concentrations contrasting in particular unmanaged beech forests. However, soil animal diversity and functional community composition differed little between forest types, indicating resilience against disturbance and forest land use. Structural equation modelling suggested that despite a significant influence of forest management on resource abundance and quality, the biomass of most soil fauna functional groups was not directly affected by forest management or resource abundance/quality, potentially because microorganisms hamper the propagation of nutrients to higher trophic levels. Instead, detritivore biomass depended heavily on soil pH. Macrofauna decomposers thrived at high pH, whereas mesofauna decomposers benefitted from low soil pH, but also from low biomass of macrofauna decomposers, potentially due to habitat modification by macrofauna decomposers. The strong influence of soil pH shows that decomposer communities are structured predominantly by regional abiotic factors exceeding the role of local biotic factors such as forest type.

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Straková, P., R. M. Niemi, C. Freeman, K. Peltoniemi, H. Toberman, I. Heiskanen, H. Fritze, and R. Laiho. "Litter type affects the activity of aerobic decomposers in a boreal peatland more than site nutrient and water level regimes." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 1879–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1879-2011.

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Abstract. Peatlands are carbon (C) storage ecosystems sustained by a high water level (WL). High WL creates anoxic conditions that suppress the activity of aerobic decomposers and provide conditions for peat accumulation. Peatland function can be dramatically affected by WL drawdown caused by land-use and/or climate change. Aerobic decomposers are directly affected by WL drawdown through environmental factors such as increased oxygenation and nutrient availability. Additionally, they are indirectly affected via changes in plant community composition and litter quality. We studied the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of WL drawdown on aerobic decomposer activity in plant litter. We did this by profiling 11 extracellular enzymes involved in the mineralization of organic C, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Our study sites represented a three-stage chronosequence from pristine (undrained) to short-term (years) and long-term (decades) WL drawdown conditions under two nutrient regimes. The litter types included reflected the prevalent vegetation, i.e., Sphagnum mosses, graminoids, shrubs and trees. WL drawdown had a direct and positive effect on microbial activity. Enzyme allocation shifted towards C acquisition, which caused an increase in the rate of decomposition. However, litter type overruled the direct effects of WL drawdown and was the main factor shaping microbial activity patterns. Our results imply that changes in plant community composition in response to persistent WL drawdown will strongly affect the C dynamics of peatlands.

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Gajda, Łukasz, Agata Daszkowska-Golec, and Piotr Świątek. "Trophic Position of the White Worm (Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (April 25, 2024): 4685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094685.

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To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal’s digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.

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Fatmawati, Fatmawati, Burhanuddin Rasyid, and Muh Jayadi. "Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Cendawan Dekomposer pada Bahan Kompos Jerami, Endapan Tanah Danau Tempe dan Tanah Exfarm Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin." Jurnal Ecosolum 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v7i2.6879.

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Agricultural wastes able to provide profit value if utilized properly for example made into organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer production requires microbial decomposers to help the decomposition process. This research aims to isolate and identify the characteristics of microbial decomposers found in straw compost, soil sediment from tempe lake and soil from exfarm. In this research, conducted microbial isolation. Microbial exploration of compost material, soil organic matter and soil deposition material is mixed with physiological solution then grown on PDA, further purification of the unwanted microbes. In this study only used the media to grow the asparagine fungus to see the growth of macroscopic and microscopic fungi. The results showed that there are seven isolates of the fungus from different material extraction. The extracted compost material to produce two fungi are Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., Tempe lake sediment soil shows three types of fungi with Aspergillus Sp. and two types Zygomisota, while soil from Exfarm also shows two types of fungi are Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. The growth rate of each different fungal isolates based sources although of the same type

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Galitskaya, Polina, Leisan Akhmetzyanova, and Svetlana Selivanovskaya. "Biochar-carrying hydrocarbon decomposers promote degradation during the early stage of bioremediation." Biogeosciences 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2016): 5739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5739-2016.

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Abstract. Oil pollution is one of the most serious current environmental problems. In this study, four strategies of bioremediation of oil-polluted soil were tested in the laboratory over a period of 84 days: (A) aeration and moistening; (B) amendment with 1 % biochar (w ⁄ w) in combination with A; amendment with 1 % biochar with immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C) or Acinetobacter radioresistens (D) in combination with A. All strategies used resulted in a decrease of the hydrocarbon content, while biochar addition (B, C, D strategies) led to acceleration of decomposition in the beginning. Microbial biomass and respiration rate increased significantly at the start of bioremediation. It was demonstrated that moistening and aeration were the main factors influencing microbial biomass, while implementation of biochar and introduction of microbes were the main factors influencing microbial respiration. All four remediation strategies altered bacterial community structure and phytotoxicity. The Illumina MiSeq method revealed 391 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 40 bacterial phyla and a domination of Proteobacteria in all investigated soil samples. The lowest alpha diversity was observed in the samples with introduced bacteria on the first day of remediation. Metric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that in the beginning and at the end, microbial community structures were more similar than those on the 28th day of remediation. Strategies A and B decreased phytotoxicity of remediated soil between 2.5 and 3.1 times as compared with untreated soil. C and D strategies led to additional decrease of phytotoxicity between 2.1 and 3.2 times.

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Madureira, Karoline H., and Verónica Ferreira. "Colonization and decomposition of litter produced by invasive Acacia dealbata and native tree species by stream microbial decomposers." Limnetica 41, no. 2 (June 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23818/limn.41.25.

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Changes in forest composition and litter inputs to streams due to invasion by exotic tree species can affect the functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Acacia dealbata is an important invasive tree species in Mediterranean areas, and often replaces the native riparian vegetation. In this study, we assessed the chemical characteristics of three litter types produced by the invasive Ac. dealbata (leaflets, flowers and pods) and leaf litter produced by two native tree species with contrasting litter characteristics (Quercus robur and Alnus glutinosa). We then assessed litter decomposition and associated microbial activity (i.e., overall microbial metabolism as respiration, fungal growth as biomass accumulation, and reproduction by aquatic hyphomycetes as conidial production), and the aquatic hyphomycetes community structure, in laboratory microcosms. In general, Ac. dealbata pods supported lower microbial activity and decomposed slower than all other litter types, due to their low nutrient concentrations and high carbon:nutrients molar ratio. Alnus glutinosa leaf litter supported high microbial activity and decomposed fast, due to its relatively high nutrient concentrations, low carbon:nutrients molar ratios and low lignin concentration. Acacia dealbata leaflets and flowers and Q. robur leaf litter generally had similar microbial activity and decomposition rates, intermediate between those of Ac. dealbata pods and Al. glutinosa leaf litter, likely due to trade-offs between nutrient concentrations and concentrations of structural and secondary compound among litter types. Aquatic hyphomycetes community structure also differed among litter types. For instance, Ac. dealbata pods had the lowest species richness per sampling date, but due to high dissimilarity among replicates, total species richness over the incubation period was comparable to that of other litter types. The invasion of native riparian forests by Ac. dealbata can affect the quality of litter inputs into streams, potentially affecting the community structure and activity of microbial decomposers, thus altering the functioning of stream ecosystems.

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Shukla, Shantanu P., Camila Plata, Michael Reichelt, Sandra Steiger, David G. Heckel, Martin Kaltenpoth, Andreas Vilcinskas, and Heiko Vogel. "Microbiome-assisted carrion preservation aids larval development in a burying beetle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 44 (October 15, 2018): 11274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812808115.

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The ability to feed on a wide range of diets has enabled insects to diversify and colonize specialized niches. Carrion, for example, is highly susceptible to microbial decomposers, but is kept palatable several days after an animal’s death by carrion-feeding insects. Here we show that the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides preserves carrion by preventing the microbial succession associated with carrion decomposition, thus ensuring a high-quality resource for their developing larvae. Beetle-tended carcasses showed no signs of degradation and hosted a microbial community containing the beetles’ gut microbiota, including the yeast Yarrowia. In contrast, untended carcasses showed visual and olfactory signs of putrefaction, and their microbial community consisted of endogenous and soil-originating microbial decomposers. This regulation of the carcass’ bacterial and fungal community and transcriptomic profile was associated with lower concentrations of putrescine and cadaverine (toxic polyamines associated with carcass putrefaction) and altered levels of proteases, lipases, and free amino acids. Beetle-tended carcasses develop a biofilm-like matrix housing the yeast, which, when experimentally removed, leads to reduced larval growth. Thus, tended carcasses hosted a mutualistic microbial community that promotes optimal larval development, likely through symbiont-mediated extraintestinal digestion and detoxification of carrion nutrients. The adaptive preservation of carrion coordinated by the beetles and their symbionts demonstrates a specialized resource-management strategy through which insects modify their habitats to enhance fitness.

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Haynes, Kristine M., Michael D. Preston, James W. McLaughlin, Kara Webster, and Nathan Basiliko. "Dissimilar bacterial and fungal decomposer communities across rich to poor fen peatlands exhibit functional redundancy." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 95, no. 3 (August 2015): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss-2014-062.

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Haynes, K. M., Preston, M. D., McLaughlin, J. W., Webster, K. and Basiliko, N. 2015. Dissimilar bacterial and fungal decomposer communities across rich to poor fen peatlands exhibit functional redundancy. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 219–230. Climatic and environmental changes can lead to shifts in the dominant vegetation communities present in northern peatland ecosystems, including from Sphagnum- to vascular-dominated systems. Such shifts in vegetation result in changes to the chemical quality of carbon substrates for soil microbial decomposers, with leaves and roots deposited in the peat surface and subsurface that potentially decompose faster. This study characterized the bacterial and fungal communities present along a nutrient gradient ranging from rich to poor fen peatlands and assessed the metabolic potential of these communities to mineralize a variety of organic matter substrates of varying chemical complexity using substrate-induced respiration (SIR) assays. Distinct microbial communities existed between rich, intermediate and poor fens, but SIR in each of the three sites exhibited the same pattern of carbon mineralization, providing support for the concept of functional redundancy, at least under standardized in vitro conditions. Preferential mineralization of simple organic substrates in the rich fen and complex compounds in the poor fen was not observed. Similarly, no preference was given to “native” organic matter extracts derived from each fen, with microbial communities opting for the most bioavailable substrate. This study suggests that soil bacteria and fungi might be able to respond relatively rapidly to shifts in vegetation communities and subsequent changes in the quality of carbon substrate additions to peatlands associated with environmental and climatic change.

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Pandey, Sandeep K., Anid K. Gupta, and M. Yunus. "Potential Evaluation of Putrescible Municipal Solid Wastes Bio-Augmentation Prospects for Manuring." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.408.

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In this study, a comparative evaluation of bio-augmentation prospects for the management of Segregated Putrescible Municipal Solid Waste (SPMSW) has been carried out. Six parameters under three heads that are Degradability (TOC%, C: N ratio) Nutrient release efficacy (TKN%, E. C. & TK%), and Change in Medium (pH) were examined and results were further analyzed. In comparison to Seeded Microbial Composting (SMC); the Secondary Decomposer Bio-augmentation (SDB) resulted in a greater rate of TOC% degradation, C: N ratio reduction, rise in availability of TKN%, E. C., and TK%. The value observed at the final day of treatment had remarkable difference (0.05% level of significance). Due course of degradation it was observed that pH was reeling towards neutral range in SDB while to the acidic in SMC. In SDB, priming could be the reason of faster, better, and time-efficient manuring than SMC, which is availed by Secondary decomposers that were boosting the decomposition process. In SDB priming could be the reason which has been availed by secondary decomposers that were boosting the decomposition process which exhibited in the form of faster, better, and time-efficient manuring than SMC.

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Cherif, Mehdi, and Michel Loreau. "When microbes and consumers determine the limiting nutrient of autotrophs: a theoretical analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1656 (October 9, 2008): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0560.

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Ecological stoichiometry postulates that differential nutrient recycling of elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus by consumers can shift the element that limits plant growth. However, this hypothesis has so far considered the effect of consumers, mostly herbivores, out of their food-web context. Microbial decomposers are important components of food webs, and might prove as important as consumers in changing the availability of elements for plants. In this theoretical study, we investigate how decomposers determine the nutrient that limits plants, both by feeding on nutrients and organic carbon released by plants and consumers, and by being fed upon by omnivorous consumers. We show that decomposers can greatly alter the relative availability of nutrients for plants. The type of limiting nutrient promoted by decomposers depends on their own elemental composition and, when applicable, on their ingestion by consumers. Our results highlight the limitations of previous stoichiometric theories of plant nutrient limitation control, which often ignored trophic levels other than plants and herbivores. They also suggest that detrital chains play an important role in determining plant nutrient limitation in many ecosystems.

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Hargrave, Chad W., Samuel Hamontree, and Kaitlen P. Gary. "Direct and indirect food web regulation of microbial decomposers in headwater streams." Oikos 119, no. 11 (May 13, 2010): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18537.x.

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Eisenhauer, Nico, Volker Hörsch, Joachim Moeser, and Stefan Scheu. "Synergistic effects of microbial and animal decomposers on plant and herbivore performance." Basic and Applied Ecology 11, no. 1 (February 2010): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2009.11.001.

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Martins, Nathielly P., Lucia Fuchslueger, Katrin Fleischer, Kelly M. Andersen, Rafael L. Assis, Fabricio B. Baccaro, Plínio B. Camargo, et al. "Fine roots stimulate nutrient release during early stages of leaf litter decomposition in a Central Amazon rainforest." Plant and Soil 469, no. 1-2 (October 2, 2021): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05148-9.

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Abstract Purpose Large parts of the Amazon rainforest grow on weathered soils depleted in phosphorus and rock-derived cations. We tested the hypothesis that in this ecosystem, fine roots stimulate decomposition and nutrient release from leaf litter biochemically by releasing enzymes, and by exuding labile carbon stimulating microbial decomposers. Methods We monitored leaf litter decomposition in a Central Amazon tropical rainforest, where fine roots were either present or excluded, over 188 days and added labile carbon substrates (glucose and citric acid) in a fully factorial design. We tracked litter mass loss, remaining carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and cation concentrations, extracellular enzyme activity and microbial carbon and nutrient concentrations. Results Fine root presence did not affect litter mass loss but significantly increased the loss of phosphorus and cations from leaf litter. In the presence of fine roots, acid phosphatase activity was 43.2% higher, while neither microbial stoichiometry, nor extracellular enzyme activities targeting carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds changed. Glucose additions increased phosphorus loss from litter when fine roots were present, and enhanced phosphatase activity in root exclusions. Citric acid additions reduced litter mass loss, microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus, regardless of fine root presence or exclusion. Conclusions We conclude that plant roots release significant amounts of acid phosphatases into the litter layer and mobilize phosphorus without affecting litter mass loss. Our results further indicate that added labile carbon inputs (i.e. glucose) can stimulate acid phosphatase production by microbial decomposers, highlighting the potential importance of plant-microbial feedbacks in tropical forest ecosystems.

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Mulyani, Rahmawati Budi, Lilies Supriati, Melhanah Melhanah, and Susi Kresnatita. "Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Hortikultura di Lahan Pasir melalui Pemanfaatan Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) sebagai Trichokompos." PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/pengabdianmu.v6i4.1846.

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Lebak swamp weeds such as Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) grow abundantly. They can be used as compost, which effectively improves soil fertility, increasing nutrients N, P, and P K quickly and environmentally friendly. The effectiveness of compost fertilizer needs to be increased by adding indigenous microbes as decomposers and biological agents to control plant diseases. The activities carried out to empower horticultural farmer groups on sandy land in Tanjung Pinang Village, Palangka Raya are through socialization, training in composting with three types of antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp. (Trichocompost), facilitate the procurement of weed chopping machines, assist farmers in horticultural crop cultivation, and increase farmers' independence in self-supporting organic fertilizers. The use of Kayambang as Trichocompost with microbial decomposers and indigenous biological agents is new knowledge for partner farmers. The application of Trichocompost on the demonstration plots shows that eggplant plant growth and yields are excellent, meaning that Trichocompost can improve the fertility of sandy soils. Farmers participating in the training stated that the use of Trichocompost could reduce farming costs because it can substitute for manure that has been used by farmers and can meet the self-help needs of organic fertilizers. Participants wanted an advanced mentoring program because the farmers had not yet mastered the isolation or propagation of biological agents and decomposer microbes.

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Flury, Sabine, and Mark O. Gessner. "Experimentally Simulated Global Warming and Nitrogen Enrichment Effects on Microbial Litter Decomposers in a Marsh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 3 (December 10, 2010): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01527-10.

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ABSTRACTAtmospheric warming and increased nitrogen deposition can lead to changes of microbial communities with possible consequences for biogeochemical processes. We used an enclosure facility in a freshwater marsh to assess the effects on microbes associated with decomposing plant litter under conditions of simulated climate warming and pulsed nitrogen supply. Standard batches of litter were placed in coarse-mesh and fine-mesh bags and submerged in a series of heated, nitrogen-enriched, and control enclosures. They were retrieved later and analyzed for a range of microbial parameters. Fingerprinting profiles obtained by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicated that simulated global warming induced a shift in bacterial community structure. In addition, warming reduced fungal biomass, whereas bacterial biomass was unaffected. The mesh size of the litter bags and sampling date also had an influence on bacterial community structure, with the apparent number of dominant genotypes increasing from spring to summer. Microbial respiration was unaffected by any treatment, and nitrogen enrichment had no clear effect on any of the microbial parameters considered. Overall, these results suggest that microbes associated with decomposing plant litter in nutrient-rich freshwater marshes are resistant to extra nitrogen supplies but are likely to respond to temperature increases projected for this century.

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Nurbailis, Y. Liswarni, Y. Yanti, and A. Widiastuti. "Exploration of the indigenous rhizosphere fungi as corncob waste decomposers and its potential as biological agent Fusarium graminearum and increase corn growth." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012043.

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Abstract Corncob waste can be used as compost; corncob compost that microbial decomposers have composted positively affects soil and plants. The objectives of this study are 1). It was obtaining the type of fungi from the corn rhizosphere that acts as a decomposer of corncob waste and 2) knowing the potential of corncob waste compost in suppressing F. graminearum, which causes stem rot on corn and increasing plant growth. The designs used for the two steps of the study were: Randomized Block Designs with ten treatments and four replication. The first step is using the rhizosphere fungi isolates for composting corncob waste. The second step is testing corncob composted by ten different types of rhizosphere fungi to suppress corn stem rot caused by F. graminearum. Parameters observed in the first step were: the number of conidia and the number of propagules of rhizosphere fungi in corncobs compost. The third step was: Incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, number of dead plants, and plant growth. The result of the research indicated that the corn rhizosphere obtained 15 isolates of fungi that varied the color, shape of the colony, and growth rate. The highest number of propagules was found in compost decomposed by rhizosphere fungi RF4, while the number of conidia classified as high was found in RF4, Rf, and RF6 compost. All corncob compost decomposed by rhizosphere fungi was able to suppress stem rot disease caused by F. graminearum.

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Carrino-Kyker, Sarah R., and Andrew K. Swanson. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities Found in Vernal Pools." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 8 (February 29, 2008): 2554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01482-07.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the effects of physicochemical variability on the microbial communities of vernal pools. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed temporal changes to be more pronounced than spatial changes in eukaryotic and bacterial communities. Sequencing revealed high degrees of richness in decomposers, which supports the notion that vernal pools are heterotrophic habitats.

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Cherif and Loreau. "Stoichiometric Constraints on Resource Use, Competitive Interactions, and Elemental Cycling in Microbial Decomposers." American Naturalist 169, no. 6 (2007): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4136991.

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DUARTE, SOFIA, CLÁUDIA PASCOAL, and FERNANDA CÁSSIO. "Functional stability of stream-dwelling microbial decomposers exposed to copper and zinc stress." Freshwater Biology 54, no. 8 (August 2009): 1683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02217.x.

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Cherif, Mehdi, and Michel Loreau. "Stoichiometric Constraints on Resource Use, Competitive Interactions, and Elemental Cycling in Microbial Decomposers." American Naturalist 169, no. 6 (June 2007): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516844.

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Kuehn, Kevin A., Perry F. Churchill, and Keller Suberkropp. "Osmoregulatory Responses of Fungi Inhabiting Standing Litter of the Freshwater Emergent MacrophyteJuncus effusus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.607-612.1998.

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ABSTRACT Standing litter of emergent macrophytes often forms a major portion of the detrital mass in wetland habitats. Microbial assemblages inhabiting this detritus must adapt physiologically to daily fluctuations in temperature and water availability. We examined the effects of various environmental conditions on the concentrations of osmoregulatory solutes (polyols and trehalose) and the respiratory activities of fungal assemblages inhabiting standing litter of the freshwater emergent macrophyte Juncus effusus. Under field conditions, the concentrations of osmolytes (polyols plus trehalose) in fungal decomposers were negatively correlated with plant litter water potentials (r = −0.75, P < 0.001) and rates of microbial respiration (r = −0.66,P < 0.001). The highest concentration of osmolytes (polyols plus trehalose) occurred in standing litter exposed to desiccating conditions (range from wet to dry, 0.06 to 0.68 μmol · mg of fungal biomass−1). Similar fluctuations in polyol and trehalose concentrations were observed in standing litter wetted and dried under laboratory conditions and for four predominant fungal decomposers of J. effusus grown individually on sterilized Juncus leaves. These studies suggest that fungal inhabitants associated with standing litter of emergent macrophytes can adjust their intracellular solute concentrations in response to daily fluctuations in water availability.

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Pradhan, Arunava, Sahadevan Seena, Cláudia Pascoal, and Fernanda Cássio. "Can Metal Nanoparticles Be a Threat to Microbial Decomposers of Plant Litter in Streams?" Microbial Ecology 62, no. 1 (May 7, 2011): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9861-4.

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Duarte, Sofia, Fernanda Cássio, Verónica Ferreira, Cristina Canhoto, and Cláudia Pascoal. "Seasonal Variability May Affect Microbial Decomposers and Leaf Decomposition More Than Warming in Streams." Microbial Ecology 72, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0780-2.

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Duarte, Sofia, Juanita Mora-Gómez, Anna M. Romaní, Fernanda Cássio, and Cláudia Pascoal. "Responses of microbial decomposers to drought in streams may depend on the environmental context." Environmental Microbiology Reports 9, no. 6 (October 13, 2017): 756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12592.

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Zheng-Hu, ZHOU, and WANG Chuan-Kuan. "Responses and regulation mechanisms of microbial decomposers to substrate carbon, nitro-gen, and phosphorus stoichiometry." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 40, no. 6 (2016): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0449.

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Miki, T., M. Ushio, S. Fukui, and M. Kondoh. "Functional diversity of microbial decomposers facilitates plant coexistence in a plant-microbe-soil feedback model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 32 (July 27, 2010): 14251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914281107.

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Kuske, C. R., L. O. Ticknor, J. D. Busch, C. A. Gehring, and T. G. Whitham. "The Pinyon Rhizosphere, Plant Stress, and Herbivory Affect the Abundance of Microbial Decomposers in Soils." Microbial Ecology 45, no. 4 (June 1, 2003): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-1042-z.

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NEWELL, S. Y., M. A. MORAN, R. WICKS, and R. E. HODSON. "Productivities of microbial decomposers during early stages of decomposition of leaves of a freshwater sedge." Freshwater Biology 34, no. 1 (August 1995): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00430.x.

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Baker, Nameer R., Banafshe Khalili, Jennifer B. H. Martiny, and Steven D. Allison. "Microbial decomposers not constrained by climate history along a Mediterranean climate gradient in southern California." Ecology 99, no. 6 (June 2018): 1441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2345.

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Jaillard, Benoît, Kanto Razanamalala, Cyrille Violle, and Laetitia Bernard. "Nonlinear Effects Induced by Interactions among Functional Groups of Bacteria and Fungi Regulate the Priming Effect in Malagasy Soils." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051106.

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The priming effect (PE) occurs when fresh organic matter (FOM) supplied to soil alters the rate of decomposition of older soil organic matter (SOM). The PE can be generated by different mechanisms driven by interactions between microorganisms with different live strategies and decomposition abilities. Among those, stoichiometric decomposition results from FOM decomposition, which induces the decomposition of SOM by the release of exoenzymes by FOM-decomposers. Nutrient mining results from the co-metabolism of energy-rich FOM with nutrient-rich SOM by SOM-decomposers. While existing statistical approaches enable measurement of the effect of community composition (linear effect) on the PE, the effect of interactions among co-occurring populations (non-linear effect) is more difficult to grasp. We compare a non-linear, clustering approach with a strictly linear approach to separately and comprehensively capture all linear and non-linear effects induced by soil microbial populations on the PE and to identify the species involved. We used an already published data set, acquired from two climatic transects of Madagascar Highlands, in which the high-throughput sequencing of soil samples was applied parallel to the analysis of the potential capacity of microbial communities to generate PE following a 13C-labeled wheat straw input. The linear and clustering approaches highlight two different aspects of the effects of microbial biodiversity on SOM decomposition. The comparison of the results enabled identification of bacterial and fungal families, and combinations of families, inducing either a linear, a non-linear, or no effect on PE after incubation. Bacterial families mainly favoured a PE proportional to their relative abundances in soil (linear effect). Inversely, fungal families induced strong non-linear effects resulting from interactions among them and with bacteria. Our findings suggest that bacteria support stoichiometric decomposition in the first days of incubation, while fungi support mainly the nutrient mining of soil’s organic matter several weeks after the beginning of incubation. Used together, the clustering and linear approaches therefore enable the estimation of the relative importance of linear effects related to microbial relative abundances, and non-linear effects related to interactions among microbial populations on soil properties. Both approaches also enable the identification of key microbial families that mainly regulate soil properties.

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Guo, Hongrong, Fuzhong Wu, Xiaoyue Zhang, Wentao Wei, Ling Zhu, Ruobing Wu, and Dingyi Wang. "Effects of Habitat Differences on Microbial Communities during Litter Decomposing in a Subtropical Forest." Forests 13, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060919.

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The differences between aquatic and terrestrial habitats could change microbial community composition and regulate litter decomposition in a subtropical forest, but the linkage remains uncertain. Using microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), the litter decomposition associated with microbial organisms was monitored to characterize the differences of microbial communities in the forest floor, headwater stream, and intermittent stream. Habitat type did not significantly affect the concentrations of total PLFA. However, microbial community composition (fungi, G+ bacteria, and eukaryote) was significantly affected by the microenvironment among habitats. Compared with which in headwater stream, more individual PLFAs were identified in the natural forest floor and the intermittent stream during the whole decomposition period. The differences in individual PLFA concentrations were reflected in the forest floor and aquatic system in the early stage of litter decomposition, but they mainly reflected in the headwater stream and the intermittent stream in the later stage of litter decomposition. We linked the relationships between microbial community and litter decomposition and found that communities of decomposers drive differences in litter decomposition rate among habitats. Intriguingly, the microbial community showed the greatest correlation with the decomposition rate of litter in streams. These findings could contribute to the understanding of habitats difference on the microbial community during litter decomposition.

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Jassey, Vincent E. J., Daniel Gilbert, Philippe Binet, Marie-Laure Toussaint, and Geneviève Chiapusio. "Effect of a temperature gradient on Sphagnum fallax and its associated living microbial communities: a study under controlled conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 2011): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-116.

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Microbial communities living in Sphagnum are known to constitute early indicators of ecosystem disturbances, but little is known about their response (including their trophic relationships) to climate change. A microcosm experiment was designed to test the effects of a temperature gradient (15, 20, and 25 °C) on microbial communities including different trophic groups (primary producers, decomposers, and unicellular predators) in Sphagnum segments (0–3 cm and 3–6 cm of the capitulum). Relationships between microbial communities and abiotic factors (pH, conductivity, temperature, and polyphenols) were also studied. The density and the biomass of testate amoebae in Sphagnum upper segments increased and their community structure changed in heated treatments. The biomass of testate amoebae was linked to the biomass of bacteria and to the total biomass of other groups added and, thus, suggests that indirect effects on the food web structure occurred. Redundancy analysis revealed that microbial assemblages differed strongly in Sphagnum upper segments along a temperature gradient in relation to abiotic factors. The sensitivity of these assemblages made them interesting indicators of climate change. Phenolic compounds represented an important explicative factor in microbial assemblages and outlined the potential direct and (or) indirect effects of phenolics on microbial communities.

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Hagge, Jonas, Claus Bässler, Axel Gruppe, Björn Hoppe, Harald Kellner, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Jörg Müller, Sebastian Seibold, Elisa Stengel, and Simon Thorn. "Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1744.

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Bark protects living trees against environmental influences but may promote wood decomposition by fungi and bacteria after tree death. However, the mechanisms by which bark determines the assembly process and biodiversity of decomposers remain unknown. Therefore, we partially or completely removed bark from experimentally felled trees and tested with null modelling whether assembly processes were determined by bark coverage and if biodiversity of molecularly sampled fungi and bacteria generally benefited from increasing bark cover. The community composition of fungi, wood-decaying fungi (subset of all fungi) and bacteria clearly separated between completely debarked, partly debarked and control trees. Bacterial species richness was higher on control trees than on either partly or completely debarked trees, whereas the species richness of all fungi did not differ. However, the species richness of wood-decaying fungi was higher on partially and completely debarked trees than on control trees. Deterministic assembly processes were most important in completely debarked trees, a pattern consistent for fungi and bacteria. Our findings suggest that human disturbances in forests shift the dominant assembly mechanism from stochastic to deterministic processes and thus alter the diversity of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.

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Keiblinger, K. M., T. Schneider, B. Roschitzki, E. Schmid, L. Eberl, I. Hämmerle, S. Leitner, et al. "Effects of stoichiometry and temperature perturbations on beech litter decomposition, enzyme activities and protein expression." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 11827–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-11827-2011.

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Abstract. Microbes are major players in leaf litter decomposition and therefore advances in the understanding of their control on element cycling are of paramount importance. Our aim was to investigate the influence of leaf litter stoichiometry in terms of carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) : phosphorus (P) on the decomposition process, and to follow changes in microbial community structure and function in response to temperature-stress treatments. To elucidate how the stoichiometry of beech litter (Fagus sylvatica L.) and stress treatments interactively affect the decomposition processes, a terrestrial microcosm experiment was conducted. Beech litter from different Austrian sites covering C:N ratios from 39 to 61 and C:P ratios from 666 to 1729 were incubated at 15 °C and 60% moisture for six months. Part of the microcosms were then subjected to severe changes in temperature (+30 °C and −15 °C) to monitor the influence of temperature stress. Extracellular enzyme activities were assayed and respiratory activities measured. A semi-quantitative metaproteomics approach (1D-SDS PAGE combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry; unique spectral counting) was employed to investigate the impact of the applied stress treatments in dependency of litter stoichiometry on structure and function of the decomposing community. In litter with narrow C:nutrient ratios microbial decomposers were most abundant. Cellulase, chitinase, phosphatase and protease activity decreased after heat and frost treatments. Decomposer communities and specific functions varied with site i.e. stoichiometry. The applied stress evoked strong changes of enzyme activities, dissolved organic nitrogen and litter pH. Freeze treatments resulted in a decline in residual plant litter material, and increased fungal abundance indicating slightly accelerated decomposition. Overall, we could detect a strong effect of litter stoichiometry on microbial community structure as well as function. Temperature perturbations resulted in short- to medium-term alterations of microbial function, especially heat blocked decomposing enzymes.

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Wang, Hang, Zhili He, Zhenmei Lu, Jizhong Zhou, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Xinhua Xu, and Zhijian Zhang. "Genetic Linkage of Soil Carbon Pools and Microbial Functions in Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands in Response to Experimental Warming." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (August 24, 2012): 7652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01602-12.

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ABSTRACTRising climate temperatures in the future are predicted to accelerate the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. A field microcosm experiment was carried out to examine the impact of soil warming in freshwater wetlands on different organic carbon (C) pools and associated microbial functional responses. GeoChip 4.0, a functional gene microarray, was used to determine microbial gene diversity and functional potential for C degradation. Experimental warming significantly increased soil pore water dissolved organic C and phosphorus (P) concentrations, leading to a higher potential for C emission and P export. Such losses of total organic C stored in soil could be traced back to the decomposition of recalcitrant organic C. Warming preferentially stimulated genes for degrading recalcitrant C over labile C. This was especially true for genes encoding cellobiase andmnpfor cellulose and lignin degradation, respectively. We confirmed this with warming-enhanced polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities for recalcitrant C acquisition and greater increases in recalcitrant C use efficiency than in labile C use efficiency (average percentage increases of 48% versus 28%, respectively). The relative abundance of lignin-degrading genes increased by 15% under warming; meanwhile, soil fungi, as the primary decomposers of lignin, were greater in abundance by 27%. This work suggests that future warming may enhance the potential for accelerated fungal decomposition of lignin-like compounds, leading to greater microbially mediated C losses than previously estimated in freshwater wetlands.

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SHINDE, RESHMA. "Isolation of lignocelluloses degrading microbes from soil and their screening based on qualitative analysis and enzymatic assays." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10174.

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Crop residues (CRs) composed of structurally complex lignocellulosic material which is resistant to degradation due to various biologically stable linkages present in it. Enhancing the process of its biological degradation using microbial strains capable of decomposing lignocellulose would not only solve the problem of CR disposal but also recycle the organic carbon, NPK and other plant nutrients back into the soil. This study was aimed at isolating and screening of the lignocellulose decomposing microbes from various sources such as crop residue incorporated soil, forest soil, soil near decaying wood, compost pit and dump yard. Total of 15 fungi and 6 bacteria were isolated in the form of pure colonies and screened for cellulose and lignin decomposing ability using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and tannic acid (TA) agar media on the basis of appearance of clear zone. Five fungal and two bacterial cultures identified as lignocellulose decomposers were further screened quantitatively for CMCase and filter paperase enzyme assay by standard protocols. Two fungal strains, identified as Trichoderma species and Aspergillus species showed significant enzymatic activity and can be utilized as a potential lignocellulose decomposer

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SHINDE, RESHMA. "Isolation of lignocelluloses degrading microbes from soil and their screening based on qualitative analysis and enzymatic assays." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10174.

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Crop residues (CRs) composed of structurally complex lignocellulosic material which is resistant to degradation due to various biologically stable linkages present in it. Enhancing the process of its biological degradation using microbial strains capable of decomposing lignocellulose would not only solve the problem of CR disposal but also recycle the organic carbon, NPK and other plant nutrients back into the soil. This study was aimed at isolating and screening of the lignocellulose decomposing microbes from various sources such as crop residue incorporated soil, forest soil, soil near decaying wood, compost pit and dump yard. Total of 15 fungi and 6 bacteria were isolated in the form of pure colonies and screened for cellulose and lignin decomposing ability using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and tannic acid (TA) agar media on the basis of appearance of clear zone. Five fungal and two bacterial cultures identified as lignocellulose decomposers were further screened quantitatively for CMCase and filter paperase enzyme assay by standard protocols. Two fungal strains, identified as Trichoderma species and Aspergillus species showed significant enzymatic activity and can be utilized as a potential lignocellulose decomposer.

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Pillai, Priyadarshini, M. Punitha, S. Ranjitha, R. Ragavi, G. Roopa, Ramla Ramla, and K. J. Sahana. "Effect of Arka microbial consortium on growth and germination percentage of French bean and Amaranthus seeds." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 7, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2020.708.003.

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Composting is an alternative for recycling biodegradable organic waste, transforming it into organic fertilizer that can be used as agricultural nutrients, avoiding its disposal in landfills. This study evaluated the composting of Jyoti Nivas college hostel kitchen waste using Arka Microbial Consortium, with a view to its applications on Germination percentage, Seed Vigour Index and plant growth parameters of French bean (Arka arjun) and Amaranthus (Arka arunima) seeds. Arka microbial consortium (AMC) is carrier based product which contain nitrogen fixing, potassium and zinc solubilizing plant growth promoting microbes used as decomposers. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design, with two treatments and three replicates. Assessments of plant growth parameters were performed and results suggest that using Arka Microbial Consortium with bio compost is suitable for better production French bean (Arka arjun) and Amaranthus (Arka arunima) seeds that may increase soil fertility and this integrated approach could be contributed to improve crop production.

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Sangwan, Vikramaditya, and Surinder Deswal. "In-situ management of paddy stubble through microbial biodegradation." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124103001.

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After the harvest of crop, the disposal of the rice stubbles remains a notable area of interest in all the growing areas of rice. The present review paper explores and highlights an effective strategy of decomposing the decomposers of the paddy stubble. Due to the increasing production of rice, there is an increase in rice crop residues and stubbles production. Conventional methods of management of paddy involve burning, surface retention, mulching, bailing, incorporation/amalgamation and direct removal. However, there are certain environmental challenges by using available agricultural implements. Thus, this current study demonstrates strategic management of the paddy crop residue for a sustainable environment. The developed eco-friendly methods will render new dimensions for the application of the post harvested residues. The review paper will be significant for sustainable management of the wastes of the paddy crop and hence strategic decomposition method, which will be beneficial for the society, farmers as well as the environment

Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial decomposers'

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