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Journal articles on the topic 'Microalgal bioreactor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Stiawan, Elva. "Evaluation of The Biochemical Contents in Guillard f/2 and Walne Growth Medium to Fulfill the Animal-Free Aspects of Microalgal Bioprocessing." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v1i2.16.

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Marine microalgae with their diverse biomolecule contents could be used as potential sources of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical ingredients. In accordance with regulations in some countries and to competitively engage huge numbers of consumers, microalgae-based products should be properly manufactured using non-animal-derived materials. As a cultivable microorganism using a scalable bioreactor technique, consideration of the origin of the material used in the upstream process of marine microalgae was inevitable. Currently, the material origin of chemical contents within common artificial microalgal seawater medium had not been evaluated. This article evaluated Guillard f/2 and Walne medium as common artificial microalgal nutrients used in marine microalgal bioprocess-related activities. The risk assessment results showed that the largest portion of Guillard f/2 and Walne media were inorganic salts considered as low, while the remaining biochemical contents of vitamins were categorized as high risk due to their relatively complex chemical synthesis and enzymatic stages during the manufacturing process. As a suggestion, several plant-based bioproducts were proposed as alternative sources to substitute related biochemical actions to fulfill non-animal-origin aspects in the initial stages of the bioprocessing of marine microalgal-based products.

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Nguyen, Luong N., Minh V. Truong, Anh Q. Nguyen, Md Abu Hasan Johir, Audrey S. Commault, Peter J. Ralph, Galilee U. Semblante, and Long D. Nghiem. "A sequential membrane bioreactor followed by a membrane microalgal reactor for nutrient removal and algal biomass production." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 1 (2020): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00851a.

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3

Orlando, Aliff Muhammad, Sulthan Rafii Ardiansyah, Arif Rahman, Nining Betawati Prihantini, and Nasruddin. "Effects of aeration intensity as agitation in simple photobioreactors on leptolyngbya (cyanobacteria) growth as biofuel feedstock." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702011.

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Indonesia known as a hotspot of biodiversity, including cyanobacteria biodiversity. One member of cyanobacteria (prokaryotic algae) is Leptolyngbya. Leptolyngbya HS-16 is an isolate that had been isolated from hot spring in Red Crater of Gunung Pancar, Sentul, Bogor. As mats-producing microalgae, this strain is a very promising source of Biofuel. Biofuel can be extracted from lipid of microalgal biomass. Bioreactor is a method to encourage the growth of microalgal biomass. To get a best result in growth, agitation must be done, to make sure every single cell of microalgae gets the adequate nutrition. The aeration on simple photobioreactors is set to high and low intensity. The high intensity of aerations average amount are 191 bubble/min, while the low intensity one are 117 bubble/min, with a device that could produce smaller bubble size to reduce the aeration-agitation effect. The research was done to acknowledge the effect of aeration intensity to Leptolygnbya HS-16.

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Morowvat, Mohammad H., and Younes Ghasemi. "Maximizing Biomass and Lipid Production in Heterotrophic Culture of Chlorella vulgaris: Techno-Economic Assessment." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 10, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666180911100034.

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Background: Nowadays, chlorophycean microalgae have attained a broad-spectrum attention as a potential candidate for biomass and bioenergy production. Despite their appreciated benefits, one of major problems is their low biomass and lipid productivity. Here we investigated the heterotrophic culture in shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactor to improve the lipid and biomass production in a naturally isolated strain of Chlorella vulgaris. Methods: A naturally isolated C. vulgaris strain was cultivated in BG-11 medium in shake flask and bioreactor. Its biochemical composition and growth kinetic parameters were investigated. Results: The biomass productivity was improved (3.68 fold) under heterotrophic culture compared to basal autotrophic culture condition in shake flask experiment. The total lipid content increased to 44% of total Dry Cell Weight (DCW) during heterotrophic growth after 21 days. Moreover, a great Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) yield was observed under heterotrophic cultivation. Total biomass and lipid content of microalgae in bioreactor experiment increased to 4.95 and 2.18 g L-1 respectively, during 5 days of the experiment compared to its basic autotrophic culture. Conclusion: The techno-economic aspects of exploiting C. vulgaris as a biodiesel feedstock werealso evaluated. The results imply that heterotrophic cultivation could compensate the low biomass productivity in microalgae for green energy production. Ever growing rates of established patents on application of various genetic and bioengineering-based methods have made it possible to achieve higher lipid contents with reduced total costs for microalgal biodiesel production as well.

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Vasilieva, Svetlana, Alexandr Lukyanov, Christina Antipova, Timofei Grigoriev, Elena Lobakova, Olga Chivkunova, Pavel Scherbakov, et al. "Interactive Effects of Ceftriaxone and Chitosan Immobilization on the Production of Arachidonic Acid by and the Microbiome of the Chlorophyte Lobosphaera sp. IPPAS C-2047." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (July 1, 2023): 10988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310988.

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Pharmaceuticals including antibiotics are among the hazardous micropollutants (HMP) of the environment. Incomplete degradation of the HMP leads to their persistence in water bodies causing a plethora of deleterious effects. Conventional wastewater treatment cannot remove HMP completely and a promising alternative comprises biotechnologies based on microalgae. The use of immobilized microalgae in environmental biotechnology is advantageous since immobilized cultures allow the recycling of the microalgal cells, support higher cell densities, and boost tolerance of microalgae to stresses including HMP. Here, we report on a comparative study of HMP (exemplified by the antibiotic ceftriaxone, CTA) removal by suspended and chitosan-immobilized cells of Lobosphaera sp. IPPAS C-2047 in flasks and in a column bioreactor. The removal of CTA added in the concentration of 20 mg/L was as high as 65% (in the flasks) or 85% (in the bioreactor). The adsorption on the carrier and abiotic oxidation were the main processes contributing 65–70% to the total CTA removal, while both suspended and immobilized cells took up 25–30% of CTA. Neither the immobilization nor CTA affected the accumulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) by Lobosphaera sp. during bioreactor tests but the subsequent nitrogen deprivation increased ARA accumulation 2.5 and 1.7 times in the suspended and chitosan-immobilized microalgae, respectively. The study of the Lobosphaera sp. microbiome revealed that the immobilization of chitosan rather than the CTA exposure was the main factor displacing the taxonomic composition of the microbiome. The possibility and limitations of the use of chitosan-immobilized Lobosphaera sp. IPPAS C-2047 for HMP removal coupled with the production of valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is discussed.

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Paik, Sang-Min, Sang-Jun Sim, and Noo Li Jeon. "Microfluidic perfusion bioreactor for optimization of microalgal lipid productivity." Bioresource Technology 233 (June 2017): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.050.

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7

Mori, K., H. Ohya, K. Matsumoto, and H. Furune. "Sunlight supply and gas exchange systems in microalgal bioreactor." Advances in Space Research 7, no. 4 (January 1987): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(87)90031-7.

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8

Surisetty, Kartik, Hector De la Hoz Siegler, William C. McCaffrey, and Amos Ben-Zvi. "Robust modeling of a microalgal heterotrophic fed-batch bioreactor." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 19 (October 2010): 5402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.06.008.

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9

Loomba, Varun, Eric von Lieres, and Gregor Huber. "How Do Operational and Design Parameters Effect Biomass Productivity in a Flat-Panel Photo-Bioreactor? A Computational Analysis." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081387.

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Optimal production of microalgae in photo-bioreactors (PBRs) largely depends on the amount of light intensity received by individual algal cells, which is affected by several operational and design factors. A key question is: which process parameters have the highest potential for the optimization of biomass productivity? This can be analyzed by simulating the complex interplay of PBR design, hydrodynamics, dynamic light exposure, and growth of algal cells. A workflow was established comprising the simulation of hydrodynamics in a flat-panel PBR using computational fluid dynamics, calculation of light irradiation inside the PBR, tracing the light exposure of individual cells over time, and calculation the algal growth and biomass productivity based on this light exposure. Different PBR designs leading to different flow profiles were compared, and operational parameters such as air inlet flowrate, microalgal concentration, and incident light intensity were varied to investigate their effect on PBR productivity. The design of internal structures and lighting had a significant effect on biomass productivity, whereas air inlet flowrate had a minimal effect. Microalgal concentration and incident light intensity controlled the amount of light intensity inside the PBR, thereby significantly affecting the overall productivity. For detailed quantitative insight into these dependencies, better parameterization of algal growth models is required.

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10

Metsoviti, Maria N., George Papapolymerou, Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis, and Nikolaos Katsoulas. "Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on Growth Rate and Composition of Chlorella vulgaris." Plants 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010031.

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In this research, the effect of solar irradiance on Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in open bioreactors under greenhouse conditions was investigated, as well as of ratio of light intensity in the 420–520 nm range to light in the 580–680 nm range (I420–520/I580–680) and of artificial irradiation provided by red and white LED lamps in a closed flat plate laboratory bioreactor on the growth rate and composition. The increase in solar irradiance led to faster growth rates (μexp) of C. vulgaris under both environmental conditions studied in the greenhouse (in June up to 0.33 d−1 and in September up to 0.29 d−1) and higher lipid content in microalgal biomass (in June up to 25.6% and in September up to 24.7%). In the experiments conducted in the closed bioreactor, as the ratio I420–520/I580–680 increased, the specific growth rate and the biomass, protein and lipid productivities increased as well. Additionally, the increase in light intensity with red and white LED lamps resulted in faster growth rates (the μexp increased up to 0.36 d−1) and higher lipid content (up to 22.2%), while the protein, fiber, ash and moisture content remained relatively constant. Overall, the trend in biomass, lipid, and protein productivities as a function of light intensity was similar in the two systems (greenhouse and bioreactor).

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11

R, Shrinidhi, Aboli Tashildar, Varsini S R, Krithika S, Rama Krishna Pudota, and Mythili Sathiavelu. "MICROALGAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND OIL EXTRACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 9 (January 1, 2022): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i09.018.

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Knowing the limitations caused by fossil fuels various researches are being conducted in search of a substitute fuel. One such substitute fuels are biodiesel. A microalgal feedstock is considered as the ideal third generation biodiesel as they are a highly efficient and sustainable source of fuel due to their high accumulation of lipid and are cultured without agricultural land or ecological landscapes, they help withglobal warming and treatment of wastewater. Even though they provide us with all these benefits, they pose various challenges. This review paper focuses on the important aspects of the production of biodiesel and addresses the challenges posed in the process. We discuss the process in detail from the efficient way to select the microalgal strain, effects of biotechnology and genetic engineering in improving the efficiency of the microalgae, the most efficient culture system and bioreactor used, and the optimum conditions that help the accumulation of the most amount of oil, detailed harvesting methods where both the physical, chemical, and biological methods are discussed in detail. The details of oil conversion to biodiesel by transesterification method followed by the recent developments to increase the oil production by the addition of nano-particles, advantages, and prospects have been discussed.

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12

Ekelhof, Alice, and Michael Melkonian. "Microalgal cultivation in porous substrate bioreactor for extracellular polysaccharide production." Journal of Applied Phycology 29, no. 3 (December 27, 2016): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-1038-6.

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13

Kuhfuß, Fabian, Veronika Gassenmeier, Sahar Deppe, George Ifrim, Tanja Hernández Rodríguez, and Björn Frahm. "View on a mechanistic model of Chlorella vulgaris in incubated shake flasks." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 45, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02627-2.

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Abstract Kinetic growth models are a useful tool for a better understanding of microalgal cultivation and for optimizing cultivation conditions. The evaluation of such models requires experimental data that is laborious to generate in bioreactor settings. The experimental shake flask setting used in this study allows to run 12 experiments at the same time, with 6 individual light intensities and light durations. This way, 54 biomass data sets were generated for the cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. To identify the model parameters, a stepwise parameter estimation procedure was applied. First, light-associated model parameters were estimated using additional measurements of local light intensities at differ heights within medium at different biomass concentrations. Next, substrate related model parameters were estimated, using experiments for which biomass and nitrate data were provided. Afterwards, growth-related model parameters were estimated by application of an extensive cross validation procedure. Graphic abstract

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14

Ying, Kezhen, Mahmood K. H. Al-Mashhadani, James O. Hanotu, Daniel J. Gilmour, and William B. Zimmerman. "Enhanced Mass Transfer in Microbubble Driven Airlift Bioreactor for Microalgal Culture." Engineering 05, no. 09 (2013): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.59088.

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15

Moniz, Patrícia, Daniela Martins, Ana Cristina Oliveira, Alberto Reis, and Teresa Lopes da Silva. "The Biorefinery of the Marine Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii as a Strategy to Valorize Microalgal Oil Fractions." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100502.

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Chrypthecodinium cohnii lipids have been almost exclusively used as a source of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Such an approach wastes the remaining microalgal lipid fraction. The present work presents a novel process to produce C. cohnii biomass, using low-cost industrial by-products (raw glycerol and corn steep liquor), in a 7L-bioreactor, under fed-batch regime. At the end of the fermentation, the biomass concentration reached 9.2 g/L and the lipid content and lipid average productivity attained 28.0% (w/w dry cell weight) and 13.6 mg/L h, respectively. Afterwards the microalgal biomass underwent a saponification reaction to produce fatty acid (FA) soaps, which were further converted into FA ethyl ester (FA EE). C. cohnii FA EE mixture was then fractionated, using the urea complexation method at different temperatures, in order to obtain a polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (PUFA EE) rich fraction, that could be used for food/pharmaceutical/cosmetic purposes, and a saturated fatty acid ethyl ester (SAT EE) rich fraction, which could be used as biodiesel. The temperature that promoted the best separation between PUFA and SAT EE, was −18 °C, resulting in a liquid fraction with 91.6% (w/w) DHA, and a solid phase with 88.2% of SAT and monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (MONOUNSAT), which could be used for biodiesel purposes after a hydrogenation step.

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Rawindran, Hemamalini, Jun Wei Lim, Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti, Leong Wai Hong, Ignatius Julian Dinshaw, Liew Chin Seng, Nurul Tasnim Binti Sahrin, Ratchaprapa Raksasat, and Fatima Musa Ardo. "Impact of Various Concentration of Phenol and p-Chlorophenol to the Microalgal Population in Wastewater." Caribbean Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 02 (2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55434/cbi.2022.20104.

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Microalgae based biological treatment aiding in nutrient reduction in wastewater has attained growing interest in the wastewater remediation industry. This study focuses on the degradation of phenol and p-chlorophenol by microalgae, NH4+-N reduction, biomass residue, and flocculation efficiency of the microalgae. The microalgae culture was utilized for testing with a phenol compound with several concentrations, i.e., 10, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L. To measure the degradation of concentration of the phenolic compound concentration in each bioreactor, the UV-VIS spectrometer is used. Consequently, NH4+-N,biomassresidue, and flocculation efficiency were measured by means of titrimetric method and UV-VIS spectroscopy. These testing were conducted within 0 hour to192 hours corresponding to eight days.

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Nadadoor, Venkat R., Hector De la Hoz Siegler, Sirish L. Shah, William C. McCaffrey, and Amos Ben-Zvi. "Online sensor for monitoring a microalgal bioreactor system using support vector regression." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 110, no. 1 (January 2012): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2011.09.007.

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18

Borja-Aragón, Jessica L., José A. Rodríguez-De la Garza, Leopoldo J. Ríos-González, Yolanda Garza- García, Mónica M. Rodríguez-Garza, and Silvia Y. Martínez-Amador. "Tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas empleando Chlorella vulgaris en un biorreactor airlift." Mexican journal of biotechnology 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2017.2.2.40.

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Se diseñó un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas empleando una cepa microalgal de Chlorella vulgaris en un biorreactor airlift, con la finalidad de tratar de remover algunos de los parámetros básicos que componen el agua residual entre los cuales se encuentran: Nitrógeno (N), Fosforo (P), Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO). Debido a que la presencia de estos nutrientes en muchos ambientes acuáticos pueden disminuir severamente los niveles de oxígeno y por consecuencia matar a los peces y otra fauna dependiente de oxígeno, dicho tratamiento consistió en operar el biorreactor airlift a flujo continuo, previamente inoculado con biomasa de C. vulgaris, en tres diferentes tiempos de retención hidráulica (TRH), dichos tiempos fueron de: 24, 36 y 48 h. Los resultados de remoción obtenidos de estos tratamientos fueron, 22.90%, 38.87% y 49.68% para DQO; 28.9%, 23.32%, 27.45% para N y 44.24%, 48.89%, 54.22% para P, para 24, 36 y 48 h respectivamente.

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19

Babaei, Azadeh, and Mohammad Reza Mehrnia. "Fouling in microalgal membrane bioreactor containing nitrate-enriched wastewater under different trophic conditions." Algal Research 36 (December 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.017.

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20

Alipourzadeh, Atefeh, Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Ahmad Hallaj Sani, and Azadeh Babaei. "Application of response surface methodology for investigation of membrane fouling behaviours in microalgal membrane bioreactor: the effect of aeration rate and biomass concentration." RSC Advances 6, no. 112 (2016): 111182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23188h.

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21

Zieliński, Marcin, Joanna Kazimierowicz, and Marcin Dębowski. "Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment—Technological Basics, Development Directions, and Technological Innovations." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010083.

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Anaerobic wastewater treatment is still a dynamically developing technology ensuring the effective degradation of organic compounds and biogas production. As evidenced in the large scale-up, this technological solution surpasses aerobic methods in many aspects. Its advantages stem from the feasibility of operation at a high organic load rate, the smaller production of difficult-to-manage sewage sludge, the smaller space and cubature required, and the high-methane biogas ultimately produced. The exploitation of anaerobic reactors is in line with the assumption of a circular economy, material recycling by reduced CO2 emissions and energy consumption, and the production of renewable energy. Despite their unquestionable advantages, there is still a need to seek novel approaches and improve the currently exploited installations. The key avenues of research entail improvements in the stability of bioreactor operations and the enhancement of bioreactor adaptability to changing and unfavorable process parameters. The versatility of such systems would also be greatly improved by increasing nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates. Attempts have been made to achieve these goals by setting up separate zones within bioreactors for the individual steps of methane fermentation, incorporating active fillings to promote nutrient removal, and introducing chemical and physical treatments. An interesting solution is also the use of microwave radiation to stimulate temperature conditions and induce non-thermal phenomena, such as enhancing the enzymatic activity of methanogenic microflora. Another prospective approach is to integrate digesters into microalgal biomass production systems. The aim of this review paper is to present the thus-far technological knowledge about anaerobic wastewater treatment, including standard solutions and innovative ones, the effectiveness of which has been corroborated in pilot-scale installations.

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dos Santos, Aline Meireles, Alberto Meireles dos Santos, Rafaela Basso Sartori,, Leila Zepka Queiroz, and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes. "Influence of poultry and swine blood shocks on the performance of microalgal heterotrophic bioreactor." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 114 (2018): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22359.

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23

Yoo, Sung Jin, Se-Kyu Oh, and Jong Min Lee. "Sensitivity Analysis with Optimal Input Design and Model Predictive Control for Microalgal Bioreactor Systems." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2013.51.1.87.

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Yoo, Sung Jin, Se-Kyu Oh, and Jong Min Lee. "Sensitivity analysis with optimal input design and model predictive control for microalgal bioreactor systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 15 (2012): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120710-4-sg-2026.00102.

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25

Ding, Yu-Dong, Sha Zhao, Xun Zhu, Qiang Liao, Qian Fu, and Yun Huang. "Dynamic behaviour of the CO2 bubble in a bubble column bioreactor for microalgal cultivation." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18, no. 7 (May 3, 2016): 2039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1189-9.

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26

Shcheglov, G. А. "Changes of inorganic nitrogen compounds concentration in a mining enterprise wastewater by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris." Vestnik MGTU 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2023-26-2-191-199.

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Wastewater contamination by nitrogen compounds is a serious problem for the mining, industrial and utility companies. Nitrogen can enter quarry effluent when explosives containing ammonium nitrate are used in blasting operations. This nitrogen pollution of water leads to environmental damage and human disease, companies that exceed the legal limits for nitrogen pollution are subject to fines. Nitrogen is removed from wastewater by biological methods, but their efficiency is low in the Northern regions of Russia due to climatic factors that hinder the vital activity of organisms. Therefore, it is essential to develop wastewater treatment technologies for the removal of nitrogen compounds. This study focuses on the ability of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to absorb and utilize various inorganic nitrogen compounds in mining effluents using the example of effluents from the "Karelsky Okatysh" mine and tailings dam (Kostomuksha, Republic of Karelia). Concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in water and microalgal biomass in water samples have been investigated. A novelty of the study is the evaluation of pollutant concentrations in parallel experiments with different cultivation conditions. It has been found that when Chlorella vulgaris is cultivated at 26 °C, aeration and artificial light, the concentration of ammonium decreases. These results show the promising application of bioreactor technologies for the treatment of ammonium polluted wastewater.

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Husainy, Avesahemad S. N., Omkar S. Chougule, Prathamesh U. Jadhav, Samir N. Momin, and Sanmesh S. Shinde. "Review on Smart Algae Bio Panel and its Growth Forecasting Using Machine Learning." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3628.

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The world is facing major issues associated with the reliance on fossil fuels for energy supply, including rising prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and the risk of depletion. Various technologies have been developed for fixing carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming. Biological fixation using photosynthetic microalgae cultured on a large scale is a promising method. In this method, carbon should be either wholly stored in the algal biomass or substituted for fossil fuel. Algal biomass can be degraded to carbon dioxide or methane, which is released to the atmosphere. The use of microalgae as a sustainable source of renewable energy and biofuels has garnered significant attention in recent years. One of the advantages of microalgae is their ability to accumulate high levels of lipids, making them a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Moreover, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land and can be grown using alternative water sources such as seawater, which further enhances their potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source. A photo bioreactor (PBR) is essential equipment for microalgal photosynthetic fixation of CO2. A PBR system implemented in a smart bio panel utilizes algae to trap sunlight energy and convert it into electricity, while also generating biomass as a by-product and acting as a CO2 scrubber. To make the system smart, machine learning algorithms were implemented to monitor and predict the growth rate of the algae Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used to predict the growth behavior of the microalgae, and the results showed that the SVM-based model can predict the growth rate of microalgae with a correlation coefficient of 90 percent. Microalgae biomass production heavily relies on photosynthesis, which only utilizes a small portion of the solar energy, mainly in the blue and red wavelengths. However, in traditional microalgae cultivation, the unused portion of the solar spectrum heats up the algae ponds and causes water evaporation, leading to increased salinity, especially in hot and semi-arid locations.

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Meireles, Luís A., A. Catarina Guedes, Catarina R. Barbosa, José L. Azevedo, João P. Cunha, and F. Xavier Malcata. "On-line control of light intensity in a microalgal bioreactor using a novel automatic system." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 42, no. 7 (June 2008): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.12.002.

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Hirata, Satoshi, Masahito Taya, Setsuji Tone, and Masao Hayashitani. "Development of a Bioreactor Equipped with Sunlight-Collection Device for Photoautotrophic Culture of Microalgal Cells." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 23, no. 3 (1997): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.23.331.

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30

Najafi Chaleshtori, Saleh, Mehrdad Shamskilani, Azadeh Babaei, and Masoomeh Behrang. "Municipal wastewater treatment and fouling in microalgal-activated sludge membrane bioreactor: Cultivation in raw and treated wastewater." Journal of Water Process Engineering 49 (October 2022): 103069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103069.

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Ren, Hong-Yu, Fanying Kong, Zhigang Cui, Lei Zhao, Jun Ma, Nan-Qi Ren, and Bing-Feng Liu. "Cogeneration of hydrogen and lipid from stimulated food waste in an integrated dark fermentative and microalgal bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 287 (September 2019): 121468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121468.

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Ashadullah, A. K. M., Md Shafiquzzaman, Husnain Haider, Mohammad Alresheedi, Mohammad Shafiul Azam, and Abdul Razzaq Ghumman. "Wastewater treatment by microalgal membrane bioreactor: Evaluating the effect of organic loading rate and hydraulic residence time." Journal of Environmental Management 278 (January 2021): 111548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111548.

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Wang, Yunhua, Hongyu Zhao, Xianming Liu, Wang Lin, Youwei Jiang, Jianfeng Li, Qian Zhang, and Guoxia Zheng. "An integrated digital microfluidic bioreactor for fully automatic screening of microalgal growth and stress‐induced lipid accumulation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 118, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.27570.

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Ye, Qing, Jun Cheng, Zongbo Yang, Weijuan Yang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Improving microalgal growth by strengthening the flashing light effect simulated with computational fluid dynamics in a panel bioreactor with horizontal baffles." RSC Advances 8, no. 34 (2018): 18828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02863j.

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AL-Mashhadani, Mahmood Khazzal Hummadi, and Entisar Mohsin Khudhair. "Cultivation of Chlorella Vulgaris Using Airlift Photobioreactor Sparged with 5%CO 2 -Air as a Biofixing Process." Journal of Engineering 23, no. 4 (March 31, 2017): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.04.02.

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The present paper addresses cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using airlift photobioreactor that sparged with 5% CO 2 /air. The experimental data were compared with that obtained from bioreactor aerated with air and unsparged bioreactor. The results showed that the concentration of biomass is 0.36 g l -1 in sparged bioreactor with CO2/air, while, the concentration of biomass reached to 0.069 g l -1 in the unsparged bioreactor. They showed also that aerated ioreactor.with CO2/air gives more biomass production even the bioreactor was aerated with air. This study proved that application of sparging system for ultivation of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using either CO2/air mixture or air has a significant growth rate, since the bioreactors become more thermodynamically favorable and provide impetus for a higher level of production. biofixing process

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Granata, Tim. "Dependency of Microalgal Production on Biomass and the Relationship to Yield and Bioreactor Scale-up for Biofuels: a Statistical Analysis of 60+ Years of Algal Bioreactor Data." BioEnergy Research 10, no. 1 (August 19, 2016): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9787-2.

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Koruyucu, Ayşe, Karlis Blums, Tillmann Peest, Laura Schmack-Rauscher, Thomas Brück, and Dirk Weuster-Botz. "High-Cell-Density Yeast Oil Production with Diluted Substrates Imitating Microalgae Hydrolysate Using a Membrane Bioreactor." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041757.

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Microbial oil production from industrial waste streams and biogenic resources, such as biomass hydrolysates, is emerging as a sustainable alternative to use of fossil and vegetable oils. However, the carbon sources of these substrates are typically diluted, leading to low product concentrations and, therefore, high fermentation and downstream processing costs. In this study, high-cell-density yeast oil production with a defined medium, which imitated the sugar composition of a diluted substrate, a typical microalgal biomass hydrolysate, is carried out on a 50 L scale using a membrane bioreactor (MBR) consisting of a microfiltration unit suited for industrial application. The process was run on a semi-continuous mode to reduce operational costs. Oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus was used as a biocatalyst and lipid production was induced by phosphate deficiency in the medium with a C/P ratio of 3515 g g−1. In this way, high cellular lipid contents of up to 76.5% (w/w) of dry cell mass, an average lipid yield of 32% (w/w), and a lipid space–time yield (STY) of up to 8.88 g L−1 d−1 were achieved with final high cell densities of up to 116 g L−1 dry biomass. Furthermore, use of a defined medium and elemental analysis of the yeast cells and yeast oil enabled drawing an accurate carbon mass balance of the production system. Carbon conversion efficiencies—fraction of total carbon supplied in the form of sugars converted into lipids at the end of the process—of up to 61.5% were achieved from diluted substrates using the MBR with total cell retention. Considering these results, it is concluded that utilization of an MBR on a semi-continuous mode would be very reasonable for yeast oil production, enabling high productivities with diluted sugar substrates.

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Babaei, Azadeh, Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Jalal Shayegan, and Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh. "Comparison of different trophic cultivations in microalgal membrane bioreactor containing N-riched wastewater for simultaneous nutrient removal and biomass production." Process Biochemistry 51, no. 10 (October 2016): 1568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.011.

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Lytkina, L. I., E. S. Shentsova, D. V. Koptev, and N. Yu Sitnikov. "The bioreactor with use of impeller mixers for cultivation of biomass of microalgas." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-32-35.

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Cultivation of microalgas gains popularity in the different countries in recent years. As a result of such intensive development of production the extensive experience in constructioning of various types of bioreactors was gained. The bioreactor for cultivation of microalgas having the cylindrical housing divided by horizontal partitions into sections for input and output of cultural liquid and additional section with an internal specular surface, the bubble device and gate stirrers fixed on blades, the rigidly bound to shaft is developed. Planetary rotation of gate stirrers concerning a shaft creates additional turbulization of the environment, provides alignment of concentration of cells of biomass, prevents emergence of hold-up spots, a premature deposition of cages of culture on the bottom of the device and increases efficiency of cultivation of microalgas. In the main section suspension of a microalga is exposed to the uniform light energy by means of coaxially established filament lamp of a daylight and to reflection of light from an internal specular surface of a housing. In the course of irradiating the filament lamp distinguishes warmth which is compensated by supply of the cooling air the Main difference from other bioreactors the impeller mixer fixed to a shaft in the bottom of a housing, preventing stratifying of the biomass pulp leaving more heavy is obespechivashchy full circulation of cultural liquid in the bottom of the device as in the horizontal, and vertical planes, at minimum mechanical energy consumptions. This device allows to create additional turbulization of the environment, to provide the uniform aeration, decrease in a power consumption on supply of steam-and-gas mixture in a collector, to prevent formation of "stagnant" zones in the bottom of the device.

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Huang, Yun, Sha Zhao, Yu-dong Ding, Qiang Liao, Yong Huang, and Xun Zhu. "Optimizing the gas distributor based on CO2 bubble dynamic behaviors to improve microalgal biomass production in an air-lift photo-bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 233 (June 2017): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.071.

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Cheng, Jun, Junchen Xu, Hongxiang Lu, Qing Ye, Jianzhong Liu, and Junhu Zhou. "Generating cycle flow between dark and light zones with double paddlewheels to improve microalgal growth in a flat plate photo-bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 261 (August 2018): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.022.

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Chao, Zhu, Xu Jingru, Momina Ahmad, Bushra Zia Khan, Hao Yongyong, Ma Hongrui, and Zarak Mahmood. "Facile approach for nanoconfinement of multilayer graphene oxide with polyether polyurethane sponge as biological carrier for the establishment of microalgal-bacterial bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 378 (June 2023): 128997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128997.

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43

Morais, Etiele G., Nathana L. Cristofoli, Inês B. Maia, Tânia Magina, Paulo R. Cerqueira, Margarida Ribau Teixeira, João Varela, Luísa Barreira, and Luísa Gouveia. "Microalgal Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Technological Trends and Challenges towards Waste Recovery." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238112.

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Wastewater (WW) treatment using microalgae has become a growing trend due the economic and environmental benefits of the process. As microalgae need CO2, nitrogen, and phosphorus to grow, they remove these potential pollutants from wastewaters, making them able to replace energetically expensive treatment steps in conventional WW treatment. Unlike traditional sludge, biomass can be used to produce biofuels, biofertilizers, high value chemicals, and even next-generation growth media for “organically” grown microalgal biomass targeting zero-waste policies and contributing to a more sustainable circular bioeconomy. The main challenge in this technology is the techno-economic feasibility of the system. Alternatives such as the isolation of novel strains, the use of native consortia, and the design of new bioreactors have been studied to overcome this and aid the scale-up of microalgal systems. This review focuses on the treatment of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters by microalgae and their ability to not only remove, but also promote the reuse, of those pollutants. Opportunities and future prospects are discussed, including the upgrading of the produced biomass into valuable compounds, mainly biofuels.

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Kazimierowicz, Joanna, Marcin Dębowski, and Marcin Zieliński. "Taxonomic Structure Evolution, Chemical Composition and Anaerobic Digestibility of Microalgae-Bacterial Granular Sludge (M-BGS) Grown during Treatment of Digestate." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021098.

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The liquid fraction from the dewatering of digested sewage sludge (LF-DSS) represents a major processing complication for wastewater treatment facilities, thus necessitating new and effective methods of LF-DSS neutralization. This pilot-scale study examined the evolution of a Chlorella sp. monoculture into microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (M-BGS) during treatment of LF-DSS in a hybrid photo-bioreactor (H-PBR). The M-BGS reached a stable taxonomic and morphological structure after 60 days of H-PBR operation. The biomass was primarily composed of Chlorella sp., Microthrix parvicella, and type 1851 and 1701 filamentous bacteria. A greater abundance of bacteria led to a faster-growing M-BGS biomass (to a level of 4800 ± 503 mgTS/dm3), as well as improved TOC and COD removal from the LF-DSS (88.2 ± 7.2% and 84.1 ± 5.1%). The efficiency of N/P removal was comparable, since regardless of the composition and concentration of biomass, it ranged from 68.9 ± 3.1% to 71.3 ± 3.1% for N and from 54.2 ± 4.1% to 56, 2 ± 4.6% for P. As the M-BGS taxonomic structure evolved and the C/N ratio improved, so did the anaerobic digestion (AD) performance. Biogas yield from the M-BGS peaked at 531 ± 38 cm3/gVS (methane fraction = 66.2 ± 2.7%). It was found that final effects of AD were also strongly correlated with the N and TOC content in the substrate and pH value. A mature M-BGS significantly improved settleability and separability through filtration.

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Kabaivanova, Lyudmila, Juliana Ivanova, Elena Chorukova, Veneren Hubenov, Lilyana Nacheva, and Ivan Simeonov. "Algal Biomass Accumulation in Waste Digestate after Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120715.

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Cultivation of microalgae in waste digestate is a promising cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for algal biomass accumulation and valuable product production. Two different digestates obtained as by-products of the anaerobic fermentation at 35 °C and 55 °C of wheat straw as a renewable source for biogas production in laboratory-scale bioreactors were tested as cultivation media for microalgae after pretreatment with active carbon for clarification. The strains of microalgae involved were the red marine microalga Porphyridium cruentum, which reached 4.7 mg/mL dry matter when grown in thermophilic digestate and green freshwater microalga-Scenedesmus acutus, whose growth was the highest—7.3 mg/mL in the mesophilic digestate. During cultivation, algae reduced the available nutrient components in the liquid digestate at the expense of increasing their biomass. This biomass can find further applications in cosmetics, pharmacy, and feed. The nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from both digestates during algae cultivation was monitored and modeled. The results led to the idea of nonlinear dynamic approximations with an exponential character. The purpose was to develop relatively simple nonlinear dynamic models based on available experimental data, as knowing the mechanisms of the considered processes can permit creating protocols for industrial-scale algal production toward obtaining economically valuable products from microalgae grown in organic waste digestate.

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Yang, Zongbo, Jun Cheng, Xiaodan Xu, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Enhanced solution velocity between dark and light areas with horizontal tubes and triangular prism baffles to improve microalgal growth in a flat-panel photo-bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 211 (July 2016): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.145.

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Moniz, Patrícia, Carla Silva, Ana Cristina Oliveira, Alberto Reis, and Teresa Lopes da Silva. "Raw Glycerol Based Medium for DHA and Lipids Production, Using the Marine Heterotrophic Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112005.

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Crude glycerol, a biodiesel industry byproduct, and corn steep liquor (CSL) derived from a starch industry, were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for lipid production, using the heterotrophic microalga C. cohnii grown in a bench bioreactor, in a batch culture. The maximum biomass concentration, lipid content and lipid productivity attained were 5.34 g/L, 24.6% (w/w Dry Cell Weight-DCW) and 0.016 g L−1 h−1, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the impact of these substrates on the microalgae cells. A high proportion of intact cells with enzymatic (esterases) activity (>50%) was present throughout the cultivation time course. These results indicate that crude glycerol and CSL can be used in the medium formulation for DHA and lipid production using this microalga, which reduce the process costs in an expected maximum of 84%.

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Bolaños-Martínez, Omayra C., Ganesan Mahendran, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza, and Sornkanok Vimolmangkang. "Current Status and Perspective on the Use of Viral-Based Vectors in Eukaryotic Microalgae." Marine Drugs 20, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20070434.

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During the last two decades, microalgae have attracted increasing interest, both commercially and scientifically. Commercial potential involves utilizing valuable natural compounds, including carotenoids, polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are widely applicable in food, biofuel, and pharmaceutical industries. Conversely, scientific potential focuses on bioreactors for producing recombinant proteins and developing viable technologies to significantly increase the yield and harvest periods. Here, viral-based vectors and transient expression strategies have significantly contributed to improving plant biotechnology. We present an updated outlook covering microalgal biotechnology for pharmaceutical application, transformation techniques for generating recombinant proteins, and genetic engineering tactics for viral-based vector construction. Challenges in industrial application are also discussed.

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Mohammadivahidi, Nafiseh. "To Reduce the Annoying Light with Microalgae Window." Innovation in Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (March 2023): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/ist.2023.03.02.

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Aims: Improving energy efficiency and creating the quality of the indoor environment in buildings by using environmentally friendly energy sources instead of using fossil fuels that are impossible to recycle and cause environmental pollution is very important. The use of an algal facade system that generates energy sources through building components can be suggested as one of the new efficient alternatives to solve this system. Methods: Microalgae are a type of living microorganism that is in the simplest form of a plant sample and mainly single-celled. Compared to other plant species, these organisms have a very high ability to absorb air pollution due to the high surface-to-volume ratio. By absorbing carbon dioxide from air or water during photosynthesis, they produce about 60 to 75 percent of the oxygen needed by humans and animals, which is 10 times more than a mature tree and photosynthetic grass. Findings: In this research, in the first stage, based on valid scientific articles and library studies, new information is collected and produced, and then the behaviour of microalgae bioreactors is investigated and the possibility of replacing old panels with bioreactors is investigated. Conclusion: The use of alternative energy due to the reduction of energy resources and no destruction of the environment, and the use of environmentally friendly energy using microalgae, in addition to producing the required oxygen, by adding bioreactor panels as an additional view the building has been designed to create privacy and proper view of the building facade.

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Choi, Hee-Jeong. "Efficiency of Nutrient Removal and Biomass Productivity in The Wastewater by Microalgae Membrane Bioreactor Process." Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 30, no. 4 (July 30, 2014): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15681/kswe.2014.30.4.386.

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