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Journal articles on the topic 'Microactuators ( Design and construction)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Osman, Salah Eldeen, and Musaab Zarog. "Optimized V-Shaped Beam Micro-Electrothermal Actuator Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Technique." Micro and Nanosystems 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876402911666190208162346.

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Background: Electrothermal microactuators are very promising for wide range of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) applications due to the low voltage requirement and large force produced. Method: A new optimized V-beam electrothermal micro actuator was implemented in variable optical attenuator. In this work, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is proposed to design the Vshaped beam. Result: The approach has successfully improved both angular displacement & output force of the microactuator. Entropy generation rate was used as optimization criteria.

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2

Lao, Zhaoxin, Neng Xia, Shijie Wang, Tiantian Xu, Xinyu Wu, and Li Zhang. "Tethered and Untethered 3D Microactuators Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization: A Review." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040465.

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Microactuators, which can transform external stimuli into mechanical motion at microscale, have attracted extensive attention because they can be used to construct microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and/or microrobots, resulting in extensive applications in a large number of fields such as noninvasive surgery, targeted delivery, and biomedical machines. In contrast to classical 2D MEMS devices, 3D microactuators provide a new platform for the research of stimuli-responsive functional devices. However, traditional planar processing techniques based on photolithography are inadequate in the construction of 3D microstructures. To solve this issue, researchers have proposed many strategies, among which 3D laser printing is becoming a prospective technique to create smart devices at the microscale because of its versatility, adjustability, and flexibility. Here, we review the recent progress in stimulus-responsive 3D microactuators fabricated with 3D laser printing depending on different stimuli. Then, an outlook of the design, fabrication, control, and applications of 3D laser-printed microactuators is propounded with the goal of providing a reference for related research.

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3

Bonciani, Giovanni, Gaetano Biancucci, Simona Fioravanti, Vagif Valiyev, and Antonello Binni. "Learning Micromanipulation, Part 2: Term Projects in Practice." Actuators 7, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act7030056.

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This paper describes the activities that have been necessary to design, fabricate, control and test some low-cost test stands independently developed by the students enrolled in the course of Micro-Nano sensors and actuators for the postgraduate course in Industrial Nanotechnologies Engineering of the University of Rome La Sapienza. The construction and use of these test stands are an essential part of teaching and learning methods whose theoretical bases have been presented in the companion paper (Part 1). Each test stand is composed of a compliant structure and a control system, which consists of a programmable control micro-card equipped with sensors and actuators. The compliant structure consists of a compliant mechanism whose geometry is achieved by scaling some previously developed silicon micromanipuators and microactuators up to the macroscale by a factor of 20. This macroscale model offered a kinesthetic tool to improve the understanding of the original microsystems and their working principles. The original silicon micromechanisms have been previously presented in the literature by the research group after design and deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) microfabrication. Scaling from micro to macro size was quite easy because the original DRIE masks were bestowed to the students in the form of CAD files. The samples at the macroscale have been fabricated by means of recently available low-cost 3D printers after some necessary modifications of the mask geometry. The purpose of the whole work (Parts 1 and 2) was the improvement of the efficiency of an educational process in the field of microsystem science. By combining the two companion papers, concerning, respectively, the theoretical basis of the teaching methods and the students’ achievements, it is possible to conclude that, in a given class, there may be some preferred activities that are more efficient than others in terms of advancements and satisfaction.

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4

Ishida, A., M. Sato, W. Yoshikawa, and O. Tabata. "Graphical design for thin-film SMA microactuators." Smart Materials and Structures 16, no. 5 (August 8, 2007): 1672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/16/5/020.

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5

Karbasi, Seyed Majid, Mahnaz Shamshirsaz, Mahyar Naraghi, and Mohammad Maroufi. "Optimal design analysis of electrothermally driven microactuators." Microsystem Technologies 16, no. 7 (December 18, 2009): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-009-0959-2.

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6

Nami, Z., C. H. Ahn, and M. G. Allen. "An energy-based design criterion for magnetic microactuators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/6/3/006.

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7

Nami, Z., C. H. Ahn, and M. G. Allen. "An energy-based design criterion for magnetic microactuators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/6/4/012.

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8

DeVoe, D. L., and A. P. Pisano. "Modeling and optimal design of piezoelectric cantilever microactuators." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 6, no. 3 (1997): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/84.623116.

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9

Najar, F., S. Choura, S. El-Borgi, E. M. Abdel-Rahman, and A. H. Nayfeh. "Modeling and design of variable-geometry electrostatic microactuators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 15, no. 3 (December 17, 2004): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/15/3/001.

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10

Chandel, Rajeevan, and Ashwani Kumar. "Design and Development of Dielectric based Electrostatic Microactuators." IETE Journal of Research 46, no. 4 (July 2000): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2000.11416165.

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11

Chereches, R., P. Di Barba, V. Topa, M. Purcar, and S. Wiak. "Optimal shape design of electrostatic microactuators: A multiobjective formulation." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 43, no. 1-2 (August 9, 2013): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-131710.

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12

Baglio, S., S. Castorina, L. Fortuna, and N. Savalli. "Modeling and design of novel photo-thermo-mechanical microactuators." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 101, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(02)00200-5.

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13

Qian, Jin, and Ya-Pu Zhao. "Materials selection in mechanical design for microsensors and microactuators." Materials & Design 23, no. 7 (October 2002): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(02)00051-1.

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14

Robbins, W. P., D. L. Polla, T. Tamagawa, D. E. Glumac, and W. Tjhen. "Design of linear-motion microactuators using piezoelectric thin films." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 1, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/1/4/006.

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15

Fu, Yao, Erol C. Harvey, Muralidhar K. Ghantasala, and Geoff M. Spinks. "Design, fabrication and testing of piezoelectric polymer PVDF microactuators." Smart Materials and Structures 15, no. 1 (December 13, 2005): S141—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/15/1/023.

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16

Fu, JianYu, DaPeng Chen, TianChun Ye, BinBin Jiao, and Yi Ou. "Modeling and optimal design of multilayer thermal cantilever microactuators." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52, no. 5 (December 8, 2008): 1167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-008-0340-1.

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17

Seigner, Lena, Georgino Kaleng Tshikwand, Frank Wendler, and Manfred Kohl. "Bi-Directional Origami-Inspired SMA Folding Microactuator." Actuators 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10080181.

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We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of single and antagonistic SMA microactuators allowing for uni- and bi-directional self-folding of origami-inspired devices, respectively. Test devices consist of two triangular tiles that are interconnected by double-beam-shaped SMA microactuators fabricated from thin SMA foils of 20 µm thickness with memory shapes set to a 180° folding angle. Bi-directional self-folding is achieved by combining two counteracting SMA microactuators. We present a macromodel to describe the engineering stress–strain characteristics of the SMA foil and to perform FEM simulations on the characteristics of self-folding and the corresponding local evolution of phase transformation. Experiments on single-SMA microactuators demonstrate the uni-directional self-folding and tunability of bending angles up to 180°. The finite element simulations qualitatively describe the main features of the observed torque-folding angle characteristics and provide further insights into the angular dependence of the local profiles of the stress and martensite phase fraction. The first antagonistic SMA microactuators reveal bi-directional self-folding in the range of −44° to +40°, which remains well below the predicted limit of ±100°.

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18

Chang, Peizen, Chienliu Chang, and Kaihsiang Yen. "Design of Microelectrode Arrays for Electrostatic Microactuators and Capacitive Microsensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 9, no. 2 (February 1998): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9800900203.

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19

Hirano, T., T. Furuhata, K. J. Gabriel, and H. Fujita. "Design, fabrication, and operation of submicron gap comb-drive microactuators." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/84.128056.

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20

Long-Sheng Fan. "Design and fabrication of microactuators for high density data storage." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, no. 3 (May 1996): 1855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.492877.

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21

El Khoury Moussa, Roba, Mathieu Grossard, Mehdi Boukallel, Arnaud Hubert, and Nicolas Chaillet. "Optimal observability-based modelling, design and characterization of piezoelectric microactuators." Smart Materials and Structures 22, no. 7 (June 21, 2013): 075036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/7/075036.

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22

Herr, Christiane M. "Design Is Construction, Construction Is Design." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2019): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.11.007.

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23

Aggour, Khaled A., and Lijie Li. "Design and simulation of a high power CMOS driver for microactuators." Procedia Engineering 25 (2011): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.317.

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24

Huajun Fang, Litian Liu, and Tianling Ren. "Modeling and design optimization of large-deflection piezoelectric folded cantilever microactuators." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 53, no. 1 (January 2006): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2006.1588409.

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25

Enikov, E. T., S. S. Kedar, and K. V. Lazarov. "Analytical model for analysis and design of V-shaped thermal microactuators." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 14, no. 4 (August 2005): 788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2005.845449.

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26

Clausi, Donato, Henrik Gradin, Stefan Braun, Jan Peirs, Göran Stemme, Dominiek Reynaerts, and Wouter van der Wijngaart. "Design and Wafer-Level Fabrication of SMA Wire Microactuators on Silicon." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 19, no. 4 (August 2010): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2010.2049474.

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27

Zhao, Xiaopeng, and Harry Dankowicz. "Control of Impact Microactuators for Precise Positioning." Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1951781.

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Electrically driven impact microactuators generate nanoscale displacements without large driving distances and high voltages. These systems exhibit complex dynamics because of inherent nonlinearities due to impacts, friction, and electric forces. As a result, dramatic changes in system behavior, associated with so-called grazing bifurcations, may occur during the transition between impacting and nonimpacting dynamics, including the presence of robust chaos. For successful open-loop operating conditions, the system design is limited to certain parameter regions, where desired system responses reside. The objective of this paper is to overcome this limitation to allow for a more precise displacement manipulation using impact microactuators. This is achieved through a closed-loop feedback scheme that successfully controls the system dynamics in the near-grazing region.

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28

Długosz, Adam, Paweł Jarosz, and Tomasz Schlieter. "Optimal Design of Electrothermal Microactuators for Many Criteria by Means of an Immune Game Theory Multiobjective Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214654.

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The paper presents the application of the IMGAMO (immune game theory multiobective algorithm) in the optimal design of electrothermal microactuators. Several numerical tests on the mathematical benchmark test functions were performed, showing the superiority of the IMGAMO, when a large number of criteria are considered, in comparison to other multiobjective optimizers. A parametric numerical model of an electrothermal microactuaror was developed and verified. Six functionals, which depend on various thermal and mechanical quantities of the microactuator, were proposed, formulated and numerically implemented. These functionals represent real requirements asked of microactuators. The boundary-value problem of an electro-thermo-mechanical field was solved multiple times during the course of optimization by way of the finite element method (FEM). A numerical example of multiobjective optimization of chevron-type electrothermal actuators is included in the paper. Representation of the multi-dimensional Pareto fronts by means of scatter plot matrices, aided by self-organizing maps (SOMs), is presented. The novel method of selecting interesting, compromise-solutions is proposed and described.

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29

Solomon, John T., Kyran Caines, Chitra R. Nayak, Michael Jones, and David Alexander. "Design and Characterization of Nozzle-Injection Assemblies Integrated with High-Frequency Microactuators." AIAA Journal 56, no. 9 (September 2018): 3436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j056642.

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30

Vartholomeos, Panagiotis, and Evangelos Papadopoulos. "Dynamics, Design and Simulation of a Novel Microrobotic Platform Employing Vibration Microactuators." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 1 (November 15, 2005): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168472.

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This paper presents the analysis, design, and simulation of a novel microrobotic platform that is able to perform translational and rotational sliding with submicrometer positioning accuracy and develop velocities up to 1.5mm∕s. The platform actuation system is novel and based on centripetal forces generated by vibration micromotors. The motion principle is discussed in detail, and the dynamic model of the platform and of its actuation system is developed. Analytical expressions for the distinct modes of operation of the platform are derived and used to provide system design guidelines. Simulations are performed that verify the analytical results, demonstrate the platform capabilities, and examine its transient response. The microrobot design is simple, compact, and of low cost. In addition, the energy supply of the mechanism can be accomplished in an untethered mode using simple means, such as single-cell batteries.

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31

Chin Kwan Thum, Chunling Du, Jingliang Zhang, Kim Piew Tan, B. M. Chen, and Eng Hong Ong. "Servo Control Design for a High TPI Servo Track Writer With Microactuators." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 9 (September 2008): 2227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2000507.

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32

Salehi, M., M. Hamedi, H. Salmani Nohouji, and J. Arghavani. "Mechanical properties identification and design optimization of nitinol shape memory alloy microactuators." Smart Materials and Structures 23, no. 2 (December 13, 2013): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/2/025001.

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33

Hsu, Ming-Hung. "Dynamic Analysis of Electrostatic Microactuators Using the Differential Quadrature Method." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2011 (August 2, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/576079.

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This work studies the dynamic behavior of electrostatic actuators using finite-element package software (FEMLAB) and differential quadrature method. The differential quadrature technique is used to transform partial differential equations into a discrete eigenvalue problem. Numerical results indicate that length, width, and thickness significantly impact the frequencies of the electrostatic actuators. The thickness could not affect markedly the electrostatic actuator capacities. The effects of varying actuator length, width, and thickness on the dynamic behavior and actuator capacities in electrostatic actuator systems are investigated. The differential quadrature method is an efficient differential equation solver.

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34

Solomon, John T., Chase Foster, and Farrukh S. Alvi. "Design and Characterization of High-Bandwidth, Resonance Enhanced Pulsed Microactuators: A Parametric Study." AIAA Journal 51, no. 2 (February 2013): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j051806.

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35

Lee, Jun Su, and Stepan Lucyszyn. "Design and pressure analysis for bulk-micromachined electrothermal hydraulic microactuators using a PCM." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 133, no. 2 (February 2007): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.06.018.

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36

Wang, Zhihong, Weiguang Zhu, and Xi Yao. "d31 Type inplane bending multilayer piezoelectric microactuators—a design concept and its applications." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 101, no. 3 (October 2002): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(02)00206-6.

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37

Srinivasan, P., and S. M. Spearing. "Material Selection for Optimal Design of Thermally Actuated Pneumatic and Phase Change Microactuators." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 18, no. 2 (April 2009): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2009.2013385.

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38

Zhang, Zhuo, Weize Zhang, Qiyang Wu, Yueqing Yu, Xinyu Liu, and Xuping Zhang. "Closed-form modelling and design analysis of V- and Z-shaped electrothermal microactuators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 27, no. 1 (November 23, 2016): 015023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/27/1/015023.

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39

Du, C., G. Guo, and D. Wu. "Low-hump sensitivity function design for dual-stage HDD systems with different microactuators." IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications 152, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cta:20045024.

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40

Di Barba, Paolo, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Paolo Venini, and Slavomir Wiak. "Biogeography-inspired multiobjective optimization for helping MEMS synthesis." Archives of Electrical Engineering 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 607–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2017-0046.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to assess the applicability of a multi-objective biogeography-based optimisation algorithm in MEMS synthesis. In order to test the performances of the proposed method in this research field, the optimal shape design of an electrostatic micromotor, and two different electro-thermo-elastic microactuators are considered as the case studies.

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41

Hsu, Ming-Hung. "Dynamic Analysis of Cracked Cantilever, Electrostatic Microactuators Using Radial Basis Functions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/865461.

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The dynamic problems of a microactuator with a single edge crack are numerically formulated using radial basis functions. The microactuator model incorporates the taper ratio, electrode shapes, and crack length, all of which govern the dynamic behavior of microactuators. To optimize the design of a microactuator, many characteristics of various shaped cantilevers and curved electrodes are also investigated.

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42

MOEENFARD, HAMID. "ANALYTICAL MODELING OF SQUEEZE FILM DAMPING IN DUAL AXIS TORSION MICROACTUATORS." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 01 (February 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500067.

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In this paper, problem of squeeze film damping in dual axis torsion microactuators is modeled and closed form expressions are provided for damping torques around tilting axes of the actuator. The Reynolds equation which governs the pressure distribution underneath the actuator is linearized. The resulting equation is then solved analytically. The obtained pressure distribution is used to calculate the normalized damping torques around tilting axes of the actuator. Dependence of the damping torques on the design parameters of the dual axis torsion actuator is studied. It is observed that with proper selection of the actuator's aspect ratio, damping torque along one of the tilting directions can be eliminated. It is shown that when the tilting angles of the actuator are small, squeeze film damping would act like a linear viscous damping. The results of this paper can be used for accurate dynamical modeling and control of torsion dual axis microactuators.

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43

Vílchez Monge, Marta, Estuardo Herrera Muñoz, Natalia Rodríguez Rodríguez, and Paola Vega Castillo. "Simulation of translational piezoelectric microactuators with application in miniaturized robots." Revista Tecnología en Marcha 25, no. 5 (November 21, 2012): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v25i5.485.

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<p>In the design of miniaturized robots, different types of microelectromechanical actuators must be evaluated to determine the most appropriate one for each specific function as well as the best actuation effect for the size, force, supply voltage, energy, precision and degrees of freedom required.The piezoelectric effect is one of the most promising effects to incorporate microactuators in miniaturized robots. This paper presents a brief comparison on actuation methods for translational displacement and discusses its feasibility for application in miniaturized robots. The specific case of evaluation of a translational piezoelectric actuator using COMSOL Multiphysics is described, as well as an application example for a microgripper to be incorporated in a miniaturized robot for grasping submicrometric objects.</p>

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44

Petrina, A. M. "Physical approaches to the design of microactuators for micro- and nanopositioning: The information aspect." Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics 45, no. 6 (December 2011): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0005105511060069.

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45

Boutchich, M., T. J. Mamtora, G. J. McShane, I. Haneef, D. F. Moore, and J. A. Williams. "Force measurements on U-shaped electrothermal microactuators: Applications to packaging." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes664.

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The current paper critically reviews the prospects for the electrothermal actuation of elastic fixtures used as packaging elements for opto-electronic components. A convenient design methodology is presented together with a practical scheme for both prototyping out-of-plane bimorph actuators and measuring the vertical forces that they can deliver. A test bench has been assembled capable of measuring both the displacement and the restoring force delivered by such actuators which are patterned using laser micromachining of a bilayer consisting of 500 nm titanium tungsten (Ti-W) and 3 μm silicon nitride (SiN) thin films on a silicon substrate. An analytical model is derived to predict the dependence of the restoring force on the input electrical power and topology of the actuator. Experimental results are presented for bilayer actuators made of Ti-W/SiN in which attainable forces are of the order of 25 μN for input powers of 70 mW. An approximate theoretical model correlates well on the measured results of restoring force for different actuator geometries and supply currents. A packaging prototype was successfully tested using 550 μm long U-shape actuators with a gap width of 200 μm. These were able to move macroscopic components with rotations of up to 3°.

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46

Seigner, Lena, Olha Bezsmertna, Sebastian Fähler, Georgino Kaleng Tshikwand, Frank Wendler, and Manfred Kohl. "Origami-Inspired Shape Memory Folding Microactuator." Proceedings 64, no. 1 (November 20, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecat2020-08480.

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This paper presents the design, fabrication and performance of origami-based folding microactuators based on NiTi films showing the one-way shape memory effect. Freestanding NiTi films are micromachined by laser cutting or photolithography to achieve double-beam structures allowing for direct Joule heating with an electrical current. The NiTi microactuators are interconnected to rigid sections (tiles) forming an initial planar system that self-folds into a predetermined 3D shape upon heating. A thermo-mechanical treatment is used for shape setting of as-received specimens to approach a maximum folding angle of 180°. The bending moments, bending radii and load-dependent folding angles upon Joule heating are evaluated. The shape setting process is particularly effective for small bending radii, which, however, generates residual plastic strain. After shape setting, unloaded beam structures show recoverable bending deflection between 0° and 140° for a maximum heating power of 900 mW. By introducing additional loads to account for the effect of the tiles, the smooth folding characteristic evolves into a sharp transition, whereby full deflection up to 180° is reached.

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47

CRIGHTON, G. S., A. R. BIGGART, and E. H. NORIE. "TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 92, no. 5 (December 1992): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1992.21680.

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48

Elaine, McColl. "Questionnaire design and construction." Nurse Researcher 1, no. 2 (January 1994): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr.1.2.16.s3.

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49

Mccoll, Elaine. "Questionnaire design and construction." Nurse Researcher 1, no. 2 (January 1994): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr1994.01.1.2.16.c6288.

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YAMAMOTO, Hikaru, Takayuki SHIMODAIRA, and Takeshi TAKAHASHI. "Construction Equipment, Crane (Design)." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 81, no. 2 (2012): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.81.112.

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