Academic literature on the topic 'Micro-territories'

Purpose This study aims to understand how legislation and technology can enhance socio-economic development in low-density population territories, focusing specifically on the dynamics of local tourist accommodation over the past decade. Design/methodology/approach A case study was conducted for five municipalities in one of the most significant tourism regions of Portugal – the Algarve – based on a systematic investigation of relevant laws, regulations and electronic platforms. Official statistics were compiled and analyzed for the five territories’ registered local accommodation services, population, overnight stays and additional local services. Findings The results reveal that public entities’ regulations favor micro-entrepreneurship initiatives in local accommodation and that digital tools supported by online platforms have quite visible effects on low-density territories. The findings also reveal that the local tourist accommodation supply has experienced an especially dynamic, sustained growth over the past decade. This expansion has been accompanied by an increased supply of other services, suggesting that accommodation can positively influence the existing and/or future socio-economic development of low-density territories. Research limitations/implications Further studies focusing on other areas with low-density populations are needed to determine more clearly how local accommodation influences socio-economic development. Practical implications Public regulations supported by digital platforms that favor micro-entrepreneurship initiatives in local accommodation can strengthen local development. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to analyze how local tourist accommodation can foster socio-economic development in low-density territories.

This paper analyses the factors that influence and determine the local population growth and decrease in rural areas of Latvia based on population changes at micro level (1x1 km square grid areas) in 2000–2018. Quantitative analysis of the spatial structure of the population was carried out in three reference territories. Results suggest that the proportion of territories with population increase in Latvian municipalities (2000–2018) has a very strong and statistically significant correlation to population changes (2000–2018) in the respective municipality. This may lead to the conclusion that the influence of other factors on the location of the territories in the spatial structure of the municipality where population growth is observed is not statistically significant.

The article deals with the results of research on peripheral region at the micro regional level. The results of field research in four model territories selected in regions with different geographical conditions are evaluated. The resulting SWOT analysis of different model regions is given and compared. The second part of the contribution interprets the subjective perception of a selected population sample in the model territories, the results of a questionnaire inquiry done in all the model regions are evaluated and compared.

The article is devoted to the issues of forming the institutional basis for “green growth” of the Ukrainian Nature Reserve Fund territories in the context of aligning the society’s social, environmental, and economic interests. The methodological approaches to forming the institutional basis for “green growth” of the Ukrainian Nature Reserve Fund territories in conditions of the need to transform the approaches regarding the interaction with small and medium-sized businesses were developed. The main focus is on the issues of studying the existing institutional risks, institutional “traps,” and ensuring the stakeholders’ functional interaction. The proposed scheme for managing and planning the spatial development of the Nature Reserve Fund territories is based on business planning, “micro-K modeling” method, strategic monitoring method. Based on the complex combination of ecosystemic and polyfunctional approaches, the typology of Nature Reserve Fund territories management functions and “green growth” indicators system was defined. The institutional framework was formed, which enables to ensure aligning the society’s social, environmental, and economic interests.

Myocardial microvascular permeability and coronary sinus concentration of muscle metabolites have been shown to increase after myocardial ischemia due to epicardial coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. However, their association with coronary microembolization is not well defined. This study tested the hypothesis that acute coronary microembolization increases microvascular permeability in the porcine heart. The left anterior descending perfusion territories of 34 anesthetized pigs (32 ± 3 kg) were embolized with equal volumes of microspheres of one of three diameters (10, 30, or 100 μm) and at three different doses for each size. Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) was used to assess in vivo, microvascular extraction of a nonionic contrast agent (an index of microvascular permeability) before and after microembolization with microspheres at baseline and during adenosine infusion. A high-resolution three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanner was subsequently used to obtain ex vivo, the volume and corresponding surface area of the embolized myocardial islands within the perfusion territories of the microembolized coronary artery. EBCT-derived microvascular extraction of contrast agent increased within minutes after coronary microembolization ( P < 0.001 vs. baseline and vs. control values). The increase in coronary microvascular permeability was highly correlated to the micro-CT-derived total surface area of the nonperfused myocardium ( r = 0.83, P < 0.001). In conclusion, myocardial extravascular accumulation of contrast agent is markedly increased after coronary microembolization and its magnitude is in proportion to the surface area of the interface between the nonperfused and perfused territories.

Drawing on Brighenti’s (2010, 2014) theoretical exposition of territorology, we extend current conceptualizations of place within the marketing literature by demonstrating that place is relationally constructed through territorializing consumption practices which continuously produce and sustain multifarious versions of place. In our fieldwork, we embrace a non-representational sensitivity and employ a multi-sensory ethnography, thus helping to illuminate the performative aspects of everyday life relating to people who use urban green spaces. Our analysis articulates three key facets relating to the process of territorializing consumption practices: (1) tangible and intangible elements of boundary making, (2) synchronicity of activities, and (3) sensual experiences. Taken together, these facets advance a kaleidoscopic perspective in which spatial, temporal and affective dimensions of the micro-practices of consumption territories-in-the-making are brought into view. Moreover, our empirical research adds an affective dimension to Brighenti’s theoretical elucidation of the formation and dissolution of territories, thereby incorporating sensual imaginations and bodily experiences into the assemblages of heterogeneous materials that sustain territories.

The work is part of a joint diagnostic effort in the micro-region of Presidente Kubistchek, in Serra do Espinhaço, through a partnership between the Espinhaço Institute and the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA). This work seeks to analyze the limits and possibilities for an Integrated Cultural Territory Management (GCIT) in the micro-region and to propose methodological alternatives for new interventions in the territory. As a reference, the conceptual basis of GCIT was used. Methodologically, the diagnosis of the UFLA team was analyzed, which generated data through Participant Observation and focus groups. The results show that the method used to collect data from the pre-diagnosis requires greater participation by the various groups in the territories, aiming at empowering the actors and a transdisciplinary view on the data. Subsequently, at a time of diagnosis, with all groups debating the data generated, the study points out the possibilities for a reflection and understanding of the territory in a perspective of space, time and causality. As a way to enhance medium and long-term actions, the study outlines the need for Resource Centers and Spaces of Memories that open the way for debate between generations, aiming at a symbolic appropriation of territories and their territorialities, with the objective of structuring proposals medium and long term for the micro-region of Presidente Kubistchek

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The goal of this research is to analyze urban groups called motor clubs, from Goiânia, capital of the State of Goiás, considering the time perspective between 1980 and 2008, choosing as the beginning, the decade of 1980s, because this period was the formation of the motor clubs in Goiânia. These groups are composed, mainly, by males, and they have the motorcycle as the common good, not as a vehicle itself, but as a symbol of ideology of the group, which refers to the lovers of freedom, adventure, brotherhood, fraternity and extension of youth. In order to broaden the view to this subject, this research was based on the theory of the current individualism and tribalism as well as the underground culture and the current urban tribe issues. This work related the motor clubs to other young urban gangs and the power of the moving pictures media, being the provider of this lifestyle. The main objective of this research, and focusing on the Geographic view, is to indicate, survey, locate, characterize and to show the boundaries of the spaces formed by these groups formed in the urban, during the period of research, as well as, we could even dare to differentiate them and create a new category of fixed, casual and micro territories. And analyzing the vast and complex symbolic field, it is shown a discussion about urban territorialities by these social agents, members of the motor clubs. They can create physical, material barriers, frontiers within a symbolic base, and are able to modify the accesses to people with the people who don t belong to that area. The methodology of this research consists of 60 (sixty) questionnaires, 20 (twenty) informal interviews semi-structured and visits to motor club places, motor bars, video arcades and motorcycle events.
Pretende-se neste trabalho analisar os grupos urbanos denominados de moto clubes da cidade de Goiânia, capital do Estado de Goiás. Para isso, utiliza-se o recorte temporal de 1980 a 2008, período que engloba desde a formação dos primeiros moto clubes de Goiânia ao ano de conclusão da pesquisa. Esses grupos são formados, em sua maioria, pelo gênero masculino, possuem como bem comum a motocicleta, contudo não como um mero veículo e sim um símbolo de ideologia grupal, que remete a ideários de liberdade, aventura, irmandade, fraternidade e extensão da juventude. Na tentativa de ampliar a visão sobre tal assunto, utilizaram-se as bases conceituais do individualismo e do tribalismo contemporâneo, percorrendo também os movimentos de contracultura e subcultura, assim como as recentes discussões acerca de tribos urbanas. Relacionaram-se os moto clubes com outros grupos juvenis urbanos e a força da mídia cinematográfica como propagadora desse modo de vida. A partir do levantamento de caracterização e espacialização dos territórios por eles formados no urbano nesse período pesquisado, os diferenciamos e espacializamos em seus territórios fixos, territórios eventuais e micro territórios. Ao analisar o seu vasto e complexo campo simbólico, entrou-se na discussão de territorialidades urbanas também formadas por esses atores sociais, os membros dos moto clubes. Destacam-se aí as fronteiras com bases simbólicas, físicas, materiais que são capazes de influenciar os acessos de pessoas que são ou não do pedaço . Como estratégia metodológica foram aplicados 60 (sessenta) questionários, 20 (vinte) entrevistas do tipo aberta semi-estrutura e ainda visitas a campo em sedes de moto clubes, moto bares, locadoras de vídeo e em eventos motociclísticos.

[ES] La calidad del aire es un determinante de la salud y bienestar de las poblaciones; su mejora es parte de algunas metas de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS) con la Agenda 2030. Al respecto, se han definido a nivel mundial protocolos, acuerdos, convenios y lineamientos de política para lograr avanzar en el cumplimiento de los ODS. Existen además reportes nacionales de avance en la implementación de metas específicas, según la agenda de cada país y en algunos casos en el ámbito de ciudad, cuyos indicadores pueden integrarse en las dimensiones más conocidas del desarrollo sostenible: la dimensión ambiental, la social y la económica. Existe información sobre el monitoreo del estado de la calidad de los recursos y de condiciones del territorio en diversos temas. Sin embargo, no en todos los territorios, en sus diferentes escalas espaciales, se realiza una continua evaluación de su desempeño sostenible y, además factores de deterioro ambiental como la contaminación del aire, son tratados como determinantes aislados con la generación de reportes de su comportamiento y el desarrollo de planes de monitoreo y de mitigación. Del mismo modo, para los diferentes temas que hacen parte de las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, existen herramientas de modelación para evaluar el comportamiento de sus indicadores; sin embargo, no se cuenta con un instrumento que pronostique el nivel de avance en el desarrollo sostenible y además que identifique la influencia de la calidad del aire en su comportamiento. Las herramientas de aprendizaje automático pueden aportar en la respuesta a dicha situación, al ser instrumentos útiles en el pronóstico del comportamiento de un conjunto de datos. Por consiguiente, el objetivo central de este trabajo doctoral es establecer la incidencia de la calidad del aire sobre el desarrollo urbano sostenible, en sus dimensiones ambiental, social y económica, mediante el uso de herramientas de aprendizaje automático, como soporte para la toma de decisiones. Este objetivo involucra el diseño y ejecución de una metodología para identificar la influencia de indicadores en materia de calidad del aire, sobre el desarrollo urbano sostenible. Este trabajo doctoral se desarrolló como compendio de un conjunto de publicaciones que incluyen 1) la revisión del estado del arte para la identificación de las variables y parámetros que podrían calificar las dimensiones individuales del desempeño sostenible, 2) la evaluación del nivel de avance en el desarrollo sostenible de una zona urbana y el análisis estadístico de su desempeño sostenible según las variables analizadas; 3) la identificación, selección y aplicación de las herramientas de aprendizaje automático y por último 4) la identificación del grado de influencia de la calidad del aire en el pronóstico del nivel de sostenibilidad establecido. Para ello se hizo uso del software ArcGIS para el análisis espacial y del software de acceso libre R para los análisis estadísticos y la aplicación de las herramientas de aprendizaje automático. Esta investigación se realizó a partir de un estudio de caso en una localidad de la ciudad de Bogotá, en Colombia que es la capital del país, situada sobre una planicie altitudinal en la cordillera oriental y a 2625 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Bogotá es una de las ciudades más pobladas en América Latina y es una de las capitales mundiales que ha presentado altos niveles de contaminación por material particulado, siendo éste un factor de riesgo para su población. La metodología construida permite evaluar la influencia de la calidad del aire en el desarrollo urbano sostenible mediante herramientas de aprendizaje automático. Es aplicable a zonas urbanas y orienta el paso a paso para la determinación de los factores de mayor relevancia en cada una de las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, constituyéndose en un instrumento de soporte para la toma de decisiones respecto a la implem
[CA] La qualitat de l'aire és un determinant de la salut i benestar de les poblacions; la seua millora és part d'algunes metes dels objectius de desenvolupament sostenible (ODS) amb l'Agenda 2030. Sobre aquest tema, s'han definit a nivell mundial protocols, acords, convenis i alineaments de política per a aconseguir avançar en el compliment dels ODS. Existeixen reportes nacionals d'avanç sobre la implementació de metes específiques, segons l'agenda de cada país i en alguns casos en l'àmbit de ciutat, els indicadors de la qual poden integrar-se en les dimensions més conegudes del desenvolupament sostenible: la dimensió ambiental, la social i l'econòmica. Existeix informació sobre el monitoratge de l'estat de la qualitat dels recursos i de les condicions del territori en diversos temes. No obstant això, no en tots els territoris, en les seues diferents escales espacials, es realitza contínua avaluació del seu acompliment sostenible i, a més a més, factors de deterioració ambiental com la contaminació de l'aire, són tractats com a determinants aïllats amb la generació de reportes del seu comportament i el desenvolupament de plans de monitoratge i de mitigació. De la mateixa manera, per als diferents temes que fan part de les dimensions de la sostenibilitat, existeixen eines de modelatge per a avaluar el comportament dels seus indicadors; no obstant això, no es compta amb un instrument que pronostique el nivell d'avanç en el desenvolupament sostenible i a més que identifique la influència de la qualitat de l'aire en el seu comportament. Les eines d'aprenentatge automàtic poden aportar en la resposta a aquesta situació, en ser instruments útils en el pronòstic del comportament d'un conjunt de dades. Per consegüent, l'objectiu central d'aquest treball doctoral és establir la incidència de la qualitat de l'aire sobre el desenvolupament urbà sostenible, en les seues dimensions ambiental, social i econòmica, mitjançant l'ús d'eines d'aprenentatge automàtic, com a suport per a la presa de decisions. Aquest objectiu involucra el disseny i execució d'una metodologia per a identificar la influència d'indicadors en matèria de qualitat de l'aire, sobre el desenvolupament urbà sostenible. Aquest treball doctoral es va desenvolupar com a compendi d'un conjunt de publicacions que inclouen 1) la revisió de l'estat de l'art per a la identificació de les variables i paràmetres que podrien qualificar les dimensions individuals de l'acompliment sostenible, 2) l'avaluació del nivell d'avanç en el desenvolupament sostenible d'una zona urbana i l'anàlisi estadística del seu acompliment sostenible segons les variables analitzades; 3) la identificació, selecció i aplicació de les eines d'aprenentatge automàtic i finalment 4) la identificació del grau d'influència de la qualitat de l'aire en el pronòstic del nivell de sostenibilitat establit. Per a això es va fer ús del programari ArcGIS per a l'anàlisi espacial i del programari d'accés lliure R per a les anàlisis estadístiques i l'aplicació de les eines d'aprenentatge automàtic. Aquesta investigació es va realitzar a partir d'un estudi de cas en una localitat de la ciutat de Bogotà, a Colòmbia que és la capital del país, situada sobre una planícia altitudinal en la serralada oriental i a 2625 metres sobre el nivell de la mar. Bogotà és una de les ciutats més poblades a Amèrica Llatina i és una de les capitals mundials que ha presentat alts nivells de contaminació per material particulat, sent aquest un factor de risc per a la seua població. La metodologia construïda permet avaluar la influència de la qualitat de l'aire en el desenvolupament urbà sostenible mitjançant l'ús d'eines d'aprenentatge automàtic. És aplicable a zones urbanes i orienta el pas a pas per a la determinació dels factors de major rellevància en cadascuna de les dimensions de la sostenibilitat, constituint-se en un instrument de suport per a la presa d
[EN] Air quality is a determinant to the health and well-being of populations; its improvement is part of some of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the 2030 Agenda. In this regard, protocols, agreements, pacts, and policy guidelines have been defined worldwide to progress in the SDGs' achievement. Additionally, there are national progress reports on reaching specific goals, based on each country's agenda. In certain cases, these include city-level reports, whose indicators, both at the national and city levels, can be integrated into the central and best-known dimensions of sustainable development, namely the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. There is information concerning the monitoring of the state of resource quality and territorial conditions in various areas. However, not all territories in their different spatial scales are continuously evaluated for their sustainable performance. Moreover, environmental deterioration factors such as air pollution are handled as isolated determinants with reports generated on their behavior, in addition to developing monitoring and mitigation plans. Likewise, there are modeling tools to evaluate the behavior of different components that are part of the dimensions of sustainability. However, there is no instrument that forecasts the level of progress in sustainable development that also identifies the influence of air quality on its behavior. Machine learning tools can contribute to responding to this situation, as they are able to predict the behavior of a data set. Therefore, the primary objective of this doctoral work is to establish the incidence of air quality on urban sustainable development, in its environmental, social, and economic dimensions, through the use of machine learning tools to support decision-making. This objective entails designing and implementing a methodology to identify the influence of air quality indicators on urban sustainable development. This doctoral thesis was developed as a compendium of a set of publications which include: 1) the review of the state of the art for identifying variables and parameters that could qualify the individual dimensions of sustainable performance; 2) the evaluation of the level of progress of the sustainable development of an urban area, and the statistical analysis of its sustainable performance based on the variables analyzed; 3) the identification, selection, and use of machine learning tools, and lastly 4) the identification of the influence of air quality on the prediction of the established sustainability level. The ArcGIS program was used for the spatial analysis, and the free-access software R for the statistical analysis, and the use of the machine learning tools. This research was performed based on a case study of a locality in the capital of Colombia; Bogotá, which is located on an altitudinal plain in the eastern mountain range at 2625 meters above sea level. Bogotá is one of the most populated cities in Latin America and is one of the world capitals with the highest levels of air pollution from particulate matter, which is a risk factor for its population. The methodology developed enables evaluating the influence of air quality on urban sustainable development with machine learning tools. This methodology is valid in urban areas, and through a step-by-step approach, determines the most relevant factors for each sustainability dimension. It has become a tool to support decision-making regarding the implementation and progress of the SDGs from the micro-territory level.
Molina Gómez, NI. (2021). Incidencia de la calidad el aire en el desarrollo urbano sostenible. Metodología de pronóstico basado en herramientas de aprendizaje automático [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168398
TESIS

Depuis une trentaine d’années, le développement durable s’est imposé comme un référentiel dans l’action, tant privée que publique. L’exigence qu’il pose de mettre en cohérence des normes globales avec des pratiques localisées, engage la question de la coopération territoriale. Ainsi, nous tentons de voir en quoi la mise en application de stratégies de développement durable par certaines collectivités territoriales de la région Nord – de Pas de Calais, permet un meilleur traitement du problème de l’articulation micro-macro des décisions. La mobilisation de la grille de lecture des « Économies de la Grandeur » permet de montrer que cette mise en cohérence résulte du partage de représentations sur le sens d’une notion dont les approches sont très diverses. À cet égard, l’existence d’une convention de développement durable apparaît comme le signe d’un traitement adapté de l’articulation micro-macro. À partir d’analyses des discours d’une trentaine d’acteurs locaux, nous avons dégagé trois principaux résultats. 1/. Il n’existe pas de grandeur morale de la durabilité, dotée d’une légitimité propre, capable de susciter l’adhésion des individus à une action collective en faveur du développement durable. 2/. La formation d’un cadre de représentations communes émerge de la pratique des acteurs. Cette convention pragmatique prend appui sur diverses critiques du compromis du service public français. Elle élargit ainsi les grandeurs industrielle (écoefficacité) et civique (solidarité territoriale, intergénérationnelle…), à partir d’éléments propre à la cité domestique (identité territoriale). 3/. Cette convention se trouve configurée dans une nouvelle gouvernance par projets qui assure l’existence d’espace ponctuels de coopération territoriale
For the last thirty years, sustainable development has become a reference for action that private or public decision-makers cannot ignore. Bringing forward issues of territorial cooperation, this notion emphasizes the consistency between global norms and local practices. Therefore, we assume that the implementation of sustainable development strategies in the territorial communities of the Nord – Pas de Calais Region could improve the understanding of the micro-macro decisions articulation. Using the “Economies of Worth” framework, we show that micro-macro consistency of the decisions comes from cognitive representations that are shared by the communities. This seems uneasy to set-up given the large diversity of the approaches of sustainable development. The existence of a “convention”, in the French “Economics of Conventions” sense, would mean that the problem has been properly considered by the territorial actors. Three main conclusions can be drawn from their speeches analysis. 1/. Sustainable development does not rely on a moral worth that would have a legitimate foundation on its own, enabling individual commitment to sustainable development collective actions. 2/. The shaping of collective representations, shared by the actors, rises from their sustainable development practices. This pragmatic convention relies on various criticisms of the “compromise” of the French public service. Therefore, it widens the industrial worth (eco-efficiency) and the civic worth (territorial and intergenerational solidarity), using elements from the domestic polity. 3/. This convention is set-up in a governance of public actions based on sustainable development projects, ensuring the local existence of cooperation spaces

Ce travail s'intéresse à la construction et à la reconfiguration des territoires ruraux. Pour cela, il propose une analyse des dynamiques sportives de nature observées autour du territoire dit des " Grands Causses ". Au départ de ce travail, nous retenons l'expression de " dynamique territoriale " pour qualifier l'objet de notre observation car elle permet de ne pas porter de regard a priori. Les Grands Causses sont parcourus, appropriés et marqués par les sportifs au travers de nombreux lieux de pratique, évènements ou prestations touristiques. Les sports de nature y sont aussi l'objet de politiques publiques et donnent lieux localement à différents projets, débats et conflits. La première partie de ce travail propose une lecture s'inscrivant dans une géographie sociale. Un premier terrain s'intéressant aux accords entre prestataires d'activités sportives et à leurs ancrages au territoire nous conduit à reformuler nos questionnements. Les relations partenariales, concurrentielles ou conflictuelles entre les différents entrepreneurs et les autres acteurs du territoire, ainsi que leurs ancrages locaux, se construisent avec des objets techniques, matériels ou immatériels. La seconde partie de la thèse s'intéresse à la construction collective des accords. La théorie de l'acteur réseau (ou sociologie de la traduction) est mobilisée pour détailler le processus d'intéressement. Trois situations sont observées. Elles concernent les débats autour de la gestion de sites de pratique et la fabrication d'un évènementiel innovant. Les résultats montrent que des réseaux sociotechniques se mettent en place autour de ces situations. Ceux-ci permettent l'enrôlement d'acteurs variés (collectivités, services de l'Etat, professionnels, associations...), endogènes et exogènes au territoire. Le processus d'intéressement donne lieu à la production de solutions collectives, lesquelles engagent souvent l'enrôlement de nouveaux artefacts. Ces instruments de l'action collective agissent lorsqu'ils sont mis en œuvre et débordent parfois des missions qui leur ont été confiées. Ces mouvements locaux mettent en jeu l'identité et la territorialité des acteurs engagés. Ils participent aussi à la production de repères territoriaux. Ainsi, nous observons que le territoire se construit avec ces débats localisés. La synthèse générale propose d'observer les dynamiques territoriales comme un écosystème d'acteurs territoriaux. Cette proposition souligne les relations d'interdépendance entre acteurs (humains et non-humains), endogènes et exogènes au territoire ainsi que la variété des modes de gouvernance associés. Ce travail enrichit l'approche classique de la géographie sociale en proposant une lecture de la composition progressive et toujours en cours des territoires.

This chapter brings together ethical, social and territorial implications of the meat industry in the regions of Brazil where animal husbandry is the main economic activity. This article thus articulates concepts elaborated in the field of environmental ethics applying them to sociological analysis of territorial development using the notion of ‘regions of intensive speciesism'. The notion is elaborated as a conceptual tool to highlight territories whose socio-economic development pattern accepts the production of meat as a supposed “regional vocation”. In such territories, non-human sentient beings are unquestionably put into the same category as things. The identification of this pattern enunciates interrelated implications of meat production that are not usually recognized. These implications include the high rates of health problems affecting workers in slaughterhouses; the symbolic and economic domination over territories and people by the agroindustry; and the drastic moral inconsideration of sentient beings. The article is based on the case study of Concórdia, a micro region located in the state of Santa Catarina in the south of Brazil.

The Capuchin friar Pau of Alacant-Jaume Fornals Colomina (Alacant 1612-1664), in view of the impact of the plague epidemic that hit many European territories in the mid-17th century and in order to highlight the martyrdom suffered by his religious brothers who had helped the sick in Valencia, wrote a letter that included several hagiographic-looking accounts, published in 1648. This chapter provides information on this forgotten author and analyzes the construction of micro-biographies that stress human values in difficult times.

Uncontested versus Contested. Divorce Options for Catholic couples 1783–1868. This chapter considers divorce records of Catholic couples living in Lower Austria during the long 19th century, contrasting the legal situation with court practice. With regard to the development of marriage law between the poles of ecclesiastical and secular responsibilities, we outline the divorce options and analyze the strategies employed by wives and husbands. An excursus on the possibilities of divorce in other European territories contextualizes the four subsequent micro-studies. Doctors and craftspeople from sovereign cities and markets as well as farmers from ecclesiastical or aristocratic domains come into view. Finally, in two micro-studies we analyze the consequences of the transfer of the jurisdiction back to ecclesiastical courts from 1856 onwards. A look at the further legal development and a short summary completes the article.

The central claim of the book is that property is a universal and uniquely human custom. Contra cultural relativists, every human society has property tools, utensils, and ornaments. Contra biologists, only Homo sapiens has property in things other than food, mates, and territories. Contra philosophers and legal scholars, the bedrock of property is custom, not rights. Contra social scientists and ordinary people, property is indeed a custom and not something that must be instituted by government. Property operates at the three levels. At the micro-level core of property is an organism that perceives the physical world through its body. The meso-level of property is the community within which the organism resides. At the macro-level of property are the institutions that unite strangers of different communities through the modern democratic concept of rights. Whereas the custom of property is ancient, moral, and universal to all people, property rights are modern, amoral, and majoritarian.

Chapter Seven, ‘Asymmetrical Tactics,’ reads Jean Rolin’s Ormuz [Hormuz] (Prix de la langue française, 2013), a novel taking place in the Strait of Hormuz, gateway onto the Persian Gulf. In this oil-rich, high-stakes territory, center stage is taken by international commercial, political, and military positionings for power, while, behind the scenes, war and oil spills invisibly affect the local ecologies where people, animals, and plants (Rolin is attentive to all of these) carve out their lives. Rolin employs a set of asymmetrical literary tactics that allow him to re-center his chosen environments around their most peripheral elements in order to reveal the unseen underside of modernity’s decor. Idiosyncratic micro- and macro-features of his prose, from digressive sentence structure to eccentric plot premises and a dual narrative perspective allow Rolin’s novel to make room for expansions of various kinds. As such, the present-day territory he scrutinizes becomes a haunting confluence of places, times, and possibilities, revealing not only how the local and the global mutually involve one another, but also how the present moment retains its past and foretells its possible futures. This chapter reads Rolin in light of Edward Casey’s writings upon edges, environments, and the ‘topologics’ of place.

The article analyzes the current state of environmental monitoring of atmospheric air near the construction or repair and construction works of the urban environment. The main direction of environmental monitoring in the context of local construction, i.e. the construction of housing complexes, micro districts where the construction site borders on already built and populated residential buildings, should be the control of air pollution, where special attention is paid to fine dust. Reliable monitoring of dust pollution in construction zones and adjacent territories is an important goal of improving the environmental safety of construction production.

Between territories: Incremental changes to the domestic spatial interface between private and public domains. Agnieszka Wir-Konas¹, Kyung Wook Seo¹ ¹Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle City Campus, 2 Ellison Pl, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST. E-mail: agnieszka.wir-konas@northumbria.ac.uk, kyung.seo@northumbria.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): building-street interface, incremental change, micro-morphology, private-public boundary, territory Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space In this paper we investigate incremental changes to the relationship between private and public territory on the micro-morphological scale of the residential building-street interface. The building-street interface lies on the edge between two distinctively different spatial domains, the house and the street, and provides a buffer which may be adjusted to aid the transition from private to public territory. The structure of the space impacts both domains: it provides a fit transition from the private dwelling to the public territory, creates a space for probabilistic encounters between inhabitants and strangers, and maintains the liveability of the public street. The aim of this paper is threefold: Firstly, we recognise morphological differences in the structure of the interfaces and the way the transition from private to public territory was envisioned and designed in different societal periods. Secondly, we study incremental changes to the interface, representing individual adjustments to the private-public boundary, in order to recognize common types of adaptations to the existing structure of the interface. The history of changes to each individual building and building-street interface was traced by analysing planning applications and enforcements publicly provided by the city council. Lastly, we compare the capacity of each building-street interface to accommodate incremental change to the public-private transition. We argue that studying the incremental change of the interface and the capacity of each interface to accommodate micro-scale transformations aids in the understanding of the complex social relationship between an individual and a collective in the urban environment. References (180 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis. Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers) 27, iii-122. Gehl, J. (1986) ‘Soft edges in residential streets’. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 3(2), 89-192 Gehl, J. (2013) Cities for People (Island Press, Washington DC). Habraken, N. J. and Teicher, J. (2000) The structure of the ordinary: form and control in the built environment (MIT press, Cambridge). Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. (1984) The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Middlesex: Penguin, Harmondsworth). Lawrence, R. J. (1987) Housing, dwellings and homes: Design theory, research and practice (John Wiley, Chichester). Palaiologou, G., Griffiths, S., and Vaughan, L. (2016), ‘Reclaiming the virtual community for spatial cultures: Functional generality and cultural specificity at the interface of building and street’. Journal of Space Syntax 7(1), 25-54. Whitehand, J. W. R. and Morton, N. J. and Carr, C. M. H. (1999) ‘Urban Morphogenesis at the Microscale: How Houses Change’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 26(4), 503-515.

While the previous presentations have dealt with the experimental evidence linking flow patterns and shear stress to thrombosis and atherogenesis, this presentation will concentrate on the clinical evidence linking Theological abnormalities to macro and micro-circulatory ischaemia. Whole blood viscosity undoubtedly influences blood flow along larger vessels as suggested by Poiseuille. The two important determinants of whole blood viscosity are the red cell concentration and plasma fibrinogen.There is overwhelming epidemiological evidence that the red cell concentration is a primary risk factor for the development of essential hypertension, myocardial, cerebral and leg ischaemia. It is also a secondary risk factor in patients who already had a clinical episode of ischaemia in any of these territories. There is similar evidence in relation to a high plasma fibrinogen.Furthermore therapeutic haemodilution or defibrinogenation are increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of ischaemia.Haemorheological factors in the microcirculation are probably equally important but more difficult to assess clinically. The concept of a 'vicious viscous spiral' in ischaemic tissue is gaining increasing support. Whatever the initial cause of the ischaemia, important secondary haemorheological changes occur which can perpetuate or aggravate the ischaemia. Most of the changes known to occur locally in ischaemic tissues such as hypoxia, acidosis, release of serotonin and platelet activation have been shown to impair the deformability of blood cells. This will be particularly important if the perfusion pressure is also decreased and may result in capillary plugging and uneven distribution of flow in the microcirculation. Abnormal blood cell filtrability, just as whole blood viscosity, has been shown to be associated with acute as well as chronic ischaemia in most territories. Furthermore there is a correlation between the magnitude of the haemorheological changes measured and the subsequent clinical course of the patient following an ischaemic injury.The newest aspect of haemorheology to attract clinical attention is the role of the white cell in ischaemia. Epidemiological as well as recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that the Theologically activated white cell may be the most dangerous component of blood in terms of perpetuating and extending tissue ischaemia.The assessment of the Theological properties of blood should form an integral part of studies looking at the causes and possible therapy of all forms of acute and chronic ischaemia.

The dissipation of the heat generated by electronic devices is the key issue in design and development of such products. The trend, especially in the computer industries, has been reducing the size and increasing the computing power of the electronic elements. Studies have indicated that the thermal performance of a micro-channel depends on its geometric parameters and flow conditions. Many techniques have been developed to enhance the performance of confined elliptical cylinders while minimizing the momentum loss. In this paper, a new robust optimization technique is presented. This new technique is an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm in which diversity is actively preserved by avoiding overcrowded clusters of particles and encouraging broader exploration. Adaptively varying “territories” are formed around promising individuals to prevent many of the lesser individuals from premature clustering and encouraged them to explore new neighborhoods based on a hybrid self-social metric. Also, a new social interaction scheme is introduced which guided particles towards the weighted average of their “elite” neighbors’ best found positions instead of their own personal bests. The case study in this paper is a two dimensional incompressible flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluid over a pair of elliptical tandem cylinders confined in a channel. A new curve parameterization named Class-Shape-Refinement-Transformation method is used to modify the shape of the confined cylinders, and its control points are adopted as the design variables. Furthermore, final solutions obtained from the Territorial Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm reveal an evident improvement over the test case cylinder across all objective functions presented.

Microscale processes of dust distribution in the city of Tbilisi with a very complex topography are modeled using a 3D regional model of atmospheric processes and numerical integration of the transport-diffusion equation of the impurity. The Terrain-following coordinate system is used to take into account the influence of a very complex relief on the process of atmospheric pollution. Modeling is carried out using horizontal grid steps of 300 m and 400 m along latitude and longitude, respectively. The cases of the stationary background eastern and western weak winds are considered. In the model, motor transport is considered as a nonstationary source of pollution from which dust is emitted into the atmosphere. Modelling of dust micro-scale diffusion process showed that the city air pollution depends on spatial distribution of the main sources of city pollution, i.e. on vehicle traffic intensity, as well as on spatial distribution of highways, and micro-orography of city and surrounding territories. It is shown that the dust pollution level in the surface layer of the atmosphere is minimal at 6 a.m. Ground-level concentration rapidly grows with increase of vehicle traffic intensity and by 12 a.m. reaches maximum allowable concentration (MAC = 0.5 mg/m3) in the vicinity of central city mains. From 12 a.m. to 9 p.m. maximum dust concentration values are within the limits of 0.9-1.2 MAC. In the mentioned time interval formation of the highly dusty zones, and slow growth of their areas and value of ground-level concentrations take place. These zones are located in both central and peripheral parts of the city. Their disposition and area sizes depend on spatial distribution of local wind generated under action of complex terrain, as well as on the processes of turbulent and advective dust transfer. From 9 to 12 p.m. reduction of dust pollution and ground-level concentration takes place. After the midnight city dust pollution process continues quasi-periodically. As result of the analysis of vertical distribution of dust concentration is obtained that a basic dust mass emitted into the atmosphere is located in the 100 m surface layer. Concentration value in the upper part of this layer reaches 0.8 MAC and rapidly decreases with altitude increase.

The flow of people, resources, material and immaterial goods, and at the same time regimes and strategies of control, have always shaped/reshaped our geographies and processes of urbanization. Therefore built and unbuilt landscapes have been characterized by gradual or dramatic changes, leading to new architectural typologies and urban morphologies corresponding to the transformation of means of production, distribution, circulation, consumption and to the shift of political, economic and ideological realms. The effects of these processes on structure and quality of space and life could be described as part of a complex Urban Metabolism¹ which looks at the city and its territory as a complex organism. This dynamic landscape has reached a high level of complexity where natural environments (geology, hydrology, topography) and cultural environments (productive lands, urban settlements, infrastructural networks) need to be synergistically understood as part of an articulated ecological system, with both micro and macro implications. It is the synthesis of geographic-historical contents (collective values), aesthetic-perceptual contents (individual values), and ecological-natural contents (biological values)², influenced more and more by natural and man-made disasters caused by climate change and human conflicts. Since the city as a definable entity and product of predetermined models has become obsolete, we are now called to work with a collage of fragments, heterogeneous and dynamic, often in opposition and unpredictable, subjected to the balance of variable forces, with their own order and rules, and their own ways of evolving, which we have to understand and manage³. This determines the need for new tools and methods to observe, record and assess urban phenomena, and the data regarding them, towards more sensitive interventions.