Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micro-pumps'

This thesis constitutes the documentation for a Doctoral research program undertaken at the Industrial Research Institute of Swinburne University of Technology (IRIS) between 2001 and 2005. The focus of the research was an investigation of the open- and closed-loop response of piezoelectric micro-pumps for micro-fluidic applications, particularly for chemical and biomedical environments. Specifically, in order to successfully integrate micro-devices into functional systems, it was important to address issues of real-time performance monitoring and control. The research addresses some of these problems in the context of a piezoelectric-driven micro-pump, equipped with interferometric displacement feedback, which was used to measure the dynamic displacement of the micro-pump actuator surface. During the course of the research, both a discrete component and a fully integrated (laboratory-on-a-board) test system were developed for open-loop characterization of the micro-pump. The laboratory-on-a-board system was also used for closed-loop control application. Measurements showed significant differences in actuator velocity, displacement and settling time between different pumping media. In addition, transient underdamped vibration of the actuator surface was observed during the rapid excursion and recursion phases of the pump movement while pumping air. These non-contact measurements could be used to determine the open-loop characteristics of a micropump and provide information for design improvement or failure detection/analysis. The technique could also be used to provide continuous measurement for adaptive compensation, so that the pump performance criteria are always satisfied. To this end, an automated interference fringe counting algorithm was developed, so that the steadystate parameters could be mapped into the closed-loop control elements in real time. The performance of this algorithm is discussed herein, together with the implications for optimal control of the micro-pump, and eventual integration of the interferometer and micro-pump systems. The research indicated that there were potential benefits in closed-loop control of micro-pumps, particularly where failure detection was required and for pumping of non-homogeneous media. The thesis also documents the relative performance differences between open and closed-loop control in homogenous media.

Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2006.
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the school of Advanced Studies at Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript. "December 2006". Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-242).

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.
"February 8, 2002."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 56).
by Ole Mattis Nielsen.
M.Eng.

The use of reverse-running pumps as turbines (PATs) is a promising technology for small-scale hydropower. This thesis reviews the published knowledge about PATs and deals with some areas of uncertainty that have hampered their dissemination, especially in 'developing' countries. Two options for accommodating seasonal flow variations using PATs are examined and compared with using conventional turbines (that have flow control devices). This has been done using financial parameters, and it is shown' that, under typical conditions, PATs are more economic. The various published techniques for predicting the turbine-mode performance of a pump without expensive tests are reviewed; a new heuristic one is developed, and it is shown (using the same financial parameters and a large set of test data in both modes of operation) that the cost of prediction inaccuracy is negligible under typical circumstances. The economics of different ways of accommodating water-hammer are explored. Finally, the results of laboratory tests on a PAT are presented, including cavitation tests, and for the latter a theoretical framework is exposed.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-28).
Both ground source heat pumps operating on electricity and micro-combined heat and power systems operating on fossil fuels offer potential for the reduction of green house gas emissions in comparison to the conventional approaches for providing heating, air conditioning and electric power to residential homes. Factors that may impact the relative merits are actual system operating efficiencies, regional primary energy sources for electric power generation, actual space conditioning and electric demands as well as regional climate factors. The purpose of this study is to make a consistent, realistic comparison of these greenhouse gas reduction strategies as applied to typical single-family residential homes across the United States. The study identifies both the regional variations and specific magnitudes of reductions that could be expected with these technologies when implemented within the current energy infrastructure. These comparisons are achieved by identifying the performance characteristics of both technologies, developing typical application scenarios and collecting important regional data associated with electric power production and climate variations. The results show that indeed regional variations exist in the relative merits of micro-CHP systems and ground source heat pumps on reducing the carbon emissions for households. Specific results are sensitive to the assumptions made regarding the carbon production characteristics of incremental increases or decreases of electrical demand on the local electricity utility grid.
by Brittany Guyer
S.B.

Achieving the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions which are necessary will require improvements in the way in which domestic space heating is supplied. Air Source Heat Pumps and micro-Combined Heat and Power units both have the potential to reduce emissions while using primary energy resources more efficiently. The performance which these technologies can achieve is fundamental to fulfilling this potential and yet it is still subject to some uncertainty. This thesis analyses the performance of Air Source Heat Pumps and micro-Combined Heat and Power units in terms of their energy and exergy requirements and in terms of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with their operation. A review of the literature identified that it was appropriate to develop a novel modelling approach. Models of many components currently exist and these are adopted and extended wherever possible within this modelling approach. However, it is the unique way in which this research combines these models and adds additional components which delivers performance data relating to a wider range of conditions at a greater level of detail than that which was previously available. The model which was developed can dynamically simulate the heating and power demands in many dwellings simultaneously, facilitating meaningful study of effects which are dependent upon the sum of their power flows. Consideration of the effect of operating conditions includes permutations of climate, control systems (including those which engage with demand side management), grid generation mixes and building properties. Efficient Air Source Heat Pumps units have the potential to make energy and carbon emissions savings at present but their performance is sensitive to the conditions studied. In particular, appropriate control of the units can yield energy savings of around 25%. Additionally, the carbon emissions intensity of the grid is an important consideration which is explored in depth. Currently, energy requirements and carbon emissions can be reduced by the use of micro-Combined Heat and Power units. Their potential to further reduce carbon emissions diminishes if the grid is predominantly decarbonised but units with high electrical efficiencies can still save energy. The effect of the control approach which is adopted is also significant and has different effects on fuel-cell based units compared to combustion-based units. The key contribution of this work is the analysis of performance data for a selection of units operating under a range of conditions, calculated with a consistent, accurate methodology. Comparison is made between the technologies and between the effects of different operating conditions. A second significant contribution of this work is the development of the model which was used to generate the performance results. These advances allow more detailed comparative analysis of performance data in a wider range of conditions than previously possible.

"Neste trabalho, propõe-se o desenvolvimento de instrumentação e procedimentos analíticos automáticos para a determinação de tensoativos em águas empregando o conceito de multicomutação em fluxo. Visando a miniaturização do sistema, a minimização do consumo de reagentes, e da geração de efluentes foram utilizadas mini-bombas solenóide para a propulsão dos fluidos e válvulas solenóide de estrangulamento para controlar a manipulação das soluções. Estes dispositivos foram controlados por um microcomputador equipado com uma interface eletrônica baseada no circuito integrado ULN2803A a qual foi acoplada à saída da impressora. Como sistema de detecção foram empregados um espectrofotômetro HP8452A, um espectrofotômetro multicanal com arranjo linear de fotodetectores do tipo CCD e um fotômetro baseado em dois LEDs (azul e vermelho) como fonte de radiação e um fotodiodo de silício (IPL10530DAL) como detector. A aquisição dos dados do fotômetro foi realizada com um multímetro digital com saída serial RS232, empregando um programa escrito em linguagem VISUAL BASIC 3.0. No mesmo programa foram incluídas rotinas para controle do módulo de análise. Primeiramente, foram desenvolvidos a instrumentação e os procedimentos analíticos para a determinação independente de tensoativos aniônicos e catiônicos em águas. O mesmo módulo de análises foi utilizado para os dois tensoativos e foi constituído de quatro mini-bombas solenóide. O procedimento proposto para a determinação de tensoativos aniônicos foi baseado na substituição do reagente cromogênico alaranjado de metila (MO) pelo tensoativo aniônico dodecilbenzeno sulfonato de sódio (DBS), formando o par-iônico com o tensoativo catiônico cloreto de cetilpiridino (CPC) em pH 5,0. A instrumentação proposta possibilitou a obtenção de resposta linear entre 1,4 x 10-6 mol L-1 e 1,4 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0,5 - 5 mg L-1) (R = 0,997, n = 7), limite de detecção de 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1 (0,034 mg L-1), e freqüência de amostragem de 60 determinações por hora. O desvio padrão relativo foi estimado em 0,8 % (n = 11) usando uma solução de referência contendo 5,7 x 10-6 mol L-1 (2 mg L-1) de DBS. Os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto processando amostras de efluentes domésticos e industriais foram comparados com os obtidos empregando-se o método de referência, e não foi observada diferença significativa em nível de confiança de 95 %. Para a determinação de tensoativos catiônicos em águas foi desenvolvido um procedimento baseado na formação do complexo ternário entre tensoativo catiônico CPC, Fe (III) e cromazurol S (CAS) em pH 4,5. Com o sistema proposto, utilizando-se uma cela de detecção de 40 mm de comprimento, obteve-se resposta linear entre 0,1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0,34 - 10,2 mg L-1) (R = 0,999, n = 9), limite de detecção estimado em 1,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0,035 mg L-1), desvio padrão relativo de 0,6 % (n = 11) empregando uma solução de referência contendo 1,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3,4 mg L-1) de CPC, e freqüência de amostragem de 72 determinações por hora. O procedimento foi aplicado em amostras de águas coletadas no rio Piracicaba. Empregando-se teste de adição e recuperação foi observada recuperação entre 91 % e 106 %. O módulo de análise para a determinação seqüencial de tensoativos aniônicos e catiônicos foi constituído de duas mini-bombas solenóide e seis válvulas solenóide de estrangulamento. Com o sistema proposto, as características analíticas para os tensoativos aniônicos foram: resposta linear entre 0,1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0,35 - 10,5 mg L-1) (R = 0,9992, n = 7); limite de detecção estimado em 1,6 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0,056 mg L-1); desvio padrão relativo de 0,6 % (n = 11) usando uma solução de referência contendo 1,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3,5 mg L-1) de DBS. Para os tensoativos catiônicos obteve-se resposta linear entre 0,1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3,0 x 10?5 mol L-1 (0,34 - 10,2 mg L-1) (R = 0,9992, n = 7); limite de detecção estimado em 1,4 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0,05 mg L-1); desvio padrão relativo de 0,5 % (n = 11) usando uma solução de referência contendo 1,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3,4 mg L-1) de CPC. O consumo das soluções de reagentes e de amostra foram de 400 mL e 200 mL, respectivamente, e freqüência de amostragem de 60 determinações por hora, para ambos tensoativos. O sistema foi aplicado em amostras de águas coletadas no rio Corumbataí, e os resultados obtidos com testes de adição e recuperação variaram entre 91 % e 105 %. Aplicando-se teste-t entre os resultados obtidos pelo procedimento proposto e pelos métodos de referência (aniônicos) e de validação (catiônicos), os resultados foram concordantes em nível de 95 % de confiança."
"In this work, development of the instrumentation and automatic analytical procedures for spectrophotometric determination of surfactants in waters employing the multicommutation concept were proposed. Aiming to system miniaturization, reduction of reagents consumption and effluents generation, solenoids micro-pump and solenoids pinch valves were used for the fluids propulsion and for solutions management, respectively. These devices were controlled by a microcomputer equipped with an electronic interface based on the integrate circuit ULN2803A that was coupled to the printer output. As system detection was employed an spectrophotometer model HP8452A, a multichannel spectrophotometer with CCD array linear arrangement of photodetectors and a homemade LED based photometer comprising two LEDs (blue and red) as radiation source and a photodiode (IPL10530DAL) as detector. In this case, the data acquisition was accomplished with a digital multimeter with serial out put RS232 employing a software wrote in VISUAL BASIC 3.0. The software comprised also routines to control the analysis module. Firstly, instrumentation and analytical procedures for independent determination of anionic and cationic surfactants in waters were developed. The same flow system comprised of four solenoid micro-pumps and it was employed for both surfactants. The procedure proposed for the determination of anionic surfactant was based on the substitution reaction of orange methyl (MO) by anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate - DBS) to form an ion-pair with the cetyl pyridine (CPC) at pH 5.0. The proposed instrumentation allowed the achievement of a lineal response range between 1.4 x 10-6 mol L-1 and 1.4 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0.5 – 5.0 mg L-1) (R = 0.997, n = 7), a detection limit of 9.8 x 10-8 mol L-1 (0.034 mg L-1), a relative standard deviation of 0.8% (n = 11) for a reference solution containing 5.7 x 10-6 mol L-1 (2.0 mg L-1) DBS and sampling throughput of 60 determinations per hour. Results obtained applying the proposed procedure for domestic and industrial effluent samples were compared with those obtained using reference method and no significant differences at the 95 % confidence level was observed. For the determination of cationic surfactant in waters the procedure was developed based on the ternary complex formation between CPC, Fe (III) and chromazurol S at pH 4.5. The proposed system comprised a flow cell device with 40 mm optical path-length presented the following features: a linear response range between 0.1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0.34 – 10.2 mg L-1) (R = 0.999, n = 9); a detection limit of 1.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0.035 mg L-1); a relative standard deviation of 0.6 % (n = 11) for a reference solution containing 1.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3.4 mg L-1) CPC; and a sampling throughput of 72 determinations per hour. The procedure was applied to samples waters collected in the Piracicaba River. Using standard addition test recoveries between 91 % and 106 % were observed. The flow network for the sequential determination of anionic and cationic surfactants comprised two solenoid micro-pumps and six solenoid pinch valves. Employing the system proposed for the determination of anionic surfactants the folowing analytical characteristics: linear response range between 0.1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (0.35 – 10.5 mg L-1) (R = 0.9992, n = 7); a detection limit of 1.6 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0.056 mg L-1); a relative standard deviation of 0.6 % (n = 11) for a reference solution containing 1.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3.5 mg L-1) DBS were observed. For cationic surfactants a linear response range between 0.1 x 10-5 mol L-1 e 3.0 x 10?5 mol L-1 (0.34 - 10.2 mg L-1) (R = 0.9992, n = 7), a detection limit of 1.4 x 10-7 mol L-1 (0.05 mg L-1), a relative standard deviation of 0.5 % (n = 11) for a reference solution containing 1.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (3.4 mg L-1) CPC were observed. In both cases, the reagents and sample consumption were 400 mL and 200 mL, respectively. The sampling throughput of 60 determinations per hour was achieved for both surfactants. The system was applied to waters samples from the Corumbataí River. The results obtained using the standard addition test presented recoveries between 91 % and 105 %. Applying t-test between the results obtained by the proposed procedures and those obtained using reference procedures showed that for anionic and cationic surfactants, the results were concordant at 95% confidence level."

The main outcome of this research is the development of a Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology to comprehensively understand the effects of low carbon technologies (LCTs) in low voltage (LV) distribution networks and the potential solutions available to increase their adoption. The adoption of LCTs by domestic customers is an alternative to decreasing carbon emissions. Given that these customers are connected to LV distribution networks, these assets are likely to face the first impacts of LCTs. Thus, to quantify these problems a Monte Carlo-based Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is proposed in this Thesis. This methodology embeds the uncertainties related to four LCTs (PV, EHPs, µCHP and EVs). Penetration levels as a percentage of houses with a particular LCT, ranging from 0 to 100% in steps of 10%, are investigated. Five minute time-series profiles and three-phase four-wire LV networks are adopted. Performance metrics related to voltage and congestion are computed for each of the 100 simulations per penetration level. Given the probabilistic nature of the approach, results can be used by decision makers to determine the occurrence of problems according to an acceptable probability of technical issues. To implement the proposed methodology, electrical models of real LV networks and high resolution profiles for loads and LCTs are also developed. Due to the historic passive nature of LV circuits, many Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) have no model for them. In most cases, the information is limited to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) typically produced for asset management purposes and sometimes with connectivity issues. Hence, this Thesis develops a methodology to transform GIS data into suitable computer-based models. In addition, thousands of residential load, PV, µCHP, EHP and EV profiles are created. These daily profiles have a resolution of five minutes. To understand the average behaviour of LCTs and their relationship with load profiles, the average peak demand is calculated for different numbers of loads with and without each LCT.The Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is applied over 25 UK LV networks (i.e., 128 feeders) for the four LCTs under analysis. Findings show that about half of the studied feeders are capable of having 100% of the houses with a given LCT. A regression analysis is carried out per LCT, to identify the relationships between the first occurrence of problems and key feeder parameters (length, number of customers, etc.). These results can be translated into lookup tables that can help DNOs produce preliminary and quick estimates of the LCT impacts on a particular feeder without performing detailed studies. To increase the adoption of LCTs in the feeders with problems, four solutions are investigated: feeder reinforcement, three-phase connection of LCTs, loop connection of LV feeders and implementation of OLTCs (on-load tap changers) in LV networks. All these solutions are embedded in the Probabilistic Impact Assessment. The technical and economic benefits of each of the solutions are quantified for the 25 networks implemented.

La thèse répond à deux problématiques, d'une part la quantification des effacements de consommation d'électricité par technologies gaz dans l'habitat et d'autre part de l'intégration de leurs valorisations dans une perspective de planification des infrastructures. Ces travaux se justifient dans un contexte d'augmentation de la pointe électrique, à l'origine d'une hausse du risque de défaillance du système, et de la baisse des consommations de gaz naturel conduisant à une sous utilisation du réseau de distribution. Pourtant, alors que la demande en gaz naturel croît du fait de l'installation de centrales à cycle combiné sur le réseau de transport, l'interaction des réseaux de distribution gaz/électricité n'est pas exploitée.Ce manuscrit envisage l'intégration des technologies gaz comme moyen de Maîtrise de la Demande en Électricité dans le processus de planification des réseaux. Ainsi les effacements de consommations d'électricité lors des périodes dimensionnantes par des micro-cogénérateurs ou des chaudières hybrides sont des solutions alternatives aux solutions de renforcement de réseaux.Pour quantifier le gisement d'effacement, nous nous intéressons à l'impact marginal des systèmes sur la demande en termes de modification de la quantité d'Énergie Non Distribuée potentielle. Les estimations des impacts de systèmes de chauffage sur la demande sont donc des prérequis à cette approche. Nous modélisons les courbes de charge régionales par une approche Bottom-Up permettant de déterminer les profils de demande marginale de chauffage en fonction des systèmes. La mise en application de cette méthode est à fiabiliser par des études socio-technico-économiques permettant de réduire les incertitudes sur les déterminants des besoins de chauffage. Une calibration en puissance des profils générés a été proposée mais n'a pu être réalisée. En revanche, nous apportons une contribution à l'analyse des courbes de charge agrégées en montrant que le modèle d'estimation actuellement utilisé par le gestionnaire de réseau s'apparente à un modèle simplifié de bâtiment
This PhD thesis addresses two issues: Firstly, the assessment of Demand Side Management (DSM) opportunity of gas and electricity technologies in dwellings, and secondly, the integration of their valuations in infrastructure planning schemes.This work originaites from a context of the growth of electricity peaks (which increased risk of system failure) and the natural gas consumption decrease which leads to an under-utilization of the gas distribution network.This manuscript focuses on the integration of gas technologies as DSM solution to contribute to the planning of electricity grid. Indeed, relieving the electricity consumption during constrained periods by diffusing micro-cogeneration or hybrid boiler, is an actual alternative to network reinforcement solutions. To quantify the load shedding capacity, we are interested in the marginal impact of demand systems on the amount of Energy Not Supplied potential. Estimating systems' impacts on heating demand is a prerequisite to this approach. So we model the regional heating load curves by a Bottom-Up approach to simulate marginal demand profiles depending on heating systems. The implementation of this method requires socio-technico-economic studies to reduce uncertainty of the determinants of heating needs. A load calibration methodology has been proposed but has not been performed. However, we make a contribution to the analysis of aggregated load curves emphasizing that the load model currently used by network operator similar to a simplified building model

O emprego de sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão são destaques quanto ao volume de efluentes gerados e a possibilidade de mecanização, operando em condições dinâmicas. A utilização de microbombas solenoide é potencial em processos de adsorção/dessorção de analitos, pois desempenham o fluxo pulsado, e quando operadas em conjunto com o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de adsorção/dessorção. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar sistemas de extração sólido-líquido e análises química em fluxo, explorando fluxos pulsados e o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, visando melhorar a eficiência de interação da amostra e reagente. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão associados ao uso de colunas de leito fluidizado. 1) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de adsorção de fósforo; determinação do fósforo remanescente (P-rem) em solos; 2) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de solos, avaliando a adsorção e a dessorção de analitos. Foi demonstrado que o fósforo e o cálcio contidos em solução são eficientemente adsorvidos/dessorvidos pelo solo, reduzindo significativamente os efeitos de aumento de pressão com o estabelecimento do leito fluidizado (fluidização pulsada) nas colunas contendo 50 mg de amostras de solo. A substituição do fluxo pulsado (microbomba solenoide) pelo fluxo contínuo (bomba peristáltica) limitou a interação sólido-líquido, pois estabeleceu caminhos preferenciais, desfavorecendo as condições de mistura. A utilização das microbombas solenoide em conjunto com a fluidização das amostras de solo, apresentou vantagens quanto à diminuição da quantidade de massa de solo requerida (entre 100 e 200 vezes), redução do consumo de reagentes e resíduos gerados (40 vezes), demonstrando o potencial do sistema em fluxo proposto por ser uma alternativa ambientalmente adequada. Os sistemas propostos são versáteis e facilmente adaptados para outros estudos de extração
Multi-pumping flow systems are highlights on the volume of effluents generated and mechanization, operating in dynamic conditions. Solenoid micro-pumps are potential in the analyte adsorption/desorption processes, because they play the pulsed flow and when operated in conjunction with the establishment of the fluidized bed condition, contribute to the increase of the adsorption/desorption efficiency. The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate solid-liquid extraction and flow analysis systems, exploring pulsed flows and establishing the fluidized bed condition in order to improve the solid-liquid interaction efficiency. It was developed multi-pumping flow systems associated with the establishment of the fluidized bed columns. 1) System for determination of phosphorus adsorption capacity; determination of the remaining phosphorus (P-rem) in soils; 2) System to determine the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils, evaluating the adsorption and desorption of analyte. It has been shown that the phosphorus and calcium contained in solution are efficiently adsorbed/desorbed by the soil, significantly reducing the effects of pressure increase with the establishment of the fluidized bed (pulsed fluidization) in the columns containing 50 mg of soil samples. The substitution of the pulsed flow (solenoid micro-pump) by the continuous flow (peristaltic pump) limited the solid-liquid interaction, since it established preferential pathways, undermining the mixing conditions. The use of the solenoid micro-pumps in conjunction with the fluidization of the soil samples presented advantages in terms of decreasing the amount of soil mass required (between 100 and 200-fold time), reducing the consumption of reagents, solutions and waste production (40-fold time), demonstrating the potential of this system to be an environmentally friendly alternative. The proposed systems are versatile and easily adapted to other extraction studies

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
99
This work utilizes micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) and thermo-compression to make three–chamber peristaltic micropumps and the piezoelectric buzzer is used as actuator. Using the driving circuit consisting of chip 89C51, program is written to control the movement of three piezoelectric buzzers and provides three types of working phase. The fabricated micro pump has 8 mm diameter and 1.8 mm flow channel length, and its flow channel width is varied from 0.5 mm to 1.25 mm. The mearuement results inidcate that the pump with PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) structure fabricated by thermo-compression has higherr volume flow rate than the pump with silicon structure fabricated by MEMS. For the pump with PMMA structure, the flow channel width of 1 mm has the best flow rate among the considered different channel width, while the flow channel width of 1.25 mm has the best flow rate for the pump with silicon struture. Among the different working phases, four working phases have the best flow rate and three working phase have the least flow rate for both the PMMA and silicon structures. The simulation results indicate that the effect of working phases on the volume flow rate has the same trend as that of the expermental results. When the time of membrane compression during simulation is reduced, the volume flow rate is increased. On comparing the results from both the simulation and experiment, there is clearly different. Finally, most of the MEMS micropumps have the function of automatic water absorbing.

碩士
淡江大學
機械與機電工程學系
91
This research describes a micro ion drag pump, or an ejection type electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) micro pump, using Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) planar electrodes to deal with the aging problem novelly. The ITO and gold film for the electrodes, which are immersing in the working liquid, prolongs the operation duration of the valveless micro pump. It also makes anodic bonding easily and feasible in packaging the glass substrate (with ITO) hermetically with the silicon micro channels. Therefore, the scaling down or the miniaturization of ion drag pumps can be achieved herein. The ITO electrodes could drive the ethyl alcohol to have the maximum volumetric flow rate of 356 nl/min by applying a DC voltage of 61 V. More efforts and improvements on the pumping efficiency as well as the long-term stability of the ITO electrodes are acquired correspondingly.

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
91
In this article, we design and fabricate a chip including micro-pumps and micro-valves for fluidic transport on biochips. In order to make the chip more biocompatible, a kind of polymer ─ PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) is chosen, and its flexible material property is also excellent to form the movable membrane of micro-pumps and micro-valves. Besides, “peristaltic” pumping principle is used to simplify the design of pumps and improve the integration with biochips later on. In this research, we demonstrate two ways to actuation the membrane ─ one is magnetic force and the other is pneumatic force. And the pumping rate of pneumatic one is measured as 38.9 .

碩士
國立中正大學
化學暨生物化學研究所
101
Because microfluidic devices possess the advantages of portability, low sample and reagent consumption, and simpler manual operations, the concept of Lab-on-a-chip has been a popular research field. However, in the length scale less than micrometer, liquid becomes irrotational and difficult to stir and pump due to small Reynold’s number and large surface force. Induced electro-osmotic flow is a means using the electrical double layer on the electric polarization surface to drive fluid in micro-devices. This presentation will discuss induced electro-osmosis taking place in the sharp corners at the liquid reservoir to develop micro-pumps. Especially the influences of channel lids and the machining tools creating sharps corners in pumping speeds are investigated. In addition, our laboratory also developed a micro-concentrator using conducting cation exchange resin granule in a moderate electric field (100 V/cm) as a micro-fluidic device to concentrate anionic species. In this study, the fluorescent dye FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) was used to study the concentration factor dependence on solute effective charges by controlling the dissociate degrees of FITC in various buffer solutions. One exponential relation of concentration factor versus effective charge was found. This relation leads to develop a selective concentration technique to concentrate ampholyes such as peptides and proteins according to their pI values.

碩士
大葉大學
機械工程研究所碩士班
96
A novel technique for the fabrication of electromagnetic micro actuator and micro pump is proposed. The constituent parts of the designed actuator are comprised of a diaphragm, a micro-coils, and a magnet. When an electrical current is applied through the micro-coils, a magnetic force between the magnet and the coil is produced and causes the diaphragm to deflect, which becomes the source of actuation. Photo-lithography, Electron Beam Evaporation, and Electroplating are used in the fabrication process. The structure of the actuating device uses PDMS as the vibrating diaphragm, polyimide as the insulating layer and electroplated copper as the coils. The diaphragm deflection can be regulated by varying the current passed through the micro-coil and hence the actuating effects can be controlled. In this study, three types of micro coils are presented as the micro actuator 75 μm line width with 90 μm spacing,100 μm line width with 120 μm spacing and 125 μm line width with 150 μm spacing, respectively. The proposed micro actuator has a maximum displacement of 30.33 μm. The micro-channel dimensions are 11.35 mm long and 50 μm deep. The experimental results indicate a maximum flow rate of 1.4 ml/s with a driving frequency of 60 Hz and a coil current of 0.36 A.

Since the mid-1990s there has been an active effort to develop hydrocarbon-fueled power generation and propulsion systems on the scale of centimeters or smaller. This effort led to the creation and expansion of a field of research focused around the design and reduction to practice of Power MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) devices, beginning first with microscale jet engines and a generation later more broadly encompassing MEMS devices which generate power or pump heat. Due to small device scale and fabrication techniques, design constraints are highly coupled and conventional solutions for device requirements may not be practicable.

This thesis describes the experimental investigation, modeling and potential applications for two classes of microscale jet pumps: jet ejectors and jet injectors. These components pump fluids with no moving parts and can be integrated into Power MEMS devices to satisfy pumping requirements by supplementing or replacing existing solutions. This thesis presents models developed from first principles which predict losses experienced at small length scales and agree well with experimental results. The models further predict maximum achievable power densities at the onset of detrimental viscous losses.

Dissertation

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
95
Due to dramatic progress in microfluidic devices and their applications, the development of microfluidic systems become more and more pertinent in recent years, such as the fluidic activation devices, micro sensors and micropumps. In this research, micro-electro-mechanical fabrication technologies will be used to design and fabricate a new valve-less micro pump under magnetic control. The microcoil is fabricated by electroforming and ultized to generate control force for the micropump. Prior to the fabrication of micropump, commercial softwares CFD-RC and ANSOFT are employed to simulate the performance of the designed micropump. CFD-RC is to observe the flow field and pressure in the microchannel, and ANSOFT to see if the magnetic force is sufficient enough to activate the membrane of the micropump. Finally, the micropump will be equipped with computer, in which hardware DS1104 and software Matlab are embedded, to realize the closed-loop microsystem.

碩士
國立成功大學
奈米科技暨微系統工程研究所
100
This study applies excimer laser micro-machining technology for manufacturing 3D axially symmetrical micro-structures. It is based on a work-piece rotation method in conjunction with a contour mask imaging projection machining. Specially designed laser masks have been developed for machining various kinds of 3D surface profiles. The micromachining is carried out on polycarbonate (PC) material and the surface profiles have been characterized and compared with their theoretical counterparts. Good agreement is observed. Based on the excimer laser machined 3D micro-structures, the goal of this thesis is to design and fabricate a ball valve micro-pump for fluidic transport and can be used in biochips. In order to make it more biocompatible, polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) material is used and its flexible material property is also excellent to form the moveable membrane of micro-pumps and micro-channel. The actuation the membrane is through magnetic force generated by an electromagnetic coil. Experiments have been carried out to determine the optimal design for the ball-vale micro-pump. At a channel height of 125 μm, a voltage of 15 V, and a frequency of 50 Hz, the micropump can achieve the best performance with a flow rate is 51.67 μL/min and a maximum backpressure of 13.4 mm-H2O.

碩士
國立成功大學
微機電系統工程研究所
92
The present study reports a new microfluidic device fabricated by using MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems) technology for cell study. The device integrated with four modules, namely a cell culture module, a micro pump, a micro-filter, and an array of micro-electrodes to detect the characteristics and numbers of cells. After cell culturing, the cells are transported by the micro pump, collected by the micro-filter, and finally detected by the micro-electrodes incorporated with a detection circuit. Compared to traditional methods, the integrated microfluidic chip could reduce the time for cell culture and could be used for fast detection by using fewer amounts of samples and reagents. 　　The integrated cell chips are fabricated on soda-lime glass and PDMS (Polydimethysiloxane) substrates. We have successfully integrated these devices including a cell culture module, a peristaltic micro-pump, a micro-filter and micro-electrodes on one chip by a simple three-mask fabrication process. The experimental results demonstrate that polystyrene beads can be successfully concentrated and detected by using the proposed device. The development of the integrated cell chips could be promising for cell study.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
98
Abstract In this study, four different models of microelectrodes, namely asymmetric arrays and symmetric arrays patterned on the lower side of a microchannel, symmetric arrays and stagger arrays patterned on the upper and lower sides of a microchannel for pumping electrolyte in a microchannel are simulated, respectively. Traveling-wave potentials are formed in the microchannel when four-phase AC potentials are applied to the symmetric electrode arrays. AC electroosmosis are formed in the microchannel when single phase AC potentials are applied to the asymmetric electrodes arrays. The velocities induced by the four-phase AC potentials is large than those induced by the single phase AC potentials. We examined the effects of the relative positioning of the electrodes in the opposing arrays (i.e., symmetrical or staggered arrays) and the phase lag and the angular frequency of the AC signals applied to the electrodes within the two arrays. A critical height of the microchannel was observed, below which the interactions of the applied electrical potentials on the walls became significant. The experiment of the induced AC electroosmotic flow within the microchannel with asymmetric electrode arrays on its lower side is also be done at the induced velocities at different heights within the microchannel can not be recognized in the experiment. As the result, the experimental velocities within the microchannel is about 70％ less than the simulated resultes. Overall, the simulation results presented in this study provide a useful insight into the optimal design parameters and operating conditions for micropumps containing two arrays of microelectrodes on the microchannel walls.

博士
淡江大學
機械與機電工程學系博士班
99
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) adopt a methanol solution as the liquid fuel. To maintain the stability and performance of DMFCs, an active liquid pump is typically used to supply fuel to the DMFCs. However, the power consumption of the pump affects the total efficiency of a DMFC system. Therefore, this research aims to design and fabricate both a magnetic micro pump and a diaphragm liquid/air micro pump suitable for direct use with methanol fuel cells. When applied to small DMFC charger systems, the low operation voltage and low current characteristics efficiently reduce the power consumption of the system and increase the efficiency of the entire system. The diaphragm liquid/air micro pump can drive anode liquid fuel and cathode air simultaneously. If applied to small DMFC systems, it can facilitate system miniaturization. Additionally, the material and weight of the current collector on the bipolar plates adopted in DMFCs will affect the volume and miniaturization of DMFCs. Therefore, this thesis applies the thermal coating technique, which is widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), to construct the circular lightweight current collectors by coating thin films on FR4 glass/epoxy substrate surfaces. The current collector developed in this research has the advantages of being low cost and lightweight with a flexible design, making it suitable for micro fuel cell applications. Finally, this thesis integrates the developed micro pumps, the circular light weight current collectors, and the boost circuit to construct a DMFC charge system.

M.Ing.
Since the promulgation of the Montreal Protocol many refrigerants needed to be phased out. R-22, which is a widely used refrigerant in refrigeration systems, was one of these. Many replacements have been found throughout the years but very few have the same refrigeration capacity without being penalised by an increase in pressure drop. R-407C is one of the refrigerants having the potential to replace R-22 as it has the same theoretical coefficient of performance and has a lower global warming potential. However, due to its zeotropic characteristics there is a degradation in heat transfer during evaporation and condensation attributed to mass transfer resistance. Thus, augmentation techniques are needed not only to increase the heat capacity, but also to achieve an increase without incurring an excessive pressure drop. One approach to cope with this problem is to make use of the recently developed herringbone micro-fin tubes. Unfortunately very little data exists for refrigerants undergoing condensation inside herringbone micro-fin tubes. There is also little pressure drop information available for this type of tube. An experimental set-up was designed to determine the characteristics of this type of tube due to the scarcity of information. With the aid of current literature, various techniques were used to determine the pressure drops inside the herringbone micro-fin tube. One of these techniques was the use of the Kattan-Thome-Favrat flow regime map which helped to identify the flow patterns inside the tube. Knowledge of the type of flow occurring inside the tube helped to clarify the behaviour of the pressure drop relationships. The type of refrigerant being used also affected the behaviour of the pressure drop curves. A low-pressure refrigerant had a higher pressure drop due to the high vapour velocities achieved. Another cause for excessive pressure drop is the friction created by the high velocity vapour and condensate inside the tube. Many relationships for the friction factor exist and these are used to analyse the experimental data.The experimental facility comprised of a vapour compression loop and a water loop. The vapour compression loop consisted of a hermetically sealed compressor with a cooling capacity of 9.6 kW, a manually operated expansion valve and an evaporator. Three condensers were tested, namely a smooth tube, a helical micro-fin tube, and a herringbone micro-fin tube. The condensers were of the tube-in-tube type with the refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and the water in counter flow in the annulus. The hot water loop was used as a source for the evaporator and a cold loop as a heat sink for the condenser. Three refrigerants were tested, namely R-22, R-134a, and R-407C, all operating at a nominal saturation temperature of 40°C and at mass fluxes between 300 and 800 kg/m 2s. Accurate sensors and transducers were used to measure the temperatures, pressures, and mass flows at predefined points. Video cameras were attached to sight glasses to aid in the identification of the type of flow regime. Data were captured using a computerised data acquisition programme designed specifically for use with the experimental study. The experimental results showed that transition between the annular and intermittent flow regimes occurred at around 25% vapour quality for the herringbone micro-fin tube, as opposed to 30% for the helical micro-fin tube and 50% for the smooth tube. Pressure drops for the herringbone micro-fin tube were higher than those for the smooth tube but slightly lower than those for the helical micro-fin tube when using refrigerants R-22 and R-134a. The correlation of Liebenberg was modified for the pressure drops inside the herringbone micro-fin tube and gave a mean deviation of 12%. The efficiency ratio for the herringbone tube using R-22 was 1.85 and 1.69 when compared with the helical micro-fin and smooth tube respectively. For R-134 the efficiency ratio was 2.02 and 2.13 when compared with the helical micro-fin and smooth tube respectively, while for R-407C it was 1.58 and 1.26 for the two respectively. It was also concluded that R-407C could be used as a replacement refrigerant for R-22when used with a herringbone micro-fin tube.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Em localidades com uma configuração topográfica bastante acidentada, tal como a cidade de Coimbra e como muitas outras cidades portuguesas, torna-se necessário reduzir as pressões nos sistemas quer por razões funcionais, económicas e/ou regulamentares. Para tal recorre-se a um conjunto de soluções que podem apresentar uma contribuição para o aumento da eficiência energética dos sistemas.Uma das formas de aumentar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água consiste no aproveitamento do excesso de carga hidráulica usualmente dissipado com câmaras de perda de carga ou com válvulas redutoras de pressão. Em alternativa a este procedimento clássico poder-se-á estudar a viabilidade da introdução de micro-geração recorrendo eventualmente a bombas funcionando como turbinas (BFT) dado serem mais acessíveis que as microturbinas. O problema apresenta portanto à partida uma globalidade considerável. Por isso, no presente trabalho, propõe-se a identificação prévia de um Município que apresente potencial para desenvolver a abordagem anteriormente referida, tendo sido escolhido o Município de Penela. Este engloba o sistema de captação da Louçainha, com início na própria barragem da Louçainha. O primeiro troço deste sistema tem início na barragem e termina na ETA de Cancelas. Neste troço, propõe-se o estudo da substituição da válvula redutora de pressão (VRP) por uma bomba a funcionar como turbina (BFT), de modo a possibilitar a produção de energia elétrica para venda à RESP. Este estudo inclui a caraterização hidrológica das afluências à barragem, a construção do seu modelo hidráulico e a simulação da sua exploração, levando em conta o tarifário vigente e os consumos na ETA de Cancelas, por ela servida. No final será efetuada uma comparação com a situação atual, de modo a avaliar os potenciais ganhos energéticos envolvidos e estudar a viabilidade técnica da sua implantação.
In locations with a rather rugged topographic configuration, such as the city of Coimbra and like many other Portuguese cities, it is necessary to reduce pressure in the systems either for functional, economic and/or regulatory reasons. This is done by using a set of solutions that can contribute to increase the energy efficiency of the systems.One way to increase energy efficiency of the water supply systems consists on the use of the hydraulic load usually dissipated through grit chambers or pressure reducing valves. Alternatively to this classic procedure, it will be possible to study the feasibility of introducing microgeneration possibly through pumps working as turbines (PaT), as they are more affordable than microturbines. Therefore the problem presents a considerable globality. Thus, in this study, it is proposed the previous identification of a location that shows potential to develop the above approach, having been chosen the Municipality of Penela. This one includes the water catchment system of Louçainha, starting at the Louçainha dam itself. The first section of this system starts at the dam and ends at the water treatment station of Cancelas. In this section, it is proposed to study the replacement of the pressure reducing valve (PRV) for a pump working as a turbine (PaT), in order to enable the production of energy for sale to the Public Electric Utility Network. This study includes the hydrological characterization of the inflows to the dam, the construction of its hydraulic model and the simulation of its exploitation, taking into account the current tariff and the consumption of the Water Treatment Station of Cancelas, served by it. In the end it will be done a comparison with the current situation, in order to evaluate the potential energetic gains involved and study the technical feasibility of its implantation.