Journal articles on the topic 'Micro labour market issues'
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1
Isaac, Joe. "Australian Labour Market Issues: an Historical Perspective." Journal of Industrial Relations 40, no. 4 (December 1998): 690–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569804000410.
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This paper provides an historical perspective on topics related to recent developments in the Australian industrial relations system discussed in this issue of the Journal— the 'living wage' concept and the safety net, 'fairness' in relative wages, women's wages, the Accord, labour market decentralisation and the role of trade unions. It concludes that recent legislation was not necessary to facilitate increased productivity because the prevailing system had shown sufficient responsiveness to the needs of the economy, both macro and micro. By limiting the jurisdiction of the AIRC and reducing the power of the weaker unions, recent legislation bas created a dual system with a less equitable pay structure and an institutional arrangement less able to deal with wage inflation under more buoyant economic conditions.
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Eamets, Raul, and Krista Jaakson. "Labour market flexibility and spatial mobility." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 6 (August 26, 2014): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2014-0123.
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Purpose – Recent economic recession has highlighted the role of labour market flexibility as a key factor of competitiveness of a country. Despite the fact that labour mobility can essentially be seen as part of labour market flexibility, there is notable research gap concerning spatial mobility and other facets of labour market flexibility. The purpose of this special issue is to fill these gaps. Design/methodology/approach – The papers in the special issue represent various quantitative methods and databases, whereas mainly micro data (workplace, labour force or immigrant surveys, job search portal, etc.) is used. However, the type of labour market flexibility addressed is both micro- and macro-level. Findings – It is demonstrated that labour occupational mobility is determined by the business cycle, numerical flexibility, occupational categories, and sector. Spatial mobility may have counterintuitive effects on individual occupational mobility depending on gender and it is related to various flexibilities in the workplace. It is also suggested that different types of flexibilities on a firm level are interdependent of each other. Originality/value – The special issue adds to the labour market related knowledge by integrating labour market flexibility and mobility. Individually, both phenomena have been studied before, but not much research is devoted to their inter-linkages. The special issue also contributes by examining labour market flexibility and spatial mobility in the context of different countries, economic cycles, and institutional settings.
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Svejnar, Jan. "Microeconomic Issues in the Transition to a Market Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.123.
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The socialist system introduced microeconomic distortions that probably transcend those observed in the third world. The recent developments in Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also support the hypothesis that macro stabilization will be difficult to achieve in the transforming socialist economies in the absence of adequate micro adjustments. In this paper, I address what I consider to be the most important micro issues related to the transition from socialist to market economies. First I summarize the initial microeconomic conditions, covering labor, capital, and energy markets; the product markets, industrial organization, and trade; and the market for land and housing. Then, I describe the main changes that have taken place in the early stages of the transition. Finally, I discuss the micro policy agenda that needs to be addressed if the transition is to be successful
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Bögenhold, Dieter, and Uwe Fachinger. "Micro-Firms and the Margins of Entrepreneurship." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 8, no. 4 (November 2007): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007782433169.
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This paper deals with the margins of entrepreneurship at which small business owners are working almost on their own with no or very few employees, and where some work for low returns and run firms that lack stability and/or prosperous dynamics. However, even the area of ‘entrepreneurship at the margins’ is a wide field, embracing not only the broad margins of entrepreneurship but also the fluid borders between entrepreneurship and the informal sector on the one side and the labour market system on the other. New firms – even those that are ultimately very successful – may be more or less created in an experimental market and product testing phase, in which business founders are still employed or registered as unemployed before becoming self-employed. In such cases, the practical starting-point of an entrepreneurial existence is part of a fluent continuum of different activities closely connected to the entrepreneur's sphere of dependent work as an employee or job-seeking during a period of unemployment. The paper addresses this area of entrepreneurship within an integrated framework, which combines entrepreneurship analysis with labour market research and studies on social stratification and social mobility. It contributes to the debate on entrepreneurship at the margins by combining selected empirical information on the case of Germany with conceptual ideas of a labour market perspective. The integrated approach highlights some key issues and raises further questions about the field of entrepreneurship.
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Hamid, Shahnaz. "Determinants of the Supply of Women in the Labour Market: A Micro Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (December 1, 1991): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.755-766.
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Neoclassical economists consider education to be one of the key determinants of women entering the labour market. The higher the level of education, the greater is women's participation in the labour market. [Becker (1980); Mincer (1980)]. However, the structuralist school does not look at it so simply. In their view there are many other factors besides education which compel women to· sell their labour power. [Benham (1980); Strober (1980)]. The principal factor compelling women to sell their labour is income. Therefore, according to the structuralist school the lower is women's household income, the greater is their compulsion to enter the labour market. How does this square with neoclassical theory? The structuralist school states that household income is the primary determinant of women's sale of labour power. Therefore, in a society divided by income groups lower income class women will tend to sell their labour power more. However, within each income group an increase in education will increase the supply of women's labour and its returns. Due to inadequate data, relatively little analytical work on this issue has been undertaken so the present study is an attempt to explore why some married women are engaged in earning activities, while some of them are not. Our sample consists of ever-married women, because normally they are considered independent, and their status is equal to their male partners. So they have relatively more choice in entering the labour market compared to unmarried women. A comparison of this kind will help us to identify the factors besides education in determining women's supply of labour in the market.
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Sayım, Kadire Zeynep. "Policy transfer from advanced to less-advanced institutional environments: Labour market orientations of US MNEs in Turkey." Human Relations 64, no. 4 (March 8, 2011): 573–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726710396247.
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The extant research on policy transfer insufficiently addresses two issues. First, transfer to less-advanced countries. Second, micro-institutional pressures on subsidiaries, particularly the role of local partners in joint ventures (JVs). This study investigates the transfer of labour market orientations by American multinational enterprises to their Turkish subsidiaries by focusing on the influences of macro- and micro-institutional factors when the ‘transferor’ is an advanced and ‘transferee’ is a less-advanced economy, ‘dominance effects’, and the role of local JV partners. Case study findings provide evidence for ‘smooth’ transfer of the policy. This uncommon finding is discussed as a result of ‘ideal combination’ of ‘encouraging pressures’ at the macro- and micro-institutional levels, including role of local JV partners and the nature of the policy transferred.
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Mar, Don. "Asian Americans in the Labor Market: Public Policy Issues." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 3, no. 2 (2005): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus3.2_39-58_mar.
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Asian American/Pacific Islander public policy issues in the labor market are examined using the 2000 Census PUMS (Public Use Micro Sample) data. AAPI labor market problems raised by earlier studies are revisited with the more recent data. Southeast Asians, Vietnamese, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders continue to face problems of poverty/low income, unemployment, and discrimination in occupations and earnings. Many API groups are less likely to be employed in managerial occupations controlling for factors such as education and potential experience. New policy issues suggested by the data are lower rates of self-employment for many APIs compared to non-Hispanic whites as well as lower rates of homeownership by all API groups compared to non-Hispanic whites.
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Keman, Hans. "INTRODUCTION The Politics of Unemployment." Journal of Public Policy 7, no. 3 (July 1987): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004426.
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One may wonder why political scientists would bother about the analysis of questions relating to rates of unemployment. In effect, should not this be part of economic science? Economists are generally seen as better equipped with theories on the micro and macro level to deal with issues regarding labour market performance, the development of employment and the explanation of volatile rates of unemployment and inflation. This view is held by the majority of the economic science guild and by many policy-makers.
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Bellucci, Stefano, Larissa Rosa Corrêa, Jan-Georg Deutsch, and Chitra Joshi. "Introduction: Labour in Transport: Histories from the Global South (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), c.1750 to 1950." International Review of Social History 59, S22 (October 29, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000364.
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AbstractThis introduction highlights the main subjects and research questions addressed in the articles making up this Special Issue on the labour histories of transport in the Global South. Although historiographical interest in the history of transport labour is growing, scientific knowledge on the subject is still very limited. This is especially true for histories from outside Europe and North America. Important topics and research problems covered here are: (1) transport labour as facilitating the exchange and mobility of goods but also of peoples and ideas – as such transport constitutes a noteworthy element of social history; (2) transport labour as a factor of production which is relevant for industrial and agrarian societies, as well as for market-driven and socialist economies; (3) the extent to which the processes of globalization, imperial expansion, and the emergence of global capitalism owe a debt to transport labour of the global south and its micro-histories.
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DĂNECI-PĂTRĂU, Daniel, and Elena Carmen COCA. "INFLUENCE FACTORS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF PRODUCTIVITY." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1436.
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Notion almost unknown before 1950, labor productivity is now commonly used by economists, engineers, sociologists and politicians alike, influencing all the important issues of the time. Under these circumstances, if it is accepted that labor productivity is the driving variable that generates economic progress, it is justified that people need to increase their efforts to enhance, its value through various means. This article presents the findings of a theoretical research literature regarding landmarks in the evolution of labor productivity. Arguments justifying such an approach have been given by the fact that the labor issue presents an interest not only at the micro level, individual (the consequences it has on the individual work), but also at the macro level, societal (employment relations on the market labor, insurance systems and the offer educational services on the market today).
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Boersma, Martijn, and Justine Nolan. "Modern slavery and the employment relationship: Exploring the continuum of exploitation." Journal of Industrial Relations 64, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211069238.
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The term ‘modern slavery’ constitutes a broad non-legal umbrella term that refers to a range of abusive practices including, but not limited to, forced labour, bonded labour, human trafficking and child slavery. While the most severe forms of labour exploitation represent instances of modern slavery, focusing on labour abuses more broadly is also important as it is not always clear at what point non-compliance with labour standards seeps into cases of criminal exploitation. This Special Issue focuses on what the large- and small-scale risk factors are that can cause working conditions to deteriorate, on how people can become trapped in exploitative conditions and on what can be done to prevent and remedy labour abuses. It does this by exploring the macro-level, specifically by examining global value chains and the labour exploitation within the global production regime; by exploring the meso-level, by focusing on the market-based character of business and human rights regulation; and by looking at the micro-level by examining labour regimes on factory floors and in private residences.
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DRUZHYNINA, Viktoriia, Yuliia VIEDIENINA, Lesia SAKUN, and Ganna LIKHONOSOVA. "Creative Analysis of Innovation as a Catalizer of Socialization of Structural Change." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p349.
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The multiple analysis of rate of dependency between innovative processes and structural labour market changes in the form of evolution in sector of employment was exposed in the article. It has been proved that the impact of innovations on the labour market can be considered, on the one hand, as a part of multi-factor socio-economic macro-, meso-, micro-level systems, which makes a direct or indirect impact on state of other elements of system and which is under its influence at this time; on the other hand, as an open, dynamic, flexible system, functioning of which leads to socio-economic resources development. The definition of labour market has been suggested as a system of socio-economic relations between workers, employers and society (organizations and institutes) for realization of ability to work, supporting social guarantees, approximation of parties’ interests of labour relations, state`s interests, legal control of terms of employment etc. The analysis of structural changes, which take place in the labour market of different levels administrative territorial state`s structure by means of innovations, covers the period 2012-2017. The impact of innovations on employment is associated with `creative destruction` where innovations, on the one hand, ruin current workplaces and, on the other hand, create new ones. Analysis has demonstrated that employment increasing and related structural improvements are determined by kind of incorporated innovations. Organizational innovations have more impact on size and structure of employment, than technological ones. The practical importance of the research involves developing of methodological and practical aspects of choosing multiple approach in relation to innovation analysis as a determinant of structural labour market changes. The originality of the research is reflected in the comprehensive creative analysis of innovations from the point of view of activation of the youth labour market in Ukraine. The key factors of the low level of involvement of young citizens in the country's economy and society are identified. The authors have suggested the prospects for the development of the youth labour market, the elimination of youth unemployment, which are conditioned by the peculiarities of the social condition and employment behaviour of young people. The need to study the experience of European countries is emphasized, where training in the working professions is well organized and the youth unemployment rate is the lowest in Europe. Distinctiveness. Conducted researches let to confirm attained results in relation to choosing implements for coping with current troubles and disproportions in society. Implementation of multiply approach of analysis and diagnostics of correlation of innovations and employment will make a direct impact on supporting living standards and progressive socio-economic state`s development. The monitoring of solidarity of actions of public communities, government agencies, enterprise structures will ensure attainment of active increasing of innovation technologies, high living standards level, that will offer some new opportunities for business environment in relation to labour productiveness maintaining method and equivalent income level from enterprise activity, will solve the unemployment and labour migration issues, create some new flexible forms of employment, increase the level of state`s competitiveness in global economy facilities. Key Words: creative analysing, diagnostics, employment of population, innovations, multiple approach
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Seet, Pi-Shen, and Janice T. Jones. "Extending micro-credentials to micro-apprenticeships for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Enhancing vocational education and training in the post-pandemic’s ‘new normal’." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 12, no. 1 (July 19, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no1art1317.
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As noted in the foreword of this Special Issue, COVID-19 has accelerated the Fourth Industrial Revolution’s or Industry 4.0’s disruption to the labour market (Sally, 2021). Beyond Industry 4.0 (I4.0), the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital technologies by enterprises, underscoring the need for workers to continuously upskill their digital competencies in order to remain relevant (Heinonen & Strandvik, 2021). Besides digitisation, organisations have had to innovate and adopt new business models to adapt to the ‘new normal’ of surviving and growing beyond the COVID-19 pandemic (Heinonen & Strandvik, 2021). In countries that largely relied on skilled migration as an important source of talent, the closure of international borders has restricted mobility of human capital resulting in insufficient skilled employees to meet the current and ever-increasing demand for skills (Guadagno, 2020).
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Grady, Jo. "The state, employment, and regulation: making work not pay." Employee Relations 39, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2016-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of specific active labour market policies (ALMP) and increased use of zero hour contracts (ZHCs) in creating an environment in which low-wage jobs flourish. Alongside these, it examines the role of financialization over the last 30 years in fostering the nuturalization of policies that institutionalize low wages and deregulate the economy in favour of big business. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws upon academic literature, official statistics, and analyses via the concept of neoliberalism. Findings This paper demonstrates that via a set of interconnected macro and micro factors low pay is set to remain entrenched in the UK. It has demonstrated that this is not the result of some natural response to labour market demands. Far from it, it has argued that these policy choices are neoliberal in motivation and the outcome of establishing low pay and insecure employment is a significant character of the contemporary labour market is deliberate. Research limitations/implications This paper encourages a re-think of how the authors address this issue of low pay in the UK by highlighting alternative forms of understanding the causes of low pay. Practical implications It presents an alternative analysis of low pay in the UK which allows us to understand and call into question the low-pay economy. In doing so it demonstrates that crucial to this understanding is state regulation. Social implications This paper allows for a more nuanced understanding of the economic conditions of the inequality caused by low pay, and provides an argument as to alternative ways in which this can be addressed. Originality/value The paper examines the relationship between the rise of neoliberalism and finance capital, the subsequent emergence of the neoliberal organization, the associated proliferation of ALMP and ZHCs, and the impact of these on creating a low-wage economy. It makes the argument that the UK’s low-wage economy is the result of regulatory choices influenced by a political preference for financialization, even if such choices are presented as not being so. Thus, the contribution of this paper is that it brings together distinct and important contemporary issues for scholars of employee relations, but connects them to the role of the state and neoliberal regulation.
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Gunter, Barrie, Nelya Koteyko, and Dimitrinka Atanasova. "Sentiment Analysis: A Market-Relevant and Reliable Measure of Public Feeling?" International Journal of Market Research 56, no. 2 (March 2014): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2014-014.
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This paper critically examines emergent research with sentiment analysis tools to assess their current status and relevance to applied opinion and behaviour measurement. The rapid spread of online news and online chatter in blogs, micro-blogs and social media sites has created a potentially rich source of public opinion. Waves of public feeling are vented spontaneously on a wide range of issues on a minute-by-minute basis in the online world. These online discourses are continually being refreshed, and businesses and advertisers, governments and policy makers have woken up to the fact that this universe of self-perpetuating human sentiment could represent a valuable resource to guide political and business decisions. The massive size of this repository of emotional content renders manual analysis of it feasible only for tiny portions of its totality, and even then can be labour intensive. Computer scientists have however produced software tools that can apply linguistic rules to provide electronic readings of meanings and emotions. These tools are now being utilised by applied social science and market researchers to yield sentiment profiles from online discourses created within specific platforms that purport to represent reliable substitutes for more traditional, offline measures of public opinion. This paper considers what these tools have demonstrated so far and where caution in their application is still called for.
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Kift, Sally. "Foreward." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 12, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no1art1015.
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This Special Issue, devoted to micro-credentials and qualifications for future work and learning in a disrupted world, is a welcome and critically timed contribution to educational theorising and practice internationally. COVID-19 has accelerated Industry 4.0’s pervasive labour market disruption. Digitisation’s efficiencies have been rapidly embraced and broadly up-scaled as a matter of necessity. Many industries and professions have fast tracked digitalisation to transform pre-pandemic business models for current and future sustainability. We have seen all education sectors – Kindergarten to Year 12 (K-12), vocational education and training/ further education (VET/FE) and higher education (HE) – digitise and digitalise to varying degrees in their rapid move to emergency remote teaching (Hodges et al., 2020). Robust evaluation will be needed to assess the efficacy of that pedagogical triaging – our well-intentioned ‘panic-gogy’ (Kamenetz, 2020) – to inform the quality and fitness-for-future-purpose of that online pivot. In the meantime, HE’s students and graduates emerge from 2020 wanting to support and apply their studies in a challenging job market that was already weakening pre-pandemic and has now worsened (for example in the Australian context, Social Research Centre, 2020), especially for young people. If that was not enough, significant and underlying issues of climate change, reconciliation with First Nations, demographic change and globalisation continue to have implications for equal and equitable participation in the full range of life opportunities, including in meaningful paid work. In brief, the context for this Special Issue is an international grand challenge writ very large.
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Aparicio, Miriam, and Ana Maria Costa Silva. "Careers, Identities and Professionalization. a Study on Doctors about Their Social Representations Related to the Labor Market Today and its Foreseeable Future." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i3.p64-68.
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This study is in line with the analyses of university and working career in their interaction in relation with conditioning factors. It comprises two central issues: the issue of identity bound to the issue of professionalization within the domain of training and employment. Nowadays, professionalization of the individuals, inside a troubled occupational world, demands the implementation of mechanisms favoring the development of both the individuals and the institution in which they work. All this has an impact at the local, regional and even national levels. Three levels of analysis interplay from a sui generis perspective: macro-meso-micro-macro (Aparicio, 2005; 2007a; 2007b, 2013a, 2014, 2015 b, d – See the Three- Dimensional Spiral of Sense Theory). The aim was to be aware of the doctors’ representations regarding the value of such degree under the present “degree devaluation”, and its impact on the professional future as well as on the core issues of the labor market which need urgent measures with a view to a belter interaction between the two systems. The methodology used was quanti-qualitative (semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and hierarchical evocations). The population consisted of doctors (2005-2012) from the National University of Cuyo, in Argentina. The results helped us understand the nucleus of such representations and the peripheral aspects by career and institution, thus revealing professional and disciplinary identities. The professional identities show the situated needs in terms of professionalization within the different contexts and, particularly, within the labor market.
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Aparicio, Miriam, and Ana Maria Costa Silva. "Careers, Identities and Professionalization. a Study on Doctors about Their Social Representations Related to the Labor Market Today and its Foreseeable Future." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.p64-68.
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This study is in line with the analyses of university and working career in their interaction in relation with conditioning factors. It comprises two central issues: the issue of identity bound to the issue of professionalization within the domain of training and employment. Nowadays, professionalization of the individuals, inside a troubled occupational world, demands the implementation of mechanisms favoring the development of both the individuals and the institution in which they work. All this has an impact at the local, regional and even national levels. Three levels of analysis interplay from a sui generis perspective: macro-meso-micro-macro (Aparicio, 2005; 2007a; 2007b, 2013a, 2014, 2015 b, d – See the Three- Dimensional Spiral of Sense Theory). The aim was to be aware of the doctors’ representations regarding the value of such degree under the present “degree devaluation”, and its impact on the professional future as well as on the core issues of the labor market which need urgent measures with a view to a belter interaction between the two systems. The methodology used was quanti-qualitative (semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and hierarchical evocations). The population consisted of doctors (2005-2012) from the National University of Cuyo, in Argentina. The results helped us understand the nucleus of such representations and the peripheral aspects by career and institution, thus revealing professional and disciplinary identities. The professional identities show the situated needs in terms of professionalization within the different contexts and, particularly, within the labor market.
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Kayaoglu, Aysegul. "Labour Market Impact of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The View of Employers in Informal Textile Sector in Istanbul." Migration Letters 17, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i5.891.
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In less than a decade, Turkey has become home to some 4 million Syrians due to the bloody conflict across much of its southern border. That only a fraction of those refugees live in designated camps with the overwhelming majority spread about the country has led to hostile sentiments among some natives who blame Syrians for taking away their jobs. Still, research about the impact of Syrians on Turkish labour market outcomes is too limited. Empirical findings analysing micro-level data find either no impact or just abysmall changes to natives’ formal employment rates but rather declines in rates of informal employment. This paper presents the findings of a three-month fieldwork in Istanbul’s informal textile sector. Looking at the issue from the view of employers, it shows that “on average” country-level findings of the empirical analysis might be quite simplifying and sometimes inconsistent depending on the context. By just looking at the issue in a specific/neighbourhood setting, namely informal textile sector in a rather homogenous urban neighbourhood where the main competition in jobs are between Kurds and Syrians, this study shows that employment rates of natives declined in that specific field due to other factors independent of the Syrians.
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Lyutov, Nikita L. "The Influence of Atypical Employment on Socioeconomic Development." Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, no. 1 (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.1.4.
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The Subject of the Study. The article deals with an issue of impact of atypical employment on the socioeconomic development on micro- and macro levels. The Purpose of the Study is to discover the links between the introduction of atypical forms of employment and socioeconomic development. The Main Theoretical and Empirical Aspects of Study: as the implementation of various forms of atypical employment is one of the aspects of flexibility in employment relations’ regulation, the author starts with a general analysis of impact of general flexibility of employment on the economy. This section of the article contains the conclusion that a thesis about positive effect of labour law flexibility on the economic effectiveness remains unproven; – the second part of the article contains an analysis of the relations between the specific forms of atypical employment and the state of economy. The conclusion has been made that ill-considered implementation of such forms into the labour legislation leads to such negative consequences to the economy as the labour market segmentation and volatility, rising incomes gap and lowering the purchasing power. – the thesis is made that Russian labour legislation modification in the field of atypical employment development is only acceptable with a view to make the already existing atypical employment come out of informal sector, and in a way that takes into account the interests of both parties of the employment relationship.
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HUANG, Xiaojie, Bo YI, and Nastassiya Bokiy. "Labor Security with the Development of Ecommerce and Micro Business Based on Information Technology in China." Integration of Industry and Education Journal 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/iiej.010108.
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With the rapid development of information technology, the way of business operation has changed. The progress of information technology has exerted a profound influence on the development of labor market. Along with the enhancement of China's comprehensive power and advanced technology, a new form of business is gradually emerging in modern society, that is, ecommerce. However, new industry development still needs to undergo a process. At present, there is still a lack of social labor security. This paper discusses the current situation and the existing problems of the development of ecommerce and social labor security. Moreover, it proposes the development strategy of labor security in the ecommerce suppliers and the micro business model based on the current issues. Through transparent functions of the government, business, and related departments, the government plays a dominant role in this process. Government functions, ecommerce suppliers, and other aspects of enterprise technology are essential to strengthen the social security system further. This would allow ecommerce supplier and micro business to enjoy social security. Moreover, the healthy development of the ecommerce supplier is supported.
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Date-Bah, Eugenia. "Appropriate Policy for Gender Equality in Employment: Insights from the ILO Interdepartmental Project on Equality for Women in Employment*." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 2, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919600200202.
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Using insights from the recent ILO Interdepartmental Project on Equality for Women in Employment, the article portrays gender inequality in the work situation as a complex issue requiring a number of interlinked strategies within a comprehensive proactive policy framework for its effective tackling. Interventions are required in: legal framework and enforcement; labour market, training and the general macro and micro-economic context; working conditions and reconciliation of work and family responsibilities; social security coverage; women's representation in decision-making; women's mobilization and participation in workers' and employers' organizations; and roles and concerted action by governments, employers, workers' organizations and other relevant bodies of civil society. Relevant statistical measurement instruments, concepts and up-to-date sex-disaggregated data are necessary for accurate assessment and monitoring. The creation of a supportive legislative framework, for example, involves reflecting gender equality in labour laws as well as in family and marriage, inheritance, contract, property ownership, national constitution and customary laws since the latter also influence women's economic situation and in some situations are even more important than the former.
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Kurnosova, T. I., and I. E. Rudakova. "KEYNESIAN THEORY IN THE ”MACROECONOMICS“ COURSE FOR NON-CORE FACULTIES." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(48) (June 28, 2016): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-196-204.
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The article deals with the issues related to the teaching of Keynesian theory within the scope of macroeconomics course at the faculties of non-economic professions. It highlights the relevance of Keynes' ideas, the importance of the system approach typical for Keynesian theory that is in particular reflected in the understanding of the connection between economics large-scale processes on the whole and micro-level phenomena. The authors draw special attention to the importance of selecting the sections of Keynesian theory to be included in the economics short course in order to avoid overlooking the scientific significance of the material/data and to retain the essential achievements of the scientist. It refers to the balance of non-financial sector and labor market, to the idea of joint equilibrium in goods and money markets. Particular attention is dedicated to the recognition of the roles of both market and government stated by Keynes. This essential feature of the theory should be reflected in providing educational material. The authors underline that while studying the issues related to such terms as consumption, capital accumulation, investment and money demand, it is necessary to point out the role of psychological factors. These aspects of Keynesian analysis are of key importance for the economic processes' construction. Moreover, they have predetermined the direction of macroeconomics studies for the subsequent decades. Special attention in the article is also paid to the students’ motivation as one of the conditions for mastering the material taught.
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Małecka, Joanna. "PLACE OF CANTILLON THEORIES IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES." Horyzonty Polityki 11, no. 36 (December 2, 2020): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/hp.1999.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: “Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général”, published in 1730, became the basis for formulating economic theories of Hume, Smith and the physiocrats, as well as for the works of Knight and Mises. The aim of the article is to present the economic issues touch on in the essay against the background of the review of the relevant literature in the field of economic theory, as well as the possibility of transforming economic models into practical structures shaping the economic views of future generations.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Theoretical issues were confronted with economic knowledge among sample N=600 in 2016-2020. The chi-square (χ2) test was used to test the existence of statistical significance between gender and the understanding of the importance of economic issues.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The sample has shown lack of basic knowledge in the economic filed in the aspect of university economic courses. At the same time, only those surveyed who are active on the labour market as entrepreneurs, perceive the need to raise qualifications and make complete knowledge in the examined subject.
RESEARCH RESULTS: Cantillon in his essay focuses on the "economic aspects of human action”. The results of studies conducted at the university have shown, that their basic knowledge in the field of economic sciences is at an unsatisfactory level.
CONCLUSION, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS: Contemporary economics omits the entrepreneur in economic models and in the relevant literature. However, it is a key link, directly affecting both, micro and macroeconomic indicators. The connections and mutual influences described by Cantillon are favourable to thoroughly understanding of economic phenomena in real, economies world. This knowledge should be disseminated not only for better economic estimation, but also for a better understanding of events occurring in the world and the results of their implications.
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Kozhevnikov, Oleg. "Self-development of the worker in the process of advanced professional training." Man and Education, no. 2 (71) (2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.54884/s181570410020695-9.
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The article actualizes the problems of self-development of the worker in the process of advanced vocational training. The general socio-economic, socio-cultural context (including innovative processes in the economy, humanitarization of society, the processes of digital transformation) of such self-development is considered. At the micro-level, the importance of self-development for the competitiveness of workers and their sustainability in the labor market is analyzed. A special place in the article is given to the issues of methodology and theoretical basis of the research. In this regard, a number of key principles and provisions of the worker's self-development in the process of advanced vocational training are presented, which are mostly consistent and based on the already known, well-established approaches in psychological and pedagogical science. The experimental part of the survey is devoted to the presentation and the analysis of the survey data of a large group of workers who studied in accordance with advanced vocational training programs. The survey data problem area was related to the issues about competencies and personal qualities which determine the competitiveness, professional success and sustainability of a worker in the labor market. In this regard, a number of such qualities and competencies were identified. The means and technologies of their formation, conditions and mechanisms of worker’s self-development in the areas defined in the course of preparation process are described.
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Rupeika-Apoga, Ramona, and Kristine Petrovska. "Barriers to Sustainable Digital Transformation in Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013558.
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Digital transformation empowers micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) to rethink the way they make decisions and apply technology in meaningful and sustainable ways. The aim of this study is to investigate the main barriers to MSMEs’ sustainable digital transformation, given their global importance and function as the backbone of any economy. We apply the concept of sustainable digital transformation (SDT), which refers to the process of digitalizing the economy in a long-lasting, green, and organic way by building on its key strength: innovative companies and their business ecosystems. The study is based on a representative survey of 425 Latvian MSMEs, which was conducted in the spring of 2021. We combine a survey of MSMEs with a qualitative comparative analysis. Our study identified seven barriers to sustainable digital transformation for MSMEs, which can be classified into three levels of importance. We found that the most important barriers to MSMEs are IT security issues and the shortage of specialists in the external labor market. Furthermore, we discovered that some barriers differ depending on company attributes, such as the number of employees, revenue, and the ability to implement digital transformation independently. However, the barriers were evaluated similarly by company owners and managers. These findings can help MSMEs’ managers and owners, policymakers, and practitioners understand which barriers are impeding MSMEs’ sustainable digital transformation.
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Brown, Colin G., Scott A. Waldron, and John Francis Wilkins. "Specialisation and intensification of farming systems in Western China." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-04-2015-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact on household and farming systems of government efforts to modernise production, build scale and develop specialisation in the Tibet dairy industry. Design/methodology/approach An overview of policy strategies and industry developments is used to frame detailed micro-level analysis of household and farming systems where impacts on households are explored from both a comparative static and dynamic perspective. Findings Specialisation and intensification improve household returns but elicit major changes in the farming and household systems and engagement with external markets. For instance, scaling up from three to ten improved cows increases returns from farm activities by one-half but shifts households from a state of food self-sufficiency to one where they need to sell two-thirds of their dairy products and buy three-fifths of their livestock feed. Research limitations/implications The diversity among Tibetan farm households and the dynamic changes occurring in farm productivity, product markets and agrarian systems means that the empirical results are used as illustrative rather than definitive. Originality/value Relative to the large attention on the Chinese dairy industry with regard to food safety and industry development, the impacts of dairy specialisation on smallholders especially in western China have been overlooked. The case highlights several issues relevant to agrarian transition and development including changing labour use, risk exposure and engagement with external markets.
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Vlasov, Dmitriy. "Technological Goal-Setting in The framework of the New Educational Area «Big Data» for the System of Professional Training of the Future Economist." Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 10, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-1731-2021-10-3-85-92.
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A weighty argument in favor of including the new educational area «Big Data» in the practice of professional training of the future economist is the competence in the field of building adequate predictive models, which is in demand in the modern labor market. Indeed, any leader is interested in improving the quality of the decisions made. This interest increases in conditions of sanctions pressure and post-pandemic restrictions, in difficult socio-economic conditions, when most of the resources are limited, the previously identified cause-and-effect relationships lose their relevance and the responsibility for decisions is significantly increased. Features of the implementation of the technological approach to disclosing the content of the new educational area «Big Data» in the system of professional training of the future economist is presented in this article as follows: firstly, in the form of a system of micro-goals at the basic level, and secondly, in the form of a system of micro-goals at an advanced level. Thus, within the framework of the technological goal-setting of the content of the new educational field, the principle of variability of the professional training of the future economist is implemented. Substantively presented in the article micro-goals cover various issues of using quantitative methods, mathematical and computational modeling. In addition, the formulations of micro-goals include requirements for the development of new tools that support big data analysis. Note that the implementation of technological goal-setting is necessary to strengthen the applied orientation of the training of a future economist, allows us to make a methodological emphasis on applied problems of socio-economic topics, the methods of solving which are in demand in future professional activities. The material of the article can be useful to teachers of the higher school of economics, as well as to anyone interested in modern methodological approaches to structuring educational content and achievements in the field of big data.
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Vlasov, Dmitriy. "Technological Goal-Setting in The framework of the New Educational Area «Big Data» for the System of Professional Training of the Future Economist." Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 10, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-1731-2021-10-3-85-92.
Full textAbstract:
A weighty argument in favor of including the new educational area «Big Data» in the practice of professional training of the future economist is the competence in the field of building adequate predictive models, which is in demand in the modern labor market. Indeed, any leader is interested in improving the quality of the decisions made. This interest increases in conditions of sanctions pressure and post-pandemic restrictions, in difficult socio-economic conditions, when most of the resources are limited, the previously identified cause-and-effect relationships lose their relevance and the responsibility for decisions is significantly increased. Features of the implementation of the technological approach to disclosing the content of the new educational area «Big Data» in the system of professional training of the future economist is presented in this article as follows: firstly, in the form of a system of micro-goals at the basic level, and secondly, in the form of a system of micro-goals at an advanced level. Thus, within the framework of the technological goal-setting of the content of the new educational field, the principle of variability of the professional training of the future economist is implemented. Substantively presented in the article micro-goals cover various issues of using quantitative methods, mathematical and computational modeling. In addition, the formulations of micro-goals include requirements for the development of new tools that support big data analysis. Note that the implementation of technological goal-setting is necessary to strengthen the applied orientation of the training of a future economist, allows us to make a methodological emphasis on applied problems of socio-economic topics, the methods of solving which are in demand in future professional activities. The material of the article can be useful to teachers of the higher school of economics, as well as to anyone interested in modern methodological approaches to structuring educational content and achievements in the field of big data.
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Scoppola, Margherita. "Agriculture, food and global value chains: issues, methods and challenges." Bio-based and Applied Economics 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bae-13517.
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About one-third of trade in food and agriculture takes place within global value chains (GVC). Coffee, palm oil or biofuels production are examples of the modern organization of agri-food production through GVC (de Becker, Miroudot, 2014; Greenville et al., 2016; Baliè et al., 2019). Agricultural raw materials nowadays may cross borders many times before reaching the final consumers, as they are embedded in intermediate and processed goods which are produced in different countries. Agri-food GVC are typically characterized by a strong coordination between farmers, food processors or traders, and between processors and retailers. Value chain coordination can be initiated by downstream buyers, such as supermarkets and food processors, or by upstream suppliers including farmers or farmer cooperatives (Swinnen and Maertens, 2007; Reardon et al 2007). In a number of cases, a group of “lead firms” plays a critical role by defining the terms of supply chain membership and whom the value is added (Scoppola, 2021).
The growth of the agri-food GVC raises new issues for the agricultural and food sectors. Participating to the GVC is expected to have several positive effects, both for countries and farmers, in terms of technology and knowledge spillovers, increased productivity, growth, employment opportunities, and ultimately increase of farmers’ income. On the other hand, market concentration in agri-food GVC raises concerns related to the emergence of market power (Swinnen, Vandeplas, 2014). Further, there are concerns that producing for agri-food GVC may result in the intensification of agricultural production, with negative environmental effects in terms of deployment of natural resources and water stress.
Sound knowledge and evidence about the nature and implications of modern agri-food GVC are relevant for policymaker, firms and civil society. The economic analysis of agri-food GVC challenges agricultural and food economists in several respects. The complex nature of GVC and of the issues they raise makes it essential the use of new and multiple lens of analysis (World Bank, 2020). Country-level (macro) approaches to GVC are needed to investigate the drivers of the world-wide fragmentation of agri-food production and the welfare implications of countries participating to GVC. Recent progresses in the empirical trade analysis of GVC are certainly fundamental to the understanding of agri-food GVC. Industry level (meso) approaches are needed to investigate the relationship among the various stages of the GVC. Analytical tools and approaches from the industrial organization literature are to be used to investigate issues such the price transmission along the agri-food GVC, the drivers of vertical coordination or the distributions of benefits along the GVC. A firm level approach (micro) is needed to investigate the implications of the participation to GVC for farmers.
The 10th AIEAA Annual Conference contributes to this debate, by putting together different disciplines and approaches to the analysis of agri-food GVC and of their implications in terms of economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Three keynotes explore these issues from different perspectives.
The keynotes by Silvia Nenci Ilaria Fusacchia, Anna Giunta, Pierluigi Montalbano and Carlo Pietrobelli entitled Mapping global value chain participation and positioning in agriculture and food (Nenci et al., 2022) reviews key methods and data issues arising in country-level analyses of GVC. They overall conclude that improvements in GVC measurements and mapping are currently still severely limited by data availability. Empirical literature to date mostly uses global Input-Output matrices and aggregate trade data to map and measure GVCs; however, sectoral and country coverage remains rather weak. They further review recent evidence about trends of GVC, by using the GVC participation indicator and the upstreamness positioning indicator (measuring the distance of the sector from final demand in terms of the number of production stages) for two sectors, that is “Agriculture” and “Food and Beverages”. They show that at the country level, GVC participation is globally around 30-35 percent for both agriculture and food and beverages; while GVC linkages in agriculture are mostly forward linked, food and beverages are much more in the middle and at the end of a value chain. Furthermore, they show that, unsurprisingly, agriculture has a higher score on upstreamness with respect to the food and beverages sector. They conclude by discussing some critical issues faced by agriculture and food GVC concerning trade policies, technological innovation and the COVID crises.
The keynote by Tim Lloyd entitled “Price transmission and imperfect competition in the food industry” aims at providing insights on how information is conveyed by means of prices between food consumers and agricultural producers along the agri-food value chains. After presenting some basic insights from theory, the keynote addresses the issue of how to detect the degree of market power by reviewing theory-consistent empirical models as well as the approaches developed in the New Empirical Industrial Organisation literature. The increased use of highly detailed retail (‘scanner’) data reveals that the food industry (retailing, manufacturing, and processing) is a major source of the price changes and that it also mediates price signals originating in other parts of the food chain in increasingly nuanced ways; the author concludes that agricultural and food economists should be wary of inferring too much about the competitive setting based on prices alone.
The keynote by Miet Maertens entitled “A review of global and local food value chains in Africa: Supply chain linkages and sustainability” highlights the expansion of agri-food GVC in low- and middle-income countries and how GVC are modernizing rapidly through institutional, technical, and commercial innovations. While a large body of literature focusses on the development implications of participation in GVC, the development of local food supply chains in low- and middle-income countries has received less attention. The review assesses potential linkages between global and local value chains in African countries, and the sustainability outcomes of supply chain innovations. The keynotes emphasizes that market competition as well competition for land, labour, water, and other resources may create negative linkages between the development of global and local food value chains. Spill-over effects, such as investment, technical or institutional spillovers, may create positive linkages and complementarities in the process of supply chain development. The existence of such linkages importantly depends on the type of crop and the structure and organisation of supply chains and entail important consequences towards socio-economic and environmental sustainability.
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Ziankova, Inha, Alena Lisichonak, and Aliaksandr Yemialyanau. "DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE SOCIETY WITH THE INSTRUMENTS OF “GREEN” ECONOMY AND EDUCATION." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4057.
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The article substantiates that in order to ensure the effective development of economic systems, the issues of rational use of natural resources and environmental safety are significant. Environmental problems for modern economies of the world are systematized. The aim of the research is to study the theoretical and practical experience in the formation of an inclusive society and the “green” economy of the regions in the Republic of Belarus based on the analysis of the mechanism for introducing circular technologies at the micro level, schemes for engaging vulnerable groups of the population, creating “green” jobs, creating courses on the principles of inclusion economy in the workplaces. The following tasks were set and resolved: the mechanism for the formation of the inclusive society and the “green” economy in the Republic of Belarus was identified through the introduction of circular technologies at the micro level; considered the features of involvement in employment of vulnerable groups of the population; identified and systematized features of creating “green” workplaces; specificity of courses for on-the-job training on the principles of inclusion and “green” economy is grounded. The research methodology is based on the principles of systems analysis, formal logic and an interdisciplinary scientific approach. Monographic and descriptive method was used in the formation of theoretical and practical basis for development an inclusive society with elements of the “green” economy; method of analysis and synthesis, method of statistical data analysis in the short-term analysis. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the theoretical and practical foundations for building the inclusive society through the tools of the “green” economy and education have been studied and scientifically grounded. The conclusions are that the creation of “green” jobs, learning the principles of a “green” economy, as well as the implementation of other measures to ensure the sustainable development are necessary. And development of inclusive society and “green” economy depend on ability of government and firms to teach their basic principles and create inclusive and “green” workplaces and jobs. As recommendations it is proposed to involve older labor resources in employment, taking into account coordination of the vocational qualification structure of labor supply and technical and technological parameters of workplaces; to assess development of the international labor market and sustainable development of the labor market with created by authors list of indicators; to develop an electronic web resource with information about the skills of the workforce, indicating the geography of workplaces and schemes for building up the necessary skills contributes to the advance preparation of the workforce; and to organize and conduct courses for employers and employees in the field of inclusive development and “green” jobs.
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Chaikin, O., and E. Kirieieva. "Women’s entrepreneurship as the part of economic systems inclusive development." Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 45, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/10.37203/kibit.2020.45.09.
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Up to the third of all businesses operating in the formal economy worldwide are run by women, but most of these enterprises, especially in developing countries and countries with transitional economies, as Ukraine, are micro-enterprises with little potential for growth. Along with traditional indicators of economic growth, the inclusive economic development model takes into account human capital equality, environmentally friendly production, social protection, gender equality as factors of economic system sustainability. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of women's entrepreneurship in economic systems inclusive development. The objectives of the study are generalization of women's in entrepreneurship involvement role in inclusive economic growth; current state of women in various types of economic activity involvement analysis; the possibility of inclusive growth through the women's entrepreneurship development achievement justification. The object of the study is the process of economic systems inclusive growth through women entrepreneurship activity increase. It has been proved that, significant differentiation in women and men wage levels, insufficient number of women in business on management positions remain relevant issues today. The current state of women's entrepreneurship and gender equality aspects under inclusive growth and inclusive development issues was determined. Ukraine population structure and the distribution of managers and individual entrepreneurs by sex within the types of economic activity analysis has been conducted. The mechanism aimed at women's entrepreneurship inclusiveness provision, which includes regulatory, financial credit, organizational and economic, motivational and stereotypical components has been proposed. It has been substantiated, that entrepreneurship contributes to the middle class increase, and thus social and political stability strengthening, including gender problems that exist in the labor market solvation. The system of measures of women's entrepreneurship inclusiveness ensurement mechanism, which will provide an integrated approach, formation has been proposed.
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Easton, B. "Labour Market Issues in New Zealand." Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 28, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841119002800407.
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Muscatelli, Anton, and Laurie Hunter. "EDITORS‘ INTRODUCTION: CONTEMPORARY LABOUR MARKET ISSUES." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 3 (August 1995): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01157.x.
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Shvindina, H. O., and Kushch V. O. Kushch V.O. "COOPETITIVE MODEL OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SUMY REGION AS A PREREQUISITE FOR PREVENTION OF LABOR MIGRATION." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-1.
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Economic transformations in Ukraine push industrial enterprises to seek radically new approaches to solving current problems. This article is devoted to the study of the main scientific approaches to the identification of the strategy of industrial enterprise development as a prerequisite for the impact on labor migration in the region. Numerous studies and experts argue that among the many factors of labor migration, economic reasons are central. During the study, the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of the competitive environment of an industrial enterprise that is a leading producer of bricks. The critical factors of success were identified in the study; the factor analysis of micro- and macroenvironment was carried out. Among all the methods of strategic analysis, the SPACE-method was chosen for the identification of enterprise development strategy. As a result of a combination of statistics, expert assessments, and the results of previous studies, a strategy of centered diversification was offered for further implementation. As an option to diversification, the offer to implement the strategy of coopetition was developed. If implemented, coopetition strategy has a lot of advantages: reduction of competitive pressure, increase of resource provision, scaling of production, reduction of production costs, creation of reserves for the development of personnel potential. The paper presents theoretical generalizations about the strategy of coopetition, its forms, the main prerequisites for implementation. The innovative development of industrial enterprises is the key to the development of the region, including an increase in average wages, and therefore the strategic decisions of one market operator affect others. It is proposed to create a consortium for a specific case of development of innovation potential of the region. This consortium is an educational and scientific one, which, in addition to solving staffing issues, can help slow down labor migration.
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Stender, Pernille, Thomas Thorsen, and Hans Henrik Andersen. "Micro data integration for Labour Market Account." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 31, no. 2 (May 27, 2015): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-150894.
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Nicola, PierCarlo. "Micro-founded macro-models and labour market☆." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 29, no. 3 (August 2006): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.098.
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Byford, Martin C. "A Micro-Analysis of Labour Market Flexibility." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 32, no. 2 (June 2013): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12035.
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Pulignano, Valeria, and Nadja Doerflinger. "Expanding social actor-based explanations in labour market dualisation research." Employee Relations 40, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-12-2016-0239.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute conceptually to debate on labour market dualisation by proposing a macro-micro and micro-macro (or macro-micro-macro) analytical approach to integrate actor-based explanations in the study of labour market dualisation. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper emphasising the need to combine qualitative and quantitative data and methods in studying the nature and incidence of labour market dualisation. Findings To study social divides – as a manifestation of labour market dualisation and, more generally, fragmentation – macro-micro and micro-macro (i.e. macro-micro-macro) relationships need to be established as part of an analytical approach to studying dualisation. This implies considering macro-level institutional and regulatory as well as micro-level workplace and organisational settings as factors in any analysis and interpretation of the determinants of labour market dualisation, i.e. integrating the dynamics of power and strategy as determinants of dualisation, fragmentation and more generally precariousness. Originality/value The paper points to the need to expand actor-based explanations within the labour market dualisation debate, which remains overly institutionalist in its approach. The authors propose a micro-macro-micro analytical approach as the way to systematise the study of concurrent macro-micro and micro-macro relationships shaping social divides in labour markets.
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Henry, S. G. B., and S. Wren-Lewis. "The Labour Market." National Institute Economic Review 115 (February 1986): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018611500106.
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This paper summarises research on the labour market done over the past two years at the National Institute. It incorporates research into the determinants of employment—including the role of forward-looking behaviour—wage inflation and real wage models, and comments on some policy issues which have arisen in the past five years or so. The research was not aimed at producing a single approach to labour market behaviour, but touched on several separate topics. In part the present paper reflects this relative heterogeneity, although we will try to emphasise common themes where these are relevant.
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Campbell, Jim, Gill Scott, and Emily Thomson. "Childcare: An Investigation of Labour Market Issues." Regional Studies 37, no. 9 (December 2003): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000143940.
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Highland, Esther H. "Power quality issues smack micro market." Computers & Security 7, no. 3 (June 1988): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90094-6.
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Zamfir, Ana-Maria, Anamaria Năstasă, Anamaria Beatrice Aldea, and Raluca Mihaela Molea. "Factors Shaping Labour Market Participation." Postmodern Openings 12, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/po/12.1/247.
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Like other postmodern structures, post-industrial labour markets display more frequent and rapid changes and higher unpredictability. In these conditions, the world of work is less capable in providing individuals stable signals for the construction of their behaviours. This paper aims to examine both macro and micro factors that shape labour market participation and expectations related to employment outcomes. We explore statistical data from the World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017-2020) collected from almost seventy thousands individuals around the world. Focusing on subjective evaluations of expected employment outcomes, our results are relevant for better understanding labour market participation from a postmodern perspective.
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Ghayur, Sabur. "Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, Working Conditions, and Child Labour." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.789-803.
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Pakistan’s labour market is showing its inability to continue the past trend of labour absorption. Generation of additional work opportunities commensurate with labour supplies, increasing by over 3 percent annually, has emerged as the most formidable challenge of the nineties. The labour market is presently confronted with the twin menace of unemployment and underemployment. Although, the rate of unemployment has not as yet assumed serious proportions, the worrying aspect of this 5 percent unemployment is its concentration amongst the youth, and educated and trained. The under-utilisation of manpower, however, is manifested in the form of under-employment. There are more than a-tenth of the employed who find their work unable to keep them busy for 35 hours a week [FBS (1994)]. Further, those employed a-quarter of them find their employment income only meeting half of the subsistence requirements, while a similar proportion find their employment income barely managing to meet the subsistence requirements [NMC (1989)]. Lesser productive and low remunerative work opportunities is thus emerging as the major characteristic of the labour market in Pakistan.
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Krugell, Waldo, and Philip F. Blaauw. "Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 29, 2014): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.763.
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The South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South AfricaThe South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the quality of education while others have argued that the rigidity of the labour market constrains employment growth. This paper considers the spatial aspects of the day labour market and argues that the size and proximity of economic activity found in agglomerations ensure a thick labour market that allows for better matching between workers and jobs. The results indicate that the day labourers who were hired by the same employer more often received higher earnings. Once workers have a matric qualification they receive earnings above the average, as do workers who have completed vocational training. Skills, as well as factors associated with a thicker labour market are positively associated with wages. The thicker metropolitan labour market allows workers to become more specialised and receive higher earnings. This has important policy implications and calls for the development of people and places.
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O'Brien, Martin, Abbas Valadkhani, and Keith Townsend. "The Australian Labour Market in 2007." Journal of Industrial Relations 50, no. 3 (June 2008): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608089995.
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Both global and domestic economic growth remained robust in 2007 resulting in historically low unemployment and high labour force participation in Australia. However, these favourable labour force statistics were overshadowed for much of the year by a number of other issues such as the continuing drought, high oil and petrol prices and associated inflation and interest rate pressures, a November federal election, and the first full year of the operation of the Work Choices legislation. This article will address each of these issues by presenting an analysis of the macroeconomy and labour market, and reviewing the labour market implications of the Work Choices legislation in Australia.
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Ezzahid, Elhadj, and Zakaria Elouaourti. "Financial inclusion, mobile banking, informal finance and financial exclusion: micro-level evidence from Morocco." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 7 (April 29, 2021): 1060–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2020-0747.
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PurposeThis study has a dual purpose. The first is constructing a financial inclusion index to investigate if the reforms implemented during the last decades at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels have contributed to increase the financial inclusion level in Morocco. The second is to deepen the investigation to explore the impact of these reforms at the microeconomic level, by focusing on six major issues: determinants of financial inclusion, links between individual characteristics and barriers to financial inclusion, determinants of mobile banking use, motivations for saving, credit objectives and determinants of resorting to informal finance.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the principal component analysis methodology is mobilized to construct a financial inclusion index for Morocco. Second, the probit model methodology on a micro-level database of 5,110 Moroccan adults is used.FindingsFirst, the financial inclusion index shows that financial inclusion in Morocco over the last two decades has followed different trends. The first period (1999–2004) was characterized by a slight upswing in the level of financial inclusion. In the second period (2004–2012), the level of financial inclusion increased significantly. During the third period (2012–2019), the financial inclusion maintained almost the same level. Second, empirical results showed that the determinants of formal finance and mobile banking are different from those of informal finance. Having a high educational attainment and being a participant in the labor market fosters financial inclusion. Concerning financial exclusion determinants, the results emphasized that a high educational attainment reduces the barriers leading to voluntary exclusion. As income level increases, barriers of involuntary exclusion such as “lack of money” become surmountable. Although "remoteness" and "high cost" are the major barriers to financial inclusion of all Moroccan social classes, the development of mobile banking allows to eliminate, smoothen and/or loosen all barriers sources of involuntary exclusion. As for the barriers causing voluntary exclusion, the Islamic finance model constitutes a lever for the inclusion of population segments excluded for religious reasons. As for the determinants of the recourse to informal finance, being a woman, an older person and having a low educational level (no more than secondary education) increase the probability to turn to informal finance.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study is the non-availability of data on the two dimensions (quality and welfare) of financial inclusion. The composite index is constructed on the basis of two dimensions (access and use) for which data are available.Practical implicationsThis study has three main implications. In practice, with the launching of the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion, this work provides empirical grounded evidence that contributes to design financial inclusion policies in Morocco. In research, while the debate on financial inclusion, mobile banking and informal finance has been raging in recent years, Morocco, like many other African countries, has not received coverage on these topics at the household level.Social implicationsFor society, this study provides considerable insight about the segments of population that are financially excluded and the main reasons for their exclusion.Originality/valueThis study enriches the existing literature with four essential contributions. First, it analyzes the evolution of the level of financial inclusion in the Moroccan economy through the development of a synthetic index. Second, it is the first to study the Moroccan population's financial behavior on the basis of micro-level data, which will help understand more precisely their financial behavior and the main obstacles to their inclusion. Third, this study explores the determinants of the use of mobile banking. Fourth, it sheds some light on the main determinants of the recourse to informal finance.
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Tokarz-Kocik, Anna. "Selected Issues of Employers’ Decisions in the Tourism Industry." Folia Turistica 47 (June 30, 2018): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6213.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the significance of selected trends in the labour market on the decision of employers in the tourism industry. Special attention is paid to the identification of challenges facing employers in connection with the aging population and entering the Y and Z generation on the labour market. Method. The study is the result of desk research and an analysis of primary research results and secondary data provided by institutions dealing with the labour market. Findings. The analysis of the available data carried out in the article shows that changes on the labour market in the tourism industry are basically defined by two groups of processes: (1) population aging and a decrease in available labour resources, (2) entering the labour market of the Y and Z generation, that may affect the relationships between employers and employees and influence the organizational culture of enterprises. Research and conclusions limitations. The research area is limited to Poland. Practical implications. The research results provide vital information about demographic trends and their impact on labour supply in Poland, thus they constitute the basis for formulating recommended actions for tourism enterprises in the direction of optimizing the human factor management process, especially in the area of recruitment and motivation. Originality. The article deals with current trends that determine the behaviour of employers within the tourist market. Special attention is paid to recruitment decisions and methods of motivating employees. Type of paper: Review article.
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Buchowicz, Izabela. "EDUCATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN POLAND – SELECTED ISSUES." Polityka Społeczna 559, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4747.
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Education is considered as an important factor of well-prosperous economy. Education which corresponds to the needs of a labour market becomes the key educational target of young people and employees who want to adopt to the changes at the labour market. Therefore there are still challenges for education in Poland – how to modify the process of teaching and how to infl uence the process of learning in such a way that education would become an important factor in growth of human and social capital. Contemporary education should take into account variable requirements of the labour market, including also needs of the present and future employees and employers. An important challenge for education in Poland is to adopt its structure and teaching programs to the needs of employees not only on the domestic labor market, by also on the labour markets of other countries, mainly in Europe. Simultaneously, Polish educational system must be competitive with respect to those of other European countries, take into account demographic and technological changes in order to prepare employees willing to work in diff erent countries.
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Jefferson, Therese, and Alison Preston. "Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365637.
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The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.