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1

Plekhanov, Sergei. "Essays on Russian labour market issues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23375.

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Being the largest transition economy Russia has interested economists since the collapse of the USSR. This thesis contributes to the literature on Russian labour market. In the first chapter I investigate cyclicality of real wages in Russia, the second chapter looks into consequences of wage arrears for workers' future and the third chapter develops a model of wage arrears that arise as a result of firms' opportunistic behaviour. The principal source of data used in this thesis is the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (the RLMS). The first chapter investigates cyclicality of real wages in Russia. The analysis is carried out both at the country as well as regional levels and the influence of wage arrears on the cyclicality is examined. The estimated cyclicality coefficient is three to four times larger in magnitude than those observed for Germany, the UK, the USA and other developed countries. An increase in unemployment rate by one percentage point leads to an average reduction in real wages of four percent. The results are robust to changes in sample period and estimation technique. Wage arrears do not prove to be the driving force of this strong procyclicality. The second chapter investigates influence of wage arrears on the future of affected workers. Limited dependent variable models are used to analyse the effects of wage arrears on the probability of future wage arrears and frequent separation from employers. Difference-in-difference approach is used to analyse effects on earnings. The results suggest that affected workers are twice as likely to experience wage arrears again within next three years. Job-movers are able to decrease the probability of repeated wage arrears by nine percentage points. The effect on separations is more modest: affected workers are approximately forty percent more likely to change jobs the following year and eleven percent more likely to experience frequent separations within five years after wage arrears. The effect on future earnings is relatively small and short-lived. Take-home wages decrease by 1 000 RUB compared to unaffected workers and recover within the following year. Analysis of stocks and flows of wage arrears indicates that in the period from 1998 to 2012 on average three quarters of wage debts were repaid. The third chapter picks up the discussion of the nature of wage arrears in Russia. An indirect evidence suggests that sometimes the firms choose to withhold wages despite having the resources to pay and in certain circumstances the employees accept it. The chapter presents a model of wage arrears that is based on worker-firm interactions. Calibration to the Russian data indicates that the parameter values observed in the RLMS dataset are consistent with a stable equilibrium in which an approximately half of the labour force experience late payments. The model predicts average duration of wage arrears of four months. This prediction is consistent with the Russian reality in the late 1990s.
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2

Fischer, Manfred M., and Peter Nijkamp. "Some Major Issues in Regional Labour Market Analysis." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1989. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4229/1/WSG_DP_0489.pdf.

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3

Doumenis, Ioannis G. "On married women's labour market participation considerations : empirical applications and some econometric issues." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416079.

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4

Ostermeier, Martin [Verfasser]. "Key Labour Market Issues and Decent Work in Developing and Emerging Countries / Martin Ostermeier." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216330638/34.

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5

Timuno, Sayed Obonye Mboki. "Labour market trends since the advent of democracy, with a specific focus on gender issues." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4224.

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Magister Commercii - MCom
The transition of South Africa's political system from an apartheid administration to a democratic rule in 1994 resulted in the end of years of international sanctions imposed on the country. This move placed the country back on the global trading market. In addition, improvements in living conditions, education attainment, and labour market outcomes of societal groups who were previously disadvantaged by the apartheid administration were expected. Looking at the labour market in greater detail, government devised policies aimed at addressing, amongst others, the racial and gender inequalities in job access and remuneration as well as improving the employment conditions. Despite these attempts, women have been known to be subjected to different kinds of discrimination. As a result, they have been segregated, and in most case were over-represented in low income, less secure employment as well as over-represented in the unemployed pool of the labour force. Numerous South African studies in the past only derived the “trends” labour market activities by gender since the transition by comparing the 1995 October Household Survey (OHS) with the latest available Labour Force Survey (LFS), without taking into consideration the comparability issues of the datasets. Hence, this thesis uses all the South African labour survey data in 1995-2009 to investigate the trends in the performance of each gender in the labour market since the transition, specifically looking at the following: labour force participation likelihood, employment likelihood, remuneration and working conditions of the employed, characteristics of the unemployed, as well as whether gender discrimination in the labour market (with specific focus on employment probability gap and wage gap) still exists since the advent of democracy.
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Kaabel, Annika [Verfasser]. "Losing Human(itarian) Capital: Exploring Micro and Macro Determinants of Refugee Labour Market Integration / Annika Kaabel." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166140474/34.

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7

Pauw, Karl. "Labour market policy and poverty : exploring the macro-micro linkages of minimum wages and wage subsidies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5715.

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This study adds value to the South African literature on labour market policy evaluation and their poverty impacts in general, and minimum wages and wage subsidies in particular, both in terms of the theoretical and descriptive analyses provided. Various possible modelling approaches are explored, with careful consideration of the advantages and limitations of each. A rich set of model results is also generated. Under both the policies evaluated, the poverty outcome is shown to generally be positive but small. Furthermore, the outcome is highly sensitive to the wage elasticity of demand: while minimum wages tend to be more effective in reducing poverty when the wage elasticity is low, wage subsidies generate superior outcomes under a high wage elasticity scenario.
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8

Cunha, Pedro José Espirito Santo da. "Fomento do micro - empreendedorismo : uma avaliação do PAECPE." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7564.

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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas
Este trabalho pretende avaliar o Programa de Apoio ao Empreendedorismo e Criação da Própria Empresa "PAECPE" promovido pelo IEFP enquanto medida de ativação de emprego. Efetuámos uma revisão de literatura sobre medidas de ativação de emprego, empreendedorismo, características dos empreendedores, contexto institucional favorável e a função do crédito. Apresentamos o PAECPE e a sua execução até 31-12-2013, enquadrada no contexto económico de Portugal nos últimos anos, que foram marcados pelo programa de assistência financeira internacional, pela recessão e pelo aumento do desemprego. Lançámos um inquérito a 1.130 beneficiários do Programa. O questionário versou sobre o impacto do PAECPE nas suas vidas, bem como sobre a avaliação que estes fazem das linhas de crédito protocoladas (Microinvest e Invest+). Analisámos detalhadamente: O que os beneficiários apontam como sendo o aspeto menos positivo destas linhas: rapidez na formalização e na concessão do crédito; O fim último a que o Programa se destina: criação de emprego e respetivos custos diretos. Complementámos com a análise da carteira de crédito de um Banco de operações enquadradas no PAECPE, constituída por 311 operações; este trabalho permitiu-nos ter uma outra perspetiva, diríamos que "interna", do funcionamento do Programa. Concluímos que o PAECPE é eficiente (o custo público é reduzido) mas pouco utilizado. Apresentamos algumas sugestões de ajustamento, no sentido de torná-lo mais eficaz, e que passam sobretudo por simplificar o processo de enquadramento das operações e por aumentar a atratividade para quem tem a função de o distribuir e dinamizar (os Bancos).
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the "Programa de Apoio ao Empreendedorismo e Criação da Própria Empresa", PAECPE, sponsored by IEFP, as an active labour market policy. We begin this work by a literature survey on active labour market policies, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs' personal characteristics, institutional context favourable to entrepreneurship and the function of credit in the instigation of entrepreneurship. We then present PAECPE and its execution as of 31-12-2013, in the context of Portugal's economic environment, characterized by the international financial assistance programme, by the economic recession and the growth of unemployment. Finally, to evaluate the Programme, we launched a questionnaire to 1.130 beneficiaries, inquiring about the Programme's impact on their lives, as well as their evaluation on the credit lines associated. We have analyzed in depth: The worst classified dimension on the credit lines: quickness of approval and disposal of funds; The major goal of the Programme: job creation at controlled costs. We have complemented our work with the analysis of the PAECEP credit portfolio of a Bank, constituted by 311 deals. This allowed us to have an internal perspective of the Programme functioning. We concluded that PAECPE is an efficient Programme (the public costs are small) but not much utilized by potential beneficiaries; therefore we present some suggestions for its effectiveness improvement, namely to simplify the framework of the credit lines, in order to accelerate the timings of approval and disposal of funds, and to increase its attractiveness for the distribution channel (the Banks).
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9

Larsson, Anders, and Martin Nybom. "Government response to poverty and unemployment in South Africa : A micro-level evalutation of the Expanded Public Works Prgramme." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7052.

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Using data from the Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa twice yearly this thesis intend to evaluate the Expanded Public Works Programme regarding its effectiveness in creating employment and raising income in households with participating individuals. The South African labour market is well known for its high rates of unemployment and also its segregation, primarily between black and white people, but also young people are having a hard time finding jobs. In order to fight these problems the South African government has launched the Expanded Public Works Programme(EPWP) which provides low- semi-skilled labour with short term employment, the primary target groups being black and coloured people, women, disabled people and young people. Our findings indicate that the EPWP does not significantly enhance the individual’s probability of being employed, nor does it raise the per capita income of households with participating individuals.

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10

Hundenborn, Ines Janina. "Explaining changes in post-apartheid income and earnings inequality." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33818.

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This doctoral thesis analyses the changes in income inequality in post-apartheid South Africa. The thesis adds to the existing literature by explaining the underlying causes of the changes in observed income inequality. As such, this thesis applies different decomposition methods to the Gini coefficient. In the analysis of household income sources, traditional static decompositions are supplemented by applying micro-simulations that allow for a dynamic decomposition of changes in income sources reported in household surveys. The results corroborate previous findings of the significant contribution of labour market incomes and governmen grants. However, the application of advanced dynamic methods highlights the effects of changes in other factors, such as investment income and the role of employed household members, which have previously received less attention. Further study of household survey data and a unique set of tax administration data enabled a decomposition of the Gini coefficient of taxable income to investigate the effect of high earners on income inequality and the accuracy of capturing them in household surveys. This analysis highlights a significant weighting issues of high earners in the latest wave of the household survey data. Therefore, when combining the two types of data sets, a significant decrease in overall inequality of taxable income can be found between 2011 and 2014. The results ascertain the vast differences between the top and the bottom of the income distribution and concrete policies addressing both sides of the issue need to be implemented in order to overcome persisting income inequality. Finally, the strong effects of labour market incomes on overall income inequality warrant further investigation. Therefore, changes in earnings inequality are decomposed to assess the effect of changes in the labour market. The application of micro-simulations thereby allows to decompose the changes in earnings inequality into ‘price effect' and ‘endowment effect' but also to assess the effect of changes in labour market participation, employment, occupational structure and unobserved characteristics. The results show that key drivers of an increase in earnings inequality between 1993 and 2012 were changes in the endowments of working age individuals. This effect was partially counteracted by the price effect. The findings show persisting discrepancies between male and female employment in the labour market and the ongoing marginalization particularly of African women which highlights the need for a revision of existing affirmative action laws and their implementation. The National Development Plan offers several strategies for more inclusive growth for South Africa, however, government is already falling behind with its implementation. Therefore, policy makers need to re-examine the efficiency of current social spending and labour laws in order to set the right growth path for the South African economy. The methods utilized throughout this thesis harmonise different sources of information and enable an integrated analysis of the dynamics of the South African income distribution. The static and dynamic decompositions make use of the 1993 household survey of the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) and the 2008 and 2014 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). The assessment of high earners is performed by comparing tax administration data provided by the South African Revenue Service (SARS) for the 2010 and 2014 tax years with household survey data from NIDS in 2011 and 2014. Finally, the decomposition of earnings inequality is carried out using data sets from the Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series (PALMS) between 1993 and 2012.
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11

Nylander, Stina. "Corporate social responsibility issues management at Vattenfall AB : A study of risks related to technology, value chains, and market." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129387.

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As one of Europe’s largest-producing actors in the energy sector with a wide energy mix, Vattenfall has a great responsibility to contribute to sustainable development of society. To do so, economical, environmental and social aspects need to be balanced in a responsible way. This is done through acting social responsible or in other terms, addressing corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the company’s business activities. Electricity and heat constitute one of the prerequisites for a modern society. However, it has always been a highly debated industry due to its inevitable impact on the environment and society. This makes it crucial for Vattenfall and its operations to act as responsible as possible and listen to the stakeholders and take their expectations into account in the business decisions process. Vattenfall has a long history of being criticised for its activities by NGOs and media. However, Vattenfall´s main task is to deliver electricity and heat to the society, which means that Vattenfall must continue to deliver secure energy supply to its markets, but with as little negative impact on the environment and society as possible.

 

Vattenfall is through its operations, its value chain, its use of technology and the markets on which it operates, exposed to risks associated with the areas human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption. These “CSR risks” can harm the reputation, brand and image if they are not managed in a proactive and effective way. In order to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issues, the company needs to catch and respond quickly to new trends and expectations raised by opinion formers, which often are expressed through the media and the Internet. The aim of this study is to provide Vattenfall with a tool to do so. Through identifying the main CSR risks related to its operations, awareness about Vattenfall’s vulnerability areas are created. The result shows that the largest CSR risks for Vattenfall are technology related, i.e., connected to the fuels used in Vattenfall’s power plants and their value chain. This knowledge can be used when addressing CSR in the organization.

Still, a direct solution to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issue is needed. The second purpose of this study is to propose a process for a CSR issues management at Vattenfall. The aim of such an issues management is to provide the company with a tool to identify, analyse and manage emerging issues. A CSR issues management will provide Vattenfall with a tool to respond to emerging issues before they become public knowledge. It should scan and collect external and internal information, identify relevant information for Vattenfall, monitor ongoing and emerging CSR issues/concerns/debates and report to relevant functions in the Vattenfall organization.

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12

Purwanto, Deniey Adi [Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Brümmer. "Equality of Pays and Wage Behaviours: Micro and Macro Perspectives of Indonesia Labour Market / Deniey Adi Purwanto ; Gutachter: Sebastian Vollmer, Bernhard Brümmer ; Betreuer: Stephan Klasen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120641555X/34.

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13

Bellache, Youghourta. "L'économie informelle en Algérie, une approche par enquête auprès des ménages : le cas de Bejaia." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593812.

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La croissance du secteur informel en Algérie fait de celui-ci une composante structurelle de l'économie. Les controverses, déjà anciennes, sur son rôle (dynamique, marginal, parasitaire) se poursuivent et témoignent de la complexité du phénomène. L'objet de notre thèse consiste à analyser le secteur informel en Algérie, selon la définition du BIT, afin de comprendre s'il s'agit d'un secteur dynamique ou d'un secteur de subsistance. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête représentative auprès d'un échantillon de 522 ménages dans la wilaya de Bejaia, soit près de 1000 actifs occupés. L'analyse en coupe instantanée des données de l'enquête, grâce à l'analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples et la régression logistique, a permis de cerner les caractéristiques saillantes des actifs (salariés et non salariés) du secteur informel et d'établir ainsi différentes typologies (informels purs vs. informels hybrides ; travailleuses à domicile couturières, sous-traitantes de pro duits alimentaires et prestataires de services) qui témoignent de son hétérogénéité (diversité des activités et des acteurs, degrés d'informalité variables, différenciation des revenus). L'analyse de la mobilité socioprofessionnelle des actifs informels met en évidence l'existence au sein du secteur informel d'une forte mobilité intra-sectorielle ascendante et une segmentation entre les micro-entrepreneurs non mobiles et les micro-entrepreneurs mobiles. Globalement, la faiblesse du capital humain, le faible niveau des revenus ainsi que la faiblesse des liens avec le reste de l'économie, tout en confortant la thèse de la segmentation entre les deux secteurs (formel et informel) et au sein du secteur informel lui-même, accréditent l'existence d'un secteur informel de subsistance.
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14

Williams, Paul Victor. "The organisational consequences in the development of appropriate legal arrangements for conducting franchising." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226983/1/T%28BS%29%20129_Williams_1996.pdf.

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Franchising has emerged as a powerful method of conducting business. This paper examines a number of the elements of franchising and their foundation in transaction cost theory, the legal environment and measures which seek to control excesses in franchising. These are reviewed in part by reference against the writer's background as the Corporate Solicitor from 1989 to 1990 for Brisbane founded and based franchisor, Nu-Steel International Pty Ltd. Also during the latter part of 1990 the writer was Corporate Solicitor for the franchisor of the Bumpa T Bumpa franchise system. The economic rationale for franchisors and franchisees entering their business relationship and the legal consequences of franchising are discussed. The Franchising Code of Practice was introduced on a voluntary basis in February 1993 and recently there has been debate on possible changes to address deficiencies in the legal framework covering the conduct of franchising in Australia. These changes are examined and evaluated. The popular proposition is that for many suppliers and manufacturers franchising provides a cost and administratively effective method of achieving optimum results instead of by direct investment via vertical or horizcntal integration. For franchisees access is gained to an established business system. Hence the likelihood of failure and poor return on investment is claimed to be reduced. These propositions are tested against the researcher's observations. Legal complications make franch ising a hazardous undertaking for both franchisors and franchisees, particularly the likelihood of opportunistic behaviour which the legal system seeks to guard against by providing avenues of redress but can not eliminate. To many participants potential pitfalls are not fully appreciated and are only comprehended through costly experience. To seek to reduce the incidence of l.!:1desirable p:·2.ctices !~c Federal Government introduced a Code of Practice based on voluntary self regulation after considering the impact of regulatory regimes in Australia, England and the United States. Given the contribution of undesirable practices, lower than expected awareness of the Code amongst franchising participants and with approximately 50 per cent of franchisors registered with the Franchising Code Administration Council Limited which administers the Code, the Federal Government released in October 1995 a Better Business Conduct Discussion Paper. While the changes proposed in the Discussion Paper relating to the Trade Practices Act will provide a useful protection mechanism, this will be at the cost of franchising participants until the harsh and oppressive conduct prohibitions are litigated and hopefully improved standards of commercial practice established. This paper shows that there are common features in the economic and legal processes fou nd in franchising. It is suggested that traditional market transaction issues are not relevant to a consideration of effective controls on franchising which deals with a total resource package comprising human and physical capital. For governments and franchising participants, consideration needs to be given to address, at the outset of a franchising transaction, mechanisms to cover fundamental opportunistic behaviour.
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McIntosh, Bryan. "Flexibility in the labour market - certain gender issues." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6601.

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16

Tang, Ning. "Two essays on market micro-structure issues." Thesis, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=1&did=982790681&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1235511662&clientId=23440.

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17

Ostermeier, Martin. "Key Labour Market Issues and Decent Work in Developing and Emerging Countries." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-145E-C.

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Darkwah, Frank. "Health Insurance, Healthcare Utilisation and Labour Market Outcomes: a Micro Study of Ghana." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/122300.

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The question concerning the existence of syphilis in the pre-Columbian Old World has been debated from around the 1530’s when Fracastoro, Ruiz de Isla, Oviedo and Le Casas all published their thoughts on syphilis originating in the New World. However, syphilis may have existed in the Old World prior to Columbus as a mild infection under the disguise of many diseases including leprosy. Since then the debate has branched out to include other facets of evidence, including paleopathology and examination of DNA from bones. These facets have advanced our understanding of the disease and how it affects human remains but, have yet to solve its origins. The pre- and post-Columbian literature were re-evaluated to assess an overall view of why syphilis was seen as a new disease post-Columbus. The role of the events that led the French army of Charles VIII into Italy, that decisively contributed to the Columbian thesis needs to be discussed. This thesis re-examines through both literature and mathematical calculations, the possibility of infection from the New World through Columbus’ voyage, and infection through a mild form of syphilis (endemic treponematosis) which became inflamed through constant re-infection resulting in a superinfection. In addition, it suggests that mercury which was a source of medicine for syphilis can be used to support the presence of syphilis, even when there are minor pathognomonic signs of the disease in skeletal remains. Regardless, it must be taken into account that mercury was used to treat other skin diseases such as leprosy, therefore differential diagnosis is necessary to draw appropriate conclusions. Methods included the examination of pre-Columbian skeletal remains from various countries. The collections consist of Old and Middle Kingdom Egypt, Ancient Greek Metaponto, Oplontis (Pompeii), medieval Danish leprosarium and early medieval Polish Kolonia and Brześć Kujawski,. Small fragments were taken from bones and analysed by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The LA-ICP-MS is capable of measuring traces of mercury. The results suggest that the majority of skeletal remains show signs of syphilis were likely treated with mercury as mercury concentrations in bone have higher than the normal 0.1 ppm concentrations compared to those in control samples that lack pathological indicators. This suggests that people were using mercury to treat individuals with pathological signs indicative of syphilis prior to the siege of Naples in 1495. Furthermore, it adds supporting evidence that will nullify the New World as the source of condition.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2019
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Lopes, Mariana Ferreira Veiga. "Flexibilidade e precariedade nas micro e pequenas empresas no contexto de crise: um olhar sociológico." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/5246.

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A relação entre a flexibilidade da gestão de recursos humanos e a precariedade laboral tem gerado crescente controvérsia e análise. Se por um lado, existem cada vez mais empresas a utilizar diferentes modalidades de gestão flexível, por outro lado, verifica-se um aumento de trabalhadores com vínculo precário não só em Portugal, como na Europa. Nomeadamente, as formas de flexibilidade externa parecem implicar precariedade acrescida. No âmbito deste estudo pretendemos contribuir para esta reflexão partindo do pressuposto de que a relação flexibilidade/precariedade se apresenta de modos diferentes atendendo à dimensão das empresas, às actividades que desenvolvem (tipo de serviços ou produtos) e às características das ocupações profissionais envolvidas (mais ou menos qualificadas). Assim, exploramos neste estudo o caso de duas micro empresas, de dois sectores distintos, uma das tecnologias de informação e comunicação e outra das actividades artísticas e culturais, ambas envolvendo trabalhadores qualificados (com ocupações profissionais distintas) com o objectivo de identificar e comparar as estratégias e práticas de flexibilidade e seu impacto na precariedade, bem como mapear e comparar as representações sociais dos trabalhadores das duas empresas sobre a flexibilidade/precariedade.
The relationship between flexibility of human resources management and precarious work has generated further controversy and analysis. On the one hand, there are more and more companies using different methods of flexible management and on the other hand, there is an increase of workers with precarious jobs, not only in Portugal, but in general in Europe. In particular, external flexibility seems to imply increased insecurity and precarious jobs. We intend to contribute to this debate with basis on the assumption that the relationship flexibility/precarious work may assume different patterns in view of the size of the companies concerned, their activities (type of services or products) and characteristics of occupations involved (more or less skilled). Thus, we explore in this study the case of two micro enterprises, of two distinct sectors, one within information and communication technologies sector and the other within the artistic and cultural sector, and both comprising skilled workers with the aim of identifying and comparing strategies and practices of flexibility and their impact on precarious work, and with the aim of mapping and comparing the social representations of the workers (of the two companies) in relation to flexibility/precarious work.
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