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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micro-Economy'
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Sadun, Raffaella. "Productivity dynamics of the UK economy : a micro data perspective." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2171/.
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This dissertation analyzes two factors which may lie behind the recent productivity surge in the US, the lack of productivity growth in Europe and, ultimately, the persistence of significative differences in the levels of productivity across the two macro areas. First, we analyse the role played by Information Technologies (IT). Second, we study the impact of specific regulatory policies, focusing on the consequences of regulations which constrain the entry of large and peripheral retail stores ("big-boxes"). These issues are explored in the context of the UK economy, whose recent economic performance is consistent with the overall European picture of sluggish productivity growth (Basu et al., 2003). Furthermore, the questions are approached from a micro data perspective, using a series of novel establishment and firm-level datasets drawn from Census data sources. In the first two essays I focus on the role played by Information Technologies (IT), which appear to have played a substantial role in driving the recent productivity surge of the US economy. Chapter I sets out a theoretical and empirical context in which to study the impact of IT on productivity. Chapter II discusses the effects of IT on a large panel of firms active in the UK economy, observed between 1995 and 2003. A key finding of the study is the apparent ability of US multinationals to obtain higher productivity than non-US multinationals (and domestic UK establishments) from their IT capital. Chapter III, IV and V are dedicated to the study of the retail industry, which accounts for a large part of the European productivity gap vis a vis the US over the past decade. In particular, we study the effect of entry regulations against large retail stores ("big-boxes"). In Chapter III, it is shown that the recent introduction of entry regulations against large stores in the UK has paradoxically increased the competition faced by mom and pops retailers. Chapter IV show evidence that entry regulations have also significantly lowered the productivity of UK retail chains, forcing them to operate at a lower scale of retail activity. This result is set in an international context in Chapter V, where the market structure and the productivity dynamics of the UK retail industry with that of the US and Japan are compared using novel Census data sources.
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Spitz, Alexandra. "Changing workplaces in the knowledge-based economy evidence from micro data /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11612009.
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Sleptsova, Evghenia. "Exports from Ukraine to the European Union : macro-, micro- and political economy determinants." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1359/.
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This thesis deals with the exporting performance of Ukraine. Focusing on the reorientation of merchandise exports, both in terms of geography – from East to West – and in terms of commodity composition, it explores the multi-level determinants of the observed picture. While until 2003-2004 reorientation from East to West appeared to be a steady trend, in 2005 this trend reversed and CIS re-emerged as a leading destination market for Ukraine’s exports. The commodity composition in trade with the EU has also hardly improved, and was more positive in trade with the CIS. Marginal improvements were observed on a more disaggregated level. These findings were confirmed in the macro-level analysis – Ukraine tends to under-trade with the external trade blocs – EU-15 and the then CEFTA, and over trade with the internal trade bloc of CIS. On a micro-level, the analysis has not revealed that trade with the EU has been associated with firm-level industrial upgrading, although FDI does increase the likelihood to export to the EU. Trade with the CIS has been associated with higher commodity diversification, which in turn is known to be associated with higher growth potential. On the level of policy lobbying, on the other hand, business elites have shown an increasing interest in the Western vector of integration.
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Brome, Pearson Anderson. "Information technology and the development process : Caribbean micro-sates in the global economy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619914.
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Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Political economy of development : health as a development outcome, micro evidence, and heterogeneity of democracies and autocracies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2020/.
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The thesis explores whether and how democratic and autocratic political institutions affect the welfare of people in developing countries. First, we empirically investigate whether democracy improves people's health, by using time-series country-level aggregate statistics. We find that there is a robust cross-sectional correlation between democracy and life expectancy at birth. Country fixed effects estimation, on the other hand, does not yield a statistically significant correlation between the two. This empirical approach, however, does not disentangle the effect of democracy from country-level confounding factors. To overcome this, I empirically examine whether democratization has reduced infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s, by using micro data on child survival. Mother fixed effects estimation shows that mothers see their infants more likely to survive after democratization than before. This result may suggest that African dictatorships are particularly bad compared to those in other regions. To shed some light on this possibility, we theoretically investigate under what condition autocracy yields good policy outcomes. We show that such a condition is that those enfranchised in autocracy can retain the right of leadership selection after overthrowing a dictator for his bad performance. We also show that such a successful autocracy outperforms a democracy if distributional issues are so important that voters in democracy cannot discipline policy-makers in the general interest policy outcomes. What affects the salience of distributional issues, therefore, needs to be understood. One such factor may be ethnic favoritism by the government, which has rarely been empirically investigated in a systematic way. By using micro data on infant mortality and by exploiting one-time unexpected change in the president's ethnicity in Guinea, I provide evidence on whether the ethnicity of those in power affects infant mortality for each ethnic group under an autocratic rule.
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Danisewicz, Piotr. "Three essays on micro- and macroprudential regulation and the effects on bank conduct and the real economy." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/three-essays-on-micro-and-macroprudential-regulation-and-the-effects-on-bank-conduct-and-the-real-economy(835b9a91-812f-498d-a3e4-ea580d70b106).html.
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This thesis examines the effects of micro- and macroprudential regulations on banks conduct and the real economy. We begin with an analysis of regulatory enforcement actions’ effect on regional economic growth in the U.S. Next, we evaluate changes in bank conduct resulting from the implementation of state depositor preference law. Finally, we focus on macroprudential regulation and their effect on multinational banks’ cross-border lending. Throughout this thesis we employ quasi-experimental estimation techniques to establish our results. In the first chapter, we account for the non-random assignment of regulatory enforcement actions by employing instrumental variables regressions that exploit exogenous changes in the intensity of regulatory monitoring. We show that sanctioning banks with Formal agreements, Prompt corrective actions or Cease and desist orders leads to economically significant yet only temporary reductions in personal income growth, the number of establishments, while simultaneously increasing the unemployment rate. We document that these real effects are driven by contraction in bank lending and liquidity creation which also follow the issue of severe enforcement actions. Using difference-in-difference estimations that exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the implementation of state depositor preference law in the U.S., we show that changing claims’ priority structure on failed banks’ assets triggers important changes in banks conduct. We document that conferring priority to bank deposits at the cost of non-deposits intensifies bank monitoring by general creditors. This result is reflected in higher costs of banks’ non-deposit funding. We are also able to demonstrate that banks respond to more intensive monitoring by adjusting conduct. Financial institutions subject to the new claims priority structure reduce their risk taking and improve their profitability. Finally, we document that foreign banks’ organizational structure plays an important role in cross-border transmission of macroprudential regulation. We document that lending provided by foreign banks branches in the UK is more sensitive (relative to subsidiaries) to tightening of capital requirements in the home markets of their parent banks. Difference-in-difference estimates reveal that on average foreign banks 2 operating under the branch structure reduce their lending to other financial institutions in the UK by 6% more compared to subsidiaries. We find no heterogeneity in banks’ response to lending standards and reserve requirements. This thesis presents two key policy implications. First, our results show that the introduction of the depositor preference laws should have beneficial effects on the banking industry. In case of enforcement actions and macroprudential regulation effects policy implications are not as clear cut as for depositor preference. While, we find adverse effects stemming from the use of enforcement actions and higher sensitivity of branch lending to macroprudential regulation these effects are short-lived and therefore may not necessarily offset the benefits resulting from exercising these regulation.
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Gupta, Sujata. "Carbon dioxide abatement in an empirical model of the Indian economy : an integration of micro and macro analysis." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309510.
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WASSIE, TAREKEGNE WUBIE. "ECONOMY-WIDE ESTIMATES OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF INDC POLICIES FOR ETHIOPIA (A RECURSIVE DYNAMIC CGE MICRO-DATA ANALYSIS)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/607003.
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Economic and Environmental Effects of INDC Policies for Ethiopia (A Recursive Dynamic CGE Analysis)
Mitigation of climate change has become unavoidable discussion item in policy making agendas in both developed and developing counties. Having understood the important role played by developing nations in fighting against climate change, Ethiopia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission reduction goal of 64% in 2030 compared to the BAU scenario.
The main objective of this study is to analyse the economic and environmental effects of the implementation of Ethiopia’s INDC policy in the form of carbon tax. In doing so, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is employed and is calibrated on the updated 2009/10 SAM of Ethiopia with the corresponding emission data of the same year.
Four simulation scenarios have been introduced. In the first simulation, carbon tax revenue has been allocated entirely for government consumption, whereas in the second simulation, the carbon tax revenue has been equally divided between government consumption and households in form of lump sum transfer. In the third and fourth simulations, productivity gains from government expenditure allocated to health and education sectors are combined with the respective first two simulations. The results of simulation experiments on selected macroeconomic variables indicate that, in real terms, GDP, national absorption and household consumption are found to be adversely affected relative to the baseline scenario, the impact being considerably high in the first simulation. The simulations with productivity gains, in relative sense, have improved the negative effects of the carbon tax abatement policy on the economic variables. The implication of this is that policies that increase productivity of government expenditure have better spillover effects on GDP than those of household consumption.
Finally, to achieve the emission reduction target set out in the INDC policy of Ethiopia with reasonable cost to the economy, the country has to invest in clean technologies that are meant to improve emission efficiency as most of the emissions emanate from activities in the agricultural sector, and for this end, huge international support is required.<br>The Poverty, Distributional and Welfare Implications of INDC Policies for Ethiopia
Environmental policies relying on market-based instruments, primarily carbon taxes, are becoming more advocated to mitigate the ever increasing GHG emissions, due to their efficiency properties. However the equity implications of such policies, the impacts on poverty, on wealth distribution, and on the prospects for growth are equally important. This is particularly true for developing countries whose primary aim is to improve upon weak economic and social performances.
Ethiopia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission reduction goal of 64% in 2030 compared to the BAU scenario. At the same time, the country is committed to reducing poverty and attaining its middle income status by 2025. As such, this study aims at analyzing the poverty, distributional and welfare consequences the implementation of Ethiopia’s INDC policy in the form of carbon tax. To this end, the results from percentage changes in household consumption expenditure from the CGE model are linked to the 2010/11Ethiopian household expenditure and consumption survey micro data which covers 27,835 households (CSA 2011).
In accordance with the CGE simulations four scenarios have been considered. The first represents the implementation of a carbon tax where the revenues are entirely absorbed by government expenditure. The second represents the implementation of the carbon tax with lump sum transfer of 50% of the tax revenue to households. The third and fourth simulations add government expenditure induced productivity gains (in education and health) to the first and second simulations respectively. We found that INDC policy for Ethiopia would be costly to households under the first and third simulations. With the second and fourth simulations, we found sensible results whereby an improvement in poverty; inequality and welfare have been observed. The urban poor have benefited more from both the compensation plan and productivity gains than the rural non-poor. More importantly, compensation to households is more equitable than allocating the carbon tax revenue for government expenditure.
The results suggest that compensation of carbon tax revenue transfers should be structured such that the rural poor are more beneficiary as they are much larger in number and they are more affected by the carbon tax policy. Lastly, a huge international support is required to help the country achieve its emission reduction target at modest Poverty, welfare and distributional costs.
Emission; carbon tax; INDC; poverty; inequality; welfare; Simulation; baseline; expenditure; Ethiopia
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Kleinschmidt, Per [Verfasser]. "Methods and micro economy of biodiesel production : Example through a business plan analysis for a biodiesel plant / Per Kleinschmidt." München : GRIN Verlag, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1181871573/34.
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Jeon, Jei Guk. "The political economy of micro-variation in East Asian development patterning : a comparative study of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26964266.html.
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Gazdag, Nóra, and Anna Torlegård. "Micro Apartments : A Potential Solution for the Severe Shortage of Small Affordable Apartments in Stockholm Nóra Gazdag and Anna T." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231411.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the emerging global trend of micro apartments to find out if it provides a potential solution for the severe shortage of small, affordable apartments in Stockholm. As the concept is already a researched area in foreign real estate markets, the lack of research on the demand for micro apartments in Stockholm despite the highest rate of single households and rising housing prices was identified as a research gap. The aim of the research is to identify the most significant opportunities, risks and obstacles of the micro housing concept applied for the Stockholm market as well as estimating a range of potential demand for varying economic scenarios. The approach of the research was to conduct empirical studies in the form of interviews with experts in the field and conduct a survey measuring consumer preferences. Furthermore, secondary data was collected in the form of statistical data and extensive literature on the existing research on micro housing in foreign markets, characteristics of the Stockholm housing market and economic outlooks for the region. These findings allowed us to make forecasts for the housing market in Stockholm and estimate the future demand for micro units. The calculations were limited to the ownership market in Stockholm municipality and focusing on a specific target group. The results were a demand in the most likely economic scenario of 300-400 units in the short term (specified as 2018-2021) and range of 150-250 units in the medium term (specified as 2022-2028). The originality and the value of the paper lies in collection of opportunities, risks and obstacles of the micro housing concept specifically for Stockholm from the perspectives of multiple actors on the housing market, in addition to providing practical recommendations for developers, the municipality and researchers based on the extensive analysis and also providing a model to estimate the future demand for this housing solution.<br>Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera den växande globala trenden av mikrolägenheter och att ta reda på om dessa kan lösa bristen på små och prisvärda lägenheter i Stockholm. Konceptet har studerats ingående på internationella bostadsmarknader, dock är undersökning angående efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i Stockholm bristfällig, detta till trots att regionen tillhandahåller den högsta andelen singelhushåll i världen, samt har en hög tillväxt för bostadspriser, vilket medför en lucka i bostadsforskningen. Syftet med studien är att identifiera de mest betydande möjligheterna, riskerna och hindren för konceptet mikrobostäder på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, såväl som att beräkna samt bedöma efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter för olika ekonomiska scenarier. Studiens tillvägagångssätt bestod av utförande av empiriska studier, såväl intervjuer med experter på området samt en granskning av konsumenters preferenser för mikrolägenheter. Utöver dessa inhämtades sekundärdata såsom statistisk data samt omfattande litteratur och tidigare internationell forskning i ämnet. Med det inhämtade materialet kunde vi utföra beräkningar samt estimeringar av den framtida efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i Stockholm. Beräkningarna var begränsade till Stockholms kommun, samt till den huvudsakliga målgruppen för mikrolägenheter. Resultatet visade att efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i det mest sannolika ekonomiska scenariot var mellan 300 och 400 enheter för tidsperioden 2018-2021 och mellan 150 till 250 enheter för tidsperioden 2022-2028. Studiens värde och originalitet ligger i de samlade och specifika möjligheterna, riskerna och hindren för konceptet på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, samt i de rekommendationer vi ger till bostadsutvecklare, kommun samt forskare baserat på den omfattande analysen av ämnet, såväl som modellen vilken beräknar efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter.
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Solomon, Christiana. "The Role of Women in Economic Transformation: Market Women in Sierra Leone." University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4188.
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yes<br>Various research has concluded that economic life did not die out during the conflict in Sierra Leone, but took on different forms. Different stakeholders at all levels were engaged in economic activities during the war. The specific roles of women in the shadow economy are under-researched with the result that most analysis and policy-options are inadequate. While some of Sierra Leone¿s Market Women strategically participated in war economies to `do well out of war¿, most did so out of the need to survive. With the end of the war, market women have been able to make a successful transformation to peace economies through micro-credit assistance.
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Bellak, Joseph Fredrick. "Implementation of a Life-Skill Centered Token Economy: The Experience of a Peer Teacher." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1504.pdf.
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HERIBERTO, RUIZ TAFOYA. "POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CORPORATE PACKAGED FOOD：A STUDY OF EXCHANGE AND CONSUMPTION IN METRO MANILA'S SLUMS." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242452.
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Clais, Jean-Baptiste. "La patrimonialisation des jeux vidéo et de l'informatique. : Ethnographie en ligne et hors ligne d'une communauté de passionnés." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STETT116/document.
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Notre objet est une communauté de 300 à 400 passionnés-collectionneurs de vieux ordinateurs et de vieux jeux vidéo des années 1970-90, autrement appelés « vieilles machines », dispersés dans toute la France ainsi qu’en Belgique et en Suisse. Cette communauté est organisée en premier lieu par des forums sur internet bien qu’émanant d’associations locales. Ces forums servent à l’échange d’informations et de matériel de collection entre passionnés. Un système de valeur riche et complexe organise les relations sociales autours de l’amour et de l’utilisation des vieilles machines, d’une volonté de partage du savoir et du rejet de la spéculation. Le partage est au cœur de l’imaginaire et des pratiques de cette communauté. Il n’est pourtant pas la règle dans les économies qui l’entourent (eBay, brocantes, sites d’enchères divers). Or à l’époque des fondateurs de la communauté vers 1998, les passionnés pouvaient alors s’approvisionner gratuitement ou presque. Ils ont donc ressenti la mise en place d’un marché extérieur comme une forme d’expropriation. Ils ont donc réorganisé les règles de vie et d’échange au sein de la communauté pour contrecarrer la hausse des prix interne que générait la hausse sur le marché extérieur. Ils ont à la fois promu la notion d’échange mutuellement profitable contre l’idée de profit, organisé un système de tabou sur les prix réel des objets, tirant parti du statut de prescripteurs. Ils ont ainsi réussi à créer une niche économique, un marché à bas prix, à l’accès fermement contrôlé mais au sein duquel, une fois intégré, après avoir construit une situation par une « carrière » chacun peut profiter d’un système d’entraide généralisée<br>This work is about a community of 300 to 400 hobbyist-collectors of micro-computers and video-games from the 70’s to the 90’s which they call “vieilles machines”. They are scattered all over France, Belgium and Switzerland. This community communicates through online forums although they belong to local offline associations. These forums are mainly used to exchange objects and information among collectors. A rich and complex system of value and representations organizes the social relationships. The main points are: the love of the “vieilles machines”, the will to use them, sharing knowledge and rejection of speculation. Sharing is the very basis of the social imaginary of the community. Sharing isn’t however the rule in neighboring economic systems (eBay, garage sales other online auction websites). Yet, during the first time of the community around 1998, when these objects were only obsolescent technical rubbishes, the community members could collect for free or very few money. Thus they felt as if they have been stolen when an outside market developed and prices increased. As a reaction, they changed social norms and exchange rules inside the community in order to temper the internal increase of the prices caused by outside market’s increase. They both promoted the idea of mutually satisfactory exchange and organized a taboo on the object’s real price using the position of major online opinion leaders on their subjects. They managed to create a niche economy, a low price market in which one cannot integrate easily but in which when fully integrated, after building one’s position through a “career” one can beneficiate from an extend system of generosity and mutual aid
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Snow, Byron. "Finding the Maputo Central Market (Mercardo Central de Maputo) : seeing the informal economy in formal architecture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30015.
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The low-lying Baixa area of Maputo, is the historic and current city centre of Maputo. The district is an important transport hub, and business centre of Mozambique. The Mercado Central de Maputo (Maputo Central Market), is the only infrastructure provided in support of the micro-enterprisers and traders of the city. The Central Market has reached capacity, and informal street markets have developed to the north. These have become fractured and disconnected from facilities that allow for clean, comfortable, hygienic trade, and a healthier business environment. The architectural proposal offers a solution to the current inadequate trader infrastructure, while also recognizing the area’s heritage and economic significance. The fluxing character of the market is also important in the design. Promotion of micro-enterprise and consequent economic growth will be achieved through an upgrade and expansion of market related facilities. This will allow a greater number of marginalised vendors formal recognition and legitimacy. The intervention will act as a catalyst project in the urban regeneration, through the consolidation of the fractured market areas. Increasing the market’s drawing power on potential customers will promote the Central Market as a destination within its own right.<br>Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Architecture<br>unrestricted
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Lima, Gleidson de Oliveira. "Fontes de financiamento para pequenos negociantes no estado de Sergipe : uma análise dos programas microfinanceiros." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4548.
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This paper aims to analyze how micro-businesses may be an option both for families excluded from the formal market as lucrative for banks. The problem of this research is to analyze the profile of informal microentrepreneurs City Resort in microfinance service their needs and analyze the behavior of customers participating in the Program of Microcredit Banese. One must keep in mind that microcredit programs are geared for those families with low or no income at all, since these policies reduce inequalities and promote the expansion of microenterprises, which can stimulate entrepreneurship of these beneficiaries.<br>O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar como os micronegócios podem ser uma opção tanto para as famílias excluídas do mercado formal como fonte lucrativa para os
bancos. O problema desta pesquisa está na análise do perfil dos microempreendedores informais da cidade de Estância, no atendimento as suas necessidades microfinanceiras e
analisar o comportamento dos clientes participantes do Programa de Microcrédito do Banese. É preciso ter em mente que os programas de microcrédito são voltados para essas famílias de baixa ou sem renda alguma, uma vez que essas políticas reduzem as desigualdades e favorecem a expansão dos microempreendimentos, podendo estimular a capacidade
empreendedora destes beneficiados.
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Buthelizi, Nozipho Charity Sindisiwe. "Development of a framework of organisational culture that characterises an innovative organisation in small, medium and micro enterprises in the South African economy : an exploratory study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8501.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It has been suggested that without the ability to innovate, an organisation will not be able to survive the demands of an ever-changing operating environment. This raises the question: How can organisations ensure that they are able to innovate?
Organisational culture has been identified as a critical variable in answering this question. The culture of the organisation determines to a large extent the degree of innovation in that organisation. Business leaders have made attempts to nurture a culture of creativity and innovation in their organisations through the recruitment of dynamic individuals with innovative traits. However, most of their attempts seemed insufficient in achieving their goals.
The primary purpose of this research is to develop a framework for organisational culture that characterises an innovative organisation in small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). The secondary objective is to identify the enablers and inhibitors of innovation.
Research method:
The research approach starts with a review of existing literature. This is followed by the development of the theory and empirical research. Data collection was also carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with senior and middle management in innovative SMMEs.
Main findings: The analysis of the findings indicates that an organisation cannot focus on any single aspect of organisational culture. Innovation is a system in the organisation that is strongly guided by the culture of the organisation.
Recommendations: Future research on this subject will benefit from the selection of a larger sample of data. Given the dynamic nature of innovation and organisational culture, it is
recommended to repeat this research over time in order to explore whether the same dimensions in determining innovative organisational culture still apply. The current research can also be followed up by a study on the sources of innovation in an organisation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding:
Sonder die vermoë om te kan innoveer, sal ’n organisasie nie kan oorleef in ’n bedryfsomgewing wat voortdurend verander nie. Dit laat die vraag ontstaan: Hoe kan organisasies seker maak hulle die vermoë het om te innoveer?
Organisasiekultuur is geïdentifiseer as ’n kritiese veranderlike in die beantwoording van hierdie vraag. Die kultuur van ’n organisasie bepaal grootliks die mate van innovering in daardie organisasie. Sakeleiers probeer om ’n kultuur van kreatiwiteit en innovering in hul organisasies te koester deur dinamiese individue met innoverende karaktereienskappe te werf. Dit blyk egter dat die meeste van hul pogings nie daarin kan slaag om hul doelwitte te bereik nie.
Die primêre doel van hierdie navorsing is om ’n raamwerk vir organisatoriese kultuur te ontwikkel wat ’n innoverende organisasie in klein, medium-grootte en mikro ondernemings (KMMO’s) kenmerk. Die sekondêre doelwit is om die moontlikmakers en inhibeerders van innovering te identifiseer.
Navorsingsmetode:
Die navorsingsbenadering begin met ’n oorsig van bestaande literatuur. Dit word gevolg deur die ontwikkeling van die teorie en empiriese navorsing. Data-insameling is uitgevoer in die vorm van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met senior en middelvlakbestuurders van innoverende KMMO’s.
Vernaamste bevindinge:
Die ontleding van die bevindinge dui daarop dat ’n organisasie nie op een enkele aspek van organisasiekultuur kan fokus nie. Innovering is ’n stelsel in die organisasie wat baie sterk deur die kultuur van die organisasie beïnvloed word.
Aanbevelings:
Toekomstige navorsing oor hierdie onderwerp sal baat vind by die seleksie van ’n groter steekproef van data. Gegewe die dinamiese aard van innovering en
organisatoriese kultuur, word daar aanbeveel dat hierdie navorsing mettertyd herhaal word om uit te vind of dieselfde dimensies vir die bepaling van innoverende organisatoriese kultuur steeds van toepassing is. Die huidige navorsing kan ook opgevolg word deur ’n studie oor die bronne van innovering in ’n organisasie.
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Cieslik, Katarzyna. "Micro-entrepreneurs in Rural Burundi: Innovation and Contestation at the Bottom of the Pyramid." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/222062.
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Present-day development theory and practice highlight the potential of micro-entrepreneurship for poverty reduction in least developed countries. Fostered by the seminal writings of microfinance founder Muhammad Yunus and the bottom-of-the-pyramid propagator Krishnarao Prahalad, the new approach is marked by a stress on participation and sustainability, and the new, market-based development models. With the growing popularity of the new approach there has been an increased demand for research on the efficacy and impact of innovations. What has scarcely been addressed, however, is the legitimacy of the new paradigm within its contexts of application. Since engagement and participation have been made the focal point of the new approach, my research investigates how the innovative, mostly market-based models have been received by the local populations on the ground. This doctoral dissertation is looking up-close at the rural populations of Burundi, describing and explaining their perceptions, behaviors and actions in response to the market-based development innovations: microfinance, rural entrepreneurship and community social enterprise. Do the concepts of entrepreneurship, community engagement and participation find a fertile ground among the poorest rural dwellers of sub-Saharan Africa? Can subsistence farmers be entrepreneurs? How to create social value in the context of extreme resource scarcity? It is investigating these and other questions that guided the subsequent stages of my work. I based my dissertation on extensive field research, conducted periodically over the period of four years in the remote areas of rural Burundi.In the first chapter, I question the applicability of entrepreneurship-based interventions to the socio-cultural context of rural Burundi. Basing my quantitative analysis on a unique cross-section dataset from Burundi of over 900 households, I look into the entrepreneurial livelihood strategies at the near-subsistence level: diversifying crops, processing food for sale, supplementary wage work and non-agricultural employment. I find that the farmers living closer to the subsistence level are indeed less likely to pursue innovative entrepreneurial opportunities, unable to break the poverty cycle and move beyond subsistence agriculture. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on by analyzing its drivers and inhibitors in the context of a subsistence economy. It questions the idea of alleviating rural poverty through the external promotion of entrepreneurship as it constitutes ‘a denial of the poor’s capacity for agency to bring about social change by themselves on their own terms’.Drawing on these findings, the second chapter focusses on the role of local communities as shareholders of projects. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the agrarian communities in rural Burundi accommodate the model of a community social enterprise. The project understudy, implemented by the UNICEF Burundi Innovation Lab, builds upon the provision of green energy generators to the village child protection committees in the energy-deficient rural regions of the country. The electricity-producing machines are also a new income source for the groups, transforming them into economically viable community enterprises. Since the revenue earned is to directly support the village orphans’ fund, the communities in question engage in a true post-development venture: they gradually assume the role of the development-provisioning organizations.The third chapter of this work focusses on the complex interaction between the microfinance providers and the population of its clients and potential clients: the rural poor. It draws on the existing research on positive deviance among African communities and explores the social entrepreneurial potential of the rule-breaking practices of microfinance programs’ beneficiaries. Using the storyboard methodology, I examine the strategies employed by the poor in Burundi to bypass institutional rules. My results suggest that transgressive practices and nonconformity of development beneficiaries can indeed be seen as innovative, entrepreneurial initiatives to reform the microfinance system from within, postulating a more participatory mode of MFIs’ organizational governance. The three empirical chapters provide concrete examples illustrating the contested nature of the development process. In the last, theoretical, chapter, I examine how the different conceptualizations of social entrepreneurship have been shaped by the disparate socio-political realities in the North and in the South. I then analyze how the process of constructing academic representation has been influenced by the prevalent public discourses.Since doubling or tripling of the external development finance has not sufficed to bring about systemic change, the assumption that technology, managerial efficacy and the leveraging power of financial markets could be applied to solving the problem of persisting global poverty has a lot of appeal. At the same time, my findings point to the fact that if the ultimate objective of development is broadly defined value creation, the definition of what constitutes value should be negotiated among all the stakeholders. The dissertation makes an important contribution to the understanding of participation, entrepreneurship and community engagement in the context of development studies.I strongly believe that development organizations must have a quality understanding of the social and cultural characteristics of the need or problem they are targeting in order to make productive decisions about the application and scaling of interventions. I very much hope that my work can provide some guidance for their work on the ground.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Vicente, Mateus Henrique. "Regulação do balanço vegetativo-reprodutivo pelo crescimento semi-determinado em tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) e seu impacto na produtividade e eficiência no uso da água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-10092013-161029/.
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O hábito de crescimento influencia o balanço entre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o reprodutivo das plantas. Este, por sua vez, está diretamente vinculado a diversas variáveis de interesse agronômico, como produtividade e consumo de água. Em tomateiro, existem três hábitos de crescimento conhecidos: determinado, indeterminado e semi-determinado, sendo esse último na verdade determinado, porém com uma extensão do ciclo vegetativo. Cultivares de crescimento determinado são largamente utilizadas para produção de tomates destinados à indústria (molhos e ketchups), e as indeterminadas destinadas ao consumo in natura. Por outro lado, genótipos de crescimento semi-determinado, embora ainda sejam pouco explorados, apresentam-se como ótimas opções tanto para indústria quanto para o consumo in natura. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a implicação do hábito de crescimento semi-determinado no desempenho produtivo e na eficiência no uso da água de plantas de tomateiro. Para tal, genótipos com diferentes hábitos de crescimento foram produzidos, por meio de introgressões de variações alélicas que afetam o hábito de crescimento das plantas, no background genético da cultivar miniatura de tomateiro Micro-Tom (MT). A caracterização desses genótipos demonstrou que os materiais de crescimento semideterminado apresentam um atraso no florescimento, emitindo em média uma folha a mais antes da formação da primeira inflorescência. Além disso, verificasse que essas plantas apresentam uma altura intermediária entre genótipos de crescimento determinado e indeterminado, aos 50 dias após a semeadura. Já para características agronômicas, constatou-se um aumento significativo na produtividade e no conteúdo de sólidos solúveis totais (brix) nos frutos dos genótipos de crescimento semi-determinado em comparação com o de crescimento determinado. Os dados sugerem que esse efeito seja resultante de um balanço mais equilibrado entre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o reprodutivo, evidenciado pela ausência de diferença significativa na partição de massa seca oriunda do desenvolvimento vegetativo e do reprodutivo nesses genótipos, quando comparados aos genótipos de crescimento determinado e indeterminado. A eficiência no uso da água (EUA) foi avaliada tanto gravimetricamente (massa seca total produzida por quantidade de água transpirada), quanto através de discriminação isotópica. Os genótipos de crescimento semi-determinado apresentaram maior EUA do que os genótipos determinado e indeterminado aos 50 dias após a semeadura. Curiosamente, as plantas de crescimento semi-determinado mostraram-se mais resistentes, quando submetidas a um estresse de seca, que o genótipo de crescimento determinado utilizado como controle nas avaliações. Entretanto, são necessários estudos para elucidar o mecanismo envolvido nesta resistência. Em conclusão, os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que os genótipos de crescimento semi-determinado atingiram o balanço ótimo entre desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, de forma a aumentar concomitantemente, produtividade, conteúdo de brix nos frutos, e eficiência no uso da água.<br>Growth habit influences the balance between vegetative and reproductive development of plants. This, in turn, is directly linked to several variables of agronomic interest, such as yield and water-use efficiency (WUE). In tomato, there are three growth habits: determinate, indeterminate and semi-determinate, the latter being actually determinate, but with an extension of the vegetative cycle. Cultivars of determinate growth are widely used for processing-tomato industry (sauces and ketchups), and indeterminate for in natura consumption (production to salads). On the other hand, semi-determinate growth genotypes, although are still poorly explored, they present an excellent option for both the industry and in natura consumption. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the implication of the semi-determinate growth habit in productive performance and in WUE of tomato plants. For this reason, genotypes with different growth habits were produced through introgression of allelic variations that affect the plants growth habit, in the genetic background of the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT). The characterization of these genotypes showed that the semi-determinate growth materials exhibit a delay in flowering, producing on average one extra leaf before the first inflorescence formation. In addition, this architecture presents an intermediate height between determinate and indeterminate growth genotypes, 50 days after sowing. As for agronomic traits, we found a significant increase in yield and total soluble solids content (brix) in the fruits of semi-determinate growth genotypes compared with determinate growth. Our data suggest this effect is resulting from a more balanced vegetative and reproductive development, evidenced by the absence of significant difference on the dry matter partition derived from the vegetative and reproductive development in these genotypes, when compared to determinate and indeterminate growth genotypes. WUE was evaluated both gravimetrically (dry mass produced per amount of water transpired), and through isotopic discrimination. The semideterminate growth genotypes showed higher WUE than determinate and indeterminate genotypes at 50 days after sowing. Interestingly, the plants of semideterminate growth were more resistant than determinate growth genotype used as control, when exposed to drought stress. However, studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism involved in this resistance. In conclusion, the results presented here suggest that the genotypes of semi-determinate growth reached the optimal balance between vegetative and reproductive development, in order to increase concomitantly, productivity, brix content in the fruits, and WUE.
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Tsering, Chemi. "Orientations stratégiques complémentaires et microentreprises familiales dans une économie émergente." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD034/document.
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Cette thèse s'efforce de comprendre l'impact de multiples orientations stratégiques sur la performance de l'entreprise micro-familiale dans un contexte d’économie en développement, en trois phases distinctes. Tout d'abord, nous avons posé la question de savoir si les micro-entrepreneurs familiaux améliorent leur performance en développant simultanément des activités axées sur l'entrepreneuriat et sur le marché. Nous avons également étudié si ces orientations stratégiques complémentaires sur la performance sont favorisées par le capital social, sous forme de liens commerciaux et sociaux. En outre, nous avons soulevé une question sur l’effet de l’intervention de la famille sur la performance dans le contexte de multiples orientations stratégiques. L'étude initiale a fourni un thème de recherche fécond sur l'entreprise familiale dans un environnement institutionnel. Nous avons montré que les micro-entreprises familiales optimisent leurs performances commerciales en investissant dans des niveaux plus élevés d'orientation entrepreneuriale et commerciale. En outre, le processus de socialisation avec l’environnement commercial augmente la performance grâce aux effets combinés des orientations entrepreneuriale et de marché dans un contexte d’économies émergentes. Contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser, l'étude a révélé que la performance des entreprises augmente lorsque les deux orientations sont élevées, mais seulement lorsque l'engagement familial est faible. Ce résultat a permis d'améliorer la connaissance que l’on a de l'influence de la famille sur l'élaboration de comportements stratégiques pour atteindre une meilleure performance. L'étude subséquente, examine et révèle le côté sombre et lumineux de la famille en relation avec des stratégies d'orientation entrepreneuriale et de marché et son impact sur la performance. L'étude quantitative finale contredit la recherche antérieure révélant l'importance des capacités familiales dans le soutien des comportements à risque pour accroître la richesse familiale dans un contexte émergent<br>This dissertation endeavors to understand the impact of multiple strategic orientations on the performance of the micro family business in developing economy settings in three distinct phases. First, we raised a question whether family micro-entrepreneurs gain performance benefits by developing simultaneously high levels of entrepreneurial-oriented and market-oriented activities. We also investigated whether these complementary strategic orientations on performance are rewarded by cultivating high levels of firm social capital in the form of business and social network ties. In addition, we raised a question how family fits together in the context of multiple strategic orientations to achieve superior performance. The initial study, therefore, yielded a rich research theme related to family business in the context of institutionally constrained environment. We have shown that micro family businesses do maximize their business performance by investing on higher levels of entrepreneurial and market orientation. Furthermore, firm socialization process with their external business entities increase the performance benefits by combined effects of entrepreneurial and market orientations in an emerging market setting. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the study revealed that business profitability increases when both orientations are high but only when family involvement is low. This result yielded important insights into the role of family influence in shaping firm strategic behaviors to achieve better performance. The subsequent study, therefore, reviews and revealed the dark and bright side of the family in combination with entrepreneurial and market orientation behaviors and its consequent impact on performance. The final quantitative study contradicts previous research finding revealing the importance of family-based capabilities in supporting risk-taking behaviors to increase family wealth in an emerging market setting
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Cunha, Junior Ailton Menezes. "Mortalidade e sobrevivência da micro e pequena empresa no Estado da Paraíba (2001-2005): uma abordagem institucional." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5035.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-15<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Worldwide, productive small and micro business is responsible for most employment and
each year advances offers of employment and occupation in new market segments gained by
outsourcing and technological innovations. However, small business mortality rates remain
high, being recorded that 29% of new businesses go out of business within the first year of
activity and 56% close within five years. This study aimed to analyze the situation of micro
and small enterprises in the state of Paraiba during the period from 2001 to 2005 by
identifying the key factors that influence the vitality these units, their institutional
arrangements and the impact of institutional changes on them. The results discussed here
allow the inference that the reasons for success or failure reported by small business, the
reasons for longevity or premature closure of resides with the manager. The formulation of
strategies, due to their own limitations, does not occur in a fully rational manner, and their
cognitive abilities, subordinate to personal values, beliefs and interests form the "gap"
between their organization´s performance and isomorphic structures. The decisions of the
manager outline the "organizational field" of the company and the interpretation of the
environment can lead from a condition of conformity, which as response to the environment
required by the organizational structure of the business achieves legitimacy, to an unfaithful
attitude which may be a reactive mechanism seeking to solve conditions arising from the
environment or to find shelter form them, or even the development of a sham in which the
response to institutional requirements and pressures of the environment is ritualized and
apparent but has at it´s heart the exploitation of inconsistent situations or conflict.<br>Em todo o mundo, as unidades produtivas de micro e pequeno porte são responsáveis pela
maioria dos postos de trabalho e avançam a cada ano na oferta de emprego e na ocupação de
novos segmentos de mercado conquistados através da terceirização e das inovações
tecnológicas. Todavia, as taxas de mortalidade das MPEs permanecem altas sendo registrado
que 29% das novas empresas encerram suas atividades antes de completar um ano de
atividade e 56% fecham em cinco anos. O presente trabalho analisou a situação das micro e
pequenas empresas do estado da Paraíba no período de 2001 a 2005 identificando os
principais fatores que influenciam a vitalidade dessas unidades produtivas, seus arranjos
institucionais e o impacto de mudanças institucionais sobre as mesmas. Os resultados aqui
discutidos permitiram inferir que dos motivos de sucesso e fracasso relatados pelas MPEs, as
explicações para a longevidade ou para o encerramento prematuro das MPEs residem no
empresário. A formulação das suas estratégias que, devido as suas próprias limitações, não
ocorre de maneira plenamente racional e sua capacidade cognitiva, submissa ao seu conjunto
de valores, crenças e interesses, constituem o diferencial entre as organizações no que
concerne aos seus resultados, mesmo que possuam estruturas isomórficas. As decisões do
empresário delineiam o campo organizacional da empresa e a interpretação do ambiente
poderá a uma condição de conformidade, na qual estará respondendo ao ambiente consoante
as exigências desse e da estrutura organizacional da sua empresa obtendo, portanto,
legitimidade; a uma condição de infidelidade através da qual sua atitude poderá ser
reacionária onde buscará mecanismos para anular as ações decorrentes do ambiente ou delas
se abrigar; ou ainda desenvolver uma impostura onde a resposta aos requisitos institucionais e
às pressões do ambiente é ritualizada e aparente, mas tem como cerne a exploração de
situações conflitantes e inconsistentes.
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Ben, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
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Cette thèse a pour premier objectif d'intégrer le changement de l'usage des sols et des pratiques en relation avec le développement des biocarburants de seconde génération (2nde G) dans l'analyse économique à travers les effets privés (conséquences pour les producteurs) et les effets externes (pollutions). L'effort est porté sur les impacts de ce changement sur l'environnement en privilégiant les effets de la consommation d'intrants azotés sur les émissions de polluants (N2O, NH3 et NO3). Le deuxième objectif est de pouvoir évaluer le potentiel de développement de la filière éthanol de 2nde G. L'analyse économique proposée ici privilégie la dimension spatiale à un niveau aussi fin que le permettront les outils de modélisation économique et les données disponibles. En effet, les résultats d'offre en ressources de biomasse fournis par le modèle AROPAj sont par la suite confrontés aux différentes demandes de bioénergie à l'échelle française sous contraintes de différents types de politiques publiques, modélisées dans le modèle TIMES-GeoMIRET. Ce travail de modélisation a permis notamment de mettre en évidence la cohérence des objectifs bioénergie avec le potentiel de ressource à travers l'analyse des choix technologiques et la régionalisation des unités industrielles. Les résultats ont montré que la compétition avec "le fuel" serait plus "feed" que "food" puisque la production de la biomasse dédiée à l'énergie est induite par les modifications affectant l'alimentation et la production animale. La production d'une culture dédiée à la biomasse réduit la surface des terres allouées aux cultures à forte consommation d'azote ce qui réduit les pertes en azote. Il ressort du couplage entre AROPAj et TIMES-GeoMIRET qu'une production de 0.5 Mt d'éthanol/an devrait être atteinte à l'horizon de 2030 (l'équivalent de trois sites de production). Les unités de production seraient implantées dans la région nord-ouest de la France plus particulièrement à Lillebonne où existe déjà une unité de production d'éthanol de première génération<br>The main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
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Sousa, Aline dos Santos. "OS EMPREENDIMENTOS SOLIDÁRIOS DA MICRORREGIÃO DE IPORÁ-GO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3606.
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Previous issue date: 2016-11-16<br>The solidarity economy is seen as a catalyst local development strategy, assigning to
economic developments in solidarity the ability to generate employment and income,
performing economic activities based on the principles of self-management, solidarity
and cooperation. This research is a study on social economy developed in micro-Iporá,
in order to identify the main obstacles encountered by solidary economic enterprises
existing in the studied area. Initially, the text presents a conceptual discussion about
solidarity economy, desconstructing the concept of solidarity economy, as a
phenomenon that will overcome the capitalist system, revealing the design of a hybrid
economy, able to interact with the different economic principles, doing the same in text,
a reflection on the role of State on these projects. Subsequently it performs a
socioeconomic characterization of micro-Iporá to understand the scenario in which
these developments emerge. The third part of the dissertation discusses about the
experiences, bottlenecks and challenges faced by economic enterprises in solidarity
micro-Iporá, in particular, two projects of production and marketing of products of family
farming. The research conducted for the preparation of this section is delineated by a
qualitative research method known as PRA* (Participatory Rapid Appraisal) for better
present approach conditions to the subject matter under discussion and its actors. It
was noticed that solidary economic enterprises of micro-Iporá even indicated as a tool
for material and immaterial reproduction of territories face problems caused by internal
conditions, which are magnified by dependence and influence of agents and external
variables. This study presents some suggestions and actions to the identified
bottlenecks be overcome for the supportive economic enterprises of micro-Iporá.<br>A economia solidária é apontada como uma estratégia catalisadora desenvolvimento
local, atribuindo aos empreendimentos econômicos solidários a capacidade de gerar
emprego e renda, executando atividades econômicas fundamentadas nos princípios
da autogestão, solidariedade e cooperação. Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo
sobre economia solidária desenvolvido na microrregião de Iporá, com o objetivo de
identificar os principais gargalos enfrentados pelos empreendimentos econômicos
solidários existentes na área estudada. Inicialmente, o texto traz uma discussão
conceitual sobre economia solidária, descontruindo a concepção da economia
solidária, como um fenômeno que irá superar o sistema capitalista, revelando a
concepção de uma economia híbrida, capaz de interagir com os diferentes princípios
econômicos, fazendo no mesmo texto, uma reflexão sobre o papel do Estado diante
desses empreendimentos. Posteriormente se realiza uma caracterização
socioeconômica da microrregião de Iporá para compreender o cenário em que estes
empreendimentos emergem. A terceira parte da dissertação discorre sobre as
experiências, gargalos e desafios enfrentados pelos empreendimentos econômicos
solidários na microrregião de Iporá, em especial, dois empreendimentos de produção
e comercialização de produtos da agricultura familiar. A pesquisa realizada para a
elaboração desta secção é delineada pelo método de pesquisa qualitativa conhecido
como DRP - Diagnóstico Rápido Participativo, por melhor apresentar condições de
aproximação com o objeto de estudo em discussão e com seus atores. Percebeu-se
que os empreendimentos econômicos solidários da microrregião de Iporá, mesmo
indicados como um instrumento para a reprodução material e imaterial dos territórios,
enfrentam problemas provocados por condições internas, cujo são ampliados pela
dependência e a influência de agentes e variáveis externas. Este estudo apresenta
algumas sugestões e ações para que os gargalos identificados sejam superados pelos
empreendimentos econômicos solidários da microrregião de Iporá.
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Ponelis, S. R. (Shana Rachel). "An exploratory study of business intelligence in knowledge-based growth small, medium and micro-enterprises in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28042.
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Small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) play an important part in all economies but particularly in developing economies. Growth 'SMMEs seek to grow either in size, revenue and/or asset value by reinvesting available resources; these enterprises tend to spend their available resources on operational when it comes to information and communication technology (ICT). But these systems, whilst necessary are not sufficient. They are geared toward capturing data but not producing information. Business intelligence (BI) can provide decision-makers, who in SMMEs are predominantly owner-managers, with access to information that enables them to make informed decisions on where to apply limited resources. Because BI requires operational systems to be in place to gather the data it is the logical next step. Despite increasing discussion in the press and amongst BI practitioners, academic research with regard to BI in SMMEs remains sparse. Since the potential contribution of BI to SMMEs can only be assessed by first understanding current information practices and needs in such enterprises, the purpose of this study is to explore the use of use of BI to support strategic, tactical and operational decision-making. This research uses an interpretive approach to collect data using semi-structured interviews from the owner-managers of six knowledge-based growth SMMEs in South Africa selected through purposive sampling. The research results suggest that BI can play an important role in knowledge-based growth SMMEs but that support and guidance is needed to ensure that BI is used appropriately to fully exploit available data for decision-making in addition to expanding available data sources. Future research can adopt a more rigorous positivist approach to confirm the findings of this study, expand the population to other sectors in South Africa and/or SMMEs in other countries. An action research methodology can also be used to apply BI interventions in SMMEs to investigate specific BI solutions in-depth. The research may be of value to participating and other SMME owner-managers, policy makers, government agencies, business advisers, and academic researchers.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Information Science<br>unrestricted
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Chen, Tao. "Causes and consequences of dualism effects : micro- and macroeconomic evidences /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20CHEN.
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Than, Nguyen Vinh Hao. "Financial and banking development : the case of Vietnam." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E061.
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Le développement bancaire et financier au Vietnam fait face à de nouvelles conjonctures économiques. Il serait utile d'analyser ce développement dans de nouvelles conditions d'intégration imposées par les normes internationales. La thèse vise à soutenir deux idées : (1) le développement de la relation entre les banques commerciales et les entreprises non publiques, particulièrement les PME, qui résulte des changements de la structure économique du Vietnam - un pays en transition vers l'économie de marché et (2) la micro-finance qui est une innovation permettant une plus grande performance des institutions bancaires et financières vis-à-vis des imperfections du marché ainsi que la réduction de la pauvreté et la pratique de l'usure, dans les zones rurales en particulier.Les grilles théoriques se réfèrent principalement à la théorie néo-institutionnaliste de D.North, à celle du développement financier de King et Lévine, aussi bien qu'à la théorie des complémentarités institutionnelles de Hall & Soskice, et à celle des conventions de Boyer &Orléan. Parmi les principaux résultats que nous avons obtenus, le premier réside dans le résultat positif de la relation entre banques commerciales et les entreprises non-publiques, les PME en particulier. Les banques commerciales contribuent à dynamiser le secteur privé en allouant des crédits et sélectionnant des projets d'investissement et, par conséquent,deviennent un acteur économique important capable de réduire le chômage, promouvoir les affaires et dans une certaine mesure, orienter le développement industriel. A leur tour, les entreprises non-publiques deviennent des clients cibles des banques commerciales et contribuent à créer une nouvelle forme de demande de crédit, de projets d'investissement, du marché du travail, de changements de stratégies d'entreprise et d'évolution des cadres juridiques allant dans le sens facilitant les activités du secteur privé.Le second résultat confirme la corrélation entre le développement économique et le développement bancaire et financier. Le résultat est soutenu par une recherche empirique basée sur une analyse factorielle à partir des données de CEPII 2012. Nous avons réussi à dessiner une carte globale des systèmes bancaires et financiers et localiser la position du Vietnam. Nous observons que le Vietnam se situe dans la zone des pays en émergence, mais à la périphérie, loin des pays développés. Ceci implique qu'il serait utile de se déplacer vers la zone des pays à développement bancaire et financier avancé. Le troisième se trouve dans le résultat positif du rôle de la micro-finance. Cette pratique s'avère efficace dans la réduction de la pauvreté et l'empêchement de l'usure, en particulier dans les régions rurales. Cependant, l'accès au crédit n'est pas facile pour les populations défavorisées à cause de la communication, des spécificités culturelles, du niveau d'éducation,de l'expansion des réseaux ... La micro-finance constitue une innovation permettant de résoudre les problèmes d'asymétrie d'information et d'aléa moral, grâce au contrôle croisé des informations et à la responsabilité réciproque. Cette pratique apporte des preuves du mécanisme d'auto-renforcement prévu par la théorie des conventions, dans le cas de la micro-finance pour les pauvres. En conclusion, le Vietnam, en transition vers une économie de marché, se caractérise par un double changement institutionnel. D'une part, le changement de relation entre les banques commerciales et les entreprises non-publiques, en particulier les PME. Le pays s'oriente vers un secteur privé dont le rôle devient de plus en plus important pour s'adapter à la nouvelle structure économique. D'autre part, l'invasion de la micro-finance devient une alternative efficace pour répondre aux imperfections du marché du système bancaire et financier formel<br>The financial and banking development in Vietnam has recently known new challenging economic circumstances. It is useful to analyze this matter to deal with new conditions imposed by the integration process in international norms. This dissertation is devoted to defend two ideas: (1) the development of the relationship between commercial banks and NSOEs, especially SMEs, is a result of change of economic structure of Vietnam, a country intransition, on its way towards a fully market-based economy and (2) micro-finance is a form of innovation making financial-banking institutions more performing in response to market failures as well as in impeding usury and poverty alleviation, especially in rural areas.With different theoretical frameworks mainly based on new-institutionalist vision of D. North, financial development of King and Levine, institutional complementaries of Hall & Soskice, convention theory of Boyer & Orléan, we have had some key findings as following. The first key finding resides in the positive result of the relationship between commercial banks and NSOEs, especially SMEs, in the way that commercial banks contribute to dynamize the private sector by allocating loans and investment selection. Therefore, commercial banks become an important economic agent being able to reduce unemployment, promote businesses and orientate somehow industry development. In its turns, NSOEs, while become target customers of banks, contribute to shape credit demand, project investment, labor market, business strategy changes and legal evolution in the way of facilitating the privatesector.The second finding confirms that the correlation between economic development and financial-banking development does exist. It was proved by empirical study based on a factor analysis from CEPII 2012 databse. We was successful to draw a map and localize precisely the position of Vietnam in the financial-banking world map. And, we saw that Vietnam was located in areas of emerging countries, but merely in peripheral zone far away from developed countries. This suggests an implication that it would be useful to move closer to highly developed countries in the financial and banking sector.The third key finding resides in the positive result that microfinance is proved efficient in poverty alleviation and impeding usury, especially in rural areas; but the accessibility to credit is not easy for poor people due to communication, cultural characteristics, education level, extension of network ... Microfinance is a form of innovation in the way that information asymmetry and moral hazard are well resolved thanks to cross-screening and joint-liability. Micro-finance in Vietnam shows evidence of the process of self-reinforcing mechanism of the convention theory, for the case of micro-finance for the poor. We conclude that on its way to a fully market-based economy, Vietnam in transition is characterized by a double institutional move: on the one hand, the change in relationship between commercial banks and NSOEs, especially SMEs, is moving towards a more important role of the private sector in response to new economic structure; on the other hand, micro-finance invasion becomes an efficient alternative to remedy to market failures of theformal financial and banking system
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Morais, Ricardo Cavalcante. "A POLÍTICA DA MICROEMPRESA INDIVIDUAL E A INFORMALIDADE DAS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO: A experiência brasileira de 2008 a 2012." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/865.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-29<br>This paper results from a survey of evaluative slant of the effectiveness of policy in confronting the individual micro "informal structure" from the period 2008 to 2012. We
use the Marxist theoretical framework which consequently led to a critical approach more qualitative than quantitative. Had it aims to evaluate the impact of policy on Microenterprise in Individual coping informality in Brazil considering the progress
made in terms of improvements in working conditions and profitability of individual microentrepreneurs policy beneficiaries to judge the appropriateness of the policy for Addressing the "structural informality." Had as objectives: rescue in a theoretical and historical perspective the main determinants of informality of labor relations;characterize and measure the phenomenon of informality in Brazil; investigate the
phenomenon of micro-enterprise from a critical approach in the current scenario of globalization flexible accumulation of capital and to characterize the policy of Micro Single, indicating the legal framework and its implications on coping with informality.
It was concluded that the approach of the policy of Micro Single from the point of view of coping with structural informality of small farms is inadequate. In this sense,
the effects that the policy aimed to cause about working conditions and income of the beneficiaries are not able to characterize a breakthrough in dealing with the
expansion of the informal sector and are unable to promote the overcoming of "structural informality .<br>O presente trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa de cunho avaliativo a respeito da efetividade da política da microempresa individual no enfrentamento da informalidade estrutural a partir do período compreendido de 2008 até 2012. Utiliza-se
o referencial teórico metodológico de orientação marxista o que levou consequentemente a uma abordagem crítica mais qualitativa que quantitativa. Teve-se por objetivo principal avaliar os impactos da Política da Microempresa Individual
no enfrentamento à informalidade no Brasil considerando os avanços alcançados em termos de melhorias nas condições de trabalho e de rentabilidade dos microempreendedores individuais beneficiários da política, para julgar a adequação da política para o enfrentamento da informalidade estrutural . Teve-se como objetivos específicos: resgatar em uma perspectiva teórica e histórica as principais determinantes da informalidade das relações de trabalho; caracterizar e dimensionar
o fenômeno da informalidade no Brasil; investigar o fenômeno da microempresa a partir de uma abordagem crítica no atual cenário de mundialização do capital e acumulação flexível para caracterizar a Política da Microempresa Individual,
indicando o marco jurídico e suas implicações no enfrentamento à informalidade. Concluiu-se que a abordagem da Política da Microempresa Individual do ponto de vista do enfrentamento à informalidade estrutural de pequenas unidades de
produção é inadequada. Neste sentido, os efeitos que a política visou provocar sobre as condições de trabalho e renda dos beneficiários não são capazes de caracterizar um avanço no enfrentamento à expansão do setor informal da economia
e são incapazes de promover a superação da informalidade estrutural , uma vez que a política se constitui em uma faceta da Nova Informalidade .
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Hettiarachchi, Cindy. "“Globalization from below”? Uncovering the Nuances in Grassroots/Transnational Mobilization." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30640.
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This thesis offers a micro-level analysis of labour and women’s organizing in the context of globalization through the case study of the Comité Fronterizo de Obrer@s (CFO) from 1978 to 2009. We will see how one organization’s journey can give us insights into the complexities of local organizing and transnational networking in the context of globalization. This case study can be seen as a lens through which we can examine the changing context of labour and women’s organizing in the distinct maquiladora environment. My work positions itself in the “globalization from above” and “globalization from below” debate, specifically around the question of transnational social movements that form the “globalization from below” category in the context of a political economy analysis. However, where my thesis differs from a more traditional analysis of the resistance to globalization, such as that found in the global justice movements or alter-globalization movements, is in its focus on the complexities of organizing at the local level and the pressures that these local organizations feel from “above” from their transnational partners. What this thesis adds to the literature are the stories from the actual members of the organization, about the structure, the decision-making process of their organization, the role of the leadership and the connections between the local organizing and the transnational civil society partners.
The complex history of an organization that has been there since the beginning of the maquiladora industry allows us a better understanding of the changing conditions and struggles these workers have faced. This journey through the history of the CFO, the richness of this empirical data encompassing more than 30 years of organizing in the maquiladora zone of Northern Mexico also allows us to explore “globalization from below” through different lens. This thesis brings in a micro-detail analysis of a specific organization in a specific context where we can see clearly transnational civil society linkages and the impact of globalizing capitalist neoliberal economy. As such, this research can offer us new insights into the intricacies of local-global linkages and thus contribute to an area often neglected or underdeveloped in international relations (IR).
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Gibson, W. L. "Sustainable development in the micro-states of the Commonwealth Caribbean : with specific reference to Barbados and St. Vincent and the Grenadines." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299137.
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Mahamoud, Houssein Ismael. "Contraintes institutionnelles et réglementaires et le secteur informel à Djibouti." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557989.
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Cette thèse vise à identifier les contraintes institutionnelles et réglementaires qui limitent le développement des unités informelles à Djibouti en faisant à la fois une analyse microéconomique et macroéconomique. L'examen des institutions montre que des habitudes (corruption, passe droit) en matière de règlement de l'administration créent des coûts de transaction et obligent les micro-entreprises à se réfugier dans le secteur informel. Un modèle de régression montre que la qualité de la justice (mesurée par l'indicateur de Rule of Law de la Banque mondiale) est une variable déterminante pour expliquer le poids de l'économie non observée et donc celui du secteur informel, dans le PIB officiel. La dynamique des micro-entreprises est appréhendée à partir de 2 enquêtes (2001 et 2005) portant sur le même échantillon. L'analyse de la mobilité à l'aide de matrices de transition révèle l'existence non pas d'un seul seuil infranchissable, mais plutôt de trois (1 actif, 2-5 actifs, 6-9 actifs et 10 actifs et plus) et confirme la thèse du "missing-middle". L'analyse factorielle discriminante indique que la légalité est une variable déterminante pour expliquer le blocage apparent des micro-entreprises au-delà de 6 à 9 actifs. Enfin, l'enquête 2007 sur les activités de transfert d'argents (hawalas) montre leur impact important sur le plan macroéconomique ; elle suggère la prise en compte de la spécificité et de l'utilité de ces institutions comme un dispositif complémentaire aux banques dont l'intégration dans le système financier formel devrait être facilitée.
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Omomowo, Kolawole Emmanuel. "The lords of poverty? Micro-credit institutions and social reproduction in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4668.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The broader conception of poverty as ‘quality of social reproduction’ demonstrates the delicate nature of the interaction between the institutions of the family/household, the economy and the state. These institutions interact in the dispensation of individual, productive and collective consumptions important for social well-being and social reproduction in society. The gap in the configuration of these consumptions relationship opens the space for the institution of micro-credits to thrive in South Africa to the detriment of adequate ‘quality of social reproduction’ especially for people living in ‘poverty range’ or ‘precarious prosperity’. The lack of comprehensive social policy regime provides the recipe for the consumption of micro-credit at the desperate, need and choice dimensions, in order to close the gap between income and consumption needs to facilitate social reproduction of concerned family/households. Micro-credit consumption is viewed as an individual response, in the absence of collective consumption in the form of social policy, to smoothen individual consumption, and to cater for the strain or challenges of social reproduction. The implications of this, for concerned family/households, are imperative to how poverty is perceived, hence, the question ‘the lords of poverty’? In addition to the income and expenditure conception of poverty, the understanding of poverty dynamics will be enriched by engaging with the method through which the poor and ‘precarious prosperous’ (people living within ‘poverty range’) respond to the gap between their income and expenditure to finance shortfalls in their consumption needs. The relief sought from micro-credit (the focus of this study) to finance the gap in consumption needs can alleviate poverty, and at the same time perpetuates it through chronic indebtedness. The patronage of micro-credit in the form of cash loan, retail goods credit and informal micro-credit in the way people living within the ‘poverty range’ live their lives, as well as the activities of micro-credit institutions are highlighted in this study. Consumer credit consumption has become such a permanent feature of the social reproduction efforts of individual households in South Africa that it is crucial to understand the broader institutional interaction that may account for this. Further, it is important to understand how the patronage of consumer credit impact on the need that prompted it in the first place and other implications that may speak to the quality of social reproduction of households. These are the core problematics that are engaged in this study. The relationship between poverty (as well-being) and the consumption of micro-credit is considered within the broader framework of political economy. The effects of predatory institutions, such as microcredit, could be significant for the quality of social reproduction of households.
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Claeson, Holmgren Mathilda, and Tilda Göransson. "Cirkulär ekonomi på mikronivå : En fallstudie om hur ett mikroföretag imodebranchen kan agera för att sluta kretsloppet." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14768.
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I Sverige är 93% av alla existerande företag i mikrostorlek. Trots det finns det väldigt lite forskning på hur de ska gå tillväga för att implementera en cirkulär affärsmodell. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka förutsättningarna ett modeföretag i mikrostorlek kan ha för att implementera cirkulära affärsmodeller. Dagens ekonomiska system bygger på linjära affärsmodeller. Det betyder att människor köper, använder och sedan slänger produkter som fortfarande har ett potentiellt ekonomiskt värde. Cirkulära affärsmodeller utgör ett alternativ till dagens ekonomiska system. Det bygger på att produkter efter brukningsperiod återanvänds eller återvinns för att bibehålla det ekonomiska värdet och sparar på resurser som är skadliga för miljö och människor. I teorin presenteras tidigare forskning som gjorts kring cirkulär ekonomi, innovativa affärsmodeller och ramverk samt mikroföretagets roll i en cirkulär ekonomi. Ostrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma inom återvinning, återanvändning och ekodesign samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med produktionschef och produktutvecklare på fallföretaget har utförts. Detta har givit en bred och djup kunskap kring vilka förutsättningar som finns och vilka tillvägagångssätt mikroföretag kan tillämpa för att fortsätta resan mot en mer cirkulär affärsmodell. Resultatet av studien visar att fallföretaget idag på många sätt agerar cirkulärt, men att kompletterande aktiviteter och tekniker gällande återtagningssystem och externa införningfaktorer saknas.<br>In Sweden 93% of the existing companies are microbusinesses. Despite this, there is a lack of research on how they can implement circular business models. The purpose of this study is to investigate what prerequisites a micro business within the fashion industry can have to implement a circular business model. Today’s economic system is supported by linear business models. This means that people buy, use and dispose of goods that may have a potential continuous economic value. Circular business models offer an alternative to the current economic system. They are based on reuse and recycling to upkeep economic value and cut down on byproducts that are harmful to the environment and people. Earlier research regarding circular economy, innovative business models and framework are presented in this study. Unstructured interviews with people working actively within fields such as reuse, recycle and eco-design have been held, as well as semi-structured interviews with the production manager and product developer at the case business of this study. The interviews have provided a wide knowledge around what prerequisites and course of action a micro business within the fashion industry can apply, to continue working against a more circular business model. The result of the study show that the micro business can operate in a circular manner, but require complementing activities and technologies regarding take back systems and external adoption factors.
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Massen, Alisha J. ""It's people you know": the role social networks play in micro-informal markets." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14075.
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Master of Arts<br>Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work<br>Robert K. Schaeffer<br>Informal markets are prevalent all over the globe. The work done in such markets is often for the purposes of supplementary or subsistence income and it is done by men, women, and children. The purpose of my research was to understand how micro-informal markets are created by informal workers in Manhattan, Kansas. This was done through examining how informal workers used their social networks to find customers and how customers used their social networks to find informal goods and services produced by such workers, or more specifically, how micro-informal markets were created. This builds on the economic theory of embeddedness, which states social relations are an important part of the exchange process even in today's capitalistic market economy. In addition, my research also looked at why customers consumed from informal workers, why informal workers decided to go into business for themselves, how the city of Manhattan, Kansas viewed informal workers and whether city officials and affiliates encouraged informal businesses or not.
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Shahid, Shantana. "Setting Up Shop in the Digital Bazaar – Bangladeshi Blue-Collar Service-Providers’ Adoption of a Business Aggregator." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22501.
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This essay explores the early experiences of Bangladeshi blue-collar service workers in digitalising their livelihoods. It is a qualitative study that surveys and interviews service-providers in Dhaka who use the business aggregator platform Sheba.xyz, an online service marketplace, and seeks to understand what brought these self-employed micro-entrepreneurs, previously outside the digital economy, to adopt an ICT-enabled solution. The study is guided by Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory, one of the historically dominant paradigms in the field of communication for development (C4D). The overarching research question is, “Why did blue-collar service-providers in Dhaka adopt and use a digital business aggregator platform?” The aim is to explore what motivated/discouraged and enabled/hindered innovation adoption among a group of users previously marginalised from digital and financial inclusion. The findings suggest that adoption of Sheba.xyz among service-providers was not driven so much by a desire to digitalise one’s business per se, and as a means of mitigating a previous inability to do so. Rather, the factors that emerge from the qualitative data are other perceived relative advantages of the solution – of increase in customers, income, and opportunity. Survey respondents and interviewees also displayed strong affiliation with, and trust in, the platform provider; an alertness for fair treatment; and a drive to prosper, suggesting that they embraced a comprehensive concept and altered life situation where belonging, respect, and self-fulfilment matters, rather than narrowly adopted a new mobile application.
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Aswani, Frank. "Barriers and facilitators to transitioning of small businesses (SMME’s) from the second to the first economy in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23318.
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This Research was undertaken to explore and better understand the perceptions of SMME owners, in South Africa, of the financial and non financial barriers and facilitators to the formalization/transitioning process. The study was motivated by the lack of data on the South African context of the barriers and facilitators of the formalization process. The conversion of enterprises from informal to formal concerns is not well researched and understood. In the absence of hard data, experienced observers and practitioners in the small business field express extreme skepticism about the efficacy of attempts to convert informal businesses to formal ones, (Bernstein, 2004). The research was conducted, mostly in Alexandra township Johannesburg, by means of 20 in-depth, semi-structured, face to face interviews with SMME owners; 10 operating informally and 10 who formally were, but have since transitioned/formalized. The resulting findings showed that lack of access to information on formalization and limited access to cash or credit are the major non financial and financial barriers respectively. Improved access to information on formalization is the major non financial facilitator and ability to access a bigger market plus increased access to cash or credit are the major financial facilitators. These findings also indicate that there may be a difference in the barriers and facilitators to formalization in South Africa as compared to what’s reported internationally in the literature.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Bryer, Philip, and Yoshihiko Kadoya. "Chinese Business Ethics and Regional Differences : Evidence from Micro-data in Six Major Cities." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20456.
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Pino-Nunes, Lilian Ellen. "Obtenção e uso de mutantes com alterações no balanço auxina/citocinina no estudo da competência organogênica em micro-tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Micro-Tom)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-04052005-164236/.
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Uma das abordagens mais utilizadas atualmente para se estudar o metabolismo e a transdução de sinais hormonais é o uso de mutantes com alterações nos genes que codificam os principais componentes desses processos. A cultivar miniatura de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) denominada Micro-Tom (MT) possui porte reduzido (8 cm) e ciclo de apenas 75 dias, constituindo-se em um excelente modelo para uma abordagem genética de estudos fisiológicos. Mutantes com alterações no balanço auxina/citocinina, ou na capacidade de resposta a esse balanço, podem ser utilizados para desvendar o papel da interação entre esses hormônios no controle do desenvolvimento, inclusive no que se refere à capacidade de regeneração in vitro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo criar um modelo para se estudar o papel do balanço auxina/citocinina endógeno na competência para regeneração in vitro, através da incorporação das mutações dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls e bu, as quais sugerem alterações no metabolismo e/ou sensibilidade hormonal, na cultivar MT. Essas mutações foram caracterizadas quanto à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina através da obtenção de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de AIA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) e TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), em segmentos de pecíolo e plântulas germinadas em gerbox, respectivamente. As mutações caracterizadas para auxina e citocinina, bem como o controle MT, foram testadas in vitro, quanto à sua capacidade de regeneração, em meio de cultura MS, suplementado com 5µM de BAP (explantes cotiledonares e segmentos de hipocótilo) e 4,5 µM de Zeatina (segmentos de raiz). Os mutantes lutescent, gf e bu, apesar de possuírem fenótipo bastante interessante, não parecem ser relacionados à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, bem como ao etileno. Já os mutantes dgt e brt apresentaram respostas típicas de mutantes com pouca sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, respectivamente. Dessa forma, a resposta ao balanço AIA/Cks é alterado nesses mutantes, afetando o processo de regeneração. Nos segmentos de hipocótilo, houve formação de calos em todos os explantes, entretanto, poucos explantes formaram gemas adventícias, sendo que o mutante dgt foi o que apresentou menor taxa de regeneração. Nos explantes cotiledonares, a taxa de regeneração foi menor ainda no MT e no mutante dgt, e ausente no mutante brt. Não houve regeneração em nenhum dos genótipos em segmentos de raiz. Esses resultados sugerem que, embora a competência para regeneração in vitro possa ser dependente do balanço AIA/Cks, ou da resposta a esse balanço, existem interações mais complexas entre esses hormônios e seus efeitos na regeneração. A exemplo disso, era de se esperar uma maior formação de gemas caulinares em dgt, já que sua capacidade de resposta ao balanço está voltada para Cks. Um estudo mais aprofundado para a correta interpretação dessa interação deve levar em conta que a sensibilidade à auxina é necessária também no processo de desdiferenciação. Além disso, auxinas e citocininas não só atuam na diferenciação, mas também podem interferir na regeneração, independente do balanço AIA/Cks, já que são necessárias para a expansão e divisão celular.<br>To date, one of approaches more used to study the metabolism and transduction of hormone signals are the mutants with alterations in genes which encode the principal components of this process. The miniature cultivar of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) named Micro-Tom (MT) possesses reduced size (8 cm) and a life cycle of just 75 days, constituting an excellent model for a genetic approach of physiology studies. Mutants with altered auxin/cytokinin ratio, or in the response capacity to this ratio, can be used to clear up the role of interactions between these hormones in the control of development, including those concerning the in vitro regeneration capacity. The current work aimed to produce a model to study the role of endogenous auxin/cytokinins ratio in the competence for in vitro regeneration, through incorporation of the dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls and bu mutations, which concern altered hormone metabolism and/or sensibility, in the MT cultivar. These mutations were tested for the hypothesis of being related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility by means of dose-response curves, using different concentrations of IAA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) and TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), in petiole segments and gerbox-germinated seedlings, respectively. The mutations confirmed to be auxin and cytokinin related, as well the MT control, were tested in vitro for regeneration capacity, in MS culture media, with either 5µM de BAP (cotyledon explants and hypocotyl segments) or 4,5 µM Zeatin (root segments). The luescent, gf and bu mutants, despite showing an interesting phenotype, do not seem to be related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility, as well as to ethylene. However, the dgt and brt mutants showed typical responses of reduced auxin and cytokinin sensibility, respectively. Thus, the response to auxin/cytokinin is altered in these mutants, affecting the regeneration process. Calli were observed in all hypocotyl segments, however few explants formed adventitious buds, with the dgt mutant presenting the least regeneration ratio. In the cotyledon explants, the regeneration ratio was even less than in MT and in dgt, and absent in the brt mutant. There was no regeneration whatsoever from root segments in any genotype. These results suggest that, although the competence for in vitro regeneration might be dependent on the IAA/Cks ratio, or the response to this ratio, interactions far more complex exist between these hormones and their effects on regeneration. For instance, a greater adventitious buds formation was expected in dgt, because its response ability is biased toward Cks. A deeper study for the correct interpretation of these data should consider that the sensibility to auxin is also necessary in the process of undifferentiation. Besides, both auxins and cytokinins have roles not only in differentiation, but also can interfere with regeneration independent of the IAA/Cks ratio, as they are required for cell division and expansion.
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Liyanaarachchi, Tilak Susantha. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Computable General Equilibrium Micro-Macro Analysis." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368152.
Full textAbstract:
Economic theory suggests that removing trade barriers increases economic growth and reduces poverty in developing countries. Mixed empirical evidence has made the trade — poverty linkage a controversial topic as there is still no guarantee that trade liberalisation will benefit the poor. Since the effects of trade on the poor are indirect, the empirical analysis of this relationship has become a complex task. Trade reform is observed at the macro level while income distribution and poverty issues are observed and analysed at the micro level. A general equilibrium model based Input-Output or Social Accounting Matrix or a microeconomic model based on household survey data alone is therefore not able to fill this micro-macro gap. In order to examine the impact of trade liberalisation on poverty and income inequality within a developing country context, this study develops a macro-micro framework to fill this gap by linking computable general equilibrium (CGE) and microsimulation models in top-down mode for the Sri Lankan economy. While the CGE model analyses the effects of trade liberalisation, the microsimulation model analyses the impact on poverty at the household level.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text
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Lööf, Hans. "The Knowledge Production Function : Evidence from New Micro Data." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3301.
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This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays.Common themes that unify the essays are the conditions for innovative engagements and the effort to endogenize innovations into the explanation of profitability, productivity and growthin manufacturing and service production. The purpose is to explore the importance of innovation in explaining heterogeneity in the performance of firms. The traditional analysis of the relationship between research and developmentand productivity is extended and developed by using, on the onehand, firm-level data not previously available and, on theother, a modern state-of-the-art econometric framework. Essay I. Methods and results are reviewed and stylized facts presented regarding the return on innovation. The limitations of the data and methods used in mainstream literature are discussed. A set of firm-level observations recently made available and a multiple knowledge production function analysis have been used to clarify the role of innovation in explaining performance heterogeneity among manufacturing firms inSweden. Essay II. The relationships between innovation and productivity among manufacturing firms in Finland, Norway and Sweden are studied. The main purpose is to investigate the contributions of firm-level innovation in creating the large observed differences in aggregated productivity growth between Norway on the one hand and Finland and Sweden on the other. Essay III. The focus of this essay is threefold. One, since innovation has been found to be a major contributor to productivity growth in manufacturing, we seek to find whether there is any evidence for the notion that service industrie shave a lower propensity to be innovative or that they are less efficient in deriving benefits from innovations. Second, we consider what real productivity growth does, and what the measurement methods do to produce the reported weak growthrates in services. Third, given that intermediate services have been found to be one of the fastest growing input factors inmanufacturing, largely reflecting the replacement of internally provided activities by externally produced outputs, we examine what the impact of outsourcing is on productivity growth in manufacturing. The essay brings a comparative perspective to these issues by analyzing the firm-level data on innovativeactivities and economic performance in knowledge-intensive manufacturing and service firms in Sweden. Essay IV.This essay investigates the sensitivity of estimated relationships between innovation and firm performance. The essay compares the sensitivity of results with regards to different types of models, estimation methods, measures of firm performance, classification of firms, type of innovations and data sources. The analyses are performed on both the level and growth rate of firm performance, and theinfluence of outliers is explored. Essay V. The role of capital structure and external financing in innovation and production is studied. Results from different model specifications are explored. A preferred dynamic model with flexible adjustment is used for an inter-country and an intra-country comparison of the determinants of the optimal mix between debt and equity as wellas the rate of change towards an optimal capital structure.<br><p>QC 20100526</p>
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GRISOLIA, GIULIA. "Biofuels from micro-organisms: Thermodynamic analysis of sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2973986.
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Jonsson, Gabriel, Louise Fredriksson, and Miljevic Rebecca Lööv. "Exploring how Barriers to Circular Business Models can be Overcome on a Macro and Micro Level : -a Swedish Textile Industry Perspective." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49143.
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Background: The resource demanding textile industry has long been linked to the linear economy, an economy contributing to negative effects on the environment. However, there is an alternative to the linear economy, namely the circular economy. In a circular economy, a closed-loop design is promoted in order to eliminate the negative effects of the linear economy. However, in the context of the Swedish textile industry, there is a lack of case studies on the topic and especially regarding experienced barriers to a circular business model as well as drivers and enablers needed to overcome these barriers. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to support the development of the Sustainable Development Goal 12: sustainable production and consumption. This is done through exploring the experienced barriers to circular business models among companies in the Swedish textile industry at a macro and micro level, but also drivers and enablers in order to overcome these barriers. Method: This research follows an interpretivist view and an inductive approach based on a cross-case analysis of five companies. The research is qualitative and semi-structured interviews were conducted with open questions. The identified themes were analysed and interpreted with a careful awareness of the trustworthiness and ethical considerations. Conclusion: The result showed five barriers which appeared to be the most common across the companies. Namely, technological un-readiness, circularity costs, market unacceptance, financial shortage and knowledge gap. For these barriers, possible solutions in the form of drivers and enablers were identified. According to the findings, the identified drivers and enablers which have the greatest potential of positive impact on the barriers were as follows: knowledge sharing, collaboration, regulatory changes, more research and refocus of efforts
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Abad, Arnaud. "Les enseignements de la micro-économie de la production face aux enjeux environnementaux : étude des productions jointes théorie et applications." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0035/document.
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Ces travaux structurés en trois parties, mettent à jour différents apports théoriques et empiriques. La premièrepartie est consacrée à l’étude des technologies de production selon différentes approches axiomatiques. L’axiome deB-disponibilité est introduit afin d’apporter une définition générale aux technologies de production polluante. Seloncette propriété, il est possible de définir ces technologies productives grâce à un ensemble réduit d’hypothèses. Ainsi,des technologies de production polluante convexes, non-convexes et hybrides, peuvent être définies. De plus, cetteapproche peut être appréhendée suivant plusieurs stratégies de partitionnement qui présentent un intérêt particulierpour la mise en oeuvre des études empiriques. La deuxième partie est vouée à l’analyse des fonctions de distance. Ainsi,des mesures d’efficience technique généralisées sont proposées. Ces dernières sont présentées dans des ensembles deproduction B-disponibles. Partant de ces résultats, plusieurs tests permettant d’apprécier la structure des ensemblesproductifs B-disponibles, sont proposés. De plus, de nouveaux résultats de dualité sont introduits. Ces derniers sontconstruits sous l’hypothèse de B-disponibilité, ce qui atténue l’importance des axiomes usuels de disponibilité dansl’élaboration de ces résultats. La troisième partie est dédiée aux mesures de productivité. Une généralisation desmesures d’éco-productivité possédant des structures additives et multiplicatives complètes, est introduite. De plus,une spécification non-paramétrique permettant d’implémenter ces nouvelles mesures d’éco-productivité est proposée.Celle-ci repose sur l’estimation non-paramétrique des fonctions de distance additives et multiplicatives généralisées relatées dans ces travaux<br>The exposition of this thesis is based on three parts. First, production technologies are analysed with respect toseveral axiomatic approaches. The B-disposability property is introduced in order to give a more general definition ofthe pollution-generating technologies. This methodological innovation aims to reveal pollution-generating technologiescompatible with a minimal set of assumptions. Then, a more general class of pollution-generating technologiessatisfying both convex and non-convex axioms, can be defined. Furthermore, this axiomatic contribution allows toconsider inputs and outputs partitions, which is of particular interest in empirical studies. The second part of thiswork concerns the measurement of technical efficiency. Then, generalised distance functions are introduced in B-disposable production sets. Following these results, several tests are suggested in order to characterize the structure ofB-disposable production technologies. Moreover, innovative duality results are proposed based on the B-disposabilityproperty. This considerably weakens classical duality results based upon usual disposal assumptions. In the thirdpart, productivity change is studied. Generalisation of additive and multiplicative complete eco-productivity measures,are introduced. Following non-parametric technologies, a procedure to implement the generalised eco-productivitymeasures is exposed. This process is based on the non-parametric estimation of the generalised distance functionssuggested in this work
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Bird, Jessica. "Micro-Enterprise Development for Dalit Women in Rural India: An Analysis of the Implications of “Women's Empowerment”." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1286.
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The overall purpose of this study is to assess various market-based versus aid based approaches to financial autonomy for Dalit women in rural India and the goals and assumptions of the multiple stakeholders involved in each method (mainly, national and international NGOs, the state, and micro-finance organizations). I argue that approaches to income generation such as entrepreneurship, capital investment, and skill building, are based on similar objectives of economic agency, but ultimately lend to different results because of their varying assumptions about “women’s empowerment.” By separating these approaches into three methods of income generation based on their objective to promote either wages, labor, or capital, the political incentives of each stakeholder becomes more clear. The research presented in my literature review ultimately led me to predict that for Dalit women in India to experience financial autonomy, wage labor that produces immediate outcomes is a more viable route to overall empowerment than entrepreneurship due to its cultural constraints women fact. However, after analyzing my comparative case studies which focused on three different methods of handicraft and textile production facilitated through state, institutional, private stakeholders, I began to see how a a multiple-income generating approach, such as combining the resources of NGOs, micro-finance, and the state, reduces caste and gender barriers to entrepreneurship. Through a feminist and Marxist analysis, I assess the problems that occur when actors determine a blanket approach to empowering all women without considering their diverse contexts, and more specifically, how different identities and standpoints work to inform and oppress notions of empowerment. My interviews with experts in the field have led me to recommend that methods of income generation facilitated through grassroots Self Help Groups is the best way for rural, Dalit women to women to achieve economic agency.
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Bahouka-Debat, Armand. "Appropriation et mise en oeuvre de l'intelligence et de la sécurité économique dans le contexte de l'économie congolaise : une plateforme expérientielle : la direction générale de l'économie." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629875.
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Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons la nécessité de l'appropriation de l'Intelligence Economique (IE) en tant que culture et mode de gouvernance alternatif capable d'aider un pays en développement à affronter les défis et enjeux triple. Ceux relatifs au sous-développement, au développement alternatif et à la mondialisation. S'approprier l'IE dans le contexte particulier de l'économie Congolaise pour en faire un mode de gouvernance au service du développement et de la coopétitivité renvoie ainsi à deux exigences. La première, consiste à revisiter l'IE afin de mettre en valeur ses avancées, révéler ses limites et l'enrichir d'une capacité de réponse adaptée aux besoins d'un pays en développement. La deuxième exigence consiste à analyser le champ d'appropriation de l'IE afin d'en identifier la nature, d'en dresser le profil et d'articuler ces éléments à ceux des moyens de l'IE dont la plasticité acquise permet désormais d'être adaptés à la contingence en examen. L'objectif est de proposer des moyens pertinents à la mise en œuvre efficiente de l'IE. La conceptualisation des modes opératoires d'intelligence et de sécurité économique (2S-MOISE) chevillé au dispositif stratégique et opératoire du développement (DS-OD), au " M'BONGUI " ainsi qu'au schéma d'analyse de dominance systémique nous permet de répondre à cette double exigence. L'usage de la démarche incrémentale via la transculturation nous permet par ailleurs de présenter les modalités concrètes du processus d'appropriation de l'IE grâce à l'action de la direction générale de l'économie (DGE), vectrice dudit processus tant au sein des instances nationales, qu'au niveau du système éducatif et dans la sphère entrepreneuriale. Une série de préconisations dont la définition d'éléments d'une politique publique d'IE, la mise en place d'un dispositif d'IE et d'un système d'information qui réponde aux besoins de gouvernance fonctionnelle, opérationnelle et stratégique ont été proposés.
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Silva, Renan Makoto Herculano. "Micro e pequenas empresas formais afetam o fato de seus empregados serem formais? Um estudo utilizando o SIMPLES como uma variável instrumental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96131/tde-15052007-153741/.
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Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a formalização das firmas, detentoras de licença municipal ou estadual, e a formalização de seus empregados. Em função da simultaneidade entre os indicadores, utiliza-se o SIMPLES, que representa uma variação exógena na carga tributária relevante para as micro e pequenas empresas, alterando, portanto, os incentivos à formalização para essas firmas. Para avaliar essa relação, o estudo utiliza a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) de 2003, disponibilizado pelo IBGE em parceria com o SEBRAE, sobre micro e pequenos negócios em áreas não rurais no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que firmas com licença que poderiam aderir ao SIMPLES apresentam um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significante sobre a probabilidade de formalização dos empregados.<br>This research studies the relationship between the formality of the enterprises, processing state or municipal license, and the formality of their employees. As result of the simultaneity between the indicators, it is used the Law of the Integrated System of Payment of Taxes and Contributions of the Micro and Small Enterprises (SIMPLES), that represents an exogenous variation on the tax burden that matters to micro and small enterprises. Therefore, modifying the incentives to the formality to these firms.. To analyze this relationship, the study uses the data base for Urban Informal Economy (ECINF) of 2003, available by IBGE in partnership with SEBRAE, about micro and small enterprises in non rural areas in Brazil. The results demonstrate that firms with license that could be benefited by SIMPLES show a positive impact and significant statistically on the probability of formalization of the employees.
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"Micro-investment behavioural model for an emerging economy: the South African economy as a case study." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/34.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign direct investment is a topic that currently ranks highly on the agenda of most countries, forming the basis of policy design and development on both a microeconomic and macroeconomic level. From a microeconomic perspective, business strategies are undergoing radical shifts in order to compete in an ever-competitive global climate. Businesses therefore need to diversify their operations across borders as this is essential for ensuring survival. Yet, the motivation and desire of business are not necessarily beneficial to the country, region or market that a particular business plans to enter. Some types of foreign direct investment are positive, enabling a useful and efficient flow of technology, ideas and capital and this, as highlighted in conventional literature, is the key determinant of underlining macroeconomic policy regarding foreign direct investment. Governments attempt to capture such flows. They design efficient policy tools to attract foreign investors into their regions, so that their countries may benefit from these flows in the form of job creation and receiving capital inflows from the induced investments and exports, which aid to offset balance of payment deficits. Countries may enjoy the positive spill-over of such investment that may help local business become more competitive within the international arena. Certain business interests may have strong negative effects such as abusing supplies of natural resources and the abundance of low-skilled labour that exists within developing countries, as few policies are in place to protect these often weaker economies. This may cause conflict between business and government, challenging policy makers to implement protective measures such as trade restrictions, capital market regulation and the development of organised labour policies which may seem only to encourage the flow of negative investment. The gains of such investment become ambiguous, cheering the antiglobalisation movements and discouraging the flows of foreign direct investment that may actually induce positive developments within the economies concerned. The battlefields of such fixed investment movements often establish themselves on emerging market territory, where economies are prone to both helpful and hostile attacks of foreign direct investment. The emerging economies are ever increasing in global importance on the international trade arenas. These countries, many with sound macroeconomic policy, often display rapid economic growth, developed markets and an abundant supply of cheap skilled and unskilled labour, consequently absorbing an ever-increasing share of foreign direct investment. However, the direction of foreign direct investment is difficult to determine, especially when using common constraints, such as economic, political, social and geographic factors. The focus of attention needs to be shifted to those people who are responsible for the decisions to invest. These decision-makers are not to be grouped into a singular globular mass of uniformity; neither should they be treated as a single variable in the equation attempting to explain fixed investment. They make decisions regarding foreign direct investment and are extremely complex beings, cognitively weighting certain factors that determine the decision to invest over other factors. This is an ever-changing process, and seldom will any two investors act in exactly the same way. Consequently, there is a need to explain the decision-making process of foreign direct investors in a model that is fluid, not static and that allows for the flexibility required for the survival of businesses within an ever-changing emerging market economy. This can only be explored by analysing the psychological and cognitive structure of the decisionmaking process that is not totally dependent on the macroeconomic or microeconomic forces present in policy design or company structure respectively. By understanding the process underlying decision-making, it is possible to construct a decision-making model applicable to the unique cognitive workings of the foreign investor.Clear-cut factors need to be identified which map decision-making prior to the act of investment. Therefore, the decision-making model should be constructed using an intentional bias. By using an intentional bias, the decision to act may not yet be consciously considered, but a need to act exists. If the decision-maker is presented by an opportunity, the intent may become the action. By highlighting decision-makers with a positive attitude towards an action, i.e. investment, it is possible to map the factors relevant in the decision-making process. This allows for the construction of a model mapping the intention to act, thereby creating a decision-making model. For the purpose of this thesis a survey was designed and presented to the key decisionmakers within established companies. They included senior business executives, company CEOs, managing directors, owners of businesses and others that play an executive decisionmaking role within their businesses. From these responses key factors were identified from which a behavioural model was constructed by using suitable statistical tools and constraints. This behavioural model is independent, yet influenced by factors such as economic freedom, political instability and corruption, labour market regulation and the existence of development zones within host countries. The identified factors that become relevant to the behavioural model of decision-making are attitude, level and extent of other related or competitive companies within the host country, risk type and ability to overcome such risk, the vision of the company and the social fulfilment experienced by the decision-makers. The necessity for a decision-making model regarding foreign direct investment in the emerging economies is one that cannot be underestimated. This model is designed to contribute towards the current literature on foreign direct investment, with the aim and intent of improving this body of knowledge and assisting towards streamlining policy formation.
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Hong, Seungki. "Essays on Micro-Level Consumption Behavior and Open Economy Macroeconomics." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6ytk-m656.
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This dissertation finds significant differences in the micro-level household consumption behavior between emerging and developed economies, disentangles multiple possible explanations for these differences, and evaluates their macroeconomic implication on business cycles.
The first chapter estimates the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of transitory income shocks using micro data for an emerging economy. To this end, I employ a nationally representative Peruvian household survey. Two striking differences emerge when the Peruvian MPC estimates are compared with U.S. MPC estimates obtained by the same method. First, the mean MPC of Peruvian income deciles is much higher than that of U.S. deciles. Second, within-country MPC heterogeneity over the deciles is substantially stronger in Peru than in the U.S.
The second chapter studies the driving factor for the MPC differences between Peru and the U.S. I begin by exploring three possible explanations for the stronger MPC heterogeneity in Peru through the lens of a standard precautionary saving model: liquidity constraints, consumption front-loading behavior, and heterogeneous interest rates. Then, I disentangle these possible explanations by examining relevant data patterns appearing in the micro data. Specifically, participation rates in borrowing activities and consumption growth rate patterns of the income deciles suggest that liquidity constraints drive the stronger MPC heterogeneity in Peru. Then, I decompose the cross-country MPC gap into the component driven by liquidity constraints and the component caused by factors unrelated to liquidity constraints. To this end, I delineate a top income group unaffected by liquidity constraints in each country by conducting an MPC homogeneity test and evaluate its MPC. I find that liquidity constraints are also important for explaining the higher mean MPC in Peru.
The third chapter makes a first attempt to study emerging market business cycles in a heterogeneous-agent open economy model. A central question in open economy macroeconomics is how to explain excess consumption volatility in emerging economies. This chapter argues that to understand this phenomenon, it is important to take into account households' idiosyncratic income risk, precautionary saving, and MPCs. Financial frictions determining asset liquidity in the model are calibrated such that MPCs are as high as empirical estimates from Peruvian micro data, which are substantially greater than the U.S. MPC estimates. I then estimate the model using macro data and Bayesian methods. The model captures the observed excess consumption volatility well. To highlight the importance of high-MPC households in driving this result, I show that excess consumption volatility disappears when households are counterfactually replaced with those exhibiting U.S. MPCs. High-MPC households contribute to consumption volatility through i) their strong consumption response to resource fluctuations and ii) large consumption reduction when assets become more illiquid. The transmission mechanisms of trend shocks and interest rate variations that previous studies use to explain excess consumption volatility are dampened because households significantly deviate from the permanent income hypothesis, on which these mechanisms crucially depend.
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Kanono, Bolaoane T. "The role of small, medium and micro enterprises in Lesotho's economy." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4852.
Full textAbstract:
A vibrant industrial sector that includes growing small and medium-sized
enterprises is a boon to any economy. By increasing output and incomes, providing
jobs for unskilled labourers, and improving prospects for efficiency and
technological development, growing small firms offer both immediate and long-term
benefits.
These words by McCormick et aI, (1997) say it all. The theme of this study is growth,
development and promotion of industry through small, medium and micro enterprises
(SMMEs). SMMEs are cherished because of their resilience to economic setbacks, their
flexibility, innovative capability and above all, their labour-intensive character.
Lesotho is currently faced with a major problem of joblessness (i.e. a huge number of
labour force is unemployed). The formal sector, (i.e. public sector or government, private
sector and parastatals) is unable to absorb these multitudes of unemployed labour.
Moreover, this sector accounts for only 44 percent of employment in the country while the
rest must be absorbed in the informal sector. The industrial sector is very small if not nonexistent.
Henceforth it has been recognised that SMMEs' sector can make a huge·
contribution to Lesotho's economy through employment and income generation. Most
importantly SMMEs' sector is regarded as a stepping-stone to the industrial sector of the
country. With agricultural production steadily declining and continuing mine workers
retrenchments, the informal sector becomes the employment of last resort. In addition,
Lesotho being an economy that is in the mist of restructuring and privatising,
entrepreneurship through SMMEs offers an alternative route to employment and growth.
This study is therefore concerned mainly with small-scale manufacturing enterprises. The
primary aim is to discover the income and employment generation effects ofthese entities.
Other aspects to be explored include value addition potential and demand effects of
SMMEs. The study has discovered that SMMEs' sector forms an important employer and income
source in the country. Most entrepreneurs depend on the income earned from their
enterprises as the main source of income to support more than two dependants. Monthly
average income generated by most enterprises ranges from 1000 to 10000 Maluti.
However there are some exceptional businesses that make more than 20000 Maluti per
month. These enterprises have a potential to expand and increase their value addition and
since demand for their products is high, there exists better prospects for employment and
income generation.
Small-scale sector was responsible for about 12 to 20 percent of industry in the country
before the 1990's. Currently it accounts for 66 percent of industry. The difference proves
the importance of having this sector in the economy. Employment in small-scale sector
makes up to 20 percent of total labour force.
Small-scale manufacturing sector (SMMEs) in Lesotho compnses the following
categories: (1) Sewing and Knitting (2) Metal and Leather works (3) Woodworks (4)
Handicrafts and Pottery (5) Weaving and Tapestry (6) Electronics (7) Food Processing (8)
Candle and Toiletries making.
Most SMMEs in the manufacturing sub-sector are in the activities of sewing and knitting
followed by woodworks and leather works. Concentration of activity depends on the level
of entry barriersl
. Sewing and knitting is headed mostly by women entrepreneurs.
There are numerous problems facing SMMEs and their performance is thus retarded. The
most frequently cited problem is tinance and working capital. This is followed by the
market problem though most business owners pointed out that their products are highly
demanded. Lack of finance, especially loan financing makes it difficult for the enterprises
to expand or grow into prominent business ventures.
I EntIy barriers here maily concerns the costs of starting the particular enterprise. The Government objectives towards SMMEs sector as stated in the Sixth 5-year National
Development Plan are:
• To provide incentives for SMMEs development and growth
• To assist them in acquisition of better management and technical skills
8 To identify growth sub-sectors of SMMEs in order to secure donors and other means
offinance for them
• To strengthen the capacity of support institutions which assist SMMEs in acquisition
ofloans and in marketing plus capacity building through management training.
However, none of these plans has ever been effectively implemented. What is lacking is
devising appropriate tools that will enable government to carry out its plans. The
following strategies are henceforth proposed in the study:
1. To actively support skills and management training programmes, especially because
the government can secure funds in the form ofgrants or soft loans.
2. To co-ordinate with support institutions so as to establish linkages between
government and these institutions and with small-scale and large-scale firms.
3. To expand the share of small-scale products in the market through publicity, market
and financial support. Most importantly, government must accept tenders from
SMMEs or make exclusive purchases from SMMEs.
4. To enforce a policy that lists products reserved for production by small-scale sector
only.
5. To improve productivity and enhance quality through establishment of ISO 9000
quality standards.
6. To Promote specialisation in production and export-oriented SMMEs
7. To transfer technology through the media, for example, T.V programs and published
materials such as newsletters and magazines.
8. To increase provision of well-serviced industrial sites, appropriate for the needs of
SMMEs.
.<br>Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, 2000.
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Wu, Bo-Wei, and 吳柏緯. "The circular economy for micro-algae biomass with real-time monitoring system." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z7fqd3.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>環境工程學系<br>107<br>The environmental impact assessment is currently used in the world''s industries for the environmental impact assessment of its products, for a total of fourteen assessment criteria. Microalgae, photosynthesis and absorption phosphate and nitrate in water as a source of growth nutrients. The cultivation of one kilogram of microalgae will absorb about two kilograms of carbon dioxide in the environment. The produced biodiesel can be used as a fuel, and its emission gas pollution is also less than that of fossil fuels. Therefore, it has the effect of reducing carbon and slowing down the greenhouse effect. Microalgae will also absorb wastewater containing high ammonia nitrogen and phosphate, which can effectively improve the pollution of animal husbandry wastewater and make the industry more friendly to the environment.
In this experiment, an automated microalgae bioreactor was developed to monitor and control environmental factors affecting microbial growth and to control environmental parameters in the culture under the most suitable culture conditions. In the results, the system culture was used to increase the capacity by about 10%. Through the cloud transmission system, the read data is transmitted to the cloud to realize the remote monitoring effect, and the Internet of Things platform is established, thereby more effectively improving biomass production and increasing economic value.