Journal articles: 'Mice Color'

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Davis, Andrew K., Natalie Woodall, Jake P. Moskowitz, Nikole Castleberry, and Byron J. Freeman. "Temporal Change in Fur Color in Museum Specimens of Mammals: Reddish-Brown Species Get Redder with Storage Time." International Journal of Zoology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/876347.

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Museum collections have great value for zoological research, but despite careful preservation, over time specimens can show subtle changes in color. We examined the effect of storage time on fur color of two reddish-brown species, golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) and eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Using image analysis, we obtained color data (hue, saturation, and density) on 91 golden mice and 49 chipmunks from Georgia, USA. Analyses that considered body size, gender, and collection year showed significant effects of year on fur color of golden mice (hue and saturation) and of agouti color of chipmunks. Older specimens tended to be redder in color than newer specimens, consistent with a prior study of red bats (Lasiurus borealis). Hair samples showed reddening of fine body hairs, but not in thicker guard hairs. There was no temporal change in black or white stripe color in chipmunks, indicating that this temporal effect would be limited to species with reddish-brown fur. This effect may be caused by breakdown of eumelanin pigments (which make dark colors) over time, leaving a greater proportion of pheomelanin pigments (which make red colors). These results show that storage time needs to be considered in research projects where fur color is of importance.

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Nitezki, Tina, Nadja Schulz, and Stephanie Krämer. "Color matters: They would choose if they could (see)!" Laboratory Animals 52, no. 6 (April 8, 2018): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677218766370.

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Concerning standardization of laboratory animal husbandry, only exiguous changes of habitat can potentially influence animal physiology or results of behavioral tests. Routinely, mice chow is dyed when different types of diets are dispensed. Given the fact that the dye itself has no effects on food odor or flavor, we wanted to test the hypothesis that the color of chow has an impact on food uptake in mice. Twelve-week-old male mice of different strains (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ; n = 12/strain) were single-housed in PhenoMaster® cages. After acclimatization standard mice chow in different colors was administered. Food intake was monitored as a two-alternative choice test of different color combinations. All animals had an average food intake of 3 g/d and no preferences were observed when a combination of identically colored food was offered. Preference tests yielded significant aversion to blue food and significant attraction to yellow and green food in C57BL/6 and DBA/2J mice. In C3H/HeJ and BALB/cJ mice no color-related pattern occurred. Selected mice strains have known differences concerning functionality of their visual sense. C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice are considered to be normal sighted at testing age, BALB/c is representative for albino strains and C3H mice carry mutations resulting in retinal alterations. Results suggesting that normal-sighted mice would be selective concerning food color when given the choice. Nevertheless, this does not influence overall quantity of food intake when animals were provided solely with food colored with a single dye. Moreover, visually impaired mice showed no color-related food preferences.

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Sylvester, Francisco A., and Anne Marie Griffiths. "ENDOTHELINS AND THE COLOR OF MICE." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 21, no. 4 (November 1995): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199511000-00020.

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Conway, Bevil R. "Color Vision: Mice See Hue Too." Current Biology 17, no. 12 (June 2007): R457—R460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.017.

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Hoffman, Robert M., and Meng Yang. "Dual-color, whole-body imaging in mice." Nature Biotechnology 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0705-790.

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Neitz, M., and J. Neitz. "Curing Color Blindness--Mice and Nonhuman Primates." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 4, no. 11 (August 21, 2014): a017418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017418.

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Galus, Ryszard, Krzysztof Włodarski, Jacek Malejczyk, and Jarosław Jóźwiak. "Fluvastatin Influences Hair Color in C57Bl/6 Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 10, 2013): 14333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms140714333.

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Bennett, Dorothy C., and M. Lynn Lamoreux. "The Color Loci of Mice - A Genetic Century." Pigment Cell Research 16, no. 4 (August 2003): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00067.x.

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ABDEL-RAHIM, Emam, Hossam S. EL-BELTAGI, Rehab F. M. ALI, Abeer A. AMER, and Somia M. MOUSA. "The Effects of Using Synthetic and Natural Color Foods on Lipid Profile and Liver Function in Rats." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410504.

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Today synthetic food dyes are being used most commonly as food colorant in confectionaries for children. Present study was designed to evaluate effect of tartrazine and chocolate brown as a synthetic color and turmeric, cocoa as a natural color on Swiss albino mice. The rats have been fed on color biscuits and after the acclimation period, rats were divided into 7 groups (5 rats each one). Rats treated with dose level 7.5 mg/kg /day (ADI) in tartrazine and turmeric and 0.15 mg/kg /day (ADI) in chocolate brown and cocoa. The study revealed a highly noticeable decrease in the body weight gain, food intake and feed efficiency in synthetic color of mice compared to the control group, the mixture improvement this effects and non-significant with natural color. A significant increase in the average weight of the major organs liver, spleen, heart, pancreas and kidney of the mice has been increased significantly in synthetic color treated groups with tartrazine and chocolate brown. Total cholesterol level, T-lipid, LDL and vLDL were no significant change in all mice administration color foods, but significant increase in T.G with tartrazine and chocolate brown and has significant decrease in HDL-C with tartrazine and chocolate brown. There was a significant increase in the level of ALT, AST and ALP with tartrazine and chocolate brown while compared to control group. The mixture synthetic and natural color improved the results. Bilirubin levels were significantly increased with tartrazine and chocolate brown.

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Moore, K. J., D. A. Swing, E. M. Rinchik, M. L. Mucenski, A. M. Buchberg, N. G. Copeland, and N. A. Jenkins. "The murine dilute suppressor gene dsu suppresses the coat-color phenotype of three pigment mutations that alter melanocyte morphology, d, ash and ln." Genetics 119, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.933.

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Abstract The murine dilute suppressor gene, dsu, was identified because of its ability to suppress the dilute coat color of mice homozygous for the retrovirally induced allele (dv) of the dilute locus (d). dsu is unlinked to the d locus and has recently been shown to be semidominantly inherited. The dilute phenotype of d/d mice is the consequence of abnormal melanocyte morphology. While wild-type melanocytes are dendritic, d/d melanocytes are adendritic. dsu apparently suppresses the dilute phenotype by restoring normal melanocyte morphology. In addition to d, two other loci, ashen (ash) and leaden (ln), have been identified that produce a diluted coat color associated with adendritic melanocytes. Interestingly, d and ash are closely linked on chromosome 9 while dsu and ln are located on chromosome 1. In experiments described here, we present genetic mapping data between ash and d indicating that, despite their identical phenotypes, they are separate genes and are not intragenic complementing alleles of the same locus. We also show that dsu is only loosely linked to ln (approximately 9 cM proximal) and that dsu can suppress, at least partially, the coat color of ln/ln mice and ash/ash mice. The partial suppression of ln and ash coat colors is associated with the partial restoration of normal melanocyte morphology. These studies provide new insights into the mechanism of action of dsu and into the interrelationships between members of a family of pigment genes.

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Barrett, Rowan D. H., Stefan Laurent, Ricardo Mallarino, Susanne P. Pfeifer, Charles C. Y. Xu, Matthieu Foll, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Jonathan S. Duke-Cohan, Jeffrey D. Jensen, and Hopi E. Hoekstra. "Linking a mutation to survival in wild mice." Science 363, no. 6426 (January 31, 2019): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3824.

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Adaptive evolution in new or changing environments can be difficult to predict because the functional connections between genotype, phenotype, and fitness are complex. Here, we make these explicit connections by combining field and laboratory experiments in wild mice. We first directly estimate natural selection on pigmentation traits and an underlying pigment locus, Agouti, by using experimental enclosures of mice on different soil colors. Next, we show how a mutation in Agouti associated with survival causes lighter coat color through changes in its protein binding properties. Together, our findings demonstrate how a sequence variant alters phenotype and then reveal the ensuing ecological consequences that drive changes in population allele frequency, thereby illuminating the process of evolution by natural selection.

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Reddivari, Lavanya, Shiyu Li, Tianmin Wang, Mary Kennett, and Jairam Vanamala. "Role of Gut Microbiota in Anti-Colitic Effects of Color-Fleshed Potatoes." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_093.

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Abstract Objectives The prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is on the rise with ∼700,000 patients in the US alone in 2018. Gut bacterial dysbiosis plays an important role in ulcerative colitis. We have recently shown that anthocyanin-containing potatoes exert anti-inflammatory activity in colitic mice. However, no information is available on whether gut bacteria play a role in the anti-colitic activity of color-fleshed potatoes. This study examined the anti-colitic activity of red/purple-fleshed potatoes in mice with intact and antibiotic-ablated microbiome. Methods We used DSS-induced murine (C57BL6) colitis model with and without the administration of antibiotics in drinking water for nine weeks. Mice were randomly assigned to the control (AIN-93G diet), DSS (AIN-93G diet), DSS + PP (20% purple potato) and DSS + RP (20% red potato) groups. After eight weeks, mice were treated with 2% DSS in their drinking water for five days to induce colitis. Intestinal permeability was measured using FITC-dextran. Serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured using ELISA. RT-PCR was used to analyze the relative gene expression levels of cytokines and bacterial abundance. Results Administration of antibiotics resulted in a 95% reduction in gut bacterial load. Antibiotics administration did not alter food intake, water intake, and weight gain. Antibiotic-treated mice had five times greater cecum weight, a hallmark of germ-free mice, compared to no-antibiotic mice. In antibiotic mice, DSS-induced splenomegaly, elevated gut permeability (serum levels of FITC-dextran), and reduced colon length and weight were more pronounced compared to no antibiotic mice. Purple- or red-fleshed potato supplementation (20% w/w) ameliorated (P ≤ 0.05) DSS-induced reduction in colon length, elevation in permeability, spleen weight and MPO levels in no antibiotic mice only. Moreover, purple-fleshed potato supplementation alone improved the ZO-1 and MUC-2 gene expression levels in no-antibiotic mice, but not in microbiota-ablated mice. Conclusions In summary, these results suggest that purple-fleshed potatoes are more potent compared to red-fleshed potatoes and the gut microbiome is critical for the anti-colitic activity of anthocyanin-containing potatoes. Funding Sources USDA-NIFA awards 2016-67,017-29,285 and 2019-67,017-29,258.

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Lai, Y. C., T. Shiroishi, K. Moriwaki, M. Motokawa, and H. T. Yu. "Variation of coat color in house mice throughout Asia." Journal of Zoology 274, no. 3 (March 2008): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00382.x.

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Pennisi, E. "EVOLUTION 2005 MEETING: Color Genes Help Mice and Lizards." Science 309, no. 5733 (July 15, 2005): 374b—375b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5733.374b.

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Miao, Yuanxin, Fathia Soudy, Zhong Xu, Mingxing Liao, Shuhong Zhao, and Xinyun Li. "Candidate Gene Identification of Feed Efficiency and Coat Color Traits in a C57BL/6J × Kunming F2 Mice Population Using Genome-Wide Association Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7132941.

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Feed efficiency (FE) is a very important trait in livestock industry. Identification of the candidate genes could be of benefit for the improvement of FE trait. Mouse is used as the model for many studies in mammals. In this study, the candidate genes related to FE and coat color were identified using C57BL/6J (C57) × Kunming (KM) F2 mouse population. GWAS results showed that 61 and 2 SNPs were genome-wise suggestive significantly associated with feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) traits, respectively. Moreover, the Erbin, Msrb2, Ptf1a, and Fgf10 were considered as the candidate genes of FE. The Lpl was considered as the candidate gene of FI. Further, the coat color trait was studied. KM mice are white and C57 ones are black. The GWAS results showed that the most significant SNP was located at chromosome 7, and the closely linked gene was Tyr. Therefore, our study offered useful target genes related to FE in mice; these genes may play similar roles in FE of livestock. Also, we identified the major gene of coat color in mice, which would be useful for better understanding of natural mutation of the coat color in mice.

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Kanki, Hiroaki, Marilia Shimabukuro, Atsushi Miyawaki, and Hideyuki Okano. ""Color Timer" mice: visualization of neuronal differentiation with fluorescent proteins." Molecular Brain 3, no. 1 (2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-6606-3-5.

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Ohtsuka, Masato, Hiromi Miura, Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy, Minoru Kimura, Hidetoshi Inoko, Shinichi Yoshimura, and Masahiro Sato. "Fluorescent transgenic mice suitable for multi-color aggregation chimera studies." Cell and Tissue Research 350, no. 2 (August 7, 2012): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-012-1470-0.

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Fujimoto, Nariaki, Yoko Sakai, Kazunobu Kurisu, Goutam Roy, Hiromitsu Watanabe, and Akihiro Ito. "CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDY OF GARDENIA YELLOW COLOR IN C57BL MICE." Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 7, no. 4 (1994): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1293/tox.7.455.

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Steingrímsson, Eiríkur, Neal G. Copeland, and Nancy A. Jenkins. "Mouse coat color mutations: From fancy mice to functional genomics." Developmental Dynamics 235, no. 9 (2006): 2401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20840.

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Moore, K. J., D. A. Swing, N. G. Copeland, and N. A. Jenkins. "Interaction of the murine dilute suppressor gene (dsu) with fourteen coat color mutations." Genetics 125, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.2.421.

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Abstract The murine dilute suppressor gene, dsu, was previously shown to suppress the dilute coat color phenotypes of mice homozygous for the dilute (d), leaden (ln), and ashen (ash) mutations. Each of these mutations produce adendritic melanocytes, which results in an abnormal transportation of pigment granules into the hair shaft and a diluted coat color. The suppression of each mutation is associated with the restoration of near normal melanocyte morphology, indicating that dsu can compensate for the absence of normal d, ln and ash gene products. In experiments described here, we have determined whether dsu can suppress the coat color phenotype of 14 additional mutations, at 11 loci, that affect coat color by mechanisms other than alterations in melanocyte morphology. In no case was dsu able to suppress the coat color phenotype of these 14 mutations. This suggests that dsu acts specifically on coat color mutations that result from an abnormal melanocyte morphology. Unexpectedly, dsu suppressed the ruby eye color of ruby-eye (ru) and ruby-eye-2 (ru-2) mice, to black. The exact nature of the defect producing these two mutant phenotypes is unknown. Histological examination of the pigmented tissues of the eyes of these mice indicated that dsu suppresses the eye color by increasing the overall level of pigmentation in the choroid but not the retinal pigmented epithelium. Choroid melanocytes, like those in the skin, are derived from the neural crest while melanocytes in the retinal pigmented epithelium are derived from the optic cup. This suggests that dsu may act specifically on neural crest-derived melanocytes. These studies have thus identified a second group of genes whose phenotypes are suppressed by dsu and have provided new insights into the mechanism of action of dsu.

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Guyonneau, Laurence, Fabien Murisier, Anita Rossier, Alexandre Moulin, and Friedrich Beermann. "Melanocytes and Pigmentation Are Affected in Dopachrome Tautomerase Knockout Mice." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2004): 3396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.8.3396-3403.2004.

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ABSTRACT The tyrosinase family comprises three members, tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct). Null mutations and deletions at the Tyr and Tyrp1 loci are known and phenotypically affect coat color due to the absence of enzyme or intracellular mislocalization. At the Dct locus, three mutations are known that lead to pigmentation phenotype. However, these mutations are not null mutations, and we therefore set out to generate a null allele at the Dct gene locus by removing exon 1 of the mouse Dct gene. Mice deficient in Dct [Dcttm1(Cre)Bee ] lack Dct mRNA and dopachrome tautomerase protein. They are viable and do not show any abnormalities in Dct-expressing sites such as skin, retinal pigment epithelium, or brain. However, the mice show a diluted coat color phenotype, which is due to reduced melanin content in hair. Primary melanocytes from Dct knockout mice are viable in culture and show a normal distribution of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. In comparison to the knockout, the slaty mutation (Dctslt /Dctslt ) has less melanin and affects growth of primary melanocytes severely. In summary, we have generated a knockout of the Dct gene in mice with effects restricted to pigment production and coat color.

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TAMANOI, ITSURO, KUNIO OOHASHI, SHINJI MATSUMOTO, ZENJI MURAKOSHI, and TUNEYA MATSUMOTO. "ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MOUSE HAIR BY PIXE METHOD." International Journal of PIXE 04, no. 01 (January 1994): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083594000040.

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Constitutional elements of head hair of mouse (Mus musculus) were investigated by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis. The high peaks of S, K and Ca, and the low peaks of several other elements were observed in PIXE spectra of all the specimens from the used strains. The result clearly indicates that the ratios of these elemental contents are different among the coat colors of mice. Further, we observed strain difference even in the same color.

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Kawakami, Kohei, Bing Xiao, Rei-ichiro Ohno, Mohammed Z. Ferdaus, Miki Tongu, Kazuo Yamada, Takaya Yamada, Masato Nomura, Yuta Kobayashi, and Toru Nabika. "Color Preferences of Laboratory Mice for Bedding Materials: Evaluation Using Radiotelemetry." Experimental Animals 61, no. 2 (2012): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1538/expanim.61.109.

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Suto, Jun-ichi, and Kenji Sekikawa. "Genetic Determinants of Sable and Umbrous Coat Color Phenotypes in Mice." Pigment Cell Research 16, no. 4 (August 2003): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00060.x.

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Hadjantonakis, Anna-Katerina, and Andras Nagy. "The color of mice: in the light of GFP-variant reporters." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 115, no. 1 (December 21, 2000): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180000233.

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Shen, Xin, Yutao Yang, Jian Li, Bo Zhang, Wei Wei, Changqing Lu, Caixia Yan, Hong Wei, and Yan Li. "Immune Responses Regulated by Key Periodontal Bacteria in Germ-Free Mice." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050513.

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The immune dysregulation induced by periodontal bacteria has important roles in the development of periodontitis. However, the role of key periodontal bacteria in local and systemic immunity has not been comprehensively studied. Herein, to explore immunoregulation maps of key periodontal bacteria, a mono-colonized germ-free mice model with P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and T. denticola for two weeks was designed in this study. The alveolar bone loss was determined by micro-CT. A total of 14 types of innate and adaptive immune cells of the gingiva, spleen, and colon were detected by multi-color flow cytometry. P. gingivalis induced the strongest innate immune response in gingiva and mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) changed most significantly, compared to F. nucleatum and T. denticola. Immune dysregulation of the colon was widely induced by F. nucleatum. T. denticola mainly induced immune disorder in spleen. ILC3s, Tregs, CD11B+ dendritic cells s, MNPs, macrophages, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were the main types in response to key periodontal bacteria. However, the alveolar bone loss was not induced by key periodontal bacteria. In conclusion, the overall immunoregulation of monomicrobial stimuli to decipher the complexities of periodontitis was provided in this study. P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and T. denticola have different effects on local and systemic immunity in gingiva, colon, and spleen of germ-free mice.

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Hiramoto, Keiichi, Yurika Yamate, Yutaka Takishita, and Eisuke F. Sato. "The Role of gp91phox and the Effect of Tranexamic Acid Administration on Hair Color in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112665.

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We observed that on long-term breeding, gp91phox-knockout (gp91phox−/−) mice developed white hair. Here, we investigate the origin of this hitherto unexplained phenomenon. Moreover, we investigated the effect of tranexamic acid administration on the hair color in gp91phox−/− mice. We administered tranexamic acid (about 12 mg/kg/day) orally to 9-week-old C57BL/6j (control) and gp91phox−/− mice, thrice a week for 12 months. Compared to control mice, gp91phox−/− mice showed more white hair. However, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the skin were lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, increase in white hair was observed in the control mice upon administration of the IL-1β antagonist. On the other hand, administration of tranexamic acid led to brown colored hair on gp91phox−/− mice. Although tranexamic acid treatment did not alter the expression levels of melanocortin receptor 1 and agouti signaling protein on hair follicles, it increased the expression of mahogunin ring finger protein 1 (MGRN1) and collagen XVII. These results suggested that retention of black hair requires the gp91phox/ROS/IL-1β/TGF-β pathway and that elevated levels of MGRN1 and collagen XVII lead to brown hair in gp91phox−/− mice.

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Njemanze, Philip, Mathias Kranz, and Peter Brust. "Fourier Analysis of Cerebral Metabolism of Glucose: Gender Differences in Mechanisms of Color Processing in the Ventral and Dorsal Streams in Mice." Forecasting 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast1010010.

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Conventional imaging methods could not distinguish processes within the ventral and dorsal streams. The application of Fourier time series analysis was helpful to segregate changes in the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual system in male and female mice. The present study measured the accumulation of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in the mouse brain using small animal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) during light stimulation with blue and yellow filters, compared to during conditions of darkness. Fourier analysis was performed using mean standardized uptake values (SUV) of [18F]FDG for each stimulus condition to derive spectral density estimates for each condition. In male mice, luminance opponency occurred by S-peak changes in the sub-cortical retino-geniculate pathways in the dorsal stream supplied by ganglionic arteries in the left visual cortex, while chromatic opponency involved C-peak changes in the cortico-subcortical pathways in the ventral stream perfused by cortical arteries in the left visual cortex. In female mice, there was resonance phenomenon at C-peak in the ventral stream perfused by the cortical arteries in the right visual cortex during luminance processing. Conversely, chromatic opponency caused by S-peak changes in the subcortical retino-geniculate pathways in the dorsal stream supplied by the ganglionic arteries in the right visual cortex. In conclusion, Fourier time series analysis uncovered distinct mechanisms of color processing in the ventral stream in males, while in female mice color processing was in the dorsal stream. It demonstrated that computation of colour processing as a conscious experience could have a wide range of applications in neuroscience, artificial intelligence and quantum mechanics.

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Badger, T. M., M. J. J. Ronis, G. Wolff, S. Stanley, M. Ferguson, K. Shankar, P. Simpson, and C. H. Jo. "Soy Protein Isolate Reduces Hepatosteatosis in Yellow Avy/a Mice Without Altering Coat Color Phenotype." Experimental Biology and Medicine 233, no. 10 (October 2008): 1242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/0802-rm-60.

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Agouti ( A vy/ a) mice fed an AIN-93G diet containing the soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) prior to and during pregnancy were reported to shift coat color and body composition phenotypes from obese-yellow towards lean pseudoagouti, suggesting epigenetic programming. Human consumption of purified GEN is rare and soy protein is the primary source of GEN. Virgin a/a female and Avy/a male mice were fed AIN-93G diets made with casein (CAS) or soy protein isolate (SPI) (the same approximate GEN levels as in the above mentioned study) for 2 wks prior to mating. A vy /a offspring were weaned to the same diets and studied at age 75 d. Coat color distribution did not differ among diets, but SPI-fed, obese A vy/ a offspring had lower hepatosteatosis ( P < 0.05) and increased ( P < 0.05) expression of CYP4a 14, a PPARα-regulated gene compared to CAS controls. Similarly, weanling male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed SPI had elevated hepatic Acyl Co-A Oxidase (ACO) mRNA levels and increased in vitro binding of PPARα to the PPRE promoter response element. In another hepatosteatosis model, adult SD rats fed a high fat/cholesterol diet, SPI reduced ( P < 0.05) steatosis. Thus, 1) consumption of diets made with SPI partially protected against hepatosteatosis in yellow mice and in SD rats, and this may involve induction of PPARα-regulated genes; and 2) the lifetime ( in utero, neonatal and adult) exposure to dietary soy protein did not result in a shift in coat color phenotype of A vy/ a mice. These findings, when compared with those of previously published studies of A vy/ a mice, lead us to conclude that: 1) the effects of purified GEN differ from those of SPI when GEN equivalents are closely matched; 2) SPI does not epigenetically regulate the agouti locus to shift the coat color phenotype in the same fashion as GEN alone; and 3) SPI may be beneficial in management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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AlMotwaa, Sahar M., Mayson H. Alkhatib, and Huda M. Alkreathy. "Incorporating ifosfamide into salvia oil-based nanoemulsion diminishes its nephrotoxicity in mice inoculated with tumor." BioImpacts 10, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/bi.2020.02.

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Introduction: Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects of the chemotherapeutic drug, ifosfamide (IFO). In this study, IFO was solubilized in nanoemulsion (NE) containing salvia (SAL) essential oil to investigate its adverse side effects in mice. Methods: One hundred female Swiss albino mice (n = 20/group) were split into five groups. Group I (Normal) received saline solution (0.9% (w/v) NaCl) while groups II-V were intraperitoneally (I.P.) injected with 2.5 × 106 Ehrlich ascetic carcinoma (EAC) cells/mouse. Group II (EAC) represented the untreated EAC-bearing mice. Group III (IFO) was treated with IFO at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Group IV (SAL) was treated with 0.3 mL blank NE-based SAL oil/mouse. Group V (SAL-IFO) was treated with IFO, loaded in 0.3 mL of blank SAL-NE, at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Groups III-V were treated for three consecutive days. Results: There was a double increase in the survival percentage of the SAL-IFO group (60%) relative to the IFO group (30%). Renal damage with the presence of Fanconi syndrome was indicated in the IFO group through a significant elevation in the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine bicarbonate, and phosphate in addition to a reduced level of glucose compared to the normal group. On the other hand, the administration of SAL-IFO into the mice reversed this effect. Additionally, the oxidative stress in the kidney tissues of the SAL-IFO group was ameliorated when compared to the IFO group. Conclusion: Incorporating IFO into SAL-NE has protected the kidneys from the damage induced by IFO.

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Lu, Ailing, Lily Ng, Michelle Ma, Benjamin Kefas, Terry F. Davies, Arturo Hernandez, Chi-Chao Chan, and Douglas Forrest. "Retarded Developmental Expression and Patterning of Retinal Cone Opsins in Hypothyroid Mice." Endocrinology 150, no. 3 (October 30, 2008): 1536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1092.

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Color vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors that express opsin photopigments with sensitivities to different light wavelengths. Most mammals, including mice, differentially express M and S opsins for response to medium-long and short wavelengths, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated that a thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ2) is critical for opsin patterning: in TRβ2-deficient mice, M opsin is lost and all cones instead express S opsin. Here, to investigate the requirement for thyroid hormone in cone development, we studied Tshr−/−mice as a model of congenital hypothyroidism. The onset of M opsin expression in Tshr−/−mice was severely delayed until after postnatal d 17 (P17), and M opsin expression failed to attain normal levels at older adult ages. S opsin showed a subtler change with an extended distribution pattern over the superior-inferior axis of the retina. Similar opsin abnormalities were detected in wild-type C57BL/6J mice made hypothyroid by methimazole treatment. In Tshr−/− mice, T3 treatment from P8 recovered significant M opsin expression at P17. Tshr−/− mice produced normal numbers of cones, indicating that the major requirement for thyroid hormone is in opsin patterning rather than in cone generation. The phenotype is similar to, although milder than, that caused by loss of TRβ2 and indicates the necessity for thyroid hormone for cone maturation. Hypothyroidism in mice retards expression of cone opsins, the photopigments required for color vision, highlighting the sensitivity of sensory systems to thyroid hormone.

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Ma Keshi, Xi Xingzi, Liu Kun, and Li Lili. "Color and Materials Preferences of Experiment Mice for Bedding: Evaluation Using Radiotelemetry." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 5, no. 6 (March 31, 2013): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol5.issue6.48.

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Ji, Shunmei, Xiuyu Mao, Yifan Zhang, Lin Ye, and Jinhui Dai. "Contribution of M-opsin-based color vision to refractive development in mice." Experimental Eye Research 209 (August 2021): 108669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2021.108669.

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THODY, ANTHONY J., and SUSAN A. BURCHILL. "Tyrosinase and the Regulation of Coat Color Changes in C3H-HeAvy Mice." Pigment Cell Research 5, no. 5 (November 1992): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00558.x.

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Ozeki, Hiroyuki, Shosuke Ito, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, and Tomohisa Hirobe. "Chemical Characterization of Hair Melanins in Various Coat-Color Mutants of Mice." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 105, no. 3 (September 1995): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12320792.

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Kurita, Kei, Maki Nishito, Hisao Shimogaki, Koji Takada, Hidetoshi Yamazaki, and Takahiro Kunisada. "Suppression of Progressive Loss of Coat Color in Microphthalmia-Vitiligo Mutant Mice." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 125, no. 3 (September 2005): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23861.x.

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Renne, Roger A. "Book Review: Color Atlas of Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Lesions in Aging Mice." Veterinary Pathology 26, no. 3 (May 1989): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588902600320.

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Suetsugu, Atsushi, Masashi Momiyama, Yukihiko Hiroshima, Masahito Shimizu, Shigetoyo Saji, Hisataka Moriwaki, Michael Bouvet, and Robert M. Hoffman. "Color-Coded Imaging of Breast Cancer Metastatic Niche Formation in Nude Mice." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 116, no. 12 (October 8, 2015): 2730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25227.

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Aiyub, Feri Fadli, and Munawir Munawir. "Kontrol Mouse Menggunakan Webcam Berdasarkan Deteksi Warna." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v1i1.18.

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The interaction technology in general is inseparable from the rapid development of Human-Computer Interaction technology or Human and Computer Interaction. Human and computer mouse interactions are called Virtual Mouse. Virtual mouse is designed for users to be able to interact directly with computers without using input devices such as conventional mice but using their hands as driving objects or using other media such as colors. In this research, testing is done on how to track an object that moves in order to do the mouse by using an intermediary in the form of an image processing-based webcam video that is taken in real-time using object tracking in the form of three color variables arranged based on RGB composition using the optical flow method in detecting its movement. Based on research that has been carried out as a whole the color object used as a pointer controller or mouse with the optical flow method can be detected properly in every condition.

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Tomura, Michio, Koji Futamura, and Motohiro Furuki. "Simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescent proteins and fluorochromes by a novel spectral flow cytometer (P3364)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 135.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.135.8.

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Abstract We have been revealing immune system based of spatiotemporal regulation of immune cells in the entire body by using photoconvertible fluorescent protein (FP), Kaede and KikGR mice. Flow cytometric analysis of green and red signals of non-photoconverted and photoconverted Kaede or KikGR expressing cells with multiple fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs have been difficult and unable to increase color panels, because of the fluorescence signal overlap between FPs and fluorochromes. We have newly developed a spectral flow cytometer (FCM) based on a novel measurement principle. Unlike a polychromatic FCM, the spectral FCM with 32 channel linear array PMT detects the fluorescence derived from every fluorescent probe. The data of acquired spectra is analyzed with a unique algorithm. We detected spectral changes of KikGR color from green to red during photoconversion. We separated EGFP and Venus. One of the feature advantages of this instrument is that it can recognize spectral shape of each fluorescent probes and we could separate EGFP and FITC, their peaks of wavelength are almost same and only spectral shape of GFP is slightly broader than FITC. Finally, we successfully separated 11-colors including kikGR-green and -red simultaneously. Taken together, spectral FCM allow us to detection of FPs with multicolor fluorochromes, and thus, the system which uses KikGR mice with spectral FCM is a powerful tool to investigate spatiotemporal regulation of immune cells in the entire body.

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Chen, Fugang, Yang Li, Hongyan Zhou, Chuang Sun, Sun Li, Lu Wang, Xin Li, and Xiaoqiang Liu. "Analysis of Development Mechanism of Giant Cell Arteritis in Nude Mouse Model through Color Duplex Sonography and Computerized Tomography Nanocontrast Agent." BioMed Research International 2021 (April 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6627925.

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To explore the application value of color duplex sonography and enhanced computerized tomography (CT) inspection based on a nanocontrast agent in diagnosis and pathogenesis in giant cell arteritis (GCA), the GCA nude mouse model was constructed. In this study, 40 healthy male BalB/c nude mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into a control group (no model) and an experimental group (model), with 20 mice in each group, and the temporal artery tissue of GCA patients diagnosed as positive by temporal artery biopsy was implanted into nude mice to construct a GCA nude mouse model. Abdominal aortic biopsy and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the success of the GCA nude mouse model. All nude mice were subjected to color duplex sonography and enhanced CT examination based on a nanocontrast agent. At the same time, the basic indicators such as body weight, temperature, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), hemoglobin (HGB), and platelet (PLT) were measured, and the protein expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the temporal artery wall of the nude mice in the experimental group thickened and the lumen was significantly narrowed, indicating that the cell arteritis model of nude mice was successfully constructed; ultrasound examination showed that the right superficial temporal artery vascular cavity narrowed, the blood flow signal changed like a filling defect around the periphery, and there was a low echo halo. CT examination showed that the left superficial temporal artery narrowed, and the inner diameter of the narrow segment of blood vessels changed like a bead. The body weight of nude mice in the experimental group decreased significantly after the modeling was completed ( P < 0.05 ); after modeling, the body temperature of the nude mice in the experimental group increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ); LYM and HGB values of nude mice in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ); the content of IL-6, STAT3, IL-6, and STAT3 proteins in the arterial tissue of nude mice in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group ( P < 0.05 ), indicating that color duplex sonography and CT contrast agent technology can be used in the diagnosis and development mechanism research of GC.

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Zheng, Gui-Hong, Qun Shan, Jing-Jing Mu, Yong-Jian Wang, Zi-Feng Zhang, Shao-Hua Fan, Bin Hu, et al. "Purple Sweet Potato Color Attenuates Kidney Damage by Blocking VEGFR2/ROS/NLRP3 Signaling in High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (January 21, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5189819.

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Our preliminary data showed that VEGFR2 upregulation promoted renal ROS overproduction in high-fat diet- (HFD-) treated mice. Given that ROS-induced NLRP3 activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic kidney injury, we evaluate whether VEGFR2 upregulation induces type 2 diabetic kidney injury via ROS-mediated NLRP3 activation and further explore the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that VEGFR2 knockdown decreased ROS overproduction, blocked NLRP3-dependent inflammation, and alleviated kidney damage in HFD-treated mice. Treatment with α-lipoic acid, a scavenger of ROS, lowered ROS overproduction and alleviated NLRP3-triggered kidney injury of HFD-treated mice. Collectively, the VEGFR2/ROS/NLRP3 signal is a critical therapeutic strategy for the kidney injury of HFD-treated mice. Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a natural anthocyanin, can exert renal protection by inhibiting ROS in HFD-treated mice. Here, we provide a novel mechanism of PSPC against renal damage in HFD-treated mice by downregulating VEGFR2 expression.

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Konyukhov, Boris V., Boris N. Kindyakov, and Natalia A. Malinina. "Effects of the white allele of the mi locus on coat pigmentation in chimeric mice." Genetical Research 63, no. 3 (June 1994): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032328.

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SummaryTo investigate the cellular action of the Miωh allele in the mouse with regard to its effects upon coat color patterns, we generated a series of aggregation chimeras, using embryos that differ in their mi locus genotype. We have obtained 11 chimeras Miωh/ + C/C↔ + / + c/c and 8 chimeras + / + C/C↔ + / + c/c. Chimerism was determined by coat and retinal pigment epithelium mosaicism and by the electrophoretic analysis of GPI-1 isoenzymes. In Miωh/+ C/C↔, +/+ c/c mice white coat color prevailed due to the higher percentage of unpigmented areas and the higher percentage of unpigmented hairs in pigmented areas. Our data indicate that a single Miωh gene dose decreases the melanoblast proliferative activity, causing the lightening of coat pigmentation. In Miωh/ + C/C↔+/+ c/c mice a few pigmented hairs were often detected on the belly where Miωh / + mice always had a white spot. This suggests that in the chimeras the presence of some non-Miωh cells in the skin of the belly allows pigment cells to develop. Using embryos of two substrains of Miωh/Miωh mice that differ in their Gpi-1 locus genotype we have produced 8 Miωh/ + ↔ Miωh/Miωh chimeras. In all these chimeras coat color patterns resembled those of Miωh/ + heterozygotes despite the higher percentage of the Miwh/Miωh component in three chimeras. Mosaic hairs were absent in the chimeras. This shows that the chimeras have only one Miωh/ + melanoblast population which actively proliferates and colonizes almost all hair follicles. Thus the Miωh/Miωh dermis and epidermis do not suppress proliferation and differentiation of the Miωh/ + melanoblasts except the certain area on the belly.

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Majumdar, MK, ET Everett, X. Xiao, R. Cooper, K. Langley, R. Kapur, T. Vik, and DA Williams. "Xenogeneic expression of human stem cell factor in transgenic mice mimics codominant c-kit mutations." Blood 87, no. 8 (April 15, 1996): 3203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.8.3203.bloodjournal8783203.

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Mutations of c-kit, which encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, have been identified in mice by abnormal coat color, anemia, and germ cell defects. Mice heterozygous for mutations of c-kit have a white forehead blaze and a white ventral spot, leading these mutants to be termed dominant White spotting (W). We have previously demonstrated that the membrane-associated isoform of human stem cell factor (hSCF220, the ligand for c-kit) is inefficiently processed in murine stromal cell transfectants. Thus, in murine cell lines analyzed in vitro, hSCF220 transfectants present SCF as a membrane restricted protein in contrast to the murine SCF220 cDNA protein product, which is slowly cleaved and secreted. We show here that transgenic mice expressing the human SCF220 isoform in vivo display a phenotype indistinguishable from some alleles of W. Specifically, hSCF220- expressing transgenic mice display a prominent forehead blaze and a white ventral spot. Generations of doubly heterozygous animals that carry both a mutated c-kit allele and the hSCF220 transgene display a more severe coat color abnormality. This phenotype appears to be due to occupancy of murine c-kit by human SCF and diminished cell surface expression of endogenous murine SCF. Normal signaling events that lead to cell survival or proliferation appear to be disrupted in vivo in these transgenic mice.

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Hong, Jianhua. "Protective Effects of Curcumin-Regulated Intestinal Epithelial Autophagy on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2022 (April 29, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2163931.

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Objective. This study was aimed at exploring the ameliorating effect of curcumin (Cur) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice induced by 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) by regulating intestinal epithelial cell autophagy. Methods. 45 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group, DSS group, and Cur group, with 15 mice in each group. Expect for the control group, 3% DSS was freely drunk by the mice for 7 days to induce acute IBD, and the Cur group was given Cur gavage treatment. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of mice colon tissue. The formation of autophagosomes in intestinal epithelial cells was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protein expressions of LC3-II/LC3-I, p62, and Beclin1 were detected by Western blot. Results. Compared with that of the control group, body weight of mice in DSS group was significantly reduced, stool was not formed or presented with loose stools, there was occult blood or blood in the stool, hair color lost luster, disease activity index (DAI) score was significantly increased, and colonic mucosal epithelial cells showed colitis; LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 expression were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05 ), p62 was significantly increased, and autophagy was not obvious. In addition, compared with that of the DSS group, the diet of mice in the Cur group was improved, the decline of body weight was slowed down, the hair glossiness was restored, the blood in the stool gradually decreased or occulted, the DAI score was decreased, the colon tissue was significantly improved, the expressions of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 were significantly increased ( P < 0.05 ), and the p62 was significantly decreased. Conclusions. The effect of Cur on IBD mice was related to the regulation of the expression of autophagy pathway proteins LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin1, and p62 in intestinal epithelial cells.

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PULLER, CHRISTIAN, and SILKE HAVERKAMP. "Bipolar cell pathways for color vision in non-primate dichromats." Visual Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (November 12, 2010): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523810000271.

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AbstractColor vision in mammals is based on the expression of at least two cone opsins that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Furthermore, retinal pathways conveying color-opponent signals are required for color discrimination. Most of the primates are trichromats, and “color-coded channels” of their retinas are unveiled to a large extent. In contrast, knowledge of cone-selective pathways in nonprimate dichromats is only slowly emerging, although retinas of dichromats like mice or rats are extensively studied as model systems for retinal information processing. Here, we review recent progress of research on color-coded pathways in nonprimate dichromats to identify differences or similarities between di- and trichromatic mammals. In addition, we applied immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy to retinas of different species and present data on their neuronal properties, which are expected to contribute to color vision. Basic neuronal features such as the “blue cone bipolar cell” exist in every species investigated so far. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for chromatic OFF channels in dichromats and retinal ganglion cells that relay color-opponent signals to the brain. In conclusion, di- and trichromats share similar retinal pathways for color transmission and processing.

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Al-Ramadi, Basel K., Suneesh Kaimala, Yassir A. Mohamed, Ashraf Al-Sbiei, Ghada Bashir, and Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo. "Obesity promotes cancer growth by enhancing the suppressive activity of intratumoral myeloid cells." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 76.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.76.21.

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Abstract Epidemiological evidence suggests that obesity is linked to increased risk of developing several types of cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. Successful growth of cancer cells depends on developing mechanisms to evade host immunosurveillance, particularly within the tumor microenvironment. In the current study, we utilized a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model to gain mechanistic insight into the effect of obesity on progression of implantable syngeneic tumors. When lean or obese mice were implanted with B16.F1 melanoma or MC38 colon carcinoma, tumor growth was more robust in obese group than lean controls, suggesting that obese conditions promote tumor growth. Multi-color flow cytometric analysis and gene expression profiling were carried out on distinct subpopulations of intratumoral myeloid cells. Tumors of lean mice had higher percentages of myeloid cells compared to obese counterparts with characteristics typical of activated inflammatory macrophages. In contrast, tumors of obese mice had disproportionately higher frequency of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) with a gene signature suggestive of immunosuppressive potential. These findings highlight the role of metaflammation in tumor growth promotion via the regulation of frequency and activation status of distinct subpopulations of intratumoral myeloid cells.

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Lamoreux, M. Lynn, Catherine Woolley, and Phil Pendergast. "GENETIC CONTROLS OVER ACTIVITIES OF TYROSINASE AND DOPACHROME CONVERSION FACTOR IN MURINE MELANOCYTES." Genetics 113, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 967–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.4.967.

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ABSTRACT We evaluated the three catalytic activities of tyrosinase and one activity of dopachrome conversion factor (DCF) in extracts made from skins of 6-day-old yellow and nonyellow mice. At least one of the catalytic activities of tyrosinase and of DCF correlate with the color of pigment being produced in the hair follicles of the mice. We use these data to evaluate existing hypotheses about the mechanism of the interacting genetic controls over melanogenesis.

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Aini, Kholida Nur, Windya Tri Hapsari, Kartika Arum Wardani, Heny Arwati, and Willy Sandhika. "Antimalarial activity of goat bile against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in BALB/c mice." Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya 4, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v4i2.3540.

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Abstract Goat bile has been used by some Indonesian people to treat malaria and increase their stamina. This study aimed to prove whether goat bile toxic or not in BALB/c mice and to verify the antimalarial activity of goat bile at various concentrations in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Acute toxicity test was performed using twenty male BALB/c mice with an average body weight of 25 grams, which were divided into four groups. Mice were given 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively, while negative control was given distilled water. Any change in weight, odor, color, agitation, appearance, color of urine and feces, coma, and death, were recorded. A different set of mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study conducted using the posttest only control group design with four treatments and five replications. A four day-treatment of goat bile was given by oral gavage to find out its effect on parasitemia level. Infected mice were divided randomly into 4 groups, where the GBNeg group as negative control was given only distilled water. The GB25, GB50, and GB100 groups were treated with 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively. The parasitemia was observed daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smears of each mice. No death or other sign of toxicity was found in goat bile-treated mice. Goat bile showed anti-malarial activity. The parasitemia in all goat bile treated groups was lower compared with the negative control group. The ED50 of goat bile against the growth of parasite was 48,55 %. Goat bile is a potential source of new antimalarial therapies. Further investigations are recommended to yield new anti-malarial drug candidates. Keywords : Goat bile, parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei ANKA, ED50Correspondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

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Srinivas, Maya, Lily Ng, Hong Liu, Li Jia, and Douglas Forrest. "Activation of the Blue Opsin Gene in Cone Photoreceptor Development by Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor β." Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1728–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2005-0505.

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Abstract Color vision requires the expression of opsin photopigments with different wavelength sensitivities in retinal cone photoreceptors. The basic color visual system of mammals is dichromatic, involving differential expression in the cone population of two opsins with sensitivity to short (S, blue) or medium (M, green) wavelengths. However, little is known of the factors that directly activate these opsin genes and thereby contribute to the S or M opsin identity of the cone. We report that the orphan nuclear receptor RORβ (retinoid-related orphan receptor β) activates the S opsin gene (Opn1sw) through binding sites upstream of the gene. RORβ lacks a known physiological ligand and activates the Opn1sw promoter modestly alone but strongly in synergy with the retinal cone-rod homeobox factor (CRX), suggesting a cooperative means of enhancing RORβ activity. Comparison of wild-type and mutant lacZ reporter transgenes showed that the RORβ-binding sites in Opn1sw are required for expression in mouse retina. RORβ-deficient mice fail to induce S opsin appropriately during postnatal cone development. Photoreceptors in these mice also lack outer segments, indicating additional functions for RORβ in photoreceptor morphological maturation. The results identify Opn1sw as a target gene for RORβ and suggest a key role for RORβ in regulating opsin expression in the color visual system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mice Color'

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