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Academic literature on the topic 'MFBs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MFBs"

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Nwandu, P. I. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRIBUSINESS FINANCING BY MICROFINANCE BANKS AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN RURAL AREA OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v4i2.207.

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The study compared Microfinance banks and Microfinance institutions in financing agribusiness enterprises in rural areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random techniques was used to select 150 agribusiness enterprise respondents used for the study. Five (5) Microfinance banks (MFBs) and 15 Microfinance institutions (MFIs) operating in the study area were used for the study. Primary data was collected with the use of structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that MFBs and MFIs undertook group lending; although MFBs were also engaged in individual lending. Similarly, MFBs and MFIs loans were not secured by tangible collaterals instead they are secured by group collaterals although MFBs still insist on tangible collaterals on individual loans. MFIs disbursed 73.70% of the total amount and MFBs disbursed the remaining 23.30%. In sectorial disbursement, the product sector was the most financed followed by the input sector while the production sector was the least financed. Findings also showed that beneficiaries of MFBs and MFIs had different perceptions on granting of loans. MFBs and MFIs agreed that there was high repayment rate of loans by rural agribusiness enterprises but difficulty in savings mobilization. However, both disagreed on cost of processing loan and that there was high premium on insurance. Recommendations made were that the regulatory bodies should monitor the activities of the MFBs and MFIs; there should be improvement in their timeliness of granting loans; and there should also be improvement on infrastructure in the rural areas.

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Taj, Fozia. "Role of Managerial Competencies and Risk-Taking Behavior in Financial Service Outreach of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan." IBT Journal of Business Studies 15, no. 2 (2019): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2019.15.03.03.

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This study aims to investigate the relationship between the managerial risk-taking, managerial competencies and financial service outreach of microfinance banks in Pakistan. Primary data was collected from 36 branches of microfinance banks (MFBs) in nine cities. The unit of investigation is the branch manager and senior credit officer of each MFB branch. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression, are used for data analysis. This study found a positive relationship between financial service outreach of MFBs and managerial competencies; financial service outreach also has a positive relationship with the risk-taking behavior of managers. There is a positive relationship between risk-taking behavior and financial service outreach of banks. The risk-taking behavior partially mediates the relationship between the managerial competencies and financial service outreach. The magnitude of the relationship between managerial competencies and outreach is significant, and its magnitude reduces when there is the mediation of managerial risk-taking behavior between them. Thus, managerial competencies, along with risk-taking behavior are the keys drivers of financial service outreach of MFBs. This study informs MFB’s top management and policymakers that competencies of managers and their calculated risk-taking propensities determined outreach performance of the MFBs.

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Ademola, Abimbola Oluwaseyi. "WHAT FACTORS DRIVE THE MICROFINANCE BANKS’ PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA?" MARCH 39, no. 01 (April 1, 2023): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51380/gujr-39-01-04.

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Banks’ profitability is vital component of economic growth, its significance extends from’ sustainability of banks to macroeconomic stabilization. Thus, this study assessed the effect of banks’ specific factors and macroeconomic variables on the profitability of microfinance banks (MFBs) in Nigeria from 2012-2021. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select 15 licensed MFBs from the South West region of Nigeria. This study employed return on assets (ROA) as an indicator of profitability. Secondary data was elicited from annual published reports of the selected MFBs. Descriptive, regression and correlation techniques were used to analyse data. Findings revealed that MFBs age and size play major roles in the determination of the banks’ profitability; non-performing loans substantially influenced MFBs profitability though adversely. Liquidity rate exerted negligible but positive influence on MFBs profitability. Furthermore, gross domestic product and exchange rate influenced MFBs profitability considerably. In contrast, the Inflation and Interest rate had an adverse but noticeable effect on banks’ profitability. The results provide signifncant directions to banks as well as related policy-makers. Bank management should take cognizance of these salient factors and endeavor to the lower non-performing loans in order to enhance MFBs profitability.

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Olasupo, Musa A., Caroline A. Afolami, and Adebayo M. Shittu. "PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss1.136.

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The Nigerian Microfinance sub-sector is yet to attain the desired level of global best practice. This paper thus investigates the performance and productivity changes of MFBs in South-West Nigeria, from 2006 to 2010, having had the Microfinance Policy launched in 2005. The study revealed that only 16.28% of the sampled MFBs met the recommended maximum PAR value of 5% in 2006 and that was the highest throughout the sample period. It was also revealed that 31.14% of the sampled MFBs reported a debt/equity ratio of above the recommended value of 2 in 2006, while 32.56% had gearing of over 2 in 2010. The MFBs experienced fluctuating performances in their productivity changes, with pure technical efficiency improvements in 2007 and 2009. However, the MFBs suffered technological decline throughout the study period. Overall, the MFBs experienced Total Factor Productivity improvement in 2007, while there were productivity deteriorations in 2008, 2009 and 2010.

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Li, Shichao, Yuanfeng Gao, Ye Liu, Jing Li, Xiyan Yang, Roumu Hu, Jia Liu, et al. "Myofibroblast-Derived Exosomes Contribute to Development of a Susceptible Substrate for Atrial Fibrillation." Cardiology 145, no. 5 (2020): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505641.

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Objective: Atrial fibrosis plays a critical role in atrial fibrillation (AF). A key event in the pathogenesis of fibrosis is the activation of fibroblasts (FBs) into myofibroblasts (MFBs). Paracrine factors released from MFBs lead to ion channel expression changes in cardiomyocytes (CMs). Downregulation of L-type calcium channel Cav1.2 expression is a hallmark of AF-associated ionic remodeling. However, whether exosome (Exo)-mediated crosstalk between MFBs and CMs regulates Cav1.2 expression remains unknown. Methods: Atrial FBs and CMs were isolated and cultured from neonatal rats by enzymatic digestion. The activation of FBs into MFBs was induced by angiotensin II. Co-culture assay and in vitro Exo treatment were used to determine the effect of MFB-derived Exos on Cav1.2 expression. Confocal Ca2+ imaging was performed to examine the adrenergic stimulation-elicited Ca2+ influx signals. The levels of potential Cav1.2-inhibitory microRNAs (miRNAs) were measured by qRT-PCR. Results: Untreated FBs expressed limited amounts of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), while angiotensin II induced a significant upregulation of α-SMA-expressing MFBs. Co-cultures of MFBs and CMs resulted in downregulation of Cav1.2 expression in CMs, which was largely abolished by pretreatment of MFBs with exosomal inhibitor GW4869. More importantly, treatment with MFB-derived Exos caused repression of Cav1.2 expression in CMs. Additionally, the adrenergic receptor agonist-elicited Ca2+ influx signals in CMs were remarkably attenuated by pretreatment with MFB-derived Exos, corresponding to the paralleled change in Cav1.2 expression. Finally, miR-21-3p, a potential Cav1.2-inhibitory miRNA, was enriched in MFB-derived Exos and upregulated in CMs in response to MFB-derived Exos. Conclusion: We uncover an Exo-mediated crosstalk between MFBs and CMs, contributing to increased vulnerability to AF by reducing the expression of Cav1.2 in CMs.

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Adeyokunnu, Joseph Adelanke. "Dynamic relationship between micro finance banks' credit and growth of micro enterprises in Ojo Local Government of Lagos State." Journal of Global Economics and Business 3, no. 10 (July 1, 2022): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgeb.v3i10.48.

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The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) challenges appear to be enormous and Micro Finance Banks (MFBs) thereby declining their capacities of contributing to the stability of MSMEs and decrease the rate of their performance. The failure to present required collateral or demonstrate good dignity by most MSMEs seem to be the major challenges which MSMEs are facing in today’s dynamic business environment. This study, therefore, examines the dynamics relationship between MFBs and the growth of MSMEs in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos state, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, while a multi-stage sampling technique was used for the study. 120 copies of the questionnaire were distributed, 97 were returned and found fit. Frequency distribution (percentage analysis) was used to analyse data. The findings revealed that MFBs have dynamic relationship with MSMEs in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State. The study concludes that the MFBs and MSMEs in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State are vital to the survival of one another. Thus, it was recommended that owners/managers of MSMEs should make use of MFBs opportunity to grow and develop their businesses from time to time.

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Riaz, Madiha. "In competency Aspects of Microfinance Industry: Via SFA approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 7, no. 1(J) (February 28, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v7i1(j).558.

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Microfinance is a well known terminology used for microcredit and financial services for financially deprived community. Through informal, semi-formal and formal ways different institutions has been providing these services. Expenditure of the industry is considered to be high because of its inherent structure, dealing with small loans and having high risk of recovery. Therefore, expected inefficiency is greater than its profit. There are several factors and reason. Through this study, we analyzed few factors which have a positive or negative relation with the inefficiency of Microfinance in Pakistan. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is used for weighing up a relationship between inefficiency and its determinants. It is seen that the average efficiency of this sector is low, on average the highest technical efficiency score is 87 only. Age and number of clients have a negative relationship with inefficiency whereas for other variable's relationship is conditional on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) working status. The number of women borrowers and average loan balance has been incorporated in the study to analyze the focus of MFIs, either on mission drift or achievement. We found that microfinance banks (MFBs) are drifting away, however, Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and Rural Support Programs (RSPs) are fulfilling their social mission efficiently. We did not find a strong evidence of mission drift in the industry because microfinance banks considered their social mission on second priority. Hence, if MFBs are drifting away from their social services, it is not unexpected.

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Cheng, Ching-Chang, Yen-Feng Lee, Nai-Nu Lin, Chieh-Liang Wu, Kwong-Chung Tung, and Yung-Tsung Chiu. "Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia in Swine Associated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/245728.

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Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a chronic respiratory disease. Although the pathogenesis of BOOP is still incompletely understood, BOOP is responsive to steroids and has a good prognosis. In our five pigs with chronic postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), typical BOOP lesions were revealed. All five porcine lungs showed typical intraluminal plugs, and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was identified. They also exhibited similar pathologic findings such as proliferation of type II pneumocytes and myofibroblasts (MFBs), extracellular collagen matrix (ECM) deposition, and fragmentation of elastic fibers. MFBs migration correlative molecules, for instance, gelatinase A, B and osteopontin, appeared strongly in the progressing marginal area of polypoid intraluminal plugs of fibrotic lesion. These molecules colocalized with the active MFBs. Both gelatinase activity and intercellular level of active MFBs were significantly increased (). Porcine chronic bronchopneumonia leads to BOOP and it is associated with PCV2 persistent infection. Swine BOOP demonstrates similar cellular constituents with human BOOP. Perhaps their molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis operate in a similar way. Thus we infer that the swine BOOP can be considered as a potential animal model for human BOOP associated with natural viral infection. Moreover, it is more convenient to obtain samples.

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Zhan, Heqing, Jingtao Zhang, Jialun Lin, and Guilai Han. "Effects of Na+Current and Mechanogated Channels in Myofibroblasts on Myocyte Excitability and Repolarization." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6189374.

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Fibrotic remodeling, characterized by fibroblast phenotype switching, is often associated with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects on electrotonic myofibroblast-myocyte (Mfb-M) coupling on cardiac myocytes excitability and repolarization of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and single mechanogated channels (MGCs) in human atrial Mfbs. Mathematical modeling was developed from a combination of (1) models of the human atrial myocyte (including the stretch activated ion channel current,ISAC) and Mfb and (2) our formulation of currents through VGSCs (INa_Mfb) and MGCs (IMGC_Mfb) based upon experimental findings. The effects of changes in the intercellular coupling conductance, the number of coupled Mfbs, and the basic cycle length on the myocyte action potential were simulated. The results demonstrated that the integration ofISAC,INa_Mfb, andIMGC_Mfbreduced the amplitude of the myocyte membrane potential(Vmax)and the action potential duration (APD), increased the depolarization of the resting myocyte membrane potential(Vrest), and made it easy to trigger spontaneous excitement in myocytes. For Mfbs, significant electrotonic depolarizations were exhibited with the addition ofINa_MfbandIMGC_Mfb. Our results indicated thatISAC,INa_Mfb, andIMGC_Mfbsignificantly influenced myocytes and Mfbs properties and should be considered in future cardiac pathological mathematical modeling.

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Ndirangu, Eunice Wangari, David Kiragu, Antony Ngunyi, and Mohamed Shano. "EFFECT OF AGENCY BANKING ON PERFORMANCE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1167.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of agency banking on performance of microfinance banks in Kenya Materials and Methods: The study adopted positivism philosophy approach and descriptive research design was used. The study also used census survey. The target population was the thirteen Microfinance Banks regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya. The questionnaires were self-administered and primary data was collected from the thirteen regulated microfinance banks. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for preliminary analysis. Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the number of factors and Kaiser Mayer Olkin and Barlett’s test of Sphericity were tested and total variance explained, scree plot and rotated component matrix were drawn. Findings: The descriptive statistics findings disclosed that agency banking has a positive effect on performance of MFBs. This was shown by 71.7% of the respondents were in agreement that agency banking influence the performance of MFBs. The findings showed that the relationship between agency and performance was p value was 0.018 and F test of 5.908 showing that the model was statistically significant for the data set. The coefficient table showed that the equation was Y = 2.680 + 0.355AGB. The findings denoted that agency banking has a moderate relationship with performance of MFBs. The MFBs are using agency banking to grow their businesses thus generating profits and capital gain. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that MFBs should open more agents especially in the rural areas to facilitate population access near services. In addition, the management team and the policy makers should ensure that policies are elaborated to protect the customers from fraud and also exploitation by the business owners due to higher transaction cost and the business operating the agents should be trained on fraud policies because it is affecting many customers. The government and the MFBs should ensure all those operating the agents are well trained on record keeping, managing of funds, and customer care.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MFBs"

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Kulkarni, Hrishikesh. "Mobile food ordering system (MFOS)." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464421.

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Neradová, Alena. "Performance of private MFIs and financial cooperatives." Doctoral thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260285.

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Developing countries have a long-term deal with a financial and economic instability in the current economic environment. Besides others, one of discussed solutions on that scheme is dedicated to microfinance where are evident efforts at delivering inclusive socio-economic development. Thus, the dissertation is focused on the analysis of the relative performance of private MFIs and financial cooperatives in Mediterranean region on selected socio-economic indicators, such as women's employment, education or level of material well-being. The impact of the offered products, such as credit and savings in the attempt to express what types of institutions are providing higher added value to clientele and in what intensity they change selected socio-economic indicator is also significant. Primary data of selected institutions will be inspected on the background of global data structured in the major regions of the world trying to understand the logics, risks and potentials of the development of the microfinance and cooperative sector and their intersections. The output will be a recommendation for the support of the microfinance and cooperative sector.

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Forcellese, Pietro. "Strategie per aumentare la risposta in potenza delle MFCs." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Nell’ambito della risoluzione dei problemi legati al consumo dell’acqua come risorsa e dello smaltimento di reflui contenenti carichi organici, è di grande importanza prendere in considerazione tecnologie in grado di garantire un approccio risolutivo che rispecchi i principi dell’economia circolare. L’aumento della domanda di energia legata ai processi di gestione dell’acqua è tra le tematiche più rilevanti. Un’alternativa tecnologica emergente è la cella a combustibile microbica (MFC), un dispositivo bio-elettrochimico che trasforma direttamente l’energia chimica dei composti organici presenti nelle acque reflue in energia elettrica. Il limite della MFC è la bassa potenza erogata, pertanto una possibile soluzione è di integrare la cella microbica con supercondenstaori (SC), cioè sono sistemi elettrochimici di accumulo dell’energia di elevata potenza. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è la realizzazione di un “bio-based SC” attraverso materiali e processi sostenbili che possa essere integrato in una MFC. In particolare, sono stati realizzati elettrodi di SC utilizzando un legante processabile in acqua, l’alginato, e antracite con lo scopo di dimostrare la valorizzazione di tale risorsa nel settore energy storage. Le prestazioni di questi elettrodi sono state confrontate con quelle di un carbone commerciale di riferimento. Gli elettrodi sono stati utilizzati per assemblare un bio-based SC che utilizza acque reflue come elettrolita. L’effetto della presenza dei batteri sulle prestazioni del SC è stato studiato mediante tecniche elettrochimiche. Lo studio ha dimostrato che la presenza dei batteri e l’utilizzo di acque reflue come elettrolita hanno un effetto positivo sulla risposta capacitiva dei SC che risulta confrontabile con quella di SC commerciali. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi sono particolarmente innovativi e rappresentano uno spunto per la realizzazione di un nuovo concetto di living-bio-SC.

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Nyamsogoro, Ganka Daniel. "Financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6366/.

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An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improves profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.

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Lee, Joanna. "MFS transporter superfamily : modelling and dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c1b28272-c35f-46a3-beee-92bb560933d8.

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The aims for this thesis were threefold. First, is it possible to develop a numbering protocol to aid homology modelling, despite the diversity of MFS sequences? Given these methods, apply these to improve the homology model of a putative MFS protein, SV2A. Finally, can Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations be used to elucidate the transport mechanism in an MFS protein? There are several solved X-ray crystal structures of secondary active transporter MFS proteins, all of which have a core 12 transmembrane (TM) helix fold. Despite this highly conserved fold, the sequence identity between the transporters is low (15-25 % identity between structures) and so this provides difficulties when exploring homology modelling of target proteins based on known structures of MFS transporters. To overcome this, exploration of both conservation of amino acid type in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and conservation of contacts between helices elucidate 'anchor points' in the structure. This analysis can be used to aid alignment between template and target in homology modelling, such as for SV2A, which is the binding site for an anti-epileptic drug, levetiracetam. The binding site was thought to be in the central cavity of the TM region of the MFS protein and so drug-protein interactions were explored using MD simulations. Finally, MD simulations were conducted on FucP, the X-ray crystal structure of which is solved in an outward open conformation (open to the perplasmic cavity). The aim for this work was to investigate the movement from the outward open state to the occluded state and determine whether there is any effect on placing static hydrogen atoms on two key titrable residues in the central TM cavity, D46 and E135.

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Zhang, Chaoqi. "Mechanically flexible interconnects (MFIs) for large scale heterogeneous system integration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53637.

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In this research, wafer-level flexible input/output interconnection technologies, Mechanically Flexible Interconnects (MFIs), have been developed. First, Au-NiW MFIs with 65 µm vertical elastic range of motion are designed and fabricated. The gold passivation layer is experimentally verified to not only lower the electrical resistance but also significantly extend the life-time of the MFIs. In addition, a photoresist spray-coating based fabrication process is developed to scale the in-line pitch of MFIs from 150 µm to 50 µm. By adding a contact-tip, Au-NiW MFI could realize a rematable assembly on a substrate with uniform pads and a robust assembly on a substrate with 45 µm surface variation. Last but not least, multi-pitch multi-height MFIs (MPMH MFIs) are formed using double-lithography and double-reflow processes, which can realize an MFI array containing MFIs with various heights and various pitches. Using these advanced MFIs, large scale heterogeneous systems which can provide high performance system-level interconnections are demonstrated. For example, the demonstrated 3D interposer stacking enabled by MPMH MFIs is promising to realize a low profile and cavity-free robust stacking system. Moreover, bridged multiinterposer system is developed to address the reticle and yield limitations of realizing a large scale system using current 2.5D integration technologies. The high-bandwidth interconnection available within interposer can be extended by using a silicon chip to bridge adjacent interposers. MFIs assisted thermal isolation is also developed to alleviate thermal coupling in a high-performance 3D stacking system.

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MASSAGLIA, GIULIA. "Development of new nanostructured electrodes in Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2676549.

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The aim of my thesis work is to investigate new nanostructured materials, obtained by the electrospinning technique, in order to design 3D arrangement of the electrodes, leading thus to improve the energy efficiency of energy production devices, such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The carbon nanofibers reveal to be the most promising material in the field of bio electrochemistry; in fact, up to now the best performing microbial fuel cells are fabricated using carbon and carbon based material electrodes. To further enhance the performances of bio anodes and bio cathodes, a set of properties are then required to be overcome, such as a proper surface morphology and chemistry, good biofilm adhesion and electron transfer, and a good electrical conductivity. This work aims to demonstrate that the electrospun nanofibers own all the necessary properties, revealing themselves as the most innovative and promising structures for anodes and cathodes for microbial fuel cells. The nanofibers ensure all the properties listed above; in particular, during my Ph.D. I have investigated and studied the carbon based nanofibers to be applied as cathode and as anode in these kind of the devices. In this thesis, it will be demonstrated that the nanostructured electrodes improve the efficiency devices thanks both to the low impedance and to the interaction with the microorganisms. The high micrometric porosity characteristics of the realized anodic material create the ideal habitat for the microorganism’s proliferation. Moreover, different solution for the cathode material have been developed using ceramic nanofibers, such as MnxOy nanofibers and carbon nanofibers, in order to improve the performance of the devices. The layer made of these nanofibers, in fact, catalyzes the oxygen reduction reaction if the oxygen is used as terminal electron acceptor in the devices; thus these catalysts can substitute the platinum layer, which is the most used today, granting a cheaper and eco friendlier material.

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Ahmed, Juber. "Client Information Needs of MFIs : A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1117.

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Abstract Title: Client Information Needs of MFIs: A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh Author: Juber Ahmed Academic Advisor: Dr. Klaus Solberg Søilen Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Master Thesis in Business Administration Purpose: To enrich the knowledge base of client’s needs of financial services and assessing the tools MFIs used to collect clients’ information and how they utilized the information for developing new products and services or modifying existing products and services or their terms and conditions to meet the needs of financial services of their clientele. Also how MFIs organized and managed the information and how they categorized their clients using that information. Method: The investigation conducted from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The deductive approach used for the study and the case study method deployed. I studied ASA which is an MFI renowned in Bangladesh and beyond. At first, I had gone through a secondary research for collecting a number of successful methods and standard types of information used by successful MFIs from existing literature. In primary research, I interviewed 10 Managers (Assistant Directors) for ASA to determine which of the methods found in the literature were more effective for collecting clients’ information for them and also asked them to add their ideas to the list. At last I asked interviewees to rate the methods and results presented in this paper. Theory: This study was an exploratory one where I discussed the related aspects for the study - Microfinance, Client Assessment, Clients of Microfinance, Information needs and Management Information System. Findings: The study showed that ASA utilized client information for developing their credit products and services and based on number of loans taken by the clients they categorized their clients and modified or developed new products and services for each category of clients. Although ASA executed several tools for collecting client information but the managers think that their staffs’ collection of information from regular meeting with clients was more effective than others for modifying products’ terms and conditions and modifying or developing new products and services to their women and small enterprise clients. The conducted study also revealed that in ASA impact study was necessary to know clients’ overall level of satisfaction but management needed specific information on what aspects of ASA and its credit products and services clients preferred and did not prefer and the reasons of the preferences. Also they needed action plan to address clients’ specific concerns, so they needed the information on a continual basis and they were successful to achieve this continuous flow of information. For ASA, the best way to get this type of information would be through client satisfaction Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), although they utilized several tools but not often as discussed in part 3 in chapter 5. ASA owned an MIS (AMMS) for monitoring and managing clients’ information and they utilized this to categorize their clients based on the collected information about their number of loans. Conclusion: This study revealed that ASA served only women and small enterprise clientele that included the vulnerable non-poor and could contribute to the profitability of ASA. There was no attempt to diversify the products to include all poor that should be the goal of microfinance to alleviate poverty. Moreover client treated as individual client but the loans used to fulfill household or family needs of the clients. There were tools for collecting information on household about impact of credit programs participation but they took seldom effort for collecting information of the household money management or in other words how they utilized the loans for variety of household needs. There is lack of access to a variety of financial services for poor clients, even though MFIs are mostly serving vulnerable non-poor instead of taking consideration of all categories of poor. It revealed from the study that MFIs could gain long term success by serving specific market segment but it should not be only focus of MFIs, their initiative should be to include all poor in their clients profile with a priority to a specific market segment. This could help them to become sustainable and to minimize risks by spreading it in different market segments. The study found that ASA considered FGDs as an effective tool for collecting clients’ information as their staffs and managers were familiar with this tool, moreover it was cost effective for them. It observed that they seldom followed Tool Selection Process and it was the top management that decided over the tools, the decision might influence by internal and external interest groups and the competition. MFIs should organize client information in a way so that they could be able to manipulate the specific client information to serve client better and to take effective decision, although it is imperative to argue that they may like to serve the wealthier clients. This research paper is also presenting some important findings from existing literature of microfinance and a number of recommendations based on the study experience and scholars opinions from existing microfinance study that may help MFIs to prepare themselves to adopt client-oriented approach by utilizing client assessment tools to fulfill the needs of financial services of their clients that may hopefully include all poor irrespective of their categories.

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Volschenk, Jako. "Problems experienced by South African microfinance institutions (MFIs) : priorities and trends." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53021.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The efficiency and availability of financial services for the poor is a global problem, and has only recently started to enjoy attention in South Africa. This dissertation aims to study the problems experienced by the South African microfinance industry, which includes a vast range of financial products. The survey conducted of the South African industry indicates that its makeup is significantly different from the industries in Latin America and Asia. The problems in the industry are prioritised and show the high cost structure to be the most pressing issue. A number of these issues show agreement as expressed by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Clear trends exist between distinct market-segments in the industry. Tests for differences in location of specific populations indicate significant differences in perceptions regarding these segments. The government's recent suggestion to unify the financial service regulators into a mega-regulator is based on the assumption that the microcredit and commercial credit industries share the same priorities and problems. The very low Spearman rank correlation coefficient found in this study, on the other hand, seems to indicate that no reason exists to assume the priorities are the same at the two levels. Finally, it is shown by means of a "best practice matrix", that solutions to most problems can be found, but that the fit is dependent on a large number of variables.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskikbaarheid van finansiële dienste vir armes is 'n wêreldwye probleem, en het eers onlangs meer aandag in Suid Afrika begin geniet. Hierdie studie fokus op die probleme wat ervaar word in die mikrokrediet (mikrolenings) industrie. Die opname toon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse industrie beduidend verskil in samestelling van die ooreenstemmende industrieë in Suid-Amerika en Asië. Die probleme in die industrie is geprioritiseer en toon dat die hoë koste-struktuur die grootste probleem is. Sekere kwelpunte toon ooreenstemming, uitgedruk by wyse van Spearman se rangkorrelasie-koëffesiënt. Duidelike tendense bestaan tussen onderskeie mark-segmente in die industrie. Toetse vir ooreenstemming in die ligging van sekere populasies toon beduidende verskille in persepsies rakende hierdie segmente. Die regering se onlangse voorstel om die beheer-liggame van finansiële dienste saam te snoer in een liggaam is gebaseer op die aanname dat die mikrokrediet en kommersiële krediet industrië dieselfde probleme en prioriteite deel. Die baie lae Spearman rangkorrelasie-koëffisiënt impliseer egter dat daar geen grondige rede bestaan om aan te neem dat die prioriteite dieselfde is vir die twee vlakke nie. Laastens word beste praktyke aangedui in die vorm van 'n "beste praktyk matriks". Oplossings vir byna alle probleme kan gevind word, maar die toepaslikheid is afhanklik van 'n wye verskeidenheid veranderlikes.

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Speicher, Thorsten, Maik Berger, Katharina Hauschild, Andreas Fricke, and Thomas Heske. "MFBD – Simulation des Nadeleindringens in ein Gewebephantom am Beispiel der Stanzbiopsie." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-226179.

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Die Stanzbiopsie ist ein etabliertes minimalinvasives Verfahren im Rahmen der interventionellen Diagnostik, bei der Proben menschlichen Gewebes für histologische Untersuchungen zur Erkennung bzw. zum Nachweis u. a. karzinogener Gewebe entnommen werden. Zur Gewebeentnahme wird ein zweiteilig aufgebautes Nadelsystem in das Zielgewebe eingeschossen. Bei der Beobachtung dieses Prozesses sind auffällige Nadelablenkungen des Systems erkennbar. Ursächlich dafür sind die an der Nadelspitze unsymmetrisch angreifenden Kräfte in Verbindung mit der geringen Biegesteifigkeit des Nadelsystems. Im Rahmen eines öffentlich geförderten Projektes konnten an realitätsnahen Gewebephantomen experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Quantifizierung der Nadelablenkungen durchgeführt sowie ein mathematischer Ansatz zur Simulation dieses Effekts entwickelt werden. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein neuer Nadelschliff entwickelt, der eine wesentliche Verbesserung des aktuellen Status bringt
Biopsy is an established method of the minimally invasive medicine to take human tissue samples for examination determining the presence or extent of a disease. Frequently applied method to detect a prostate or breast cancer is the punch biopsy. The components of the used devices include an inner needle with a notch sampling the tissue and an outer cannula to cut the tissue. During the biopsy, the doctor inserts the needle system into the human tissue under supervision by sonography to support the needle steering. After pushing the trigger, the components of the needle system move successively and penetrate the desired area. The device consists of a two-part spring mechanism to generate the needle movement. Observations of the needle movement by a highspeed camera shows a considerable deflection of the needle tip which makes tapping and tissue sampling more difficult. This is caused by unbalanced forces acting on the needle tip and the low bending stiffness of the needle. Publicly financed experimental studies in the quantification of the needle deflection were undertaken and a mathematical approach for the simulation of these effects was developed. The model, which consists of a flexible needle and a parameterized tissue model, is implemented in the multibody simulation software Recurdyn

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Books on the topic "MFBs"

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Biskup, J., J. Demetrovics, J. Paredaens, and B. Thalheim, eds. MFDBS 87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6.

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Demetrovics, János, and Bernhard Thalheim, eds. MFDBS 89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51251-9.

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Thalheim, Bernhard, János Demetrovics, and H. D. Gerhardt, eds. MFDBS 91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54009-1.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. Heating & ventilating equipment mfrs.. London: ICC Business Ratios, 1986.

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Consolidated financial statements: MFRS framework. Singapore: CCH Asia Pte Limited, 2013.

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Kamath, Rajalaxmi. MFIs and informal businesses of women. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, 2011.

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Hesse, Hans. Ich war beim MfS. Berlin, Germany: Spotless, 1997.

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Kioutsioukēs, Stauros. MFS: Across the universe. Peiraias: Jemma Press, 2015.

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Wernicke, Thomas. Staats-Sicherheit, ein Haus in Potsdam. Potsdam: [Potsdam-Museum], 1991.

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Mainstreaming microfinance institutions (MFIs) in food and income security: A case study of Ethiopian and Sudan MFIs. Addis Ababa: Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "MFBs"

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Benczur, András. "Information measurement in relational databases." In MFDBS 87, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_1.

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Ostermann, Pascal. "Modal logic and incomplete information." In MFDBS 87, 181–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_10.

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Ruland, Detlev, and Dietmar Seipel. "Designing alpha-acyclic BCNF-database schemes." In MFDBS 87, 197–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_11.

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Thalheim, B. "Design tools for large relational database systems." In MFDBS 87, 210–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_12.

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Thiele, Helmut. "Searching and retrieval in databases by trees." In MFDBS 87, 225–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_13.

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Schmidt, J. W., J. Paredaens, and P. De Bra. "Database models, where they are going now?" In MFDBS 87, 239–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_14.

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Thalheim, B. "Open problems in database theory." In MFDBS 87, 241–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_15.

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Benecke, Klaus. "On hierarchical normal forms." In MFDBS 87, 10–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_2.

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Biskup, Joachim, and Hans Hermann Brüggemann. "Data manipulation languages for the universal relation view DURST." In MFDBS 87, 20–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_3.

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Biskup, Joachim, and Uwe Räsch. "The equivalence problem for relational database schemes." In MFDBS 87, 42–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19121-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "MFBs"

1

Zhao, Xueyuan, Tao Zhang, and Kai Feng. "The Influences of Unbalance Mass, Mesh Density, and Bearing Clearance on Unbalance Response: Measurements and Analysis on a Rigid Rotor Supported by Hybrid Bump-Metal Mesh Foil Bearings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64206.

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Hybrid bump-metal mesh foil bearings (HB-MFBs) are novel gas foil bearings (GFBs) that comprise foil strips and metal mesh blocks in bearing substructure. HB-MFBs have several advantages over previous GFBs, such as high structural damping, more precise size, dimensional stability, and highly efficient cooling management. This study designed and manufactured HB-MFBs and bump-type foil bearings (BFBs) with identical diameters and bearing clearances to compare their rotordynamic performance in a test rig with a rigid rotor supported by two GFBs and driven by an impulse turbine. The rotordynamic performance of the bearings in terms of mesh density, unbalance mass, and bearing clearance were measured and discussed by comparing the experimental results of the two types of test bearings. Experimental results show that the HB-MFBs can efficiently suppress the motion amplitude of subsynchronous vibrations of a rotor-bearing system at high rotational speed, although the added unbalance mass and bearing clearance vary in a large region.

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Jiang, Changqing, Ould el Moctar, Guiyong Zhang, and Thomas E. Schellin. "Simulation of a Moored Multibody Offshore Structure Articulated by Different Joints in Waves." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79571.

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Abstract Within the framework of the Space@Sea project, a modular floating structure (MFS) was developed to serve as building blocks for artificial islands. The modularity was one of the key elements, intended to provide the desired flexibility of additional deck space at sea. Depending on the purpose of a modular floating concept, various articulation techniques, such as hinge, prismatic, cylindrical and screw joints can be applied to connect MFSs. This paper presents numerical simulations of moored and articulated multibody offshore structures in waves, via a coupled mooring-joint-viscous flow solver accounting for mooring dynamics, joint restrictions, nonlinear rigid body motions, and viscous flow effects. The considered concepts consisted of two MFSs connected by two kinds of connections, namely a rigid joint and a flexible joint, and positioned by four symmetrical catenary mooring lines. The analyzed responses comprised multibody motions as well as associated forces acting in the hinged joints and the mooring lines. Results indicated that surge motions of the articulated bodies were almost identical to each other, whereas the effects of the joint on heave motions were not pronounced. However, highly dynamic pitch motions between two hinged MFSs were observed. Apart from motion responses, forces acting on the hinge joint and the mooring lines were considered. The coupled mooring-joint-viscous flow solver demonstrated its ability to predict responses of moored and articulated offshore structures in waves.

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He, Shengyi, Junmin Wu, and Yuqian Li. "MFBN." In the 2019 4th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3325730.3325764.

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Salem, Saeed, and Cagri Ozcaglar. "MFMS." In the 12th International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2500863.2500869.

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Cai, Qingjun, and Chung-Lung Chen. "A Method of Power Generation From Low Temperature Medium." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39556.

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For a long time, how to utilize waste heat to generate electricity has been an interesting and challenging field for energy scientists. This paper presents a new method, ferrofluid power generator (FPG), which takes advantage of waste heat or solar energy to generate electricity in a multiple heating and cooling tube with alternate ferrofluid slug and vapor bubble structures. Based on this method, a new device, a thermomagnetic engine (TME) composed of a straight vacuum tube, a current induced coil, and magnet & ferrofluid slugs (MFS), was designed. Experimental results show that the expanding vapor bubbles push MFSs to generate drastic and continuous oscillating movements under the effect of heat. The pulse voltage signals from the induced coil demonstrate that the TME has a practical structure, potentially higher power generating capacity, and a stable operation.

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Segarra, Maria-Teresa, and Françoise André. "MFS." In the 1999 ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/298151.298409.

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Costa, Alceu Ferraz, Agma Juci Machado Traina, and Caetano Traina. "MFS-Map." In SAC 2014: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2554850.2554868.

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Bosser, T. "MFS Datanet." In IEE Colloquium on `Extending the LAN - High Speed Data Services'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950522.

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Perez-Rua, Juan-Manuel, Valentin Vielzeuf, Stephane Pateux, Moez Baccouche, and Frederic Jurie. "MFAS: Multimodal Fusion Architecture Search." In 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2019.00713.

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Tsai, C. S., Tsu-Cheng Chiang, Bo-Jen Chen, and Mei-Jou Chen. "Component Test of the Full Scale MFPS Base Isolator." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2956.

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In recent years, there have been more and more engineering applications of the base isolation to enhance the seismic resistibility of the existing structures. The elastomeric base isolator and the sliding base isolator are the most popular types in the engineering applications. In this paper, the experimental results for the component test of the full scale multiple friction pendulum system (MFPS) have been introduced. The MFPS base isolator is a base isolator which possesses characteristics of the elastomeric and sliding type base isolators. The effectiveness of the device in reducing the seismic response of structures during earthquakes has been confirmed from the experimental results of the shaking table tests. In order to test the mechanical behavior of a full scale MFPS base isolator, the component tests of the device subjected axial loads of 500 tons, 900 tons and horizontally cyclic loadings have been executed. The experimental results show that the MFPS base isolator has a very stable mechanical behavior under many cycles of loadings. Hence, the durability of the MFPS base isolator can be proved from these experimental results.

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Reports on the topic "MFBs"

1

Medam, Anudeep, Michael Stadler, Abhishek Banerjee, Muhammad nmn Usman, Ning Kang, Adib Nasle, Kelsey Fahy, and Zack Pecenak. Summary Report for the Microgrid Fast Charging Station (MFCS) Design Platform Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1813548.

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Atkin, Benjamin, and Kenneth P. Birman. MFS: an Adaptive Distributed File System for Mobile Hosts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada529351.

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Jones, Robert, Molly Creagar, Michael Musty, Randall Reynolds, Scott Slone, and Robyn Barbato. A 𝘬-means analysis of the voltage response of a soil-based microbial fuel cell to an injected military-relevant compound (urea). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45940.

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Biotechnology offers new ways to use biological processes as environmental sensors. For example, in soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs), soil electro-genic microorganisms are recruited to electrodes embedded in soil and produce electricity (measured by voltage) through the breakdown of substrate. Because the voltage produced by the electrogenic microbes is a function of their environment, we hypothesize that the voltage may change in a characteristic manner given environmental disturbances, such as the contamination by exogenous material, in a way that can be modelled and serve as a diagnostic. In this study, we aimed to statistically analyze voltage from soil MFCs injected with urea as a proxy for gross contamination. Specifically, we used 𝘬-means clustering to discern between voltage output before and after the injection of urea. Our results showed that the 𝘬-means algorithm recognized 4–6 distinctive voltage regions, defining unique periods of the MFC voltage that clearly identify pre- and postinjection and other phases of the MFC lifecycle. This demonstrates that 𝘬-means can identify voltage patterns temporally, which could be further improve the sensing capabilities of MFCs by identifying specific regions of dissimilarity in voltage, indicating changes in the environment.

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Rossi, Ruggero, David Jones, Jaewook Myung, Emily Zikmund, Wulin Yang, Yolanda Alvarez Gallego, Deepak Pant, et al. Evaluating a multi-panel air cathode through electrochemical and biotic tests. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46320.

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To scale up microbial fuel cells (MFCs), larger cathodes need to be developed that can use air directly, rather than dissolved oxygen, and have good electrochemical performance. A new type of cathode design was examined here that uses a “window-pane” approach with fifteen smaller cathodes welded to a single conductive metal sheet to maintain good electrical conductivity across the cathode with an increase in total area. Abiotic electrochemical tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the cathode size (exposed areas of 7 cm², 33 cm², and 6200 cm²) on performance for all cathodes having the same active catalyst material. Increasing the size of the exposed area of the electrodes to the electrolyte from 7 cm² to 33 cm² (a single cathode panel) decreased the cathode potential by 5%, and a further increase in size to 6200 cm² using the multi-panel cathode reduced the electrode potential by 55% (at 0.6 A m⁻²), in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS). In 85 L MFC tests with the largest cathode using wastewater as a fuel, the maximum power density based on polarization data was 0.083 ± 0.006Wm⁻² using 22 brush anodes to fully cover the cathode, and 0.061 ± 0.003Wm⁻² with 8 brush anodes (40% of cathode projected area) compared to 0.304 ± 0.009Wm⁻² obtained in the 28 mL MFC. Recovering power from large MFCs will therefore be challenging, but several approaches identified in this study can be pursued to maintain performance when increasing the size of the electrodes.

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Coli, Pedro, Caroline Pflueger, Tyler Campbell, and L. Javier Garcia. Blockchain Uses for Microfinance Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Pilot Study. Edited by Mauro Nalesso and Keisuke Sasaki. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003273.

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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are organizations that provide small loans to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history and therefore do not have access to traditional commercial banking. Blockchain technology could be used to create a more holistic view of the financial position of a potential borrower, which could result in better lending decisions. This study explores how blockchain technology has the potential to assist Microfinance Institutions in the water and sanitation sector through a pilot project developed in Peru. The improvements seen in the existing microfinance ecosystem during the implementation of the blockchain platform can be sorted into two main groups: improved institutional performance, and data ownership for the individuals.

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Helwig, Karin, Olga Biosca, Emanuella Christensen, Michael Mikulewicz, Patrick Mugiraneza, and Liberata Mukamana. Climate Resilience Through Microfinance: Insights from Rwanda. Glasgow Caledonian University, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59019/ivkp2328.

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Research Topic: Smallholder farmers are highly sensitive to climate change impacts and often have limited means of recovering from or adapting to these. In Rwanda, microfinance products directed at farmers, available through farming or financial cooperatives, have mainly comprised of loans of seed and fertiliser, aimed at increasing yield but not specifically at increasing climate resilience. This project investigated farmers’ experiences with climate change and mitigation; vulnerabilities and exclusions; reverberations of rural climate change impacts in the urban areas of Kigali; opportunities for microfinance institutions (MFIs) to support climate adaptation beyond current products, and possibilities for widening access to climate-resilient solutions through financial inclusion for lower income and more vulnerable groups. Methods: Interviews (n=30), surveys (n=270), participatory mapping (n=3) and transect walks (n=3) were conducted with smallholder farmers (n=30) in three rural districts of Rwanda: Gisagara, Musanze and Ngoma. Participants were selected through initial contacts identified by Urwego Bank, the local MFI partner of Opportunity International, who funded this research project. Additional interviews were held with agricultural loans officers. Furthermore, 10 interviews were conducted with traders in agricultural produce in Kigali district. Finally, e-interviews (n=11) were held with stakeholders working in the field of financial inclusion, agriculture, development and climate change in Rwanda, to consider the way forward for microfinance as a tool for climate adaptation. The three rural districts comprise a range of climate vulnerabilities, in terms of the population’s income and age, infrastructure, agricultural sensitivity, and weather patterns.

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Building Resilience of the Urban Poor: The Potential for Disaster Risk Financing Solutions Used by Microfinance InstitutionsBuilding Resilience of the Urban Poor The Potential for Disaster Risk Financing Solutions Used by Microfinance Institutions. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/arm220453-2.

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This report shows how innovative finance solutions can bolster climate resilience in the fast-urbanizing Asia and the Pacific by helping microfinance institutions (MFIs) funnel emergency support to small and medium-sized businesses. Explaining why MFIs struggle to support vulnerable SMEs when climate or geophysical shocks hit, it explores how disaster risk financing (DRF) solutions can harness global financial and insurance markets to transfer risk and provide capital. It recommends ADB spearheads a regional facility to manage risk transfer and ensure MFIs receive the contingent capital and credit they need to help SME owners rebuild their businesses and livelihoods.

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Microfinance and households coping with HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: An exploratory study. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2002.1004.

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The widespread prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa adversely affects millions of households. In recent years, microfinance has been proposed as a strategy to help the households of microentrepreneurs respond to the negative economic impacts of HIV/AIDS. This attention to the potential role of microfinance builds upon earlier research that shows that microfinance institutions (MFIs) that charge commercial rates of interest and use sound business practices can become operationally self-sustainable and help improve the lives of the poor and vulnerable nonpoor. This type of MFI generally offers small loans, often combined with savings services. An MFI may also offer business management training, health and nutrition education, and other types of services. This brief presents findings from a study conducted in Zimbabwe that sought to better understand the relationship between a microfinance program, Zambuko Trust, and how microentrepreneurs’ households cope with the impact of HIV/AIDS. The study also examined how HIV/AIDS is affecting Zambuko’s operations and what MFIs can do to lessen the impact of HIV/AIDS on their clients and operations.

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