Journal articles on the topic 'Mexico – Emigration and immigration – Social aspects'

The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.

Recent scholarship on Mexican Americans in the United States, relying largely on qualitative evidence, sees racism and exploitation as the major explanatory factors in their history. Using representative samples of persons of Mexican origin, we argue that immigration is fundamental to their historical experience. A small, beleaguered community in 1850, the Mexican-origin population grew during the late nineteenth century due to greater security under US jurisdiction. However, immigration between 1900 and 1930 created a Southwest broadly identified with persons of Mexican origin. Economic development in Mexico, restriction of European immigration to the United States, and extreme cross-border wage differentials prompted extensive emigration. Despite low human capital, circular migration, and discrimination, immigrant Mexicans earned substantially higher wages than workers in Mexico or native-born Hispanics in the United States. They followed typical immigrant paths toward urban areas with high wages. Prior to 1930, their marked tendency to repatriate was not “constructed” or compelled by the state or employers, but fit a conventional immigrant strategy. During the Depression, many persons of Mexican origin migrated to Mexico; some were deported or coerced, but others followed this well-established repatriation strategy. The remaining Mexican-origin population, increasingly native born, enjoyed extraordinary socioeconomic gains in the 1940s; upward mobility, their family forms, and rising political activity resembled those of previous immigrant-origin communities. In the same decade, however, the Bracero Program prompted mass illegal immigration and mass deportation, a pattern replicated throughout the late twentieth century. These conditions repeatedly replenished ethnicity and reignited nativism, presenting a challenge not faced by any other immigrant group in US history.

During the 21st century, migrations have become increasing-ly intense, since they are often planned with a specific goal and could cause major social changes. Unfortunately, since there is no definition of the term ?migrant?, countries face a particular challenge in protecting migrant workers? right to work. The International Labour Organization, the Council of Europe, and the European Union have made significant contributions to establishing and developing the migrant worker protection system. At the national level, governments and trade unions contribute to migrant workers? protection by adopting laws to control migrations. However, with many social, political, and economic factors at play, countries can?t always control immigration within their own territory. The author?s hypothesis is that the position of migrant workers depends significantly on the host country?s im-migration and labour policies. The paper concludes that the application of general provisions prescribed at the international level cannot and does not fully protect the rights of migrant workers. Given this, it is not surprising that certain countries and trade unions have begun to protect their interests by adopting legal regulations to manage mi-gration within their territory. The paper identifies the fear that labour migration will negatively affect trade unions? image in those countries where trade unions are weak and disjointed, without real power to influence decision-makers. Finally, when analysing the position of migrant workers in the Republic of Serbia, the author points that the motives for labour force emigration from Serbia are extremely strong, so even if certain changes were to be made to labour con-ditions, there would be no reduction in emigration. This is because workers? motives for emigration go beyond mere dissatisfaction with labour conditions, but are rather linked to their general dissatisfaction with the quality of life in Serbia

This article concerns select aspects of social perceptions and categorizations of foreigners settling in Poland. The core of this work is an analysis of a series of qualitative interviews conducted with young, educated residents of Warsaw. Herein the authors draw attention to a significant change in the consciousness of Polish society: a recognition of the permanent presence of migrants in Poland as well as discernment of the sociocultural problems associated with that presence. In the eyes of our interlocutors, the past two decades have been a time in which the attitude of Poles towards incoming aliens has shifted. Influencing opinions have been personal or familial experiences of emigration, particularly after the 2004 accession of Poland into the European Union. Also affecting attitudes have been an immigration wave from Ukraine as well as the tangible consequences of the 2015 migrant crisis. On the one hand, all these factors together have caused Poland to be seen today as not only an emigration, but also an immigration country. On the other hand, these have also provoked a conscious classification of various categories of migrants with regards to their geographic and cultural background along with the roles they might possibly fill in this country.

Although Italy is a country with a strong tradition of emigration, only in the last twenty- five years have Italians had to face new and pressing social, juridical and cultural problems related to a surge in immigration. The majority of immigrants during this period have been from areas steeped in with a Muslim majority such as Northern and Central Africa and the Middle East. The cultural encounter between the Italian Catholic tradition and the newcomers’ faith and customs has been very pronounced, and often problematic. The aim of this paper is to investigate the most relevant issues that arise from the interface between the cultural and legal aspects of Islamic culture pertaining to immigrants living in Italy with the Italian legal system. The areas considered are related to self-determination, personal integrity and family law, and were selected for their relevance to analyzing the impact of cultural differences on public policies and social behavior. The methodology used draws from both a comparative and a multidisciplinary approach.

Introduction Emigration is the act of leaving one’s country of nationality or habitual residence to settle in another nation. In Tunisia, this phenomenon is increasing in particular for doctors. Objectives Evaluating the intentionality of emigration among interns and medical residents in Tunisia while studying the factors related to it. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of interns and medical residents who participated in our study through the social network ’Facebook’ by an anonymous self-questionnaire. The level of satisfaction with the different aspects of life were assessed by a 5-point Likert scale, from “not at all satisfied” to “very satisfied”. Results The total number of participants was 56 of which 64.3% were medical residents. More than 50% of the participants expressed dissatisfaction with the distribution of tasks and organization of work (66.1%), safety at work (53.6%), comfort (57.2%), time allocated to personal life (53.6%) and salary (69.6%). The political, health and educational situation in the country was considered unsatisfactory by the majority of participants (90% to 95%). Among our participants, 44.6% regretted having chosen the profession of medicine and 53.6% had plans to immigrate to work abroad. The intentionality of immigration was significantly higher among men (p=0.02), those with siblings abroad (p=0.047) and those without dependent relatives (p=0.040). Conclusions Young physicians are strongly looking for emigration. This decision could emanate from professional, personal and political factors. Further studies seem to be necessary to explain this emigration phenomenon. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the essence of the concept, classification features and types of migration as a socio-economic phenomenon. Methods. In the process of research into the essence of the concept, classification features and types of migration, the general scientific and specific methods of scientific knowledge are used. Grouping and comparison methods are applied in the study of the nature of migration as a socio-economic definition. The table method is used to group the characteristics of the definition «migration». Methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization are used to determine the main characteristics of migration. Methods of induction, concretization and abstraction are applied in the formation of the essence of the concepts of «migration», «emigration», «immigration». Results. The article deals with the essence of the concepts and the main substantive aspects of the definitions of «migration». A detailed analysis of the interpretation of the definition of «migra­tion» in the regulatory and scientific sources is carried out. It has been determined that the main components of migration are emigration and immigration. The main characteristics of the defini­tion of «migration» are formed, specified and generalized. It is determined that the common char­acteristic for all interpretations of the essence of the definition of «migration» is the obligation of territorial displacement of the population, either within or outside the country. The classification features and main types of migration are outlined. It is suggested to use two classification criteria «by the effects on the economic potential of the country» and «by age group» as criteria for deter­mining particular types of migration. The interpretation of migration terms, which presupposes quantitative changes in population,; emigration and immigration is generalized and improved. It has been determined that migration is the displacement ofpersons, whether permanent or temporary, due to the influence of direct or indirect factors and causes a change in the quantitative, social, age or vocational qualification of the population at local, regional or interstate level. The concept of «emigration» is defined as the movement of citizens of one country by travelling to another country for the purpose ofpermanent residence, employment, education or avoiding political, religious persecution. The term of «im­migration» is defined as the movement of citizens from a «donor country» by entry to a «recipient country» for the purpose ofpermanent residence, employment, training or avoiding political, reli­gious persecution, for their further use in forming provisions of migration policy, as a regulatory tool for the development and maintenance of economic relations at the macro and mega-levels.

Lebanon is defined as a country of emigration and immigration. Whereas previously, emigration was considered a male migration. Gradually, in recent years emigration has evolved and is becoming feminine also. Independent female migration is a growing phenomenon in the Lebanese society although men still play an important role in the migration project.In the past, women were emigrating most often in the context of family reunification, accompanying their husbands to join a member of their families. The majority of migrant women today are leaving the country for so many reasons (further education, work, etc.) and not only to join their husbands. This article examines highly skilled female migration from Lebanon.In France, the migration of skilled workers from Lebanon has experienced very rapid growth in the last decade. However, female migration does not seem to have been the subject of a sociological reading. The study includes qualitative analysis of twenty five cases studied of Lebanese skilled migrant women in France, especially a university degree or equivalent (nurses, architects, teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, researchers ...) who were not married or go join their family when they have emigrated, and they have a good command of French language, and who were not dual nationality holders.This article aims to fill some gaps in this area, examining the reasons for change: migration path, the link with the country of origin, the impact of female migration on their personal, social, cultural and family, their return project, exchanges on the remittances levels, career transition path and entrepreneurship, adaptations, their social networks, their identity reconstruction, etc. Besides, there are also non-measurable aspects noted as the autonomy of women to discuss.

In the absence of comprehensive, systematic and precize data on international migration in Serbia, and consequently the analysis of migration trends, their drivers and outcomes, the objective of this paper is to offer the review of contemporary migration flows in Serbia. International migration flows are observed in the context of semi-peripheral position of Serbia in the global system, and hindered transformation and development. Migrations are analyzed at the macro level, according to the key dimensions, such as the intensity, directions of flows and characteristics of migrants. The analysis is grounded in the basic classification to outward and inward migration flows (emigration and immigration), including some that include both aspects as they are transit migrations from underdeveloped to developed countries through the territory of Serbia. Within this basic division, migration flows are analyzed separately depending on their legal status as defined by present international and national normative frameworks, as well as by motivation for migration. In addition to the analysis of main migratory trends, the attention is focused to the actual migration management policies.

As Australia, shaped by new policies of immigration and multiculturalism, grows more cosmopolitan, the challenge for psychiatry is to gain greater familiarity with the new ethnic minority groups, including their cultural personalities and backgrounds. The problem faced by the Burmese group in Australia is distinctive and poignant. Some 20,000 Burmese immigrated following World War II, chiefly to Western Australia in the first place, uniting and consolidating their families. Following the military coup and the Revolutionary Council Government of the early 60s, further emigration from Burma was cut off. This meant that the Burmese in Australia, already under stress arising from cultural differences, were prevented from developing the extensive internal social support systems that characterise other major ethnic groups. The author, a Burmese doctor working in a psychiatric setting in Sydney, draws attention to aspects of his country and its people which should be helpful for psychiatric and related professions.

In this autoethnography, I share a snapshot from a research trip I took with my husband Dan to Mexico in 2006 seeking stories from the “other side.” I wanted to talk to the families of the Mexican women I had worked with in my own US city for the past seven years to find out the effect the women's emigration had on the transnational families who remained on the other side of the border. I heard many stories from the Mexican families, and I also experienced my own story when Dan and I were threatened with arrest at the border by Mexican immigration officials who canceled our passports and called us “illegals”. I refer to my journal entries to create data poems, connecting the “autobiographical and personal to the cultural and social” (Ellis, 2004, p. xix). Thus I am able to perform a poem that features “concrete action, self-consciousness, and introspection” (p. xix) to make a statement in “tension with dominant expressions of discursive power” (Neumann, 1996, p. 189). I choose to use images to “[set] a scene, [tell] a story, [weave] intricate connections between life and art” (Jones, 2005, p. 765).

Literature on international migration, assimilation, and transnationalism continues to be concerned with questions about ties that migrants and their descendents have with their homelands, coethnics, and the native-born population. Tomás R. Jiménez's Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Immigration, and Identity and Joanna Dreby's Divided by Borders: Mexican Migrants and their Children provide important perspectives on different aspects of the larger phenomenon of international migration from Mexico to the United States that is a consequence of labor demand in the United States, economic need and job scarcity in Mexico, and a global economy. Both books deal with social life that takes place across ethnic boundaries, within ethnic groups, and across national borders. Taking qualitative approaches and dealing with the perennial tension between inclusion and exclusion, these books analyze the experiences and perspectives of Mexican migrants, Mexican children, and Mexican Americans.

Abstract This paper analyzes Romania’s dynamic migratory process with a focus on the return migration from Norway and the sociocultural changes that it might involve for Romanian migrants and their home societies. The focus on Norway as a case study can bring a valuable, accurate, and deep understanding of Romanian immigration. These indicate that Romanians faced many challenges in their migratory journey in Norway, but that for a source country like Romania, return migration could, in the long term, contribute to its social and cultural changes. This research resulted in three key findings. Firstly, through their migratory experience from Norway, Romanian returnees internalized social remittances, and changed their attitudes, behavior, values, and expectations before disseminating their knowledge in their family -and social environment. Secondly, the prevalence of social remittances might be dependent on the motivation of returnees to transfer their knowledge, ideas, and practices in the scope of contributing to social change. The prevalence of social remittances might also be dependent on the way the societies of origin receive the resources that returnees attempt to transmit and culturally diffuse. Thirdly, Romania, as an emigration society, has had a relaxed attitude towards change. However, repatriated Romanians maintain a confident outlook on the potential of their skills and know-how conferring them influence over certain cultural aspects in the spheres of work and social relationships.

The article deals with the innovative mechanism of the new economy in the aspects of regional and national peculiarities of its functioning in the global and EU space. The general tendency of strengthening the orientation of national economies towards international trade in services, internationalization of research networks and expansion of creative human resources have been determined. Contrarily, evaluating the results of the Lisbon Strategy has demonstrated the need to prioritize employment, productivity and social cohesion to achieve global leadership. The concentration of scientific and technical potential of the leading countries of the international market on breakthroughs for economic development is an important tendency in the conditions of globalization. It has been shown that the implementation of new economy ideas sharpens competition for the skilled labour as a major component in research, innovation and entrepreneurship. At the same time, there are processes of transition from being an emigration country to being an immigration one. A comparison of EU and Chinese investment policy has been made, demonstrating the potential of using national sources, community mutual funds and fiscal federalization. It has been argued that the development of innovative products through the integration of science and production is an important factor in the development of new economy.

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The article is devoted to factors influencing the migration decisions of young Poles to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and to showing the differences in their perception of the country of emigration and the country of immigration. The elements of youth policy in Poland and the Netherlands were also presented. The hypothesis adopted in the paper was that the decisions of young people in the labor market are mainly influenced by short-term financial aspects. Materials and methods: The observations and assessments used in the article were formulated based on the research literature on the subject, the statistical data collected by the institutions of Poland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the European Union, a questionnaire survey and own experiences gained from mobility. Results: The article outlines the course of migration trends of Poles and presents the causes of changes in the choice of the destination country for migration. It presents factors encouraging young people to take up employment in the country and those encouraging them to search a job abroad, specifically in the Netherlands. The barriers and facilities that may be encountered by young people seeking employment in the labor market in both countries were indicated. The reasons for the emigration of young people from Poland were discussed based on the results of the current study, that is a 400-person research sample obtained from an online survey. The aim of the study was to identify three important factors influencing the decision to emigrate and to evaluate this decision. Conclusions: The conducted analysis shows the complexity of the problems of migration of young people. Economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors have a significant influence on the decisions made. From the point of view of young people, the unattractive domestic labor market in terms of finance and development, and all the resulting consequences are the biggest problems.

This text contains an account of the first work on theoretical demography in Serbia, which was written in 1862 by Kosta Cukic, a doctor of philosophy from Heidelberg and the first widely recognised Serbian economist. He dealt with this topic in the second volume of his State Economy textbook, the title of which was Economic Policy. Writing about population problems in economic textbooks was a common European practice at that time. Although he wrote for a textbook, his work was not a retelling of generally accepted theories, but a critical discussion of issues that had not been resolved in contemporary science. Therefore, his work can be considered original in the full sense of the word. In the theoretical sense, Cukic relied on Malthus, but also provided significantly different perspectives on many issues. He accepted Malthus?s position that the amount of food is a limiting factor in population growth and that natural fertility is very high due to people?s strong sexual drive. But there were also important differences: in Cukic?s theoretical framework, the iron law of wages does not apply, i.e. wages do not always strive for the existential minimum, as Malthus argued. Cukic also argues that capital affects fertility, since it affects the amount of available resources. Cukic was not a pessimist like Malthus, and instead observed a significant population growth in Europe at the time, without mass famine and pestilence. As we can see, Cukic dealt a lot with Malthus and his theory. This is understandable considering that Malthus was the preeminent theoretician whose work focused on the population problem in those decades, and therefore determination according to his theory and discussion with him was inevitable for anyone who intended to write about population problems. Cukic also dealt with population policy and those aspects of it that were available to the governments of the time: immigration, emigration, and marriage. The basis of his views was strong and consistent liberalism in every respect. Cukic advocated for expanding personal freedoms, such as free decision-making about marriage, and free immigration to the country and emigration from it. In some places he would set minimum technical conditions. ?Personal freedom... is the ideal of the political consciousness of the present time?. Accordingly, he claimed that ?citizens are not just means for governmental purposes?, but on the contrary, it is the government?s duty to ?facilitate and support the aspirations of citizens to particular and general happiness?, thus repeating John Locke?s idea that the state exists for the sake of citizens, and not citizens for the sake of the state. Cukic belonged to a wide circle of authors in the mid-19th century who fundamentally rejected Malthus?s theory: on the one hand, economists who claimed that technological progress and a deepened division of labour would lead to economic progress that would forever postpone the existential crisis that Malthus feared; and on the other, demographers who believed that workers would control their fertility to preserve living standards to a greater extent than Malthus thought possible. Towards the end of the 19th century, the decline of fertility in Western countries provided strong evidence in favour of the latter.

Religions and religiosities are among the various social life spheres being affected by medical and political measures imposed during the health emergency. Involving a wide range of daily life dimensions and intertwining with fundamental aspects of individual and social existence, restrictions hit religions and religiosities in all those spaces where they find expression in our contemporary era. Pandemic restraints induced changes in the use of different public spaces: from school to home, from workplaces to places of worship, from prisons to squares, from hospitals to cemeteries. This also concerned the way religiosity could be performed, lived and shared in everyday life, for communities, families and individuals. In particular, during the pandemic, the role of religious environments became, once again, a place of material as well as spiritual support for migrants. And in this perspective, young people, i.e., second generations, played a prominent role, regaining prestige and recognition from adults. In fact, from being perceived as “far from religion and on the road to secularization”, as one interviewee said, young people have been able to show how it is possible to reinterpret religion in emigration, without abandoning religious values. This paper discusses the results of preliminary research on the topic conducted in the first phase of the pandemic in Turin, a city that, for its history of immigration and consolidated presence of Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox communities, is an emblematic case of the Italian multicultural context.

Abstract The article argues that the locus of the most interesting and important work in the fields of immigration and labor history lies precisely at the intersection of class and ethnicity. In developing this thesis, particularly with respect to Italian immigrant working-class movements in the United States, the author draws on his experiences as a working-class ethnic and historian as well as his readings of the literature. In the course of his research on Italian immigrants in Chicago, the author stumbled upon the submerged, indeed suppressed, history of the Italian American left. Italian-American working-class history has since been the focus of his work. Since mainstream institutions had neglected the records of this history, the recovery of rich documentation on Italian American radicalism has been a source of particular satisfaction. These movements had also been "forgotten" by the Italian Americans themselves. Despite important work by a handful of American scholars, relatively few Italian American historians have given attention to this dimension of the Italian American experience. Curiously the topic has received more attention from scholars in Italy. Mass emigration as much as revolutionary movements was an expression of the social upheavals of turn-of-the-century Italy. As participants in those events, the immigrants brought more or less inchoate ideas of class and ethnicity to America with them. Here they developed class and ethnic identities as Italian-American workers. The construction of those identities has been a process in which the Italian immigrants have been protagonists, filtering cultural messages through the sieve of their own experiences, memories, and values. Historians of labor and immigration need to plumb the sources of class and ethnic identity more imaginatively and sensitively, recognizing that personal identity is a whole of which class and ethnicity are inseparable aspects. The author calls upon historians to salvage and restore the concepts of class and ethnicity as useful categories of analysis.

In the paper, the regularities of the formation of social capital as a component of the problem of capitalization of social interaction have been studied. The methodological approach of the research includes two aspects: theoretical, the purpose of which is to substantiate the theoretical structure of the regularities of the formation of social capital; analytical, according to which the manifestation of the revealed regularities in Ukraine and other countries has been assessed. Four main regularities have been considered (empathy, risk reflectivity, migration impact, norm correspondence), which determine the functioning of the essential elements of social capital, as well as the features of transformation and conversion of its forms. The selection of proper economic indicators that reflect trends in the manifestation of social capital formation has been performed. The results of analytical assessment of the actualization of the specified regularities in Ukraine compared to other countries have been presented. The research revealed that empathy, as a relationship between rationality and sociality of human interaction, constitutes a solid foundation for the development of social capital and has the most vivid and positive manifestations in Ukrainian society when economic agents readily and carefully respond to the needs of their counterparts in social relations. The paper demonstrates the features of the differentiation of forms of social capital according to the direction of internal connections within social networks and the homogeneity (density) of social networks. The determinism of the variability of the forms of social capital is substantiated by the different perceptions of risks by the agents of social interaction. The low tolerance of Ukrainian economic agents to risk has been registered. This determines their preferences regarding participation in vertical and closed social networks. The relationship between migration (mobility) and social trust is revealed. It is argued that the relationship manifests itself in the generally ambiguous impact of immigration to Ukraine and emigration from Ukraine on the functioning of trust networks. This testifies to the possibilities and reserves of managing such an impact to increase social capital in the country. The objective relationship between trust in social norms (the degree of their social recognition and acceptance) and the productivity of social capital is specified. It has been observed that in Ukraine, a critically low level of trust in social norms and norm-setting institutions contributes to the development of corruption and destructive social networks.

Resumen: Nuestro interés en investigar el tema de la traducción en el ámbito jurídico en la combinación español-chino nace, por un lado, de los conocimientos adquiridos en el Máster Universitario en Comunicación Intercultural, Interpretación y Traducción en los Servicios Públicos de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares y en la sociedad española en general por ser un país receptor de inmigrantes con más de 200,000 chinos y, por otro lado, de los cambios sociales que están teniendo lugar en la propia China. En la última década, el número de extranjeros que viven en China también ha ido aumentando cada día más. De hecho, según estadísticas oficiales del Sexto Censo Nacional, a finales del año 2010, había 593.832 extranjeros residiendo en China, de los cuales más de 200.000 estaban cotizando a la Seguridad Social. Sin embargo, siendo un país en vías de desarrollo y tradicionalmente de emigración, China aún está en su fase inicial de legislación del tema, sin tener una ley específica para extranjeros. Actualmente, las disposiciones en materia de extranjería se distribuyen en diferentes leyes y, por tanto, recopilarlas constituye uno de los objetivos de este estudio.Por otro lado, la investigación sobre la traducción en el ámbito jurídico entre el español y el chino es un área aún sin explorar, mucho más atrasada que las investigaciones entre el inglés y el chino, a pesar de su importancia hoy en día. De hecho, en los últimos años, los intercambios en diversos ámbitos entre España y China son cada vez más frecuentes, con lo cual, la demanda de traducción jurídica en la combinación español- chino también es mayor. Partiendo de esta necesidad, nos gustaría llevar a cabo un estudio inicial sobre la traducción jurídica en la combinación español- chino, utilizando la Ley de Extranjería de España y la legislación china en materia de extranjería como corpus del estudio. En resumen, este estudio tiene como objetivo principal comparar el lenguaje legislativo español y chino utilizado en las legislaciones española y china en relación con la extranjería, y analizar las dificultades de su traducción. Abstract: Our interest in investigating the topic of Spanish-Chinese legal translation stems from two aspects. On the one hand, the professional knowledge we acquired in the MA in Intercultural Communication, Interpretation and Translation in Public Services at theUniversity ofAlcalá, and the general interest we have in the Spanish society as an immigrant-receiving country with more than 200,000 Chinese alone. On the other hand, a lot of social changes have been affectingChina itself. In the last decade, the number of foreigners living inChina has been growing every day. According to official statistics from the Sixth National Census, at the end of 2010, there were 593,832 foreigners residing in China, of which over 200,000 contributed to Social Security. However, being a developing and traditionally emigration country, China is still in its initial phase of pre-legislation without having a specific set of laws for foreigners. Currently, the provisions relating to immigration are distributed in different laws, and therefore collecting these laws is one of the main objectives of this study. Despite its importance nowadays, researches on the translation in legal fields between Spanish and Chinaremain unexplored, and it even stays far behind those regarding the English-Chinese linguistic combination. In fact, in in recent years, exchanges between Spainand Chinain various fields have increased and this has led to a greater demand of professional legal translation services. Based on this need, we would like to conduct an initial study on the translation of immigration law documents between Spanish and Chinese, taking the Aliens Act ofSpain and Chinese laws on foreigners as the corpus for study. Eventually, this study aims to compare the legal discourses used in the Spanish and Chinese laws regarding immigration, and analyze the difficulties of their translation.

One of the major challenges for the economic development of Georgia is how to increase the rate of employment and decrease the rate of unemployment. At the current stage of economic and social development of Georgia, it is very important to raise an employment rate and to decrease an unemployment rate. This complex problem is subject to constant changes over time. Therefore, the continuous research in this field is and will stay very important. It is a priority for the economic development of the country to make relevant political steps to decrease unempoyment and increase employment. In order to develop efficient economic policy to decrease unemployment and increase employment, it is important to conduct a thorough market analysis and implement necessary steps to get better results. This article analyzes the current situation in terms of employment and unemployment, provides relevant latest data and describes the existing circumstances based on the analysis of these data. In this article, the focus is made on an important issue affecting unemployment, such as migration processes. Both external and internal migration makes an important impact on the current unemployment rate in the country. Internal migration may lead to positive as well as negative consequences. The article indicates that the consequences are considered to be positive, if the population migration is directed from the regions with the surplus of workforce to the regions with the shortage of workforce, which certainly leads to the lower unemployment rate in the country; on the other hand, the consequences are negative when an excessive number of people are migrating from certain regions, making it impossible to develop these regions in the future; also such migration increases the population in the big cities, which leads to worsened leaving conditions and poor municipal services in these cities. Besides, the article focuses on external migration processes: emigration and immigration as important aspects affecting the unemployment. Both of them have positive and negative consequences. In case of emigration, a positive consequence can be if the surplus of the workforce is leaving the country. This decreases the rate of unemployment; while the negative consequences will entail, if the workforce of employment age, mainly young people, are leaving the country. This creates a problem in the country with a low birth rate and puts even the population replacement under danger. It is well known that migration of the population influences the demographic structure of the population. The migration mostly involves the population of working age, mainly young people. The population increases in regions which are receiving migrants. Namely, the ratio of young population is increasing. In the regions from which people are emigrating, the absolute number of population is decreasing and withing the age structure, the ratio of elderly population is increasing. Besides, the article reviews a negative impact inflicted by COVID-19, declared as the world pandemic by the World Health Orgrnization, on different social and economic aspects of the country. The article also discusses the main challenges of the labor market – the high rate of unemployment, the employment structure and a low productivity of self-employed. For the past few years, there have been drastic demographic changes, which results in a decreased workforce. These demographic changes are caused by people leaving the country as well as by the unstable birth rates. Besides, “brain drain” during the short period of time leads to the loss of intellectual asset of the country. However, if these people come back, it may have a very positive impact on the labor market: it will increase the number of qualified people in the country and it will have a positive influence on the economy of the country and its growth. Keywords: labor market; employment; unemployment; economically active population; workforce; employed; self-employed; modern challenges; impact of the pandemic.

Abstract BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin. SCD causes hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusion leading to vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and contributing to organ damage and early death. SCD is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, but also countries such as Brazil, India and US, have comparatively high frequencies of SCD. Global migration has contributed to a greater geographical spread. The prevalence of SCD in Sweden is unknown. OBJECTIVE The primary objectives of this study were to estimate the 1-year prevalence of SCD and SCD-associated resource use in Sweden. Secondary objectives were to estimate birth incidence, treatment patterns and survival. PATIENTS Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis code for SCD (any D57 [excluding D57.3, sickle cell trait]) were identified from the Swedish Patient Registry (between January 1 st 2001 and June 30 th 2018). Patients were assessed for 1-year prevalence and resource use per calendar year for a follow-up period of 13 years (2006-2018). METHODS Patients were considered prevalent from birth or immigration to death or emigration. Resource use from specialized care, including all events recorded in the registry with any D57 as the main diagnosis was assessed in the follow up period 2006-2018 as number of outpatient visits and inpatient stays. Costs for this hospital resource use were estimated through remuneration amounts based on diagnosis related groups. Data on sick leave days and days with disability pension due to SCD in patients in working age (18-65 years) were retrieved from the Swedish Social Security Agency and costed with the mean salary in Sweden, plus social security contributions. Costs are reported in 2019 Swedish Krona (SEK, ≈$ 0.1). RESULTS One-year prevalence of all SCD diagnosis increased from 504 patients (5.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 670 patients (6.55 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The 1-year prevalence of SCD patients ever recorded with an ICD-10 code for SCD with VOC (D57.0) increased from 139 patients (1.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 260 patients (2.54 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The proportion of prevalent patients that were born in Sweden decreased over the years, from approximately 55% in the beginning of the study period to 45% in the end of the study period. The mean and median age of the SCD population decreased over the study period. Individuals with SCD and VOC were, on average younger than the other SCD (D57) subgroups. Birth incidence was captured by calendar year 2006-2018 and was highest in 2007 with 15 children born with SCD. For Swedish-born children with SCD during the patient identification time (n=123), the mean time to identification in the registers was 2.6 years (SD 2.7, range 0-16 years). Hospital outpatient visits and inpatient stays with SCD (all events with D57 recorded) as main diagnosis increased from 57 to 189, and 250 to 1,003, respectively, over the years 2006-2018. This corresponded to costs of inpatient care increasing from 1.4 million (M) SEK in 2006 to 7.3 M SEK in 2018 and costs of outpatient visits increasing from 0.9 M SEK in 2006 to 4.6 M SEK in 2018. The vast majority of costs were incurred in individuals ever recorded with a SCD with VOC diagnosis (D57.0). The most frequent hospital treatment was blood transfusion, with 8-11% of patients receiving transfusion in each year studied, especially common in SCD and VOC diagnosis. The prescribed treatment with the highest increase of uptake over the study period were hydroxyurea, vitamins and paracetamol in all SCD. Individuals in working age had on average 2.3 days of sick leave per patient-year due to SCD (D57), and approximately 4% of these patients received disability benefits because of their SCD. During the follow-up period, the median age at death was 74 years for all SCD and 69 years for SCD with crisis, this is 7-10 years and 12-15 years less compared to the Swedish general population respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the prevalence, hospital resource use and associated costs have increased substantially in Sweden. In an era of emerging treatments for SCD we have for the first time comprehensively described epidemiological-, disease-related and economical aspects of SCD in Sweden. Disclosures Hernlund: ICON: Current Employment. Ivergård: ICON: Current Employment. Svedbom: ICON: Current Employment. Dibbern: Novartis: Current Employment. Stenling: Novartis: Current Employment. Sjöö: Novartis: Ended employment in the past 24 months. Vertuani: Novartis: Current Employment. Glenthøj: Saniona: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Alexion: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Bluebird Bio: Consultancy.

Abstract That Occupational Health is a neglected field is a fact that has been discussed, deliberated and debated upon for many decades. In a developing country like India, where priorities in the delivery of preventive health services – whether publicly driven or privately promoted – the attention has always been focussed on several other aspects of public health including maternal and child health, family planning, infectious diseases and more recently non-communicable diseases. Occupational Health has always been given the short shrift – not only in the teaching of the subject at universities but also in the practice of medicine in hospitals. Authors have for long lamented about the absence of occupational history in patient records and the importance of the same. Evidently not much heed has been paid to Ramazzini’s circa 1700 plea to add that one more question: what occupation does he (the patient) follow? The International Labour Organisation identifies occupational health and safety as “the discipline dealing with the prevention of work-related injuries and diseases as well as the protection and promotion of the health of workers”. This definition lands the specialty directly into the laps of community health/medicine practitioners or those who were previously referred to specialists in “preventive and social medicine”. This term, probably, more accurately describes the mandate of a modern-day occupational health practitioner – if not elsewhere in the world, in developing nations. In India, wherever reference to Occupational Health is made in academic circles, it is considered to be the domain of Community Medicine – a subject that is a mandatory part of the course work leading to the award of the undergraduate MBBS degree. It was not surprising then that the Ross Institute of Occupational Health (a Unit of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) relocated from the tea-growing region of Jorhat in the state of Assam in Northeast India to the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine at St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore in South India. Though the exact reasons for this shift have been unclear, it was at the behest of South Indian plantations that a three-cornered link was created between the United Planters’ Association of Southern India (UPASI), the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (now Community Health), St John’s Medical College (SJMC), Bangalore and the Ross Institute, London. The Occupational Health Unit (Ross Institute Unit of Occupational Health) was established at SJMC in July 1974. Fifty years ago, it was the first medical college with a division devoted to the health of the working population. During the initial years of its functioning, most of the work centered around the plantations in South India and to a smaller extent the agricultural sector in the rural field practice area of the College. This Unit went into decline within the first decade of its establishment – there are a number of reasons attributed to this fall; foremost among them being the loss of key personnel at all three organizations involved in the pioneering partnership. The Unit became practically non-functional in 1984. Following its resurrection, the Division is still one of the few providing occupational health services in any of the 700 medical colleges in the country. Almost fifteen years later, in 1997, it was serendipity that drew the author to the plantation sector. The focus of the health care services in the Estate Hospitals were on the provision of medical facilities for labouring mothers and their children; and on the provision of mandated housing, water supply and environmental sanitation. The health and welfare audits were initiated and developed with a focus on the preventive and promotive health services that were being provided by the Medical Officers of the tea estates. These are required by the Plantation Labour Act that governs the health and welfare services in the plantation sector. The concentration was on the provision of primary health care. These audits helped identify lacunae in the existing systems and provided solutions to the estate management. Over the years, the estates have ensured that health promotion, disease prevention and standards of treatment of common illnesses were maintained at the highest possible level. Despite facing challenges like falling prices of South Indian tea in the international auctions, the emigration of skilled workforce to other sectors and the immigration of uninitiated employees from East and Northeast India – the estates have succeeded in maintaining their superior primary health care indicators. The focus has now shifted to health and safety at the workplace. While initially these audits have been voluntarily employed by a few plantation companies to monitor the progress of their health services, others have also followed suit and ensured that the health, safety and welfare of the employees and their families are well taken care of. With decreasing absenteeism and the consequent improved productivity, companies have recognized the value of investing in the health of their employees. In the apparel manufacturing sector, the importance of investing in the health and welfare of employees was brought into focus in the 1990s by the growing concept of corporate social responsibility and was a direct reaction to the newfangled incursion of social compliance audits. This entire situation was an outcome of the outcry of university-going youth in the western world to the atrocious working conditions of employees in vendor factories in the global south manufacturing apparel for popular brands. The Department’s involvement started with the Occupational Health Services Division (no longer the Ross Institute Unit of Occupational Health) facilitating the establishment of functional crèches, canteens and clinics (3 Cs) for factories belonging to one large corporate organization in Bangalore. This caught the attention of international not-for-profit organizations which soon established links with the Occupational Health Services Division. Investing in the 3 Cs and promoting the health of employees through a peer education model were pioneering interventions that have found worldwide acceptance – thanks to the reach of our international partners. In recent years, the focus of our attention has shifted to the mental health of employees (and staff and management) – the investment in training and support provided to “lay counsellors” is already providing rich dividends to factories. Currently, research on the return-on-investment of these interventions is in progress. While dabbling with other occupational sectors, our third most significant sector has been the health care system. Starting with our own institution – St. John’s Medical College and its allied establishments (Hospital, Nursing College and Research Institute) employ more than 4000 individuals. The Staff Clinic is the fulcrum around which all the interventions are provided which include training in hospital health and safety, clinical services (care during acute illness and preventive health care including vaccinations) and environmental checks. “No survey without service” has been a long-standing dictum of the Department. In keeping with this, the published studies emanating from the Occupational Health Services Division have been rather muted. The reluctance of managements of our partnering companies to permit dissemination of data has also played its role in the relative paucity of published papers. Even so, small studies have been conducted and published – more in national and regional journals (where they are more relevant) and also in international publications. Our experiences over the past 25 years indicate that the initial focus on primary health care services makes for a better investment before moving on to occupational health and safety interventions. The faculty associated with the Occupational Health Services Division have made conscious efforts to teach Occupational Health to the undergraduate and postgraduate students – with specific focus on the lessons learnt in the field. Exposure visits to factories, plantations, mines and other work settings have given emphasis on the importance of occupational health and the impact of occupational exposures on health outcomes among employees. In a country where trained occupational health physicians are a rare breed, it is hoped that the training imparted to a small group of students will have a ripple-effect – calling to attention other medical colleges where the focus on the domain is poor. Simultaneously, drawing the attention of existing health care providers to basic occupational health services at the primary health care level both in the private and public health sectors through training programmes at the provincial level is the way forward.

The emigration of human resources leads to many losses for the labor expelling country. Such losses would, without doubt, adversely affect the economic and social development programs in multiple aspects including state loss of migrants efforts in producing the desired growth whether in the planning and preparation stages or in the implementation stage and the cost opportunity represented in the financial resources spent on the migrants prior to their emigration which could have been utilized in other areas taking into account, the limited financial resources in the underdeveloped countries which are mainly labor expelling countries. Hence, the loss of such countries is doubled. They neither benefited from their labor after years of spending in education and health, nor they saved their funds and exploited in other alternatives like improving education and health services, providing job opportunities for residents, improving the innovation climate or even increasing civil production to improve the living standards of individuals. The study is devoted to analyze and measure of economic effects of labor emigration in the labor expelling economy, through taking Egypt the largest Arab country suffering from this phenomenon- as an example and using data derived from Egyptian sources. Estimates have emphasized growing losses generated by the Egyptian labor emigration, especially by brain drain. The paper concludes that measures and policies must be adopted to stop this drain by addressing the causes of labor emigration or rather, the existing properties of the labor expelling country. Also, efforts must be made to ensure that data related to immigration is always available, updated and estimated by official bodies having human, financial and technical capabilities for this task.

Migration is one of important aspects of modern global world development, that includes many interrelated factors such as political, economic, social, cultural, etc. With recent trends, international migration is on the rise. Georgia has experienced a significant outflow of population caused by a sharp economic decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union in early 90s of 20th century. Many Georgian citizens migrated to the EU as labour migrants. After gaining the visa-free regime with the EU in 2017, the migration of Georgian citizens to the EU has increased. The reasons for emigration and immigration in Georgia do not differ from the rest of the world and are mainly caused by economic nature. The article presents the analysis and conclusions based on recent data gained by means of the sociological survey, which proves that the attitudes of Georgians towards migration mainly coincide with the approaches of Baltic States’ citizens. The survey results confirm that the experience of the Baltic States is valuable for Georgia. The outcomes demonstrate that it is more productive for Georgia to encourage the circular migration, which means promoting the employment of Georgian workers in the host countries, and later to support and facilitate their subsequent return to Georgia in order to apply the work experience and skills acquired abroad in Georgia.

This paper analyzes the consolidation process of maquiladora industry in Mexico's northern border, based on the expansion context of Global Value Chains (GVC) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as forms of lowering production costs. Having arrangements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as an institutional background, there is a growing presence of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and the expansion of maquiladoras as a national export-led model, mainly composed by manufactures. Through socioeconomic data analysis, we demonstrate two aspects concerning the evolution of maquiladora industry in Mexico: Job creation is related to inferior wage levels with a low improvement throughout history, which may interfere on the social reproduction of labor force; It follows the rise in undocumented immigration to the United States, creating a tighter and onerous institutional response on border control as an attempt to contain the migratory flows.

BACKGROUND: Today, multiculturalism is present in all spheres of life. Teachers are at the forefront to first formally encounter children from different cultures, and as the first ones, children from different cultures will face it in their social life. Teachers are supposed to prepare students to meet and live with people from cultures different from their own. Hence, it is necessary to identify the competencies teachers need to work in an intercultural environment, given the globalising world where different cultures meet more often, coexist, and exchange values and ways of living. OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses the teachers’ competencies to work in an intercultural environment and presents the results from data collected within the RoMigSc project. These data are analysed to identify the competencies teachers need to work in a multicultural environment. METHODS: In the study, data from the RoMigSc survey were used, where information on the inclusion of migrant students was collected using the survey questionnaire method. All analyses in this paper are on a descriptive level with exploratory purpose. RESULTS: The results show that teachers don’t feel well prepared to support learning or teach human rights, emigration and immigration, shared values and discrimination. They also need more support in teaching in an intercultural and multicultural environment, especially out-of-school support. CONCLUSIONS: In general, teachers find their school and own practices inclusive for migrant and Roma students, but not in all aspects. None of the teachers has participated in a project to raise awareness of Roma issues.

Commonly, international human migration is blamed for corroding states sovereignty, especially stemming from policy circles, academic literature and citizens of the host countries. This has attracted the attention of the media highlighting hazards of being a migrant, with some countries viewing migrants as enemies; and, Cuba provides a vivid case. Yet in other countries, migrants are viewed as important contributors to social and economic development, with Mexico, the Dominican Republic and India serving as examples. This article locates migrants in the framework of human rights as guided by international law without prejudice to the demands of state sovereignty, but linking the two in the context of developing international standards. Migration is seen as a feature of human history dating back to primordial time. Nothing appears surprising in the movement of people across borders, defining a migrant through emigration and immigration while giving due respect to the sovereignty of states, both sending and receiving. The article discusses the nexus between migrants and state sovereignty in order to highlight the mutual benefit grounded in international law. It attempts to portray a more positive image of the migrant person in light of the global world, socio-economic development and human rights fundamentals. The main challenge remains that of implementing human rights, which appear to be at the crossroads of individual rights and state sovereignty. The paper reveals how the challenge can be overcome while maintaining the structure of rights and freedoms without infringement on states’ sovereignty. It concludes that migrants remain on the periphery of effective protection from the vagaries of the citizens, partly because the state has a tendency to confine certain rights to its citizenry. States possess discretionary authority to control the ingress of foreign nationals into their territories though sometimes they fail to do that as evidenced by hundreds of millions of irregular migrants around the world. The paper reveals that, the symbiotic relationship between migrants, regular or irregular, and state sovereignty should be strengthened.

Abstract Objective As neuropsychologists continually work to establish clinical standards of practice for evaluation of linguistically and culturally diverse children with epilepsy (Berrios-Siervo et al., 2023), this case study supports efforts to document complex assessment procedures with an adolescent who recently immigrated from Mexico to the U.S. Method A 16-year-old, right-handed, primarily Spanish-speaking, Hispanic male with intractable epilepsy (complex partial seizures) was referred for a presurgical neuropsychological evaluation. Medication was initiated in Mexico at age 11 years, but increased frequency and severity of seizures prompted immigration to the U.S. at age 14 for further treatment. EEG and brain MRI indicated left hemisphere involvement. Magnetoencephalography results indicated right-hemisphere dominance for receptive language. Functional MRI (fMRI) indicated left-hemisphere dominance. Subsequent Wada and bilateral language mapping results supported left-hemisphere dominance. Personal history was significant for anxiety and depressed mood. Bilingual neuropsychologists completed a presurgical evaluation, fMRI, stereo EEG language mapping, and Wada in Spanish. He was seizure-free 6 months post selective left temporal resection. He recently completed his1-year post-op evaluation. Results Baseline testing indicated average neurocognitive functioning, with select relative weaknesses lacking strong evidence for lateralization/localization. Post-operative consultation/ evaluation at 6 and 12 months, respectively, revealed the patient was doing well academically with perceived improvements in attention and memory and minimal language difficulties. Reported improvements in mood were attributed to family reunification and increased social engagement. Conclusions In addition to pre/post-surgical assessment in Spanish, bilingual neuropsychologists are uniquely positioned to contribute to the establishment of culturally-informed, standardized approaches to essential aspects of the presurgical workup (e.g., language mapping, Wada).