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Van Wyk, Jeannie. "Parallel Planning Mechanisms as a "Recipe for Disaster"." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i1a2636.
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This note offers a critical reflection of the recent landmark decision in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal which lay to rest the negative consequences of employing the DFA procedures of the Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 (DFA) alongside those of the provincial Ordinances to establish townships (or to use DFA parlance, “land development areas”). The welcome and timely decision in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal has declared invalid chapters V and VI of the DFA. Moreover, it has formalised planning terminology in South Africa, delineated the boundaries of “municipal planning” and “urban planning and development” as listed in Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and, in the process, clarified the structure of planning law. This note examines the decision of the SCA and focus on the role it will clearly have in reforming some of the law relating to planning. It considers the facts of the case, uncertainties around terminology, the structure of planning in South Africa, the content of municipal planning, the role of the DFA and the consequences of the declaration of invalidity by the SCA.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh, and R. Burger. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 8 (April 24, 2015): 4259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng Province. Satellite analysis was based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) from MODIS Aqua and Terra (550 nm) and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ångström Exponent (α) from MODIS Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI) from TOMS, and results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. At continentally influenced sites, AOD, α, and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during austral spring (September–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum integrated intensity of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). Minima in AOD, α, and UVAI occur during winter. Results from ground monitoring indicate that low-income township sites experience by far the worst particulate air quality in South Africa, with seasonally averaged PM10 concentrations as much as 136% higher in townships that in industrial areas. We report poor agreement between satellite and ground aerosol measurements, with maximum surface aerosol concentrations coinciding with minima in AOD, α, and UVAI. This result suggests that remotely sensed data are not an appropriate surrogate for ground air quality in metropolitan South Africa.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh, and R. Burger. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 17 (September 25, 2014): 24701–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24701-2014.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and a detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng. Data include Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD550, 555) from Aqua (550 nm), Terra (550 nm), and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ängström Exponent (α550/865, 470/660) from Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI) from TOMS, and model results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. Results in Cape Town are distinct, owing to a typically clean, marine airmass origin and infrequent continental influence. At continentally-influenced sites, AOD550, AOD555, α550/865, α470/660 and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during late winter and early spring (August–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum frequency of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). The adjacent metropolitan and industrial Gauteng and HVAPA areas have been identified as a megacity based on NO2 concentrations, but AOD is a factor of 3–6 lower than other megacities worldwide. GOCART results suggest that the contributions of organics and black carbon to AOD are significantly enhanced during biomass burning season (ASO), but that sulfate is the most significant contributor to AOD (~70–80%) through the rest of the year. Dust appears to be underestimated by GOCART emissions inventories at continentally-influenced metropolitan areas of South Africa. Ground monitoring sites were classified according to site type: (1) township and informal settlement sites with domestic burning influence, (2) urban and suburban residential sites with no domestic burning in the immediate vicinity, (3) industrial sites, and (4) one traffic site situated at a major freeway interchange. PM10 concentrations in township areas are 56% higher than in developed residential areas and 78% higher than in industrial areas as an annual average, with PM10 in townships 63 and 136% higher than developed residential and industrial areas, respectively, in winter (June, July, August). Monthly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reach annual maxima during winter at all sites except in industrial areas. At industrial sites, maxima in PM10 and PM2.5 tend to occur during summer (December–February), when photochemical generation of secondary aerosol is expected and when deep and unstable boundary layers allow high stack emissions (emitted above the boundary layer during winter) to reach the ground in close proximity to point sources. Diurnal profiles of PM10 and PM2.5 display maxima during morning (06:00–09:00 LT) and evening (17:00–22:00 LT) at nearly every site – especially during winter – and underscore the importance of domestic burning as a major source of primary particles. Multi-year averages indicate that evening maxima at some township sites average in excess of 400 μg m−3. These results from the urban/industrial Gauteng area quantitatively confirm previous studies suggesting that the lowest-income populations of South Africa experience the poorest air quality, and demonstrate that domestic burning results in frequent exposure to high concentrations of particulate pollution in the region comprising the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. While remotely-sensed data are frequently used as a proxy for ground air quality, we report poor correlations between PM concentrations and satellite parameters and suggest that this practice is not appropriate in metropolitan South Africa. Disagreement between satellite and ground data may be attributed to a number of factors: (1) vertical inhomogeneity and stratified pollution layers aloft during much of the year, (2) extremely shallow winter boundary layers, (3) discrepancy between satellite passover times and elevated diurnal PM concentrations, and (4) poor spatial resolution of satellites compared with highly localized PM sources. While remotely-sensed data provide a good picture of regional, seasonal properties of column aerosol, a complete understanding of South Africa's air quality at the ground will necessitate more extensive monitoring at the ground and intensive, multi-platform campaigns to understand the relationship between ground and satellite data.
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Horn, Anele. "Telling Stories – A History of Growth Management in the Gauteng Province (South Africa)." European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10105-010-0009-1.
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The sprawled nature of major South African cities can be attributed to a variety of reasons. The 1994 (post-apartheid) political shift, however, prompted cities and regions to plan for more equitable and accessible cities. Together with its three metropolitan municipalities, the Gauteng Province proved to be a pioneer in adopting an urban growth management approach (the Gauteng Urban Edge). Against the backdrop of a Provincial Spatial Development Framework, a Provincial Urban Edge was delineated within which local authorities were awarded the opportunity to refine a custom-made growth management strategy. In the absence of clear provincial direction, these strategies achieved various levels of success. This paper explores the urban growth management movement, its approaches and its expressions as witnessed in the case of Gauteng.
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Korf, A. W., J. W. Wilken, and N. J. Nel. "Strategies and management models for metropolitan wastewater, implementation and evaluation in the East Rand, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0313.
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South Africa is a country where first world wastewater treatment technology and management must take into account third world related problems. In the past, the diversity of a large number of local authorities within the PWV area of South Africa aggravated the problem of proper wastewater management. On the East Rand in the Gauteng province of South Africa, the problem was attended to by means of a strategic analysis and strategic plan. In the evaluation of the options, the various wastewater management models in use in various regions of the world were evaluated. The investigation resulted in the formation of the ERWAT wastewater management model and implementation. The paper also evaluates the success of the wastewater management model utilizing the tariff model and other qualitative parameters.
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Leibbrandt, J. H., and C. J. Botha. "Development Of An Integrated Operating Framework For Strategy Execution In Gauteng Municipalities In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 5 (August 23, 2014): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i5.8772.
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The establishment of a new democracy has created high expectations amongst all the different communities of South Africa. The demand for basic essential services by the previously disadvantaged communities has increased drastically, whilst at the same time, communities from developed areas are expecting and demanding an acceptable level of maintenance and services in their respective areas. Municipalities are in serious distress with regular service delivery protests, huge service delivery and infrastructure backlog challenges (e.g., electricity, roads, housing, water, and sanitation), poor financial management and the inability to execute approved strategies, plans, and programs. This article focused on the municipalities in the Gauteng Province of South Africa and the main objective was to answer the survey question: What prevents Gauteng municipalities to successfully execute its strategies and what can be done to address the situation? The research objectives were firstly, to review the literature and determine the key enablers required for successful strategy execution; secondly, to analyze the findings of the empirical research and to make recommendations towards the improvement of strategy execution within Gauteng municipalities. The third and final objective was to develop an integrated operating framework for strategy execution in Gauteng municipalities. The article concluded by making recommendations towards the improvement of strategy execution within municipalities and developing an integrated operating framework for strategy execution. The results of the literature review as well as the empirical research were taken into account during the development of the integrated operating framework.
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Khosa, Dee. "Gender and Police Leadership: An Analysis of Metropolitan Police Departments in South Africa." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (August 23, 2021): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.153.
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Despite a number of initiatives aimed at improving the representation and progressive of women in the law enforcement. Studies continue to document the persistence of gender inequality within law enforcement agencies all over the world and South Africa is not an exception. This article bring to light gender inequalities in the law enforcement sector where women in leadership ranks remains low. Historically, the police career was male-dominated and females were not allowed to work in the police. Therefore, equal gender representation in the workplace should by now be at an advanced developmental stage in South Africa since the abolition of discrimination rules. The Commission on Employment Equity of South Africa reported that women comprised 44.8% of the economically active population, yet males were still in charge of senior management positions in South African industries including the law enforcement environment. The data was collected from female officers from Metropolitan Police departments in Gauteng province. The findings suggest that culture, stereotypes, economic and socio-political dynamics, and physical fitness were perceived as barriers that hindered the representation of women into senior leadership positions.
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Oguttu, James Wabwire, Tulisiwe P. Mbombo-Dweba, and Jabulani R. Ncayiyana. "Factors Correlated with Home Gardening in Gauteng Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052737.
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Background: In addition to increasing access to fresh and affordable produce, home gardening enhances food security. This notwithstanding, there is no evidence of studies that have investigated factors correlated with home gardening in Gauteng Province (GP), South Africa. The present study investigated home gardening across the GP. Methods: Retrospective data of residents of GP (n = 30002) collected by the Gauteng City Region Observatory were used. A binary logistic regression was employed to determine factors correlated with home gardening. Results: Overall participation in home gardening was low (12.37%). If a respondent was a resident of the poorest areas, resided in a house received under the Rural Development Programme, had a borehole/well as the main source of water, belonged to a social club, received a social grant, was >65 years, and rated his/her health as poor, then they were more likely to participate in home gardening. Factors that were negatively correlated with home gardening included if the respondent rented from private individuals and if the respondent’s health status prevented him/her from doing daily work. Conclusion: The low participation levels in home gardening observed suggest the failure of the current policies geared at fostering home gardening in the province. Policy makers and relevant authorities should target identified groups to improve participation in home gardening.
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Jaca, T. P., M. A. Kganye, and L. Venter. "Emerging invasive alien plant survey for prioritisation in Gauteng protected areas, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (April 2010): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.02.066.
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Ferreira, Verno, and Gustav Visser. "A spatial analysis of gating in Bloemfontein, South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 28, no. 28 (June 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2015-0014.
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Abstract Growing trends of fear and insecurity in cities have sparked the re-visitation of gating, posing significant problems for citizens and policy makers alike. Gated developments are a global phenomenon occurring in diverse countries in both the developed North and developing South. Metropolitan areas in South Africa have also witnessed a rapid increase in the number and spread of gated developments since the late 1980s. Development of enclosed neighbourhoods has become increasingly popular, gaining widespread support for their utopic lifestyle and safety features. On the whole, high levels of crime and fear of crime have led to the construction of defensible space, in the form of gated developments, resulting in elevated levels of segregation. This paper provides a spatial analysis on gated developments in the non-metropolitan setting of Bloemfontein. The pattern and timeframe of gating in this city is shown to be similar to those found elsewhere in South Africa and, indeed, globally. Overall, it is the contention that gating is a trend not only seen in large metropolitan areas, but across the entire urban hierarchy of South Africa, and, as a consequence, requires investigation far beyond its metropolitan regions to more fully understand gated developments.
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Shirinde*, Joyce, Janine Wichmann, and Kuku Voyi. "NO2, SO2 and O3 Indoor-Outdoor Relationships at Schools in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng Province, South Africa." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.p3-791.
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Huyssteen, Elsona van, Cathy Meiklejohn, Maria Coetzee, Helga Goss, and Mark Oranje. "An Overview of South Africa's Metropolitan Areas – Dualistic, Dynamic and under Threat…" European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10105-010-0008-2.
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The article explores the threats posed to metropolitan viability and resilience in South Africa which is faced by continued spatial and economic concentration and duality – a trend also evident in a number of Central European countries. Examples are provided of trends and challenges impacting the resilience of South Africa's metropolitan regions, as identified in recent empirical studies conducted by the authors. The paper argues that the agglomeration challenges facing South Africa's metropolitan regions and complications brought about by intra-metropolitan inequality are key aspects underlying the resilience of these regions. The article also suggests that there might be value in greater collaboration in research and knowledge-production and sharing in metropolitan planning, development and governance, between South African metropolitan regions and those in Central European countries.
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Burton, Calum, Christian Rogerson, and Jayne Rogerson. "The Making of a ‘Big 5’ Game Reserve as an Urban Tourism Destination: Dinokeng, South Africa." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 892–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-58.
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Since 2000, against the background of chronically high levels of city unemployment and of the stagnation or rundown of the manufacturing sector, many urban governments across South Africa pivoted towards the building of competitive tourism economies as an anchor for local economic development, employment creation and small enterprise development. With the tourism sector being the most popular sectoral focus for local economic development programming in South Africa, the evolution of place-based development initiatives around tourism is a topic of policy relevance. This paper contributes to tourism scholarship concerning new product innovation and development for urban tourism in South Africa. It investigates the unfolding planning and challenges of a unique tourism development project for the creation of a ‘big 5’ game reserve located on the periphery of the country’s major metropolitan complex and economic hub, Gauteng province. The evolution of the project and the challenges of destination development are themes under scrutiny.
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Katumba, Samy, Inger Fabris-Rotelli, Alfred Stein, and Serena Coetzee. "A spatial analytical approach towards understanding racial residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa)." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-164-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The introduction of apartheid in 1948 resulted in racial residential segregation that has influenced the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa. Apartheid laws, which were mainly based on race, brought about the exclusion of the non-white population from urban areas and the mainstream economy of South Africa, as well as the benefits that come with it. In the early 1990’s, apartheid was abolished and the South African government set to bring about social and spatial justice, address inequalities and promote social cohesion. This also meant doing away with racial residential segregation that had been entrenched into the urban morphology of the country. Despite this, in the post-apartheid era, racial-residential segregation still exists (Parry and Van Eeden 2015).</p><p>Figure 1 shows the density (kernel) distribution of each of the four population groups in Gauteng in 2011: Indian/Asian (IA), white (W), black African (BA) and coloured (C). It is a reflection of the legacy of apartheid town planning which isolated non-whites to the peripheral areas of urban economic centers. Densely populated areas are coloured in red while less populated areas are coloured in green. As it can be seen in the map (Figure 1), the white population group densely occupies areas close to the business centers of the province in places such as Pretoria and northern parts of Johannesburg, while non-whites densely occupy peripheral areas in former townships designated to non-whites, such as Soweto (black African), Mabopane (black African) and Lenasia (Indian/Asians). This observed pattern is more pronounced for black Africans.</p><p>To study the pattern of racial residential segregation in South Africa, non-spatial indices of segregation are widely employed despite their shortcomings. Parry and Van Eeden (2015) are among the few authors who have acknowledged the importance of employing spatial indices of segregation, even though they did not explicitly use one due to the lack of ready to use GIS software. Massey and Denton (1988) define residential segregation as “the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment”, i.e. racial residential segregation manifests itself across space. Hence, in order to assess the extent to which the levels of racial residential segregation have subsided, adequate empirical studies that employ spatial segregation indices on socio-economic data are necessary. The purpose of this research is to study the pattern of racial residential segregation by employing a spatial index of segregation namely the ‘spatial information theory index (H)’ for Gauteng province, the economic hub and most populated province of South Africa.</p><p>Some of the shortcomings of existing non-spatial indices of segregation (and also of some of the spatial ones) include the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) which refers to how such indices are sensitive to the size of the areal units (i.e. administrative or political boundaries) of analysis that might be arbitrarily chosen or might not accurately reflect the actual racial composition of the local neighbourhoods. This introduces possibilities of obtaining inaccurate measures of racial residential segregation and also being unable to compare the results at various scales of analysis (Reardon et al. 2004; Weir-Smith 2016). One of the major challenges that impedes the use of spatial segregation indices is the lack of ready to use software that has implemented spatial segregation indices which have attempted to address the MAUP. To address such a challenge, Hong et al. 2014 implemented a series of spatial equivalences of existing segregation measures in R under the package ‘seg’ based on Reardon et al. (2004)’s formulation of spatial segregation indices. Reardon et al. (2004) emphasise the computation of spatial indices of segregation based on the racial composition of the population as reflected by their immediate local environment instead of relying on arbitrary or fixed administrative boundaries. The ‘spatial information theory index (H)’ as implemented by Reardon et al. (2004) is experimented in this study.</p><p>This study explores existing literature related to racial residential segregation in order to further complement and supplement existing theories on segregation in South Africa by adopting a spatial analytical approach. The authors take advantage of the R implementation of spatial measures of segregation (Hong et al. 2014), namely the spatial information theory index (H), to study the patterns of residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa).</p>
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Shongwe, Nothando Altrecia, Charles Byaruhanga, Pierre Dorny, Veronique Dermauw, and Daniel Nenene Qekwana. "Knowledge, practices and seroprevalence of Taenia species in smallholder farms in Gauteng, South Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e0244055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244055.
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Porcine cysticercosis and associated human infections are endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Poor agricultural practices, sanitary practices, and lack of knowledge increase the burden of the diseases in susceptible populations. This study investigates the seroprevalence of Taenia spp. in township pigs in Gauteng, South Africa and describes knowledge and farming practices of pig farmers regarding T. solium infections. Blood samples were collected from 126 pigs in three Gauteng township areas, and analyzed for active Taenia spp. infection using the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. Farmer questionnaire surveys were conducted in four township areas to investigate the level of knowledge and practices associated with porcine cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between predictor variables and the outcome variable, knowledge of porcine cysticercosis or knowledge of neurocysticercosis. Overall, 7% of the pigs were seropositive for active Taenia spp. infection. 46% of farmers practiced a free-ranging system, while 25% practiced a semi-intensive system. Latrines were absent on all farms; however, 95% of farmers indicated that they have access to latrines at home. Most farmers had no knowledge of porcine cysticercosis (55%) or neurocysticercosis (79%), and this was not associated with any of the factors investigated. The prevalence of active Taenia spp. infection was reasonably low in this study, yet the knowledge level was also low, thus calling for further educational and training programmes to prevent Taenia spp. transmission in these communities.
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Abrahams, Caryn, and David Everatt. "City Profile: Johannesburg, South Africa." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425319859123.
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The city of Johannesburg offers insights into urban governance and the interesting interplay between managing the pressures in a rapidly urbanizing context, with the political imperatives that are enduring challenges. The metropolitan municipality of Johannesburg (hereafter Johannesburg), as it is known today, represents one of the most diverse cities in the African continent. That urbanization, however, came up hard against the power of the past. Areas zoned by race had been carved into the landscape, with natural and manufactured boundaries to keep formerly white areas ‘safe’ from those zoned for other races. Highways, light industrial plant, rivers and streams, all combined to ensure the Johannesburg landscape are spatially disfigured, and precisely because it is built into the landscape, the impact of apartheid has proved remarkably durable. Urban growth is concentrated in Johannesburg’s townships and much of it is class driven: the middle class (of all races) is increasingly being found in cluster and complexes in the north Johannesburg, while poor and working-class African and coloured communities in particular are densifying in the south. The racial and spatial divisions of the city continue to pose fundamental challenges in terms of governance, fiscal management and spatially driven service delivery.
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Dosumu, Oluwaseun S., and Clinton O. Aigbavboa. "An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of Residential Buildings in Gauteng, South Africa." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 50, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.12789.
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The study aims to examine the factors affecting the IEQ of buildings with respect to type of building unit, gender, age, ethnicity and directions that the windows of occupants' building units are facing. The study was conducted in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM) of South Africa. The descriptive (questionnaire) survey research design (quantitative method) was adopted in the study. The convenience sampling technique was used to collect data for the study. The method of data analysis includes percentages, mean scores, t-test statistic and one-way analysis of variance. The results of the study indicate that the factors investigated in the study were significantly optimum for the IEQ of buildings. However, inferential statistics show that the respondents differed on some factors of IEQ based on age, gender, ethnicity and building unit. Based on the findings, the study concludes that, the factors affecting IEQ of buildings vary according to age, gender and type of building units occupied. Hence, the factors need to be given dedicated consideration whenever design of buildings are to be done. Despite the existence of standards/assessment tools for determining the IEQ of proposed buildings, gender, age and type of units to be provided for occupants should be put into consideration when building projects are to be designed for IEQ.
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Gunter, Ashley, and Ruth Massey. "Renting Shacks: Tenancy in the informal housing sector of the Gauteng Province, South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 37, no. 37 (September 26, 2017): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0022.
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AbstractInformal settlements are where a significant proportion of urban population find shelter in the cities of the Global South. In some cities, this settlement type is the norm and urban residence are forced into these areas due to a lack of formal housing capacity. Housing tenure in the informal sector is tenuous and the most vulnerable of this group are those who find rental housing in the sector. The idea of a slumlord within this context is one of exploitation and abuse, this study explores the slumlord tenant relationship within informal settlements in Gauteng, South Africa. The study found that there is a symbiotic relationship between landlords and tenants where the informal economy fills a gap in the low income market. While there are issues of exploitation within the informal rental market, this large, unregulated and growing sector points to a significant need for more low cost housing within the formal sector.
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Mosha, A. C., and Branko Cavric. "Sustainable urban development of metropolitan Johannesburg: The lessons learned from international practice." Spatium, no. 11 (2004): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0411021m.
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This paper consists of an overview of programmes supporting sustainable planning and management in the City of Johannesburg one of the most important social and economic hubs of the transitional Republic of South Africa. Following from this is an analysis of the experience identified as most appropriate for Johannesburg City and its metropolitan region (Gauteng). This case study is used to highlight efforts and lessons learned from the international project "Designing, Implementing and Measuring Sustainable Urban Development" (DIMSUD) which have intended to contribute to new solutions for sustainable urban development through a collaborative multi-disciplinary, and participatory approach combining research, urban design, and capacity building. DIMSUD (http://sustainability.ethz.ch) is carried out jointly by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden), University of Botswana, University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) and the Catholic University of Santiago de Chile. Another partner was the United Nations University (UNU) at Tokyo. The project has enabled a global overview of core problems, providing a synthesis of realizable strategies and offering both a scientific forum and an "urban field laboratory" for joint learning. The strategies developed will not only help improve the conditions in the case study cities (Gaborone Johannesburg, Santiago de Chile), but will also provide working examples so that other cities can learn from and adapt and adopt appropriate "best practices".
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N. Ngcobo, Raphael. "Credit provision by banks: a case study analysis of small businesses in South Africa." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(4).2017.06.
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Small business sector is considered as an important economic driver by many countries. In South Africa, small business sector has been acknowledged as the driving force to boost the economic growth and an important source of job creation. This article aims at identifying factors that are a challenge in obtaining bank finance by small businesses in South Africa.Primary data for this study involved a survey questionnaire directed to owners of small businesses operating in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan area, Gauteng, South Africa. Factors that were deemed to influence bank loan decision were examined. The research findings revealed that factors such as age of business, business plans availability, educational background of business owner, experience of business owner and availability of a collateral have an influence on the bank loan decisions. This research also found that the accessibility of loan funding from banks was a constraint on business operations and growth. The findings of this study indicate that the mentioned factors are a challenge for small businesses in accessing bank loans to fund their operations.The findings of this study will be of great value to small business owners and policy makers in finding solutions to address the identified barriers.
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Aigbavboa, Clinton. "Assessing beneficiaries’ needs and expectations as a determinant of residential satisfaction in South Africa." Housing, Care and Support 19, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose – There is an integral link between theory and measurement suggesting that validation of measures should be the first stage of theory testing. The purpose of this paper is to validate the factorial validity of needs and expectations (NAE) features as determinants of low-income residents’ housing satisfaction in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data were collected by a questionnaire survey conducted among 751 low-income housing residents’ in three metropolitan and one district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Data gathered via the questionnaire survey were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) version 6.2 which was used to assess the factorial structure of the constructs. Findings – SEM analysis revealed that the internal consistency coefficients were over 0.70 criterion for acceptability and the constructs showed a good mode fit to the sample data. The Z-statistics analysis revealed that the construct (NAE) have direct influence in determining low-income residents’ satisfaction with their houses. Originality/value – The SEM result advocates a practical consideration of the construct and its respective indicator variables in future development of low-income housing in South Africa.
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Katumba, S. "SPATIAL STATISTICAL ANALYSES TO ASSESS THE SPATIAL EXTENT AND CONCENTRATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN GAUTENG USING THE SOUTH AFRICAN MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W8 (July 11, 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w8-85-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Assessment of poverty has generally been carried out using “money-metric” measures. But since poverty is multidimensional, these measures fall short of generating a comprehensive picture of the poor. Contrastingly, multidimensional poverty analyses are capable of generating parameters that help in providing holistic understanding of poverty in its various forms. This study compares two indexes of multidimensional poverty computed from census data collected in 2001 and 2011 in Gauteng (South Africa) by performing a spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results reveal fine-grained detailed variations in the concentration of poverty across the Gauteng province. Overall, multidimensional poverty is concentrated at the periphery of the province while affluence is concentrated in the core urban areas. Pockets of grinding poverty can also be found in core areas juxtaposed with affluence. Such an analysis will lead to the formulation of spatially targeted policy interventions geared towards poverty alleviation.</p>
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Kutywayo, A., C. S. Yah, N. P. Naidoo, M. Malotana, S. Dyani, and S. Mullick. "Implementing the Good Participatory Practice Guidelines in the Girls Achieve Power Trial in South Africa." SAGE Open 8, no. 4 (October 2018): 215824401880914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018809149.
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The Good Participatory Practice (GPP) guidelines provide a framework for stakeholder engagement within clinical trials, to ensure a study’s acceptability, feasibility, and improving the overall research quality; however, they have rarely been applied beyond this setting, and no literature exists on its application in adolescent research. A review of the 2011 GPP guidelines was undertaken to identify which 16 GPP topic areas could be applied and adapted for implementing an ecological asset building intervention, that is, the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) cluster randomized controlled trial for reducing school dropout and increasing reporting of gender-based violence in Gauteng and Western Cape province in South Africa. The 16 GPP topic areas were adapted and implemented to guide stakeholder engagement for GAP Year. We show the usability and adaptability of the GPP framework for guiding stakeholder engagement in non-clinical trials like GAP Year; however it requires adapting to respond to the unique needs of the beneficiaries.
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Sahli, Antonia, Shamim Ebrahim, and Wayne J. Wilson. "The Auditory Brainstem Response - Are South African ENT's Missing the Point?" South African Journal of Communication Disorders 46, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v46i1.732.
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The use and misuse of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) test by hearing professionals is often related to the extent and nature of the training they have received. This study used a postal survey based questionnaire to investigate the levels of training in, knowledge about, and appropriateness of referral for, ABR testing in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeons and registrars in Gauteng, South Africa. Thirty-seven actively practising ENT specialists and registrars were sampled using a convenience sampling technique. Overall, a poor level of training and knowledge in ABR and its related areas of audiology was identified. This was mirrored by a high demand for further education. Considering the prevalence of auditory disorders in South Africa, and the push towards primary care and early intervention, this study's results highlight the need for improved training in ABR for ENT surgeons and registrars.
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Louw, A., and D. Jordaan. "Supply chain risks and smallholder fresh produce farmers in the Gauteng province of South Africa." Southern African Business Review 20, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 286–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/6051.
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A survey of 52 smallholder fresh produce farmers was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa to grasp how risk and its management affect the mainstreaming of smallholder farmers into formal, high-value markets. The study employed a supply chain analysis approach, which focused on the functions and risks that occur along the fresh produce chain. The results highlight the risks that impede the participation of smallholder farmers in formal, high-value chains. At the production level, risk is prominent from input procurement through to the post-harvest stage of the chains. At the retail and consumption level, risks are linked to the adherence to quality and quantity standards, including prescribed packaging, grading, labelling and traceability and transport requirements. As a result of these risks across the formal chain, smallholder farmers often resort to distributing their products in low-value informal markets. The consequence is that smallholder farmers tend to remain trapped in poverty, in part, because of their risk appetites and their ability to bear risk. 8Further research is required in the areas pertaining to smallholder farmers’ risk appetite and risk-bearing ability and mechanisms to deal with the particular risks in the value chain that impede their all-round ability to escape the “smallholder dilemma”.
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Dosumu, Oluwaseun, and Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa. "Adoption of light steel (LS) for building projects in South Africa." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 711–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-04-2018-0075.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the level of awareness about, adoption of and willingness to adopt light steel (LS) for building projects. It also assessed the benefits, challenges and solutions to the challenges of adopting LS for building projects. Design/methodology/approachThe quantitative (questionnaire) research method was used for the study. The research design was survey in nature. The whole-population cluster sampling technique was adopted. The clusters were the LS buildings from two (Western Cape and Gauteng) out of the eight provinces in South Africa. The respondents were the construction organizations that have executed LS building projects in the selected provinces. Hence, 56 firms filled and returned the questionnaire. Data analysis was done with frequency, mean scores, t-test and analysis of variance (normality of data distribution assumed). FindingsResults indicated that, out of the 29 areas of application of LS identified in literature, respondents were aware of 11 areas, adopted LS for seven areas and were willing to adopt LS for six areas. Respondents also noted that 18 of the 25 identified benefits of LS were relevant to South Africa. Despite the benefits, few developers embrace it, it is a threat to suppliers’ and contractors’ businesses and it delays building approval due to low awareness. Practical implicationThe implication of the results is that there is low awareness about, adoption of and willingness to adopt LS for building projects in South Africa, and this may be due to the identified challenges. To boost the awareness about, adoption of and willingness to adopt LS, LS technologies need to be imported, LS warehouses should be provided in all cities and it must be ensured that LS building projects are cheaper than conventional buildings. Originality/valueThe value of the study is that the adoption of LS for building projects will improve the capacity of sustainable development.
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gupta, rangan, and sonali das. "SPATIAL BAYESIAN METHODS OF FORECASTING HOUSE PRICES IN SIX METROPOLITAN AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Economics 76, no. 2 (June 2008): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00191.x.
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Bikam, Peter, and James Chakwizira. "Municipal asset operations and maintenance performance in metropolitan and rural municipalities in Gauteng Province and Vhembe District Local Municipalities, South Africa." Cogent Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1935409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2021.1935409.
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Motseki, Morero M., and Jacob T. Mofokeng. "Stakeholders as catalyst to human trafficking: A case study of three selected areas of Gauteng province, South Africa." Cogent Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1825057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1825057.
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Kim, Hana, Frank Tanser, Andrew Tomita, Alain Vandormael, and Diego F. Cuadros. "Beyond HIV prevalence: identifying people living with HIV within underserved areas in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 4 (April 2021): e004089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004089.
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IntroductionDespite progress towards the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 95-95-95 targets, South Africa is still suffering from one of the largest HIV epidemics globally. In this study, we generated high-resolution HIV prevalence maps and identified people living with HIV (PLHIV) in underserved areas to provide essential information for the optimal allocation of HIV-related services.MethodsThe data come from the South Africa Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2016 and spatial variables from other published literature. We produced high-resolution maps of HIV prevalence and underserved areas, defined as a greater than 30 min travel time to the nearest healthcare facility. Using these maps and the population density, we mapped PLHIV and the PLHIV within underserved areas for 30, 60 and 120 min thresholds.ResultsThere was substantial geographic variation in HIV prevalence, ranging from 1.4% to 24.2%, with a median of 11.5% for men, and from 2.1% to 48.1%, with a median of 20.6% for women. Gauteng province showed the highest density for both HIV prevalence and PLHIV. 80% of all areas in the country were identified as underserved areas (30 min threshold), which contained more than 16% and 20% of the total men and women living with HIV, respectively. KwaZulu-Natal province had the largest number of PLHIV in underserved areas (30 min threshold) and showed less than one healthcare facility per 1000 PLHIV.ConclusionOur study showed extensive spatial variation of HIV prevalence and significant numbers of PLHIV in underserved areas in South Africa. Moreover, we identified locations where HIV-related services need to be intensified to reach the ~1.5 million PLHIV in underserved areas, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal province, with less than one healthcare facility per 1000 PLHIV.
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Rudenberg, S. L., P. Jansen, and P. Fridjhon. "The Effect of Exposure during an Ongoing Climate of Violence on Children's Self-Perceptions, as Reflected in Drawings." South African Journal of Psychology 28, no. 2 (June 1998): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639802800208.
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Many children in South Africa are subjected to continually high levels of stress and political violence. Children who are exposed to violent stressors may be at increased risk for the development of stress-related effects and emotional difficulties. Current research on the effects of political violence on children thus far has yielded inconclusive results. Some researchers find severe effects, while others interpret their findings to indicate that the majority of children are resilient. In this study, the Draw-A-Person test and drawings of the street or area where the children lived were used to examine possible levels of stress and emotional difficulties, as well as coping styles and defence mechanisms, in a sample of one hundred and fifteen eight- to twelve-year-old children from Gauteng, South Africa during the 1993 pre-election period. Christiansen's checklist of behaviour difficulties was also administered to the teachers of the children, in order to gain information on the children's overt behaviour. Comparison of the Draw-A-Person Tests showed that violence appeared to be a pertinent stressor. Black South African children from particularly high violence areas showed more distress on their drawings than white suburban children, with the girl's distress levels appearing higher than the boys'. However, on drawings obtained from children distributed in areas across Gauteng, boys appeared more vulnerable than girls. Use of different coping styles and defence mechanisms appeared to influence the effect of stress on the children. Social support and denial appeared to assist coping, while feelings of helplessness and internalisation of anger appeared detrimental.
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Aigbavboa, Aigbavboa. "Confirmatory Factorial validity of Neighborhood Features amongst South Africa low-income Housing Occupants’." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 12 (December 30, 2013): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i12.456.
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There is a fundamental link between theory and measurement advising that factorial confirmation of measures should be the first stage of theory testing. The aim of this paper was to confirm the factorial validity of the neighborhood features in a residential satisfaction study amongst South Africa low-income housing occupants’. The study was conducted amongst subsidized low-income housing occupants’ in South Africa. Data used in the study were obtained from a Delphi and field questionnaire study. Primary data was collected through the use of a structured questionnaire survey conducted among 751 low-income housing residents’ in three metropolitan and one district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Data gathered via the questionnaire survey were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) which was used to confirm the factorial structure of the constructs. SEM analysis revealed that the Rho coefficient and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of internal consistency were over 0.70 criterions for acceptability. Further finding was that neighborhood features influence on the residents’ satisfaction was not statistically significant and hence was weak in the prediction of the residents’ satisfaction with their houses. However, due to the idiosyncratic dataset used in the study, it remains to be seen if the evaluated indicator factors of neighborhood features can replicate to other cross-cultural datasets. If this is the case, the paper makes a significant contribution towards understanding neighborhood features on subsidized low-income housing projects. This study provided significant insight into how residents’ satisfaction with their houses could be improved.
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Julius, R. S., E. V. Schwan, and C. T. Chimimba. "Helminth composition and prevalence of indigenous and invasive synanthropic murid rodents in urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 4 (September 4, 2017): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000761.
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AbstractAlthough synanthropic rodents such as the indigenous species, Mastomys coucha, and the invasive species, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and R. tanezumi, are well-known to be hosts to various micro- and macroparasites, their helminth parasite fauna is poorly studied in South Africa. In an attempt to remedy the situation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the helminth fauna of these sympatric rodent species, which were obtained from the informal settlements of Alexandra, Tembisa, Diepsloot and residential suburbs of Pretoria and Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Helminths were recovered from the urinary bladder, liver and gastrointestinal tract and were identified morphologically and molecularly. The recovered nematodes were all rodent-specific and included Aspiculuris tetraptera, Eucoleus sp., Heterakis spumosa, Mastophorus muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Protospirura sp., Strongyloides ratti, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Trichuris sp. and Trichosomoides crassicauda. Syphacia obvelata, a commensal nematode of laboratory rodents, was recovered from indigenous M. coucha. Strobilar stages of cestodes recovered included Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis. Recovered metacestodes were strobilocerci of Hydatigera taeniaeformis from all three invasive Rattus species and coenurostrobilocerci of Hydatigera parva from M. coucha. An acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis, was recovered from R. rattus only. All rodent species examined showed high helminth infection prevalence (≥70%) with equal or higher nematode than cestode prevalence. Mastomys coucha, however, showed significantly lower cestode prevalence than Rattus species where they co-occur. Interspecific transmission of helminths likely occurs between invasive and indigenous rodents, and these rodents harbour several helminths that have zoonotic implications.
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Olugbenga, Sanya, and Polly Mashigo. "The impact of microfinance on microenterprises." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(3).2017.08.
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The provision of and access to financial services, particularly credit, can contribute greatly to the development of microenterprises in South Africa. Such provision has been an issue ignored by conventional banks or formal financial institutions. The problem associated with this ignorance includes high transaction and operation costs, lack of collateral, and the inability to obtain information about microenterprises resulting in difficulties to extend such credit. Microfinance therefore becomes an alternative to conventional banking and a mainstream and sustainable development activity for extending credit to microenterprises. However, the benefits of microfinance, which include, among others, the ability to provide the much-needed financial support for microenterprises, have not been fully harnessed in South Africa. The objective of this article is to evaluate the impact of microfinance on microenterprises in a typical South African township and to propose specialized financial mechanisms to support and improve the provision of credit to microenterprises. The article draws on the findings of a study undertaken in the Ga-Rankuwa township located in the Tshwane Metropolitan area in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It further draws on a wide range of extensive review of literature that documents the impact of microfinance on microenterprises. A case study approach is adopted and mixed method research paradigm (qualitative and quantitative) is used to gather information. Structured questionnaires and interviews were used to solicit information from the randomly selected microfinance institutions and microenterprises in the Ga-Rankuwa township.
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McKay, Tracey. "The South African Adventure Tourism Economy: An urban phenomenon." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 37, no. 37 (September 26, 2017): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0025.
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AbstractThe international adventure tourism literature is remarkably silent on the geographical nature of the industry. This study seeks to provide a geographical analysis of the sector within the context of South Africa. The spatial analysis was undertaken by metropolitan area, secondary towns and small towns, using a dataset of adventure tourism enterprises. It was found that the sector is spatially concentrated and highly urbanised, despite the perception that adventure tourism requires ‘wild’ and outdoor spaces. With many adventure tourism enterprises located in South Africa’s metropolitan areas, it is a hither too unknown sub-sector of the South African urban tourism market. Urban settlements with large populations and a strong general tourism sector form a significant support base for adventure tourism operators. Cape Town is the dominant adventure tourism destination, making it the adventure capital of South Africa. A few small settlements were found to be highly dependent upon the sector for survival.
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van Eeden, Amanda. "Small business perceptions in the central business district fringes of four metropolitan areas in South Africa." South African Geographical Journal 95, no. 2 (October 15, 2013): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2013.847797.
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Downsborough, Linda, Charlie M. Shackleton, and Andrew T. Knight. "The potential for voluntary instruments to achieve conservation planning goals: the case of conservancies in South Africa." Oryx 45, no. 3 (July 2011): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001559.
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AbstractSpatial prioritizations and gap analyses are increasingly undertaken to allocate conservation resources. Most spatial prioritizations are conducted without specifying the conservation instruments to be implemented and gap analyses typically assess formally protected areas but increasingly include private land conservation instruments. We examine conservancies to see if these voluntary instruments contribute towards achieving goals of South African conservation planning initiatives. We conducted a nationwide survey and interviews with conservancy members in Gauteng and the Eastern Cape. Conservancies have potential for assisting South Africa to achieve conservation planning goals at national and local scales but their inclusion in spatial prioritizations and gap analyses predicates improved protection for nature, operational refinement and increased support. We sound a warning to conservation planning initiatives that incorporate voluntary instruments on private land, and present recommendations for strengthening such instruments to make them more effective. Our findings may assist conservation planners elsewhere to design more effective conservation planning initiatives focused on private land.
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Fundisi, E., and W. Musakwa. "BUILT-UP AREA AND LAND COVER EXTRACTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION PLEIADES SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR MIDRAND, IN GAUTENG PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 14, 2017): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-1151-2017.
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Urban areas, particularly in developing countries face immense challenges such as climate change, poverty, lack of resources poor land use management systems, and week environmental management practices. Mitigating against these challenges is often hampered by lack of data on urban expansion, urban footprint and land cover. To support the recently adopted new urban agenda 2030 there is need for the provision of information to support decision making in the urban areas. Earth observation has been identified as a tool to foster sustainable urban planning and smarter cities as recognized by the new urban agenda, because it is a solution to unavailability of data. Accordingly, this study uses high resolution EO data Pleiades satellite imagery to map and document land cover for the rapidly expanding area of Midrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. An unsupervised land cover classification of the Pleiades satellite imagery was carried out using ENVI software, whereas NDVI was derived using ArcGIS software. The land cover had an accuracy of 85% that is highly adequate to document the land cover in Midrand. The results are useful because it provides a highly accurate land cover and NDVI datasets at localised spatial scale that can be used to support land use management strategies within Midrand and the City of Johannesburg South Africa.
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Katumba, Samy, and David Everatt. "Urban Sprawl and Land Cover in Post-apartheid Johannesburg and the Gauteng City-Region, 1990–2018." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1_suppl (March 2021): S147—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321997973.
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Johannesburg and the broader Gauteng City-Region in which it is located are considered to be the economic powerhouse of South Africa. This has led to massive population growth in the region, as well as severe inequality. Given South Africa’s history of racially excluding black South Africans from urban areas, ongoing research in this area has to analyse land cover and define ‘sprawl’ in a context where the technical language has politically loaded overtones. This article tries to understand the scale of informality within a broader examination of urbanization and sprawl. It concludes that in the absence of a formally adopted urban edge and under massive pressure from population growth (natural and via migration), formal dwellings (residential and economic) have grown unchecked, and informality is now growing at high speed and also largely without regulation or control. With no apparent political will to stop urban sprawl, both informal and formal covers are steadily pushing towards provincial borders, while densifying in Johannesburg in particular.
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De Bruyn, I. A., and F. G. Bell. "The occurrence of sinkholes and subsidence depressions in the far west Rand and Gauteng Province, South Africa, and their engineering implications." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.3.281.
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Abstract Dewatering associated with mining in the gold-bearing reefs of the Far West Rand, which underlie dolomite and unconsolidated deposits, led to the formation of sinkholes and subsidence depressions. Hence, certain areas became unsafe for occupation and were evacuated. Although sinkholes were initially noticed in the 1950s, the seriousness of the situation was highlighted in December 1962 when a sinkhole engulfed a three-story crusher plant at West Driefontein Mine. Consequently, it became a matter of urgency that the areas at risk of subsidence and the occurrence of sinkholes were delineated. Sink-holes formed concurrently with the lowering of the water table in areas which formerly had been relatively free of sinkholes. In addition, subsidence occurred as a consequence of consolidation taking place in the unconsolidated deposits as the water table was lowered. In the latter case, the degree of subsidence which occurred reflected the thickness and original density of the unconsolidated deposits which were consolidated. These deposits vary laterally in thickness and thereby gave rise to differential subsidence. Subsidence also occurred due to the closure of dewatered voids at the rock-soil interface. The risk of sinkhole and subsidence occurrence is increased by urban development, since interrupted natural surface drainage, increased runoff, and leakage from water-bearing utilities can result in the concentrated ingress of water into the ground. Where the surficial deposits are less permeable, the risk of instability is reduced. In the area underlain by dolomite, which extends around Johannesburg and Pretoria, these problem have been more notable in recent years because of housing development, both low-cost and up-market, and the growth of informal settlements. Residential densities may be very high, especially for low-cost housing, the development of which frequently has proceeded without recognition of the risk posed by karst-related ground instability. The appearance of significant numbers of small sinkholes has been associated with dolomite at shallow depth, that is, occurring at less than 15 m beneath the ground surface. The vulnerability of an area overlying dolomite bedrock at shallow depth is largely dependent on the spacing, width and continuity of grikes. When dolomite is located at depths greater than 15 m, the sinkholes which appear at the surface usually are larger in diameter. The risk of sinkhole occurrence in areas of shallow dolomite in general, may be greater, although the hazard itself is less severe. A classification system for the evaluation of dolomitic land based on the risk of formation of certain sized sinkholes has enabled such land to be zoned for appropriate development. Ongoing monitoring and maintenance of water bearing services, and the implementation of precautionary measures relating to drainage and infiltration of surface water are regarded as essential in developed areas underlain by dolomite. Special types of foundation construction for structures are frequently necessary.
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Shapi, Michael, Maryam Amra Jordaan, Devandren Subramoney Nadasan, Theophilus C. Davies, Emmanuel Chirenje, Mpumelelo Dube, and Mammusa R. Lekoa. "Analysis of the Distribution of Some Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020151.
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The Mintails Mogale Gold (MMG) and the Rand Uranium (RU) are two large-scale mining consortiums active in re-mining old tailings dams and dumps in Krugersdorp and are a source of mine discharge feed into the Krugersdorp Game Reserve (KGR). This has resulted in a noticeable accumulation of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) over a number of years. Efforts were implemented to interpret the concentration levels of PHEs in soils of the study areas of which a total of 36 georeferenced soil samples were collected (in triplicate) from the MMG, RU and KGR, including samples from farmlands and waterways adjacent to the mining sites. Samples were then analysed by both inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 36 elements. From the 36 elements of this study, detailed evaluations of the occurrence of 12 selected elements were discussed. The geochemical landscape at the KGR is shown to be in flux. The major mediating influences on the behaviour of As, Co, Cu, Hg and Pb, as they enter the KGR largely in the form of acid mine drainage (AMD), are the geological substrate (mostly in carbonate form). Analysis of the soils showed high levels of contamination for As and Co in ppm. The mean maximum of As ranged from (5.00–170.30) with the highest level found in the Krugersdorp site. The mean maximum of Co ranged from (46.00–102.30) with the highest level found in MMG. All of these values were well above the recommended maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) values, i.e., As (15–20) and Co (20–50). The mean maximum values for Pb (12.40–92.30); Cu (18.50–115.30) and Hg (12.40–92.30) content in surface soils of all four segments studied falls well within the MAC range for agricultural soils i.e., Cu (60–150); Hg (0.5–5) and Pb (20–300).
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Dolman, Robin C., Welma Stonehouse, Hilda van’t Riet, Jane Badham, and Johann C. Jerling. "Beliefs of South Africans regarding food and cardiovascular health." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 9 (September 2008): 946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000700122x.
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AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the beliefs of South African metropolitan adults regarding the importance of influencing cardiovascular health by eating certain food types, and to compare these beliefs between different race, living standards, age and gender groups.DesignRandomised cross-sectional study. Trained fieldworkers administered questionnaires by conducting face-to-face interviews with consumers.SubjectsTwo thousand South Africans (16 years and older) were randomly selected from metropolitan areas in South Africa. The data were weighted to be representative of the total South African metropolitan population (N = 10 695 000) based on gender, age and race distribution.ResultsThe majority (94 %) of the population indicated that it is important to influence cardiovascular risk-related health issues by eating certain food types, especially the higher LSM (Living Standard Measure) groups within the different race groups. Weight loss was considered the least important (61 % indicated that it is important) compared with cholesterol lowering (80 %), blood pressure (89 %), diabetes (86 %) and healthy blood vessels (89 %). In the higher LSM groups (7–10) higher proportions of respondents agreed than in the lower LSM groups (2 and 3). No differences were seen in responses between different gender, race and age groups.Conclusions and recommendationsThis study shows that the metropolitan South African adult population considers the influence on cardiovascular health by eating certain food types to be important. However, modifying weight loss by eating certain food types was considered less important.
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Leck, Hayley, and David Simon. "Local Authority Responses to Climate Change in South Africa: The Challenges of Transboundary Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072542.
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Recent progress and innovation are testament to the willingness of municipal authorities to address climate change. However, urban regions worldwide exhibit an immense diversity of conditions, capabilities and responses to the challenges of changing climatic conditions. While separated by politico-administrative borders, adjacent municipalities within such regions are connected through biophysical, politico-economic, and social systems likely to be reconfigured under changing climatic/environmental conditions. Yet, to date, politico-administrative borders have largely determined the parameters of local government climate change adaptation strategies, with insufficient attention to the role of inter-municipal collaboration, especially between neighbouring rural, peri-urban and urban municipalities, for co-ordinating such policies and interventions. Within a multi-level governance framework, this paper considers the recent evolution of climate agendas in the eThekwini (formerly Durban City Council) metropolitan municipality and the adjacent Ugu (predominantly rural) district municipality on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal province (KZN), South Africa, focusing particularly on cross-border collaboration within the greater city region. The challenges were investigated by means of 53 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with municipal, regional and local authority association staff in November 2009, March 2012, and August 2017. Our core argument is that weak inter-municipal collaboration, particularly between urban, peri-urban and rural areas within metropolitan and functional city regions, has been a significant impediment to realizing transformative adaptation within such regions. The experiences of these two contiguous yet contrasting municipalities represent a microcosm of the dramatic discontinuities and inequalities on all variables within adjacent urban metropolitan and rural contexts in South Africa and beyond. Despite promising recent signs, the challenges of inter-municipal collaborative action are therefore formidable.
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Ndlovu, M. S., M. Demlie, and M. Butler. "Hydrogeological setting and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Durban Metropolitan District, eastern South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0026.
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Abstract Population and economic growth within the Durban Metropolitan region in eastern South Africa have increased the demand for water supply. Though the region’s water supply comes mainly from surface water sources, the ever-increasing demand means that all available water supply sources including groundwater will be looked at, particularly in the peri-urban areas. However, the state of the groundwater resource in the region is poorly understood. This study aims to contribute towards improved understanding of the state of groundwater resources in the Metropolitan District through an integrated hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations. Results of the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characterization identified at least five hydrostratigraphic units of varying hydraulic and hydrochemical characteristics: the weathered and fractured basement aquifers of the Mapumulo Group, Oribi Gorge, Mzimlilo and Mkhomazi Suites characterized by average borehole yield and transmissivity (T) of 1.2 l/s, and 3.9 m2/day, respectively, and hydrochemical facies of Ca-Mg-HCO3;the fractured Natal Group sandstone characterised by average borehole yield and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 5.6 l/s and 2.8 m/day, respectively and with Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl dominant water type;the fractured aquifers of the Dwyka Group diamictite and tillite characterized by average borehole yield of 0.4 l/s, transmissivity of 1.3 m2/day and Na-Cl-HCO3 dominant water type;the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group characterized by average borehole yield of 2.5 l/s, T of 4.9 m2/day, K values 0.17 m/day, and Na-Cl-HCO3 water type. The Pietermaritzburg Formation of the Ecca Group is characterized by a shale lithology with very low borehole yields and average transmissivity of 0.28 m2/d with Na-Ca-Cl dominant water type. It is considered as an aquiclude than an aquifer;the intergranular aquifer of the Maputaland Group which comprises the Bluff, Berea type sands and harbour beds (recent alluvium and estuarine deposits). These units collectively have average borehole yield of 14.8 l/s, transmissivity of up to 406 m2/day and a mainly Na-Cl-HCO3 hydrochemical signature. The region receives mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 935 mm/yr of which an estimated 6.6% recharges the various aquifers. Environmental isotope data (2H, 18O and 3H) indicated that groundwater is recharged from modern precipitation. High concentrations of tritium, as high as 92 T.U., measured around landfill sites, indicates groundwater contamination from leachate leakage posing a risk to human and environmental health.
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Beukes, Jacques, Hein Prinsloo, and Theuns G. Pelser. "Customer Service Expectations from South African Alcoholic Beverage Suppliers in Urban and Rural Areas." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 3(J) (July 20, 2017): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i3(j).1744.
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South African alcoholic beverage suppliers (SAABS) have to focus their efforts on quality customer service as a means of differentiation. Quality of service is a competitive advantage and serves as a marketing tool for many companies; it also contributes to customer loyalty and retention. Offering quality service is considered an essential strategy for success and survival in today’s competitive business market. A commitment to quality must start from the top of any organisation, be it a service delivery company or a manufacturing or merchandising business, and spiral down to the bottom. SAABS need to understand their customers’ perceptions of the service offering, their existing relationship with the company and their levels of satisfaction. The study set out to measure the service delivery expectations and realisations of customers that receive delivery from SAABS based on their geographical location. It required the implementation of a descriptive research method. The target population comprised customers of SAABS situated in the Gauteng, Western Cape and North West Provinces of South Africa. A sample size of 926 was realised. The results from the study indicate that customers expect the SAABS to deliver on all five service quality dimensions but fail to do so to their satisfaction. If the SAABS used the proposed customer relationship management (CRM) framework, it can improve on their service delivery and customer service. This, in the long run, will improve customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention.
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Beukes, Jacques, Hein Prinsloo, and Theuns G. Pelser. "Customer Service Expectations from South African Alcoholic Beverage Suppliers in Urban and Rural Areas." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 3 (July 20, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i3.1744.
Full textAbstract:
South African alcoholic beverage suppliers (SAABS) have to focus their efforts on quality customer service as a means of differentiation. Quality of service is a competitive advantage and serves as a marketing tool for many companies; it also contributes to customer loyalty and retention. Offering quality service is considered an essential strategy for success and survival in today’s competitive business market. A commitment to quality must start from the top of any organisation, be it a service delivery company or a manufacturing or merchandising business, and spiral down to the bottom. SAABS need to understand their customers’ perceptions of the service offering, their existing relationship with the company and their levels of satisfaction. The study set out to measure the service delivery expectations and realisations of customers that receive delivery from SAABS based on their geographical location. It required the implementation of a descriptive research method. The target population comprised customers of SAABS situated in the Gauteng, Western Cape and North West Provinces of South Africa. A sample size of 926 was realised. The results from the study indicate that customers expect the SAABS to deliver on all five service quality dimensions but fail to do so to their satisfaction. If the SAABS used the proposed customer relationship management (CRM) framework, it can improve on their service delivery and customer service. This, in the long run, will improve customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention.
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Steyn, W. J. vdM, E. S. Sadzik, and M. De Beer. "Evaluation of Superlight Pavements Under Accelerated Traffic." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1639, no. 1 (January 1998): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1639-14.
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In South Africa there is a great need to upgrade the accessibility of rural areas. With the aid of the heavy-vehicle simulator (HVS), the Gauteng Department of Transport and Public Works and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) investigated the upgrading of in situ gravel roads to the paved standard through addition of a gravel bonding surface layer only. The HVS program consisted of nine tests in which loading and environmental conditions were varied. The results of this investigation indicated that loading and environmental conditions were the dominant influences on the behavior of superlight pavements. An interim transfer function for the design of superlight pavements based on the results of the investigation is provided, together with recommendations for optimization of the transfer function.
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Moodley, S. V., M. J. Matjila, and M. Y. H. Moosa. "Epidemiology of substance use among secondary school learners in Atteridgeville, Gauteng." South African Journal of Psychiatry 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v18i1.320.
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<strong>Introduction.</strong> Adolescent substance use has a number of adverse consequences for both the individual and society. Anecdotal evidence suggested the existence of a serious substance use problem among learners in Atteridgeville, part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. <strong></strong><p><strong>Objectives.</strong> The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence rates and age of initiation of substance use among learners attending secondary schools in Atteridgeville, and the factors, if any, associated with cannabis use.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> This was a cross-sectional study. A cluster sampling technique was employed. Twenty-two of the total of 191 grade 8 - 11 classes in the nine Atteridgeville secondary schools were randomly selected, with all 895 learners in the selected classes being invited to participate. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Statistical analysis was conducted using the survey estimation commands in STATA 10.0. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> The lifetime prevalence rates for the three most commonly used substances were 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 41.5 - 61.5%) for alcohol, 25.2% (95% CI 17.1 - 33.3%) for cigarettes and 13.2% (95% CI 8.3 - 18.2%) for cannabis. Alcohol was also found to have the lowest mean age of initiation at 14.6 years (standard deviation 2.0). Based on CRAFFT screening scores, 30.3% (95% CI 24.5 - 36.1%) of learners met the criteria for possible problem substance use. Following multivariate analysis, the factors found to be significantly associated with lifetime cannabis use were age, gender, lifetime cigarette use, lifetime alcohol use, the number of illicit drug users among the learners’ five closest friends, and an older sibling with a history of illicit drug use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> The results of the study suggest that substance use among learners in Atteridgeville is widespread and that a comprehensive intervention strategy is required.</p>
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Chinomona, Richard. "Brand communication, brand image and brand trust as antecedents of brand loyalty in Gauteng Province of South Africa." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2013-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of brand communication, brand image and brand trust as potential antecedents of brand loyalty in a sample of consumers in Gauteng Province of South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 151 respondents, an 89 per cent response rate, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Research scales were operationalized on the basis of previous work. Data were collected from 151 respondents, an 89 per cent response rate, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Research scales were operationalized on the basis of previous work. Proper modifications were made in order to fit the current research context and purpose. “Brand communication” measure used six-item scales while “Brand image” used eight-item scale measure. “Brand trust” and “brand loyalty” used a four-item scale measure. All the measurement items were measured on a five point Likert-type scales that was anchored by 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree to express the degree of agreement. Findings – The four posited hypotheses were empirically tested. The results supported all the hypotheses in a significant way except one (H2). Important to note about the study findings is the fact that brand communication has a stronger effects on brand image than on brand trust. However, brand image strongly influences brand trust. Notably too, the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty is robust. This finding indicates that brand communication can have a strong influence on brand trust and brand loyalty via brand image. Perhaps this could be due to the fact that customers are likely to trust and be more loyal to brands with good image and reputation. Research limitations/implications – Despite the usefulness of this study aforementioned, the research has its limitations. Most significantly, the sample size was small and limited to Gauteng Province of South Africa. The study can be strengthened by increasing the sample size and including participants in other geographical areas. Future studies can also attempt to compare the perceptions of customers on the current study antecedents of brand loyalty from non-durable/FMCG to other product/service categories groups. Practical implications – The findings of this empirical study are expected to have to provide fruitful implications to both practitioners and academicians. On the academic side, this study makes a significant contribution to the brand management literature by systematically exploring the impact of brand communication on brand image, brand trust and brand loyalty in South Africa. On the practitioners’ side, this study therefore submits that marketers ought to pay attention to both brand communication and brand image in order to build customer brand trust. By increasing the perceived level of brand image through effective brand communication, marketers will be able gain customer brand trust. Eventually, the customers will become loyal to a brand they perceive to trustworthy. In this regard, from a policy perspective, it is recommended that managers and business strategists ought to develop policies and strategies aimed at winning customers brand loyal or increasing customers’ brand trust since such an endeavour is likely to lead to customer retention and marketing cost reduction. There is growing evidence in the extent literature indication that loyal customers are likely to share their experience with brands with their peers through “word of mouth” (WOM) (Bennetta et al., 2005; Zehir et al., 2011; Russell-Bennett et al., 2013). At the same time, the society will tend to benefit from such information shared by their peers based on their brand experience. Originality/value – Overall, the current study findings provide tentative support to the proposition that brand communication, brand image and brand trust should be recognized as significant antecedents for gaining and sustaining brand loyalty in South Africa. This study therefore, stand to immensely contribute new knowledge to the existing body of brand management literature in Africa – a context that is often most neglected by some researchers in developing countries.
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van der Waldt, Gerrit. "Local economic development for urban resilience: The South African experiment." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, no. 7 (October 30, 2018): 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094218809316.
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The severity of environmental problems, rapid urbanisation and the dynamics underlying local governance requires clear strategies for local economic development, which target specific growth areas and collectively aim to increase the resilience of urban communities. A resilient city is one that has developed capacities to absorb future shocks and stresses. Therefore, the collective aim of such a city’s systems, structures, processes and functions entails responding to challenges of sustainable development. Local economic development is generally regarded as an integrated strategy to address complex urban challenges by promoting economic development in local areas. The purpose of this article is twofold: to explore the critical interface between urban resilience and local economic development, and to uncover the successes and failures of local economic development applications in local, district and metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. This assessment and accompanying recommendations can provide valuable guidelines for local economic development best practice.