Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Metropolitan areas – South Africa – Gauteng'

Extensive research has been done on the investigation, evaluation, development and management of land underlain by dolomite to prevent the formation of sinkholes and subsidences. Little emphasis is, however, given to the various processes and methodologies with respect to the investigation and rehabilitation of sinkholes or subsidences. In South Africa most sinkholes and subsidences have been recorded on dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup of the Chuniespoort Group on the Far West Rand and in an area south of Pretoria within the City of Tshwane, with numerous studies done on the occurrence of sinkholes and subsidences in these two areas. However, a large number of sinkholes and subsidences have also been recorded on the East Rand in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area, which is the focus of this research. Very little is published on the occurrence of sinkholes and subsidences, the related geological models, investigations and rehabilitation work done in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area. It has been attempted with this thesis to document the various processes and methodologies applicable to the investigation and rehabilitation of dolomite-related sinkholes and subsidences within a non-dewatering environment. This is based on experience gained during the investigation and rehabilitation of various sinkholes and subsidences within the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area on the East Rand, over the past ten years. Various methods of investigation, including non-intrusive and intrusive methods have been tried and tested to determine the extent of subsurface erosion within an affected sinkhole or subsidence area. The gravity geophysical method in association with the drilling of percussion boreholes; exposure of the affected area by means of excavation and the use of the Dynamic Probe Super Heavy (DPSH) method, in areas not accessible for a drilling rig where gravel, cobbles and boulders are absent in the subsurface profile; is the most appropriate methods for sinkhole or subsidence investigations on the East Rand. The gravity method is, however, not always successful in delineating narrow grykes in a shallow dolomite environment. The use of a specific method or methods of investigation is prescribed by the accessibility of a site. Accessibility constraints within a build-up area, may lead to the use of an investigation method other than what is generally preferred. The specific method or combination of methods used to rehabilitate a sinkhole or subsidence will depend on the available funds, current and proposed land use, subsurface conditions, accessibility constraints caused by existing infrastructure for equipment and the impact of the rehabilitation procedure on existing infrastructure. The various sinkhole and subsidence rehabilitation methods used on dolomite in South Africa and their applications are discussed, including: the Inverted Filter Method, Dynamic Compaction Method, combination of the Inverted Filter and Dynamic Compaction Methods, Compaction (backfill) Grouting Method, Combination of the Inverted Filter and Compaction Grouting Methods, Combination of the Dynamic Compaction and Compaction Grouting Methods and the use of Self- Compacting Concrete or Soil-cement Mix. Nearly half of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area is classified as dolomite land. A total of 241 ground movement incidents had been recorded, since 2005 to mid-2013. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area of jurisdiction is divided into three regional areas, namely:  Southern Regional area: More than 50% of the region is directly underlain by dolomite and chert of the Monte Christo Formation of the Malmani Subgroup of the Chuniespoort Group. A total of 141 ground movement incidents had been recorded, with all dolomite-related sinkholes and subsidences caused by ingress of water. Approximately 85% were caused by sewer lines, 7% by leaking water lines and valves, 4% by surface water ponding and 3% by concrete stormwater lines.  Northern Regional area: The northern portion of the region is directly underlain by dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup; from west to east by, chert-poor dolomite of the Oaktree Formation, chert-rich dolomite of the Monte Christo Formation, chert-poor dolomite of the Lyttelton Formation and chert-rich dolomite of the Eccles Formation. Dolomite of the Monte Christo Formation is also encountered in the south-eastern portion of the region. A total of 83 ground movement incidents had been recorded. Ground movement incidents are related to both ingress of water and dewatering of dolomite groundwater compartments including the Bapsfontein, Elandsfontein and Sterkfontein-East Dolomite Groundwater Compartments and Sub-Compartment.  Eastern Regional area: More than 50% of the region is regarded as dolomite land, with large portions of dolomite of the Monte Christo Formation and the Oaktree Formation of the Malmani Subgroup covered by the Karoo Supergroup. Dolomite of the Monte Christo Formation also occurs in the south-western portion of the regional area. A total of 17 ground movement incidents had been recorded. None of the recorded ground movement incidents are, however, related to dolomite. Incidents are related to poorely backfilled old wet services, natural erosion of subsurface soils, collapse of shallow coal workings and collapse of mine shafts and ventilation shafts. The sinkhole and subsidence rehabilitation method mostly used in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipal area is the Inverted Filter Method accounting for 85% of rehabilitation work, 10% for compaction grouting and 5% for the use of the Dynamic Compaction Method. The sinkhole and subsidence rehabilitation method should not be prescriptive, given the vast number of variables involved. A comprehensive understanding of the affected area is essential although for cost effective and practical rehabilitation measures. A site specific set of criteria for the rehabilitation of the features and affected infrastructure must be developed to ensure proper stabilisation and safe future use of the area. Basic principles can however be applied to each sinkhole or subsidence, such as: Ensuring the trigger of the sinkhole or subsidence has been identified and removed; the position and extent of the receptacles have been determined as best as possible and erosion paths sealed; the known eroded area, possible voids and cavities properly backfilled and densified; a proper impervious or engineer designed earth mattress created; ensuring that all affected subsurface wet services are replaced and comply with industry standards; and that proper surface drainage exists.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Geology
PhD
Unrestricted

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of and the need for metropolitan planning and government structures in the development of cities have become evident over the last century. Internationally, the approach to metro governance has evolved from informal metro management structures into, for example the more formalised two-tier or single tier systems of London and Toronto. The recent changes in these systems indicate that there is not one system that is universally accepted as the best. South Africa has not escaped the metropolitan development process and the resulting problems that went hand in hand with this. The first form of metropolitan planning in South Africa occurred in 1940, with the inception of the Joint Planning Committees. Later, in 1986 the institution of Regional Services Councils served as the first form of metropolitan governance. In 1995 the first democratic Local Government elections hailed the entry into democratic metropolitan government structures. With the proclamation of six new metropolitan areas South African metropolitan governments adopted the two-tier metropolitan system. Since 1995 South African local government structures have undergone major transformations. Proponents of the current two-tier system failed to anticipate the pressures of Central Government for change to the one tier, megacity or unicity model. Critics of the government's plans argued strongly for the retention of the current two-tier model and for minimal organisational change. The disruption that yet another transformation will cause, is one of the main objections. In the Cape Town and Durban Metropolitan Areas the consensus seems to be that the present two-tier system is working well and that it should be retained. In the case of Johannesburg Metropolitan Area many problems were encountered, especially the inability to redistribute local government income. The consensus there is that a unicity model will work better. Whether the unicity model is the answer to urban sustainability for all metropolitan areas of South Africa, is still a disputed fact.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van en die behoefte aan metropolitaanse beplannings- en regeringstrukture in die ontwikkeling van stede het oor die afgelope eeu baie ooglopend geword. Die benaderings tot metropolitaanse bestuur in internasionale kringe het beweeg van die meer informele metropolitaanse bestuurstrukture na die meer formele een- of tweevlak stelsels van byvoorbeeld Londen Of Toronto. Die onlangse veranderinge in hierdie stelsels is 'n bewys dat daar nie een stelsel beataan wat universeel as die beste aanvaar word nie. Suid Afrika het nie die proses van metropolitaanse ontwikkeling en die gepaardgaande probleme daarvan vrygespring nie. Die eerste vorm van metropolitaanse beplanning in Suid Afrika was die instelling van die Gesamentlike Beplanningskomitees in 1940. Later in 1986 met die totstandkoming van streekdiensterade was daar vir die eerste keer sprake van 'n vorm van metropolitaanse regering. Met die eerste demokratiese verkiesing van plaaslike regeringsisteme in 1995 is ses tweevlak metropolitaanse egerings in suid Afrika ingestel. Sedert 1995 het plaaslike owerhede in Suid Afrika grootskaalse veranderinge ondergaan. Voorstanders van die huidige tweevlak stelsel het nie daarin geslaag om die druk van Nasionale Regering om te verander na 'n eenvlak, unistad of megastad sisteem, af te weer nie. Kritici van die regering se planne het hewige argumente aangebied vir die behoud van die huidige sisteem asook vir minimale organisatoriese veranderinge. Die hoof beswaar was die grootskaalse ontwrigting wat nog 'n transformasie proses sou meebring. In die Kaapse en Durbanse Metropolitaanse Gebiede is daar konsensus oor die werkbaarheid van die tweevlak stelsel en ook dat dit behoue moet bly. Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Area daarenteen het etlike probleme ondervind, veral met die verdeling van munisipale inkomste. Daar is konsensus dat' n unistad model waarskynlik beter sal werk. Of die unistad model die antwoord is op stedelike volhoubaarheid in alle metropolitaanse gebiede in Suid Afrika, is steeds 'n debatteerbare punt.

The study examines the functioning of municipal councils in ensuring the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner. Municipalities are at the coalface of service delivery, which is why they are significant in improving the quality of lives of the communities under which they serve. The study is significant as municipalities in the recent past experienced different forms of civil disobedience which could arguably be attributed on the lack of capability by municipalities to respond adequately to the delivery needs for services from communities. Thus, the research stems from the fact that municipalities are charged with the responsibility of providing services to communities in a sustainable manner as mandated by Section 152(1)(b) of the Constitution, 1996. Hence, the failure to deliver will impact the community, especially the indigent, to an extent that the quality of their lives will degenerate. This research investigates the role and functions of municipal councils in making decisions that would have an effect on the provision of services in municipalities in South Africa. Thus, the study has three objectives: • to establish the role that the municipal council plays in ensuring effective and efficient service delivery plans; • to determine the extent to which the municipal council influences the implementation of decisions for effective administration of the delivery of services; and • to develop a framework that enhances the decision-making capability of the municipal council. The research investigates the role of the municipal council in establishing its effect on the administration of a municipality. Thus, this research will answer two research questions: • What role do municipal councils play in ensuring effective and efficient service delivery plans or integrated development plans? To what extent are municipal councils significant role players in terms of influencing the implementation of decisions required for the administration of the delivery of services by municipal officials? The success of a municipality depends on the quality of the decisions made by the municipal council and the administrative capacity of the officials carrying out tasks as mandated by the municipal council. Hence it is argued that the effectiveness of the municipal administration depends on the effectiveness of the municipal council. Through the proposed decisionmaking framework, the coordination of policies and directives that will result in effective and efficient administration in a municipality is simplified. The study employed a qualitative research method, a case study research design and adopted inductive reasoning, i.e. generation of theory, interpretivism, and constructionism as the dispositions of the research. Both primary and secondary sources for data collection are used. In terms of collecting data through the primary sources, non-participant observation will be applied in order to draw conclusions from observing and listening to the activities taking place in municipal council meetings. Secondary sources that are utilised refer to the documented research conducted by previous researchers, i.e. census, Integrated Development Plans, Auditor-General report and studies conducted by municipalities and other stakeholders. Thus, the study makes a contribution to the body of knowledge by proposing a decision formula and a logical framework that is aimed at enhancing the decision-making process of metropolitan municipal councils.
Thesis (DAdmin)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
DAdmin
Unrestricted

This study explores the challenges related to language policy and planning in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan municipality. The study sets to look at the at the challenges affecting successful implementation by the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as a state organ charged with local development and service delivery for the communities. In terms of the Municipal Systems Act of 2000 municipalities are expected to respond to the language use and preferences of their local communities by making sure that their language policies are fully implemented. The researcher highlights that in instances where municipalities communicate information they are required to make special provision for the speakers of African languages in the communities that they serve in the languages they best understand. This work looks at various statutory language policy documents in South Africa in particular, that give the task of language policy implementation to municipalities as they are the local extension of the national government. This study also argues that municipalities are critical to implementation of language policy. It further notes that in order for the full social, economic and political transformation to take place in municipalities they have to be transformed linguistically in a radical way whereby all the official languages play a major role in all these spheres than before. This view is held by many scholars and researchers in the areas of language policy and planning. This study highlights that the challenges to successful language planning and policy in the government sectors are due to lack of commitment by the government, language practitioners and planners and increased monolingualism in the municipality. The study further explores the language policy and plan of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and the the strategies that can contribute to successful optimization of language resources of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in order to give effect to the use of local languages as contained in policy documents and also establish how the city of Tshwane can better reinforce its strategies to implement this language plan and policy. The main focus area of this research is on the language policy and plan of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and assesses whether the language practices in these institutions are reflective of their policy and plan. It is hoped that the study will be able to give policy makers and those tasked with implementation, especially at government municipalities’ strategies for improvement in the functionality and the implementation of their language policies and plans. It is also hoped that recommendations and challenges highlighted by this research will be of a better assistance on how to better reinforce strategies to implement the language plan and policy in the government sectors.

Thesis (MNutr (Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of and factors impacting on the intake of fast-foods by young adults from different socio-economic areas in Gauteng, South Africa. The population for the study (n = 341) included males (n = 180) and females (n = 161) with a mean age of 24.48 years (SD = 3.492). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional, observational study was performed using an interviewer-administered, validated questionnaire to elicit characteristics of the studied population (gender, education level, income status and income level), reasons for – and frequency of – fast-food intake, specific food choices at certain categories of fast-food outlets, as well as consumers’ attitude towards health and healthier meal options. Purposive sampling of shopping malls was done to collect data on three weekend days at grocery stores in the shopping complexes. Statistical analysis included: Pearson Chisquare tests, likelihood ratios, linear by linear associations and Cramer’s V and Kendall tau b tests. RESULTS: The studied population consisted primarily of working young adults with at least secondary education. Almost half (n = 103) of the employed participants from all socio-economic groups earned less than R5 000 per month, but spent more than R200 each month on fast-food. The majority of participants consumed take-away meals from two to three times a month to two to three times per week (85.3% (n = 291)). Socio-economic grouping (SEG) and gender were significantly related to fast-food intake (p < 0.01) with a larger proportion of participants (n = 76) in the lower socio-economic grouping (LSEG) showing more frequent use and males consuming fast-food more frequently than females. The most popular fast-foods consumed by participants in descending order were burgers 69.5%, pizza 56.6% and fried chicken 38.4%. A significant difference in the consumption of fried chicken was observed between the different SEGs, with significantly more participants from the LSEG consuming fried chicken 47.0% (p < 0.05). Choice of fast-food outlet concurred with the most popular fast-food choices. Sweetened soft drinks comprised the most popular beverage for more than half of the studied population (n = 191). The main reasons for choosing fast-food were time limitations (58.9%), convenience (58.2%) and taste (52.5%). The majority of participants were concerned about health (93.3%), with almost half of the total sample being always concerned. The majority of participants indicated concern about overweight and obesity (44.3%). Seventy-eight percent of participants indicated that they would choose a healthier option, if available. Television provided the most effective media influence on food choices. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study show a clear discrepancy between fast-food intake and health consciousness, indicating a gap between knowledge and practice. In the light of the spread of the obesity epidemic in South Africa, further research on fast-food consumption in other areas in South Africa and in other age groups (especially children and adolescents) is strongly recommended.

Thesis (MComm (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current subsidy system, designed to make South Africa’s public transport more affordable, has instead contributed to a worsening of the existent neglected state of affairs. Although subsidy policies are in place, misdirected allocation renders them mostly ineffective. The implementation of the new integrated public transport systems for metropolitan areas affords an opportunity to adopt a broad spectrum approach and initiate a redesigned and improved subsidy system. The purpose of this study is to assess the South African urban public transport industry with the aim of finding by means of a system-based process a subsidy approach that will overcome the remaining inequalities of the past. This study will consequently evaluate different subsidy theories and determine which one(s) will be best suited to the demands of a specific period. The final objective is to design a product which offers government a systembased process that will help it determine, every few years, whether the subsidy regime being applied at that juncture is still relevant to the requirements of the market and/or what (new) approach is necessary to achieve social and economic wellbeing. Commuter transport in South Africa is currently in a transition phase where new public transport infrastructure is being implemented in the metropolitan cities. The current economic recession (making people’s demand more elastic to prices) present a good time to conduct the system-based process necessary for transition of the public transport system and determine an optimal subsidy approach for the new system. The first step in the system-based process was to determine the scope of work and the overall objectives that should be reached. The main public transport shortcomings are the lack of accessibility to affordable transport for the poor and increasing private transport ownership by the rich, which increases congestion and forms the second step of the systembased process. The third step stated the action plan of strategies on how the objectives could be reached. These three steps also form the basic measurement criteria against which the different subsidy approaches needed to be tested. The fourth step in the system-based process to a better subsidy approach was to evaluate different theoretical subsidy approaches. The review of different subsidy approaches has indicated that some approaches work better than others, but an optimal subsidy system is almost never found.

Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dissertation firstly outlines the findings of recent studies that have recorded the relationship between transport and economic development. This includes the assessment of a number of economic evaluation techniques that are available to predict the impact of improvements in transport on economic development. An historic overview is provided of the role that transport has played in the development of Cape Town. Due to the fact that the phases of development followed international development trends, it is concluded that development in Cape Town will follow the global trend. A number of economic growth scenarios are developed for Cape Town to assess how the City will be able to cope with the socio-demographic challenges facing it in the next century. The relationship between land price and the economic development potential of land is outlined, as are the factors that determine industrial land price, namely the demand and supply of industrial land. The process of determining the economic value of industrial land is described. This includes the collection and analysis of occupation rent of industrial townships in Cape Town, the calculation of property values and the calculation of the shadow price of land. A procedure of determining accessibility to industrial townships in Cape Town was developed. Firstly, accessibility was defined in broad terms. This was followed by a discussion of each of the elements of accessibility namely proximity, access and mobility in order to understand the factors that may impact on the level of accessibility. Finally, the level of accessibility is quantified in terms of generalised cost. A regression analysis was undertaken to establish a statistical relationship between the economic value of industrial land and accessibility to the industrial townships. The development of a numerical model was based on the regression analyses to forecast changes in industrial land price given a change in accessibility. The model was then tested on a case study. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (a) The accessibility of industrial land in Cape Town is linked closely to its CSD I Port (it was not possible to separate the CSD and the port), which is typical of a monocentric city structure. (b) There is a positive, significant, quantifiable relationship between accessibility as quantified by means of generalised cost and the economic value of industrial land, which was calculated by means of the shadow price technique. (c) There are a number of conditions that should be met for an increase in local industrial production potential to be translated into an equal amount of economic output.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proefskrif som eerstens die bevindings van onlangse studies op wat die verwantskap tussen vervoer en ekonomiese ontwikkeling dokumenteer. Dit sluit die taksering van 'n aantal ekonomiese evaluasietegnieke in wat beskikbaar is om die impak van vervoer op ekonomiese ontwikkeling te voorspel. 'n Historiese oorsig word verskaf van die rol wat vervoer gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van Kaapstad. As gevolg van die feit dat die fases van ontwikkeling in die verlede internasionale ontwikkelingstendense gevolg het, word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat Kaapstad die globalisasie markera, wat tans internasionaal gestalte kry, sal navolg. 'n Aantal ekonomiese groeiscenarios word vir Kaapstad ontwikkel ten einde te bepaal hoe die stad die sosiodemografiese uitdagings van die volgende eeu sal hanteer. Die verwantskap tussen grondprys en die ekonomiese ontwikkelingspotensiaal van grond word omskryf, asook die faktore wat industriële grondprys bepaal. Die proses van die bepaling van die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond word beskryf. Dit sluit die insamel en analise van besettingshuurdata van industriële dorpsgebiede, die berekening van eiendomswaarde en die berekening van die skaduprys van grond in. 'n Prosedure is ontwikkel vir die berekening van die toeganklikheid van industriële dorpsgebiede in Kaapstad. Eerstens is toeganklikheid in breë trekke gedefinieër. Dit is gevolg deur 'n bespreking van elk van die elemente van toeganklikheid, naamlik nabyheid, aansluiting en mobiliteit ten einde die faktore wat op die vlak van toeganklikheid mag impakteer te verstaan. Laastens is die vlak van toeganklikheid gekwantifiseer in terme van veralgemeende vervoerkoste. 'n Regressie-analise is onderneem ten einde die statistiese verwantskap tussen die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond en toeganklikheid na industriële dorpsgebiede te bepaal. Die ontwikkeling van 'n numeriese model is op die regressie-analise gebaseer ten einde veranderinge in industriële grondpryse te voorspel, gegewe 'n verandering in toeganklikheid. Die model is op 'n gevallestudie toegepas. Die vernaamste gevolgtrekkings van die studie is : (a) Die toeganklikheid van industriële grond in Kaapstad is nou gekoppel aan die sentrale sakekern I hawe (dit was nie moontlik om die sentrale sakekern en hawe te skei nie), wat tipies is van n monosentriese staduitleg. (b) Daar is n noemenswaardige positiewe kwantifiseerbare verwantskap tussen toeganklikheid, soos gekwantifiseer in terme van veralgemeende koste, en die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond wat deur middel van die skaduprystegniek bereken is. (c) Daar is 'n aantal voorwaardes waaraan voldoen moet word alvorens 'n toename in plaaslike industriële produksiepotensiaal tot 'n soortgelyke toename in ekonomiese ontwikelingspotensiaal sal lei.

In recent years growing attention of international and local water research was directed to greywater as a potential water source, as well as its significance as a possible health risk to humans and as a source of pollution. Owing to a general lack of waterborne sewage infrastructure, health risks and pollution associated with greywater generation in informal settlements are of particular concern to municipal managers. However, so far only limited information on the greywater generation, use and disposal in informal settlements is available. Using four different informal settlements in the highly urbanised eastern region of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng (also known as East Rand) this study aims to characterise selected aspects of the greywater situation as a first step towards future improvements through appropriate interventions and greywater management. Following consultations with representatives of the local municipality (colleagues of the author) the following four informal settlements with distinctly different greywater appearance were selected as study sites: • Benoni - Harry Gwala • Springs - Gugulethu • Brakpan - Mkhanca • Nigel- Soul City As part of the reconnaissance phase of the study, each site was visited and field observations on infrastructure, habits and other greywater related aspects were made and suitable households for subsequent interviews were identified. In each settlement a total of 25 households were chosen and a representative interviewed using a pre-designed questionnaire comprising eight sections, four sections covering the following aspects: access to and sources of water, general sanitary situation, water use and associated generation as well as disposal of greywater. Interviews were conducted between November 2006 and August 2007 and varied in duration between 20 and 30 minutes per interviewee totalling close to 48 hours. They were either conducted in Zulu or South Sotho, the most widely spoken languages of the interviewed residents. Answers were recorded in English on site. Results were subsequently captured in EXCEL and statistically evaluated. The average volume of greywater generated by the four different water usages, Le. bathing, cleaning, laundry washing and dish washing varies from 35 to 60 /household/day. With each household comprising an average of four people (two children and two adults) this equals a greywater generation rate of approx. 9 to 15 l/person/day and is somewhat lower than reported in comparable studies in South Africa. Owing to the fact that all volume data are estimates, a comparatively large margin of error is to be expected, explaining why in some cases more water was estimated to be used than was actually fetched. Water use volume was found to be influenced by the availability of stand pipes and in one case was supplemented by collected rain water. Generally, however, water was not perceived to be a problematic issue compared to more pressing needs such as housing, unemployment etc. Washing of cloths in all settlements was found to be the single most important source of greywater generation accounting for a third to almost half of all greywater generated. The smallest contribution comes from water used for cleaning (approx. 10%) while bathing and washing dishes accounts for equal proportions of the reminder. Chemical and microbiological analyses of greywater, sampled at selected sites across the four study areas, revealed significant variations in quality between the different sites, without allowing for clear distinctions between the impacts of different brands of detergents such as soaps, washing powder and dish washing liquids. Contrary to literature E-coli contamination was found not be confined to bath and kitchen waste water only, but also appeared in laundry water, frequently exceeding values stipulated in the general standards of waste water or effluent in South Africa This is of particular concerns since some of the greywater is disposed of into stormwater canals and in other non-formal ways, that allow for subsequent exposure of humans to the contaminated waste water. In order to facilitate rapid drainage in some instances respondents created their own greywater disposal infrastructure e.g. by digging open waste water trenches across backyard borders. Regarding potential health risks it is to be noted that at least one respondent reported the use of the water resource (Blesbokspruit) as toilet facility. Apart from the actual findings the study also revealed the importance of an appropriate research design and conduct that addresses the peculiarities of an informal setting. This includes overcoming logistic challenges such as limited accessibility of the study sites during wet seasons owing to flooded and muddy roads, safety and security issues as well as difficulties to conduct indoor interviews owing to a lack of light (no windows, no electricity) leading to low temperatures in winter limiting interview duration. In addition to this socio-cultural aspects and attitudes of respondents have to be taken into account in order to obtain true reflections of facts through interviewing. In this regard it was helpful that the author, as a black female, was familiar with certain customs and perceptions regarding sensitive issues such as use of toilets, connotations of muti (= a traditional medicine that may be included in bathwater as a constituent) etc. Being aware of these peculiarities allowed the author to detect and explain differences between statements obtained from the respondents and her own observations.
Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Municipal solid waste management systems (MSWMS) comprise of waste generation, segregation at the point of generation, collection, transportation and disposal at the landfill. The municipalities in South Africa were mandated by the constitution of the country to provide a number of basic services including solid waste management to their citizens. A rapid increase in municipal waste volumes is a problem in urban areas resulting in mushrooming illegal dumps. The aims of this study were to evaluate the municipal solid waste management system implemented by City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Mamelodi East, identify the challenges within the system and explain the practice of illegal dumping by residents of Mamelodi East. This was achieved through a descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted using qualitative data collection methods. The data was collected through interviews with key informants (two municipal officials and one waste removal contractor) and the waste removal process was observed and photographed. The illegal dumps were mapped and photographed and those of high public health concern were identified. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to the residents living closest to identified dump sites. The analysis revealed that the system implemented by City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality included regular door to door and communal collection of waste from the residents, transportation of collected waste to Hetherley landfill and disposal. About 21 illegal dumps were identified, mapped and photographed, and nine of them were considered to pose health risk to the residents, especially those living closest to them. It was discovered that these residents were not happy with the illegal dump next to their yards and recommend that the sites be used for beneficial purpose. Shortcomings included a lack of an updated waste management plan; lack of waste minimization strategy including the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle); and lack of public awareness and involvement in waste management issues. No measures are implemented for prevention of illegal dumping and the only control measure was to clean the dump sites periodically. There is a lack of law enforcement and systems overload. The researcher concluded that the MSWMS implemented in the community of Mamelodi East was inadequate. It is recommended that the community should be involved at the planning phase and all mentioned shortcomings be addressed. The waste management legislation including policies and by-laws, need to be enforced.
Dissertation (MPH)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
MPH
Unrestricted

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers the possibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level as a measure to control urban sprawl in South Africa, and specifically in the greater Cape Town area. Important issues included in the study are: international and local measures currently and previously used, relevant South African legislation that support urban edge protection, economic and ethical theories regarding urban edge protection, the measures currently implemented in Stellenbosch, an examination of special management areas and recommendations. International attempts in curbing urban sprawl dates back to post-Industrial Revolution Europe (1800s). British and American measures are compared, mostly differing in the level of public support of sustainable development. Local attempts have been limited and have not been implemented at the scale of international measures. Recently developed policies such as the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (1996) and the Bioregional Planning Framework (2000) are more directly focussed on sustainable development than previous policies (e.g. guide plans and structure plans) have been. The Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework proposes the demarcation of urban edges in the Cape Metropolitan Region, while the Bioregional Planning Framework is intent on dividing the Western Cape Province into bioregions. The Bioregional Planning Framework originated the use of special management areas to control development in rural (agricultural and natural) areas. The idea of this study is to measure the feasibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level, in conjunction with both the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework and the Bioregional Planning Framework, to protect the urban edge. This study concludes by disproving its hypothesis: special management areas have limited applicability as a general urban edge control measure at metropolitan level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie oorweeg die moontlike gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas in Suid-Afrika, en spesifiek in die groter Kaapstad gebied as maatreël vir die bekamping van stadskruip. Belangrike kwessies wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is: internasionale en plaaslike maatreëls wat tans en in die verlede gebruik is om stadsgrense the beskerm, relevante Suid- Afrikaanse wetgewing wat die beskerming van stadsgrense ondersteun, toepaslike ekonomiese en etiese teorieë, maatreëls wat tans deur Stellenbosch geïmplementeer word, 'n ondersoek na spesiale bestuursareas, en voorstelle vir toekomstige beleid. Internasionale pogings om stadskruip te bekamp dateer uit die post-Industriële Revolusie era in Europa (1800s). Britse en Amerikaanse maatreëls is vergelyk. Die mees merkbare verskil tussen dié twee lande lê in die vlak van openbare steun vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Die omvang van plaaslike pogings was in die verlede beperk tot gids- en struktuurplanne, wat nie veel beskerming aan die rand van die stad gebied het nie. Beleide wat onlangs ontwikkel is (die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk) fokus meer direk op volhoubare ontwikkeling as hul voorgangers. Die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk (1996) stel die afbakening van stadsgrense voor, terwyl die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk (2000) voorstel dat die Wes- Kaapse Provinsie in biostreke verdeel word. Die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk het oorspronklik die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas voorgestel om ontwikkeling in landelike (landbou en natuurlike) gebiede te beheer. Die idee van hierdie studie is om die uitvoerbaarheid van die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas op metropolitaanse vlak, saam met die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk, te bepaal. Hierdie studie sluit af deur die hipotese verkeerd te bewys: spesiale bestuursareas het beperkte toepaslikheid as algemene stadsgrens beheermaatreëlop metropolitaanse vlak.

Aquatic weeds transform and degrade the ecosystems which they invade, impacting various aspects of their surroundings ranging from the community level to disrupting important processes affecting ecosystem services. All of the major aquatic weeds of South Africa are found in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area. Landowners, whether private or public, are legally obliged to manage the listed invasive species through applying environmentally acceptable methodologies. This thesis provides an overview of the strategic management options, prevention, early detection, rapid response and eradication of new invasions, and containment and control species of established species. It discusses the different control methods available for managing aquatic weeds, namely mechanical, manual, chemical and biological, and the integration of different methods to improve their effectiveness. Although various studies have shown that biological control is the most cost–effective, environmentally-friendly and sustainable method, it is not yet fully integrated into weed management programmes in South Africa. In addition, the successes achieved in other parts of the world with the control of water hyacinth through biological control have not been repeated in the urban environment, despite the fact that South Africa has the highest number of biological control agents available for the weed. Urbanisation puts pressure on the natural environment and ecosystem functioning. Nutrient-enriched waters support aquatic weed growth and pose a challenge to the management thereof, in particular with regard to integrating biological control into management programmes. The aims of this study were to determine the reasons for the lack of integration of biological control into weed management programmes in South Africa, to determine the feasibility of integrating biological control in aquatic weed management programmes in a complex urban environmental and socio-political landscape by means of three case studies in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, which showed that biological control is feasible in urban environments and should be considered. Two surveys were conducted to determine the reasons for the lack of integration of biological control into weed management programmes. The surveys showed that there is a gap between research and implementation as a result of poor communication, non-supporting institutional arrangements and a lack of appropriate capacity and skills at the implementation level. Recommendations were offered to address these issues.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Public Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014
Thousands of refugees fleeing from surrounding war-torn and destitute African countries come to South Africa hoping to live in safety. Refugee service providers play a major role in providing services to help refugees achieve self-sufficiency soon after entering the country, and the support and assistance required to rebuild their lives and integrate into South African society. The study investigated issues facing refugees in South Africa, particularly in Cape Town, and how service providers assist them in overcoming the hardships of being unprepared in a foreign country. The researcher followed a mixed methods approach, implementing both qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore services provided to refugees in Cape Town by three refugee service providers, namely the Agency for Refugee Education, Skills Training and Advocacy (ARESTA), Cape Town Refugee Centre (CTRC) and Scalabrini Centre of Cape Town (SCCT). Quantitative data was collected by administering a survey questionnaire to 120 refugees, all clients of the selected service providers, to obtain their perceptions about the services they receive. The researcher also conducted semi-structured interviews with senior staff of two of the service providers to gain insight into the services offered and challenges they face in assisting their clients. The study revealed that the majority of clients received assistance, with 75 percent of respondents reporting having received assistance and only 6.67 percent reporting not having received the requested assistance. However, some who had received services indicated too few services were on offer for them to choose from; they took what was offered although these may not have been what they really required. Reasons some refugees do not get services include lack of proper documentation and problems related to the non-availability of the services required by refugees. This is largely due to insufficient funding to provide needed services, and results in refugee service providers either serving only a few people or providing insufficient aid. The study highlights good practices, suggests improvements and concludes with recommendations for the key stakeholders concerned.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various spatial development frameworks are currently being drafted to lead the spatial development patterns of concentrated activities within municipalities and metropoles. The assignment studies the spatial development framework of the Cape Metropole as well as those of the Tygerberg and Cape Town municipalities. An analyses of the different locations and characteristics of the corridors and nodes in these models is made. There are however nodes that are not proposed on the spatial development frameworks but have nevertheless been approved for. development. A comparison of the corridor model is made within the frameworks of the mentioned municipalities. A study is done on whether the corridor model is totally ignored by local authorities or whether it only differs in detail. The effect of the Century City node, which was not proposed in the spatial development frameworks on the development of corridors, is discussed. Backgroud information on the origin and functions of corridors and nodes is gathered through analyses of international examples. Comparison is drawn between these precidents and the Cape Metropole proposals to evaluate their applicability. The conclusion is drawn that the municipalities' and metropole's spatial development frameworks are based on the same principle but differ in their detail structure. Many of the recommendations that are made in the spatial frameworks are difficult to implement. The approval of nodes such as Century City which are not proposed on the frameworks have a negative influence on the economic growth and development of future nodes and corridors as envisaged. Proposals on how to strengthen the implementation process of spatial development frameworks and a possible process for the approval of potential nodes are given.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is verskillende ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke wat tans opgestel word om die ruimtelike verspreidingspatrone van gekonsentreerde aktiwiteite binne munisipaliteite en metropole te lei. Die werkstuk ondersoek die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke van die Kaapse Metropool asook die munisipaliteite van Tygerberg en Kaapstad. Die korridors en nodusse wat in die modelle voorgestel word, word ontleed in terme van hul eienskappe en verskillende liggings. Daar is nogtans nodusse wat nie in hierdie ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie, maar dit is nieteenstaande goedgekeur vir ontwikkeling. Die werkstuk vergelyk die korridormodel van die Kaapse Metropool (Metropolitaanse Ontwikkelingsraamwerk) met die munisipaliteite se ontwikkelingsraamwerke.Daar word ondersoek of die korridormodel van die metropool heeltemal deur plaaslike owerhede verwerp word of dit net in detail verskil. Die effek van die Century City nodus, wat nie in die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel is nie, op die ontwikkeling van korridors word ook bespreek. Voorbeelde van internasionale stede word ontleed om agtergrond oor die ontstaan en funksies van korridors en nodusse in te samel. Daarna word bepaal hoe dit op die Kaapse Metropool toegepas kan word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat al drie raamwerke op dieselfde beginsel gebaseer is maar in detail verskil Daar word baie voorstelle binne die raamwerke gemaak wat moeilik is om te implementeer. Die goedkeuring van nodusse soos Century City wat nie binne die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie, het 'n negatiewe invloed op die ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling van die voorgestelde nodusse en korridors. Aanbevelings oor hoe om die implementeringsproses van die raamwerke te ondersteun word gemaak en ook 'n moontlike goedkeuringsproses vir nodusse wat nie binne die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie.

DISCOURSE submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE in Development Planning at the UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND
This discourse investigates nature and the needs of global city development. It does this, through both theoretical and empirical research into this phenomenon, peculiar to the late twentieth century. The first part of the work explores the theoretical underpinnings of 'global city thesis'. and its host dominant critique, the 'dual city thesis'. Following this, an empirical assessment of the concept's relevance to Southern Africa's development is performed. For this purpose, the most dominant locality in the region, Central Gauteng, is analysed in terms of its potential for, and the problems involved with global city development in a middle-income country. It is found that global city development here would be desirable for both Central Gauteng and the greater SADC. By establishing Central Gauteng as a global city, the region would be empowered to take greater control over its economic destiny. The path this development would, by necessity take, is the promotion of the locality as the 'Gateway to Africa'. Based on this orientation several development planning proposals are presented.
Andrew Chakane 2019

The importance of developing the rural and urban areas in an integrated manner is a fact that can no longer be ignored by not only the proponents of the development planning approach, but by all the governments in the developing world. The long history of separate development has left scars on the planning system in South Africa, and this poses serious challenges to the new democratic state, particularly the local government sphere that has to ensure redress of the previous imbalances and inequalities. Through democratic local governance and active community participation in the development of rural and urban areas, some of the fruit of integrated development planning can be realised. The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality case study shows that there is an interface between the rural and urban areas. The methodology employed enabled a more comprehensive analysis of the key areas where the rural and urban areas interface as well as the interventions that could foster the interaction between rural and urban areas. Although the development of rural and urban areas should be prioritised, developing the rural areas is perceived to be more urgent due to their history of underdevelopment during the apartheid era. Therefore development initiatives should be guided by the local context as well as the actual needs identified by communities.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

Food waste has been proclaimed to be the key issue of concern that has drawn the attention of national and international scientific communities. This is due to changes in food systems and global situations. The issue of food waste is important because a large amount of food is being wasted during the production and distribution of food. One-third of food produced globally is wasted or lost from farm to fork. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the factors that contribute to generation of household food waste. The evaluation was done using face-to-face interviews based on a structured questionnaire and the actual weighing of households’ food wasted was quantified using a weighing kitchen scale. A total of 210 participants were interviewed. Food waste samples were collected from five selected study areas of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM): Atteridgeville Ext 6, 16 and 17, Lyttelton, Montana Park, Olievenhoutbosch Ext 36 and Silver Lakes Golf Estate, in Gauteng province, South Africa. The acquired data was captured into Microsoft Excel, and analysed. The chi-square statistical test was done using SAS statistical software. Out of 210 interviewed participants, 55% of the households had a monthly income of R10 000+ and 45% had a monthly income of less than R10 000. A total of 59% of respondents agreed that they wasted food, while 41% thought they did not waste food at all. The results also show that 35% of households included in the survey in selected areas of the CTMM threw away pap (referred as maize porridge), 26% wasted rice, 25% bread and 14% fruit and vegetables. Households wasted an average total of 6 kg per week per household. This was attributed to over preparation of porridge and rice; buying too much food; falling for special offers; poor storage; food residue, and fruit and vegetables going off. Households with a monthly income of R500 - R5 000 wasted more food than households with an income of more than R5 000. As such, it can be concluded that income has an impact on the amount of food wasted within the selected areas of CTMM. Moreover, analysis of the data confirmed that there is a statistically significant relationship between income level and food waste. The statistical chi-square test was applied and a probability value (p-value) of < 0.0001 was obtained, indicating that the difference between income categories was more than just a random pattern. (Note that any p-value of < 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant, i.e. an indication of an underlying consistent, non-random pattern.)
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

M.Ed.
The phenomenon of HIV/AIDS is not restricted to the medical and behavioural sciences. The social implications of what is labelled as a pandemic, has influenced both sufferers and those in their realm of social intercourse. Education has become one of the most important strategies in an attempt to arrest the spread of the virus. The National Curriculum Statement compels educators to integrate HIV/AIDS across the whole school curriculum. The needs of educators, learners and the community must be considered in a cross-curricular HIV/AIDS education program. A quantitative survey placed focus on educator questionnaires from which a situation analysis was drawn. The research indicated that 72 (n=72) participants contributed to the study. In the study for n=72, 76.4% were female and 23.6% male. The majority of the participants indicated their ethnicity as white (95.8%) with the remaining 4.2% indicating their ethnicity to be, Black, Indian or Coloured. It was found that an integration of HIV/AIDS through an inter-disciplinary approach in the curriculum of secondary schools is not convincingly implemented. In general it was found that educators consider the integration of HIV/AIDS into the curriculum as an imperative part of education. The emphasis of integrating HIV/AIDS into the curriculum does not replace the role of parental intervention strategies in educating adolescents on the dangers of high risk health behaviour. Thus, much emphasis is placed on values education as a priority in HIV/AIDS prevention strategies to be implemented in the curriculum. Secondly, it was found that the majority of respondents show a positive attitude and willingness to the integration of HIV/AIDS across the curriculum. In support of this inference, it was found that the majority of the participants believe that HIV/AIDS should not only be addressed in the Life Orientation class and most educators supported the concept of addressing HIV/AIDS throughout the curriculum. Thirdly, it was clear that learner receptiveness towards HIV/AIDS education can be perceived as positive. However, the inference can be made that attitudes towards the HIV/AIDS stigma and prejudice is not successfully addressed in the current intervention initiatives. Fourthly, the majority of educators indicated that the formal resources for teaching (viz. the textbook) did not include much relevant material on HIV/AIDS and that most educators employed the printed media as main source of information for their lessons. Furthermore, support of educators, especially through the integration of peer group leaders that should discuss the dangers of high risk behaviour with learners, is clear. Finally, the premise that an inter-disciplinary approach to HIV/AIDS (as well as other themes of education) is the underpinning element of authentic education, is strongly supported.
Dr. M.C. van Loggerenberg

The research study has been undertaken to assist metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng, South Africa with a conceptual framework and guide in terms of how they should conduct performance monitoring and evaluation [PME], Impact Evaluation (IE) – of the United Nations [UN] Millennium Development Goals [MDGs] with regards to the provision of minimum basic service in Urban Informal Settlements [UIS] in the three identified metropolitan municipalities of Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg and Tshwane. In pursuit of meeting the objectives of this study, both qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted. Important salient thematic analysis regarding performance monitoring and evaluation were located in existing legislation, public administration texts and in other management theories associated with the discipline and domain of Public Administration. The study has seven objectives: a) to locate the concept of performance monitoring and evaluation [PME] in the Discipline of Public Administration; b) to discuss and extrapolate the essence of PME, analyse the policy framework that guides PME systems in the South African context and in particular the local sphere of government; c) to discuss the international PME systems in the public sector and consider lessons that are relevant for the South African environment; d) to analyse and discuss the local sphere of government before and after democratic rule in South Africa with special reference to the evolution of local government legislation; e) to discuss and extrapolate current issues in the South African local government sphere with special focus on community participation, municipal demarcation concerns, protest action in municipalities; f) to conduct an empirical study, investigate and compare using two sets of survey questionnaires - by assessing the Impact Evaluation [IE] on the delivery of basic minimum services [i.e. electricity, water, sanitation and waste collection/removal] in the three identified municipalities against set targets determined by Statistics South Africa Census 2001&2011; Housing Development Agency [HDA] of the Department of Human Settlement [DHS] and Millennium Development Goals [MDGs] – in the South African context; and g) to discuss practical considerations in institutionalising PME processes in local government and propose recommendations with guidelines for an effective and efficient PME system in the local government sphere in Gauteng, South Africa. In achieving these objectives, the ultimate aim of the Thesis is to make recommendations for an effective and efficient PME system in the local government sphere in Gauteng, South Africa – which will ensure that the performance monitoring and evaluation introduced by the South African government, through the “Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation system” [GWM&E] under the Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation [DPME] in municipalities and in particular metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng Province - affects delivery of minimum basic services in informal settlements. Sample surveys were preferred in the method. The purpose of a sample survey is to collect standardised information from a carefully selected sample of respondents. This type of survey is carried out by means of a structured instrument such as a questionnaire or observation guide – for purposes of the current study, a structured questionnaire was used. Sample surveys are appropriate when the research design requires comparable information about a relatively large number of subjects – which is the situation in UIS. A total of 395 surveys were conducted, analysed and processed from the three metropolitan municipalities. The sample consists of three city managers and 392 randomly selected participants in UIS in the three selected metropolitan municipalities of Ekurhuleni; Johannesburg and Tshwane.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
School of Public Management and Administration
PhD
Unrestricted

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of the Built Environment in Housing. APRIL 2016
One of the most critical housing issues of concern today is the continued proliferation of informal settlements and the failure of government to meet the housing demand. Party to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which includes the goal to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 introduced the Upgrading of Informal Settlements Programme (UISP). Despite the introduction of this new paradigm shift, its implementation has been minimal. This report investigates: if metropolitan municipalities are implementing the programme and the underlying challenges faced by municipalities in implementation. The study points to the importance of the 5 crucial variables: Policy content, context, commitment, capacity and coalitions and clients in implementation. The research made use of qualitative methods, which included literature review of books, academic and media articles. The people interviewed comprised of political leaders, both senior and junior officials of the Municipalities and former employees of the City of Johannesburg, all tasked with informal settlement intervention implementation. The data collected was analysed using cross comparison between the various municipal officials’ responses, evaluating officials’ interpretation against policy interpretation, analysing the complexities of the policy, teasing out the comparisons, summarising data in order to make sense of what has been collected, identifying and classifying key concepts that emerge from the interviews, sorting data obtained through semi-structured interviews into smaller units in order to interpret how the two municipalities interpret and implement the programme (Gray, 2004:210), categorising data in order to understand the funding mechanisms used by the various municipalities and using the key concepts for descriptive analysis. Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that the Municipality has not been implementing UISP as per the housing code, however it has been utilising formalisation as an intervention in its informal settlement. The findings of the current study provide answers to the guiding research questions on whether municipalities are implementing UISP and interventions within the two municipalities. The conclusion is that both municipalities are not implementing UISP. However they have their own interventions which are biased toward the realities of project managers rather than the organized informal settlement communities thus disconnecting from the premise of UISP. The envisaged limitation was getting hold of municipal officials as this research was conducted in the first quarter of the new financial year and municipal officials were engaged in strategic meetings. This is an unfortunate limitation that could not be avoided therefore interviews especially in EMM were not carried out as planned but as and when the contact persons were available. This resulted in only 5 officials being interviewed as compared to the anticipated number. Secondly, one of the municipalities that the research was conducted on was reluctant to give out information.

MPH
Department of Public Health
The abuse of substances among the youth is a global health problem which has a negative impact on their health and wellbeing, families, educational and professional life, as well as communities and limits their hopes and dreams. An estimated 246 million persons globally (about one out of twenty people) between 15 and 64 years have abused substances in the past three years. The global drug problem has increased to such an extent that more than 1 out of 10 drug abusers is affected by either disorder or drug dependence. The aim of the study was to explore the factors contributing to substance abuse among the youth in Atteridgeville, Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The study was conducted in Atteridgeville community. Atteridgeville is a portion of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, west of Pretoria in South Africa. The design was qualitative in nature, using exploratory design. The researcher purposively chose the participants from the target population. The population and sampling method was on participants aged between 15 and 35 years, with substance abuse problem, who were referred to Atteridgeville Medical Health Centre for counselling. The researcher used a semi-structured interview guide for gathering data. In-depth interview was used to collect data. A proposed total of number of 20 participants was suggested, and it was guided by data saturation. Data was analysed by using thematic content analysis. A measure of trustworthiness was ensured. Ethical consideration was observed in this study. The findings states that substance abuse problem was identified and certainly noticed by everyone in the community. New drugs remain unchallenged, drug dealers are known, yet, not a single law enforcement institution attempt to raid their houses to search and arrest them. Community involvement is not enough to end the scourge of substance abuse problems in the community. Some police officers were identified and known to be part of drug dealings or have family relatives who are drug dealers. The researcher therefore recommends that parents should be involved in the community forums to deal with substance abuse problems. The community policing and law enforcement should be equipped by developing a tactical team specifically looking at the drug problems in the local communities. In conclusion, the research revealed that, South African citizens are people who see a problem happening but lacks to implement strategies to deal it immediately.
NRF

Text in English, with summaries in English, Xhosa and Zulu
This research was directed towards investigating if the metropolitan police mandate, as it is collectively perceived by senior metropolitan police officials in Gauteng, is constructive and aligned to the notion of a democratic South Africa. Qualitative data was collected from all metropolitan police departments in Gauteng through an extensive series of semi structured interviews. By adopting a phenomenographic research approach, collected data was transcribed, analysed and hierarchically arranged into a variety of qualitatively different but intrinsically related categories of description. From these categories of description, multiple collective understandings relating to democracy in South Africa, democratic policing and the metropolitan police role emerged. Further analysis revealed that the senior metropolitan police managers collectively fosters a significantly limited understanding of democracy, predominantly based on rudimentary and general democratic principles and values. The collective understanding participants held in relation to democratic policing was also significantly rudimentary and limited, as it principally revolved around the notion of police accountability. Again, the absence of an explicit relationship between participants and South Africa’s democracy was notable. Sequentially, it emerged that participants predominantly do not understand or perceive the metropolitan police department or its mandate as is appropriate within the framework of South Africa’s constitutional democracy. The democratic features of a preventative and proactive focus, objective professionalism and individual and situational responsiveness are thus remarkably absent from these departments. Subsequently, the metropolitan police mandate, as it is collectively perceived by senior metropolitan police officials in the Gauteng Province, is neither appropriate nor constructive to a democratic South Africa.
Olu phando lwalujoliswe ekuphandeni ukuba ingaba igunya lamapolisa esixeko, njengoko libonwa njalo ngawo wonke amagosa aphezulu obupolisa besixeko eGauteng, liyakha kwaye lingqamene na nombono woMzantsi Afrika wedemokhrasi. Kwaqokelelwa iinkcukacha zolwazi lomgangatho kuwo wonke amasebe amapolisa esixeko eGauteng, oko kusenziwa ngothotho lodliwano ndlebe olunzulu nolungaqingqwanga ncam. Kwasetyenziswa indlela yophando ejonga iimeko ngobunjalo bazo, iinkcukacha zolwazi ezaqokelelwayo zahlalutywa zacwangciswa ngokwamanqwanqwa olandelelwano, zangamaqela enkcazelo aneempawu ezingafaniyo nangona zizalana. Ukususela kula maqela enkcazelo kwaqondakala iqela lezimvo eziphathelene nedemokhrasi eMzantsi Afrika, ukugcina umthetho ngokwedemokhrasi kwaze kwavela indima yamapolisa esixeko. Uhlalutyo lwaqhuba lwavelisa ukuba abaphathi bamapolisa esixeko ewonke abonakalisa ukungayiqondi kakuhle idemokhrasi, ikakhulu asekeleze iinqobo ezingacolekanga zedemokhrasi. Uluvo lwabo bonke abathathi nxaxheba xa luthelekiswa nokugcina umthetho ngokwedemokhrasi lwafumaniseka ukuba nalo alucolekanga ngaye lulwazana oluncinci, kuba lwalungqonge ingcinga yokuba amapolisa amele izenzo zawo. Ngaphezu koko, kwaqapheleka ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi kwabathathi nxaxheba nedemokhrasi yoMzantsi Afrika. Okulandelayo yaba kukuqaphela ukuba abathathi nxaxheba abaliqondi iSebe okanye igunya lamapolisa esixeko njengoko libekiwe kwisakhelo sedemokhrasi yoMgaqo Siseko yoMzantsi Afrika. Azikho kwaphela kula maSebe iimpawu zedemokhrasi zokuthintela nokulungiselela kungekaqhambuki bubi, ukusebenza kakuhle nokuvelela izinto macala onke kwanokukwazi ukusabela kwimeko ethile. Ngoko ke, igunya lamapolisa esixeko, njengoko libonwa njalo ngawo wonke amagosa aphezulu amapolisa esixeko kwiPhondo iGauteng, alifanelekanga kwaye aliwakhi uMzantsi Afrika wedemokhrasi.
Lolu cwaningo lwaluqondiswe ekuhloleni ukuthi isijubo samaphoyisa edolobhakazi, ngendlela esibonwa ngayo yizikhulu zasemaphoyiseni edolobhakazi eGauteng singesakhayo na nokuthi siyahambisana yini nombono weNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi. Imininingwane yocwaningo emayelana namaqiniso yaqoqwa kuyo yonke iminyango yamaphoyisa edolobhakazi eGauteng ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge olubanzi lwezingxoxo ezihleliwe. Ngokulandela indlela yocwaningo ebheka ukuthi abantu bacabangani noma bayithola injani into ethile, imininingwane eqoqiwe yashicilelwa yaba ngumbhalo, yahlaziywa yabe seyihlelwa ngokulandelana kokukhula kwayo yaba yizinhlobonhlobo zemikhakha yencazelo engamazingahle ahlukahlukene kodwa futhi zibe zihlobene ngokwemvelo. Kule mikhakha yencazelo, kuvele ukuqonda okwahlukene kaningi eqoqweni elilodwa ngokufanayo maqondana nentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqapha okuhambisana nentando yeningi kanye nendima edlalwa ngamaphoyisa edolobhakazi. Olunye uhlaziyo luveze ukuthi izikhulu zasemaphoyiseni edolobhakazi, ngokuhlanganyela, zinokuqonda okunomkhawulo maqondana nentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi kokuphathelene nemigomo nezimiso ezejwayelekile zentando yeningi. Ukuqonda kweqoqo lababambiqhaza ngokuhlanganyela maqondana nokuqapha okuhambisana nentando yeningi nakho kwaba ngokwejwayeleke kakhulu futhi kwaba nomkhawulo, njengoba kwakugxile kakhulu embonweni wokuziphedulela kwamaphoyisa. Kanti okunye, ukungabi khona kobudlelwano obucacile phakathi kwababambiqhaza kanye nentando yeningi yeNingizimu Afrika nakho kwabonakala. Okwalandela lapho kwaba ngukuthi ababambiqhaza abaningi abaqondi kahle kumbe babona umnyango wamaphoyisa edolobhakazi noma isijubo sawo njengefanelekile ngokohlaka lwentando yeningi yeNingizimu Afrika elandela umthethosisekelo. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezihambisana nentando yeningi maqondana nokugxila ekuvimbeleni nasekwenzeni izinto ngaphandle kokutshelwa, ukuqeqesheka kahle ngokubheka wonke amacala kanye nokubhekana nezinto eziqondene nomuntu ngamunye noma nezimo, azitholakali kule minyango. Ngenxa yalokho, isijubo samaphoyisa edolobhakazi, ngendlela esibonwa ngayo yizikhulu zasemaphoyiseni edolobhakazi esifundazweni saseGauteng, singesingafanelekile nesingakhi eNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi.
Police Practice
D. Lit. et Phil. (Police Science)

The aim of the project was to study the mineral, chemical and morphological characteristics of the fallout dust samples. The dust fallout samples were collected at five different sites following the internationally accepted standard procedure for collection and analysis, South African National Standard and American Standard for Testing Methods (ASTM) D1739-98 (2010). Passive single buckets containing ¾ of distilled water and 10.0 ml of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution, hoisted at a height of about 2.5 m were exposed from March – June 2013 and were collected every month, taken to the laboratory for characterization. First, the samples were filtered and mass concentrations per month were gravimetrically measured. The samples were then prepared for further characterization by the MicroScan Particle Analyser (MSPA)(Microscope UOP UB 100j) which measured the mineral content and the Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X- ray (SEM - EDX) measured the images of different particles (size, shape) and their elemental content. The results from the MicroScan analysis showed the prevalence of sandy rounded-shaped quartz (SiO2) particles across all sites. Minerals detected within the crustal material at all sites were quartz (SiO2), haematite (Fe; Fe2O3; Al2O3), feldspar (Na, K, Mg, Ca: AI2Si2O8), garnet (SiO4), aluminium silicates (AI2Si2O8) and calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH)2]. Evidently, sites A, B and C dominated the abundance of these minerals. On the other hand, sites D and E showed fine and rounded quartz and quartzite with various trace metal oxides. Measured elements in decreasing concentrations were Si, Ca, P, Al, K, S, Fe, Cu, Ti and Mg. Both coarse particle (2.5 - 10.0 μm) and fine particle sizes ranges (< 1.0 to 2.5 μm) were detected. Large irregular shaped particles sizes were common and were linked to crustal material. The results provide good baseline information which requires further characterization of samples by different analytical techniques and validation of possible sources. The ICP-MS was used to determine the elemental composition of dust fallout and the mean concentration of the elements of concern ranged from 1.1 - 2.6 for As, 0.2 - 0.6 for Cd, 17.0 - 21.9 for Ni, 449.8 - 751.1 for Pb, 9.9 - 22.3 for V and 101.7 - 293.0 μg/m3 for Zn. The elements such as Cd exceeded the set limit 0.005 μg/m3 by OSHA (2015) and NIOSH (2007); Pb exceeded the set standard of 0.5 μg/m3 set by OSHA (2015), NIOSH (2007), WHO (2000), USEPA (2012) and DEA (2013). The rest of the elements fell within the set guidelines by various regulatory national and international bodies. The study concludes that, although, all the sampling sites recorded the dust fallout rates within the SANS 1929 (2011) and DEA (2013) average RESIDENTIAL limit of 600 mg/m2/day, the future accumulation and exceedances cannot be ruled out owing to the increasing developments in urban areas
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

The research study focused on the service delivery challenges regarding water and sanitation in the Gauteng Province. Two metropolitan municipalities including the City of Johannesburg and the City of Tshwane were investigated and used for this research study. The study used a qualitative research design and the methodology includes literature reviews and structured interviews to highlight the challenges from an international, South African, and provincial perspective, particularly in Gauteng. An interview schedule was developed and structured interviews were conducted to collect primary data from the selected participants. Although the literature review conducted indicate that the provision of water and sanitation in the Gauteng Province had improved, significant challenges remain. Areas such as informal settlements are still experiencing shortcomings as compared to the metropolitan areas. Institutional challenges such as a lack of appropriate skills still exist. Other challenges such as poor financial management and non-payment for services by the communities persist. Furthermore, the literature indicates that community protests over basic services occur more in the Gauteng Province than in other provinces. This indicates that the challenges of providing basic services such as water and sanitation are still persistent. To deal with the challenges of providing water and sanitation services, the government and agencies involved in the provision of these services implemented several measures. To alleviate the challenges, not only government help is needed, but also help from other sectors, including non-governmental organisations, agencies, and communities. The findings of this study might assist the municipalities to improve the services through its recommendations. The study is also meant to help public officials and political office bearers to understand the dynamics and challenges they are faced with when carrying out their duties. This study will be used to add to the current literature on the basic service delivery challenges in the Gauteng Province, it will also contribute to academic and government related publications for further references and broadens research on the subject.
Public Administration
M. Admin. (Public Administration)

A Master’s degree research report presented in partial fulfilment for the award of Master of Management in Public Policy At University of the Witwatersrand, Wits School of Governance
Preschool education is arguably one of the most important phases of education throughout the entire education system. This research report was aimed at exploring broad implications of dissemination of public funds (or lack thereof) in the earliest years of learning, what is generally known as Early Childhood Development Education. It found that whilst current public funding modalities have played a tremendous role in helping ECD practitioners reach more children, the magnitude of these funds and overall investments on the sector have been very little. Of the three sub-categories of ECD centres (registered, unregistered, and Grade R) sampled in this study, the latter was found to have gained the most from the recent increases (albeit small) in funding of ECDs. The study found that a large majority (80%) of preschool practitioners know about funding support offered by the state, however, they were not sure how it was allocated, and how they could access it. Central to the findings of this research report is the turbulent policy environment that the ECD sector has been facing due to uncoordinated interventions which only culminated into a single overarching draft national policy of 2015, which is still under scrutiny. Second to this, are the structural and operational challenges such as inadequate monitoring and evaluation of preschools by government, poor management of financial records by preschools, lack of adequate infrastructure and learning materials, and widespread red tape in registration and application of funds processes.
MT2017

D.Phil.
Authors and researchers from disciplines studying the relationship between social processes and spatial patterns agree that the characteristics of society, specifically the divisions within society, are mirrored in the residential structure of the city. The transformation of the former into discernible patterns of residential differentiation is effected by four mechanisms. These are residential mobility, the housing market, institutions and socio-spatial engineering, i.e. the manipulation of social and spatial structures by those in power to achieve certain social and political-ideological goals. The purpose of this study is firstly, to analyse the functioning of the mechanisms which shape the residential structure and secondly, to describe the divisions in society, i.e. , the socio-political basis of the South African metropolis, against the backdrop of its spatial implications on the residential structure. Thirdly, to describe the characteristics of the structure in terms of its spatial patterns and distinctive characteristics and lastly, to construct an explanatory model of the structure...

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2017.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa (SA) contribute significantly to job creation, wealth, social stability, economic growth and reduction of poverty. While research has been conducted, with regard to customer’s perception for entire world, not too many studies have focused on the automotive sector, with specific reference to the Durban Metropolitan areas. Therefore the understanding of the factors affecting Automotive SMEs are clearly defined and explained, in order to help entrepreneurs to improve product quality and attract customers to the business. Furthermore, the study focused on examining the customers’ perceptions towards product quality. The research sample was selected using convenience sampling because populations are easily available to the researcher. The target population for this study were all owners of SMEs in the automotive sector in Durban. Based on the census study, the sample size of the study was 120 owners of the SMEs in the Durban Metropolitan Areas. A combined method of both quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed, while the analysis of data was done using the Statistics Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 23.0, with the result presented by figures developed in Microsoft Excel and cross tabulation tables. Various techniques were tested such as (Pearson Chi-square Test, qualitative analysis and, factor analysis). However, the report based on testing techniques were as follows: The result of the gender participants of males were greater than females who participated in the study. Therefore, the Pearson Chi-square Test was done and the result state that p = .000. Qualitative analysis was tested and the result report of “what exactly are the customers’ perceptions towards product quality in the business”. However, the result of the qualitative analysis shows that the larger number of the respondents, they felt that “good customer service” were their customers’ perceptions in the study. Factor analysis was also tested using KMO and Bartlett’s Test to present results. The result of Bartleytt’s Test of Sphericity was = 212.800; Sig = .000 this indicated that the data were appropriate for the purpose of factors analysis. The result of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy was = .609. This result shows that there were sufficient items for each factor. The findings of the study revealed that lack of managerial skills and development negatively compromises product quality of the automotive sector. The findings further revealed that creativity and necessary entrepreneurial skills influence implementation of sustainable growth of SMEs, and the entrepreneur’s success depends on the identification of crucial entrepreneurial skills for starting a business as well as for helping the business to survive and grow in the early stages. Therefore, capacity building for SME owners to sustain business growth is recommended. The results of the study further revealed that the absence of financial support from financial institutions delays the improvement of stock in the business as this is an obstacle resulting in the unsustainability of the SMEs in the long term.
M

This study explores the representation of women in leadership positions in Metropolitan Police Departments (MPDs). Historically, the police career was male dominated and women were not allowed to work in the police. Democracy, changes in law, and societal beliefs opened policing as a career to women. Various legal frameworks provide for gender equality, therefore equal gender representation in the workplace is a developmental goal in South Africa. The Commission on Employment Equity (CEE, 2015) of South Africa reported that women comprised 44.8% of the economically active population, yet males were still in charge of senior management positions in South African companies. The 2015 South African Employment Equity Report indicates that women hold only 29.5% of top level management positions and 30.7% of senior management positions (CEE, 2015). These results are lower than the government’s mandated target of 44.4% management positions reserved for women. The MPDs (2017) indicated that, out of a sample of 600 women, 91 are in leadership positions. The current gender representation in MPDs’ leadership positions forms this study’s problem statement. This study is qualitative in nature. Twenty-five South African women from the Gauteng Province from Ekurhuleni, Tshwane, and Johannesburg MPDs were interviewed. The transformative approach was used to inquire on participants’ experiences and views about gender representation, as well as women’s advancement to leadership positions in the MPDs. Data were analysed using Atlas.ti™. The results showed that culture, stereotypes, and physical fitness were perceived as barriers that hindered the representation of women in leadership positions. Furthermore, sexual and verbal harassment, bullying, discrimination against female officers at the workplace, and unimplemented policies and procedures were also hindrances. The participants recommended that the South African MPDs review human resource practices and policies to promote a positive and constructive work environment for all employees.
Police Practice
D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in Industrial Sociology in the Graduate School for the Humanities, Social Sciences and Education in the faculty of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand November 2016
The study pursues the examination of transition in peri-urban areas through the case study of Midvaal Local Municipality. Peri-urban areas are experiencing a transition from rural urban coexistence to urban dominance. The peri-urban urban concept remains a complex one to define. Peri-urban concept has been accepted to mean the urban and rural linkages that are mutually reinforcing. Literature has reflected on urban bias developments of peri-urban areas with rural function being subdued. There is evidence of competing tensions between rural and urban functions. These tensions arise from competing interests such as residential estate developments and industrialisation of peri-urban zones. The study explores the urban bias extended to peri-urban zones that has potential to underscore rural functions, such as farming. Theoretical constructs assist to contextualise the transition in the peri-urban areas. There is convergence in the body of literature over transition of the peri-urban areas albeit not homogeneous. Unique country and within country transition of peri-urban zones make it difficult to forecast growth trajectory of peri-urban zones. The study finds that peri-urban developments have taken an affluent development trend, redefining the peri-urban as zones of high consumption. It is established that ultra-rich people are attracted to Midvaal. Accordingly, there are exclusive upmarket estates, namely, Eye of Africa golfing estate and Blue Saddle Ranches equestrian estate. These affluent development trends fracture the conceptualisation of peri-urban areas as vulnerable, poor areas that are a consequence of urban sprawl. Some of the pro-urban developments in periurban areas results in irrecoverable loss of agricultural land. Often, urban bias functions influence the neighbouring farm portions through land use or even influence price of land in these zones. There is an appeal of middle and upper class to peri-urban zones owing to country nostalgia, cheap land, security, recreation, ambiance, tranquillity and anti-urbanism. Peri-urban areas are being redefined along class lines in the South African socio-economic context. Racial property ownership patterns have been replaced by class patterns. The study establishes that ownership patterns within the estates under study are above the middle class income bracket of South Africa, rather a preserve of the affluent. The study establishes that Midvaal Municipality consents to the development of estates. There is an underlying motivation for the local authorities to be amenable to the upmarket estate developments. The municipality is actuated by revenue linked to upmarket residential estate developments. Developments of these estates inject revenue growth in the area. Upfront, developers invest in the laying of bulk infrastructure which is later taken over by the municipality. This type of relationship, if not guarded may yield elite capture of peri-urban. Development trends in peri-urban areas are not homogeneous. Some peri-urban zones still reflect a state of neglect, vulnerability and are homes of the poor. Whilst the municipality boasts being premised on agriculture strategy in its objectives as an agri-tropolis local authority, there is little evidence to suggest vibrant agriculture and contribution of same towards the GDP of the municipality. Instead, the growth path is dominated by non-agricultural functions and activities. There are contradictions and tensions of agricultural pursuit over industrial and residential developments.
MT2017

M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
Over the last eighteen years or so, the Gauteng province has attracted the greatest proportion (45.6%) of foreigners in South Africa. Along with rapid population growth, accelerated rural-urban migration and the rise of low-income houses and informal settlements, some of the District Municipalities around the City of Johannesburg and other urban centres have witnessed increased concentration of population and settlements. In many instances, the capacity of local municipalities to provide adequate infrastructure and services has been severely compromised, especially with respect to the achievement of integrated and sustainable waste management and waste minimisation interventions, including the reuse, recovery and recycling of municipal solid waste. Inevitably, local municipalities are struggling to successfully deliver effective waste management services within their jurisdiction, despite the lack of space for new landfill sites in urban complexes and the promulgation of new laws, regulations and strategies for achieving waste minimisation in South Africa. However, there is paucity of research on how municipalities are performing with respect to waste management challenges and minimisation initiatives, given the new waste management and regulatory regime in South Africa. Considering that the Gauteng-City region has limited space for new landfills, the need to maximise the use, effectiveness and efficiency of current landfill sites is of strategic importance. Hence, this study has examined the effectiveness and efficiency of current waste management and minimisation trends in two District Municipalities in the Gauteng province. To this end, questionnaire surveys have been undertaken in the study areas, making use of purposive sampling methods. The surveys undertaken targeted key individuals in the municipalities and some of the managers of landfill sites. The survey also included the role of informal waste reclaimers and the quantities of waste they recover and sell as well as some of the operational barriers they are experiencing. Findings emanating from this study indicate that more emphasis is placed on the traditional waste management approach through ‘unsustainable’ landfilling rather than providing an enabling management framework for enhancing and promoting waste minimisation through waste prevention and recycling. Failure by local municipalities to encourage waste recycling initiatives is of serious concern, especially in view of the fact that existing landfill sites in West Rand District Municipality have a limited lifespan. The need to preserve landfill space is therefore vital and the best way to achieve this is to reduce the amount of waste being disposed off. The current practice of unrestricted solid waste generation and its disposal and the low level of waste recycling suggests that most local municipalities in the study area lack the capability to make a substantial contribution to waste minimisation. For further research, it is recommended that more surveys should be undertaken in other Metropolitan Municipalities of the Gauteng province, including the City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane and Ekurhuleni. Such studies would provide additional insights on the extent of waste minimisation in these areas and whether or not the goals of integrated and sustainable waste management are being achieved in South Africa.

This research is an examination of the practical application of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and co-operative government at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM)’s Department of Housing and Human Settlements. By use of questionnaire and direct interviews, the research extracted responses from methodically selected employees and officials at the Department of Housing and Human Settlements in the CTMM. Literature study was combined with document analysis and a part of participant observation to gather data and information that has been examined and analysed in the study that has established the need for training and skilling for officials and employees in financial and project management. The need for the rolling back of political interference, regular review of legislation to keep abreast with the changing environment and international standards and improved institutional communication are but some of the observations and arguments that the research has established from a careful reading of data gathered. The enabling policies, laws and regulations that are in place remain largely good on paper, but still limited in their practical application. It is argued in this research that housing and human settlements are a provision that is central in the democratic and development life of the Republic of South Africa, and that the provision of sustainable human settlements enriches the livelihoods of communities in so far as other services such as education, recreation, health care, electricity, economic opportunities, safety, transport and communication are also dependent on the availability of sustainable human settlements and the amenities that comes with it. It is the recommendation of the present research that if the policies, regulations, laws and goals that govern the IGR towards the delivery of sustainable human settlements are to achieve maximum fruition, there is a need for vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will ensure that budgets are efficiently used, that standing decisions are implemented and that partisan politics and corruption and opportunistic tendencies are eliminated as these hinder performance and delivery.
Public Administration
MPA

Teacher attrition in schools is a common and ongoing phenomenon experienced nationally and internationally. Teacher attrition takes place continuously in schools either voluntarily or involuntarily in the form of retirement, resignation, transfer, dismissal, redeployment, ill-health and death, affecting the teaching and learning process in a negative way. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of female principals on teacher attrition. The study was conducted in the public schools of Tshwane West District of Gauteng Province. Transformational leadership theory and ethics of care theory underpinned this qualitative study positioned within the constructivist paradigm. A case study design was used to explore the case of teacher attrition. Purposive sampling was used to select the female principals to participate in this study. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis. Qualitative content analysis was employed for data analysis. The study found that teacher attrition affects schools negatively. It disrupts and destabilises the schools, affecting the morale of the teachers as well as affecting learner performance and discipline as it takes place throughout the academic year. The female principals employ various strategies to address the issue of teacher attrition and to motivate for teacher retention. The study recommended that female principals be empowered to enable them to cope with their role of managing teacher attrition.
Educational Management and Leadership
Ph. D. (Education (Educational Management and Leadership))

M.A.
The Conservancy system was developed in KwaZulu-Natal but is not only limited to this province today. Conservancies are being established across South Africa and can be described as a type of conservation strategy that is constantly increasing. A Conservancy is defined as a group of farms whose owners have combined resources for the improved conservation and well-being of wildlife inhabiting the area. The term wildlife in this case encompasses mammals, birds, fish, natural vegetation and all desirable natural life forms. Local nature conservation authorities assist landowners in a conservancy by the training of staff, motivation of members, provision of animals at reasonable prices for re-stocking, and technical advice on management planning. Conservancies are however run and financed entirely by the farmers or landowners and they therefore do not have any legal nature conservation status. Through the establishment of Conservancies natural resources can be conserved, but emphasis has to be placed on the successful functioning and management thereof. Control over Conservancies, from a governmental point of view, is limited to each province's nature conservation department. This study was undertaken to determine the state and functioning of Conservancies in South Africa, with special reference to Gauteng. A literature study as well as various visits to the Gauteng Department of Nature Conservation and three existing Conservancies in the province were undertaken for this purpose. From this enough information was gathered to formulate various guidelines for the establishment and management of Conservancies. These guidelines are based on certain shortcomings that were identified in the management structure of Conservancies in Gauteng. Should these guidelines be taken into account when Conservancies are established, the functioning and management thereof will be successful and will contribute to effective environmental conservation.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012
The study seek to analyze the role of the Local Government in distribution of equitable and basic needs to its community through efficient and effective service delivery through the utilization municipal infrastructure grant. Municipal service delivery is still a major concern in South Africa. In terms of the Constitution of South Africa (Act 106 of 1996), municipalities are the only spheres of government that are mandated for delivery of basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity, refuse removal, development and maintenance of community infrastructure, storm water, primary health and provision of better housing to the poorest of the poor. The new dispensation in 1994, necessitated the transformation of the municipalities towards service delivery. The apartheid system was characterized by inequities in terms of provision of sustainable needs to its communities. The service delivery was fragmented along racial lines. Blacks were largely excluded from better services, while the minority enjoyed the services of municipalities around the country. Various laws, policies were enacted to find ways of ensuring that municipalities are responsive to community’s demands and needs in an equitable manner. The White Paper on Local Government in 1998, outlined some strategies that needs to be followed for the Local Government to achieve its objective. The background of the study, problem statements highlighted the historical imbalances in the system and how it can be redressed to provide good governance at the local government. The research questions form the basis of the study. The questionnaire for data gathering were formulated in line with the research questionnaire. Municipalities are characterized by service backlog, lack of skills (administratively and technically), lack of transparency and accountability that contribute to major challenges faced by municipalities in service provision. The research methodology used in this study focused more on the qualitative to allow participants to express their feelings in a descriptive manner and less on the iv quantitative approach wherein figures were reflected in a form of tables and graphs . The provision of service, as a social phenomena focused on human beings as object of study. Ethical considerations were taken into account. Questionnaires were distributed to executive directors and officials in strategic positions of service delivery of City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and also to SALGA, CoGTA and National Treasury. The aim of the questionnaire was to find out and assess the challenges faced by municipal officials on their day to day activities regarding the management and utilization of MIG in a responsible and accountable manner. Extensive literature review covered a range of books, journals, African National Congress (ANC) Manifesto, Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), White Paper, Discussion Documents and City of Tshwane’s Annual Reports, Service Delivery Strategies Reports and other related documents that advocate for service delivery challenges and its impact. The findings revealed that municipalities faced common challenges that impede on the progress of service delivery. Some of the challenges are beyond their control like the non-availability of government owned land. Most of municipalities are characterized by lack of funding, under-spending or over-spending. Media news regularly covers negative aspects such as corruption that occurs in municipalities and not positive issues of delivery of service. In the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, housing is still a major challenge. The ever increasing demand from communities also impact on the budget of the municipality. Immigration in Tshwane area have negative effect on service delivery, particularly the housing backlog and proper sanitation.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Witwatersrand. September 2016.
The cause of the transformation of agricultural land to other land uses has been investigated, especially in the Northern Service Delivery of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality within Gauteng Province. This was achieved by evaluating the processes undertaken during the review of the land use applications and what was considered by the decision makers when making decisions on land use applications in order to determine the effectiveness of the legislations and policies in protecting agricultural land from been transformed to other uses such as residential and industrial activities. The literature review undertaken in this study showed that for South Africa, and particularly the Gauteng Province to be more successful in addressing the transformation of agricultural land to other land uses, different approaches are necessary. The review of literature showed that the South African legislations are fragmented and contribute to the transformation of agricultural land. In addition, it was highlighted that the South African government’s priority is on infrastructure development which is also considered the cause of the transformation of agricultural land, and this compels government to continuously amend the planning policies in order to accommodate pressure of development. Lastly, several studies highlighted that government is also focusing on the land reform programmes which are not sustainable hence failed due to lack of support from government. The results of the investigation confirmed that there is fragmentation of legislations and operational structure resulting in conflicting mandate and inconsistent decision making. This was pointed out through the experience of the participants during the questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. Data from the questionnaires, interviews and literature review was analysed to find information in order to address the research questions. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that legislations should be amended and ensures that the administration process is simple and aligned. Key words: Transformation of agricultural land, fragmented legislations, fragmented institutions and processes.
LG2017

This study aims to determine how School Management Teams (SMTs) are managing the issue of violence in their schools. Specifically, it sought to understand the different management strategies being used and whether SMTs have experienced challenges in implementing these strategies. Methodologically, the study sampled School Management Teams and teachers who are in schools of the Tshwane West Area using a non-probability sampling technique to collect information regarding the issue of violence management in schools using structured interviews. The interviews delved deeply into the psychological effects of violence, its prevention and some legal implications of managing violence in schools. Using thematic analysis, data collected was analysed and interpreted within the theoretical lenses of school violence. The study reached a number of conclusions and made several recommendations. In summary, violence in school requires urgent attention, SMTs and teachers are still struggling to curb an increasing number of sexual assaults and deaths as a result of violent activities in their schools. These challenges are mainly due to the problem of policy on school safety and its implementation within the management structure of schools.
Educational Management and Leadership
Ph. D. (Educational Management)

In South Africa, the issue of learners reading below their grade level is of great concern. In order to overcome this problem, the Department of Education made it possible that learners be taught to read early in Grade 1. However, despite the learners being taught to learn to read at an early stage, numerous studies have revealed that most of the learners, including those in Grade 3, are still experiencing reading problems. The purpose of this study is to explore how Grade 3 teachers support learners who experience reading problems in Full-service schools. Full-service schools are mainstream schools that were transformed to attend to the underlying inclusive principles and to provide quality education to all learners. In this study, a qualitative approach was used to collect data at the Tshwane North District in the Gauteng Province. The interview questions were piloted with one of the Grade 3 class teachers from a neighbouring full-service school. Then after the pilot study, eleven Grade 3 class teachers and six Learner Support Teachers from three identified full-service schools were interviewed and observed in their classroom while supporting learners experiencing reading problems. The documents that they used were also analysed. To analyse the empirical data an inductive approach and the method for analysing data suggested by Creswell (2000) was followed. The findings revealed that teachers who participated in this study followed a more prescriptive approach of supporting learners who were experiencing reading problems. Furthermore, the findings revealed they used different reading strategies and reading methods even though there were some challenges that hampered the implementation of the support. The issue of differentiating and adapting the reading support to suit the diverse reading needs of learners arose from the study. This was due to the fact that most of the teachers were not trained to adapt the reading support based on the reading needs of the learners. Based on the findings, recommendations were made, and guidelines to draw up an effective reading support based on an integrated approach for Grade 3 learners who experience reading problems in full-service schools was developed. The guidelines combined two theories that underpinned the study, namely, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. The researcher concluded that learners’ improvement in terms of their reading abilities relies on how teachers provided support to them. Hence it is important for teachers to be equipped with sufficient skills and knowledge to provide individualised reading support to learners experiencing reading problems.
Inclusive Education
Ph. D. (Inclusive Education)

The relations between environmental resources and biodiversity are crucial in the proper management and conservation of grasslands. Three nature reserves were chosen around the Gauteng Province, namely Roodeplaat Nature Reserve (RNR) in Tshwane, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (SNR) in Heidelberg, and Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (ANR) in Carletonville. We selected three sites within RNR, SNR and ANR, and paired these with adjacent sites in private farming/grazing areas adjacent to the nature reserves. At each site, species composition, species richness and plant diversity were determined with the use of 50m x 20m Modified-Whittaker plots (MWP), making a total of eighteen plots (MWP) at the nine paired sites. Two paired sites had high Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) average values at the adjacent grazing area as compared to the nature reserve area at ANR. Roodeplaat Nature Reserve (RNR) and Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (SNR) had two paired sites with high H’ average values in the nature reserve as compared to the adjacent grazing area. The vegetation structure was similar for the three study locations, consisting of graminoids, herbs and isolated patches of shrubs. The species composition showed similarities between ANR and SNR sites, while RNR showed different species composition. SNR soils had the highest organic carbon (OC), total Carbon (C), total Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) as compared to both ANR and RNR. Species richness had a significantly positive relationship with Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen. Species diversity difference was detected between the nature reserves and adjacent grazing areas and the difference are likely due to a number of factors including soil properties, land disturbance and land use and management. More research is necessary to further understand the aspects impacting species richness, species diversity and species composition in grasslands.
School of Agriculture and Life Sciences
M. Sc.

Introduction: Despite being one of the most preventable diseases, TB still remains a serious and largely neglected disease. Nurses as compared to the general population are at greater risk of acquiring nosocomial TB. This study was conducted to describe the perceptions of nurses on the underlying contributory factors that may lead to the spread of TB in the clinics treating TB patients. Methods: Quantitative, non – experimental, descriptive, exploratory and cross sectional design was used. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used. Findings: The key contributory factors identified were insufficient TB training for staff and lack of knowledge on the TB legislative framework and TB policy directives. Conclusion: The findings indicate the need for a comprehensive TB infection prevention and control policy, with associated standards for provision and practice.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

This qualitative study set out to investigate the extent to which the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has been implemented for service delivery by South African Metropolitan Municipalities. The Ekurhuleni Municipality, City of Johannesburg (CoJ) and City of Tshwane (CoT), which together form the Gauteng Metropolitan Municipalities (GMMs), were used as multiple cases for this study. A good performance management system should cover activities relevant to the adoption of a performance measurement tool such as the BSC, which was developed by Kaplan and Norton in 1992. These two authors published a framework integrating different components of performance management and measurement system, namely strategy, vision, mission, objectives, measures, targets and strategic initiatives. In short, the BSC framework is the key for its successful implementation, which is evaluated according to the achievement of targets. The problem addressed in the study was the lack of a proper performance management system, as well as the poor design and inappropriate manner of implementing the BSC by the GMMs. The objectives of the study were to examine principal elements such as performance management activities, performance measurement framework, design and implementation of the BSC following the original framework developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992), as well as its impact on the outcomes of service delivery performance. Objectives, measures, targets and initiatives were the core elements for evaluating the municipalities’ performance management, as well as their implementation of the BSC. Moreover, the attainment of targets was the key for examining performance outcomes or the impact of the BSC on service delivery performance. In order to reach the above-mentioned objectives, a literature and document review, including municipalities’ policies and annual reports, were conducted for collecting relevant data. This review involved content analysis, and data were presented in the form of tables and charts. Finally, credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability were used to measure the validity and reliability of the findings. The results showed that the performance management (PM) activities of the GMMs were not adequate for implementing the BSC. Naturally, the selection of measures and targets was catered for through the policy of the Ekurhuleni Municipality, as well as the City of Johannesburg (CoJ). However, the setting of objectives, selection of measures, and setting of targets were all part of the performance management framework of the City of Tshwane (CoT). The BSC was intended to be used as a performance measurement framework for the Metropolitan Municipalities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. Nevertheless, the instrument was poorly implemented by these municipalities. Although the BSC was not adopted by the Ekurhuleni Municipality, the principal activities integrated into the BSC framework were implemented for its service delivery. In addition, during the 2011-2012, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 financial years, the achievement status of targets was not determined for the Ekurhuleni Municipality. This was also the case for the CoT during 2011-2012. However, the full-achievement, non- achievement, partial-achievement and over-achievement of targets were well defined for the City of Johannesburg during all three financial years under study. In the same way, such finding was indicated only for the two last financial years for the City of Tshwane. The findings of the study indicated that the implementation of the BSC within the Metropolitan Municipalities of Johannesburg and Tshwane did not comply with its original framework. This is due to the lack of an adequate performance management system, which in turn affects performance measurement. Before adopting a performance measurement framework, there should be an appropriate performance measurement system in place to ensure its success. Consequently, future research should focus more on the investigation of standard requirements for measuring performance, especially in the public sector.
Management Accounting
M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Many South African families are beset by social, psychological and economic challenges placing children at risk. Family preservation services, capitalising on families’ strengths to resolve their problems, are crucial to avoid the removal of children from their homes. Using a qualitative approach, this study reveals the experiences and perceptions of twelve social workers providing family preservation services in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan of Gauteng Province. These social workers articulate their understanding of and experiences with the Children’s Act (Act No. 38) of 2005. They are generally optimistic that family preservation services can offer a helping process with the potential to improve family functioning. Nevertheless, there are stumbling blocks to effective service delivery, such as the kinds of social problems experienced by families, lack of funding, high caseloads, lack of resources and little co-operation from other disciplines and agencies. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for practice, policy and further research.
Social Work
MA (Social Work)

Aim: The purpose of this study is to establish midwives’ perception of ethical and professional malpractices in labour units and to enhance the awareness of ethical behaviour and professional practice by midwives. Design: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and cross sectional design was followed to explore the midwives understanding of and experiences of ethical practice and professional malpractices in Labour Units of Tshwane, Gauteng Province. A non-probability purposive sampling was used to draw a sample from midwives with two or more years of experience working in Labour Units. Data collection: Individual in-depth interviews using open ended questions were used to collect data. Interviews were recorded using an audio tape recorder, which was later transcribed verbatim. Data collection was continuous until saturation was reached with the eight (n=8) participant. Findings: the results of the study revealed that midwives do understand the ethical code of conduct. However, due to challenges such as shortage of staff; shortage of material resources; non-compliance of midwives to policies and guidelines; fear of decision-making; and lack of management support, all this makes ethical conduct more challenging. It is hoped that the findings of this research will make contributions to midwifery training and practice.
Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)

A Research Report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science in Town and Regional Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016
Public open spaces such as parks provide vibrancy to the ordinary city by means of providing spaces for the community for recreational, health and leisure activities. A sustainable public open space provides an opportunity for a city to become more sustainable where a public open space is more than a space for the community. This research aims at developing a set of principles that may be adopted by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Open Space System (JMOSS) in order to create sustainable public open spaces. The objectives of the research report include unpacking various debates regarding the use, users and definition of public open spaces, identifying what the existing principles are for open spaces as used by JMOSS, identifying where the parks and vacant parcels of land are in the Sandton and surrounding area, identifying what makes a public open space coherent, contextual and co-existent, identifying the shortfalls of the public open spaces in Sandton in terms of their coherency, co-existence, contextuality and sustainability, and identifying local and international precedents of Sustainable Public Open Spaces. The nature of this research report will include qualitative research where in depth interviews, photographs, mapping and case studies will be used in order to develop the principles for sustainable public open spaces. Two main concepts will be drawn on to develop the principles for sustainable public open spaces. Firstly, the concept of sustainable public open spaces by Reiter (2004) whereby the three principles of coherence, co-existence and contextuality are used. Secondly, the concept of sustainability as discussed by Gedikli (n.d.) where sustainable urban development incorporates social justice, sustainable economies, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the concept of sustainability is the focus of how public open spaces can become more resilient, adaptable, efficient and effective spaces within the city for the public to use, by developing a set of principles for sustainable public open spaces. This research report culminates in the development of a set of principles for sustainable public open spaces, entitled “The Three Cs for Sustainable Public Open Spaces”. These principles can be applied on a generic scale but require guidelines in the context in which they are applied. Therefore, these principles are derived alongside guidelines for the context of the public open spaces within and around the Sandton CBD.
MT2017

Text in English with abstracts in English, Venda and Sepedi
Background: Suitable complementary feeding practices in young children can ensure optimal nutrition status and reduce under 5 mortality rates (Jones et al., 2014). Inadequate dietary diversity (DD) of the complementary diet both in quality and quantity is one of the major problems affecting infants and young children worldwide (Ntila et al., 2017). Adequate and appropriate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is vital for the growth and development of every child to reach full human potential (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). Nutritional vulnerability increases when other factors are also involved, such as poor breast and complementary feeding practices combined with high rates of infectious diseases (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila et al., 2017). There are pockets of information available on complementary feeding practices and its social determinants from specific areas in South Africa, regarding infant and young child feeding practices beyond six months of age and requires further investigation (Issaka et al., 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Aim: To explore the association between mothers’ socio-cultural environment and the dietary diversity of their children between the ages of 6 and 24 months, who attend the health care clinic in Olievenhoutbosch Township, Gauteng. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional explorative study was implemented. Data collection was conducted at Olievenhoutbosch clinic in Gauteng during February and March 2019. Mothers of children aged between 6 and 24 months were included and interviewed. Consecutive sampling was applied. The data collection instruments were a set of structured questions to obtain socio-demographic, nutritional knowledge, maternal attitude and feeding practices data. The infant and young child minimum dietary diversity (IYCMDD) questionnaire adapted from the WHO questionnaire was used to determine the DD of each child. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES) at the University of South Africa. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied using SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The sample of mothers (n=103) were educated (75% completed matric and 18% completed post-school education), unemployed (73%) and mostly single (53%) which are all factors playing a role in child nutrition. The majority (58%) of children were between the ages of 6 and 11 months while 42% were between the ages of 12 and 24 months. The milk feeding practices differed significantly between the younger and older groups of children with 35% of the younger children receiving breastmilk (in addition to complementary foods), compared to 21% of the older group. Almost half (44%) of the total group reported that maize meal porridge was the first food introduced to their children. Less than half of the mothers (45%) initiated the first foods at the recommended age of 6 months but started as early as one month of age (13%). All children (100%) consumed foods from the “grains, roots and tubers” food group the previous day. Significantly less children from the younger age group were reported to have consumed dairy (38% vs 77%, p<0.001) (other than breast or formula milk), animal flesh foods (31% vs 59%, p=0.014) and legumes (8% vs 24%, p=0.034), compared to the older age group. Significantly more children from the older group met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD) of four food groups compared to the younger group (67% vs 38%, p=0.019). No association was found between most socio-cultural factors (maternal age, marital status, education and employment status) and DD. However, there was an association between maternal ethnicity and DD (𝑥2=16.62, p=0.002). Also, maternal nutrition knowledge and the child’s DD had a significant, positive linear relationship (p=0.026). Lastly, maternal attitude towards feeling confident in not overfeeding the child were associated with meeting the MDD. Conclusion: The diets of young children residing in Olievenhoutbosch, do not meet the criteria for a minimally acceptable diet with only 50% meeting the MDD. Legumes and animal source foods are not consumed in sufficient quantities for complementary feeding. Maternal ethnicity and nutritional knowledge were associated with the child’s DD. More emphasis should be placed on DD for young children.
Vhubvo: Maitele o teaho a thikhedzo ya kuṋetshedzele kwa zwiḽiwa kha vhana vhaṱuku a nga khwaṱhisedza vhuimo ha gumofulu ha pfush na u fhungudza phimo ya dzimpfu dza vhana vha fhasi ha miṅwaha ya fhasi ha 5 (Jones na vhaṅwe, 2014). U sa lingana ha u fhambana ha kuḽele (DD) ha nndyo thikhedzi kha ndeme na tshivhalo ndi dziṅwe dza thaidzo khulwane dzi kwamaho dzitshetshe na vhana vhaṱuku u mona na shango (Ntila na vhaṅwe, 2017). Mufusho wo linganaho na wo teaho musi vhe dzitshetshe na kha vhuhana thangeli ndi dza ndeme kha nyaluwo na nyaluso ya ṅwana muṅwe na muṅwe uri a vhe na vhukoni hoṱhe (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). U vha khomboni ha mufusho zwi a ṋaṋa musi hu na zwiṅwe zwithu zwi dzhenelelaho, sa maitele a sa fushi a u mamisa na u tikedza zwo ṱangana na phimo ya nṱha ya malwadze a phirela (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila na vhaṅwe., 2017). Haya ndi mafhungo u ya nga zwipiḓa are hone kha maitele a u ḽisa ha thikhedzo na zwivhangi zwa matshilisano u bva kha vhuṅwe vhupo ha Afrika Tshipembe, maelana na u ḽisa dzitshetshe na vhana vho no fhirisaho miṅwedzi ya rathi, naho ṱhoho iyi i tshi ṱoḓa u senguluswa hafhu (Issaka na vhaṅwe, 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Ndivho: U itela u lavhelesa u elana ha vhupo ha zwa matshilisano na ikonomi ha mme na DD ya vhana vhavho vha vhukati ha miṅwedzi ya 6 na 24, vhane vha ya kiḽiniki ya ndondola mutakalo ngei kha Tshikolobulasi tsha Olievenhoutbosch, Gauteng. Ngona: Ngudo dza vhubuḓasia dza ndingedzo dzo shumiswa. Data yo kuvhanganywa ngei kha kiḽiniki ya Olievenhoutbosch kha ḽa Gauteng nga Luhuhi na Ṱhafamuhwe 2019. Vhomme a vhana vha miṅwedzi ya vhukati ha 6 na 24 vho dzheniswa vha vhudziswa. Vhukhethatsumbonanguludzwa ha thevhekano ho shumiswa. Sethe ya mbudziso dzo dzudzanywaho yo shumiswa u wana u phambano dza matshilisano, nḓivho ya mufusho, kusedzele kwa vhomme na data ya phatheni dza kuḽele. Mbudzisombekanywa ya phambano ya gumofulu ya kuḽele kwa dzitshetshe na vhana vhaṱuku (IYCMDD) u bva kha WHO yo shumiswa u vhona DD ya ṅwana muṅwe na muṅwe. Ṱhanziela dza vhuḓifari dzo wanala u bva kha Komiti ya zwa Vhuḓifari ya Khoḽidzhi ya zwa Vhulimi na Saintsi dza zwa Mupo (CAES) kha Yunivesithi ya Afrika Tshipembe. Mbalombalo dza ṱhalutshedzo na dza u sumbedzisa dzo shumiswa nga u shumisa vesheni ya SPSS 25. Mvelelo: Tsumbonanguludzwa dza vhomme (n = 103) vho funzwaho (75% vho fhedza maṱiriki na 18% yo bvelaphanḓa ya fhedza pfunzo ya nṱha ha tshikolo, vha sa shumi ndi (73%) nahone vhanzhi ndi vha tshilaho vhe vhoṱhe (53%), zwi re zwivhumbi zwoṱhe zwine zwa dzhenelela kha mufusho wa ṅwana. Vhunzhi (60%) ya vhana vho vha vhe vhukati ha miṅwedzi ya 6 u ya kha ya 11, 40% vhe vhukati ha ya 12 u ya kha 24. Kumamisele kwo fhambana vhukuma vhukati ha zwigwada zwa vhaswa na zwa vhahulwane, hune 35% ya vhana vhaṱuku vha vha vha khou wana mikando ya vhomme avho (nṱhani ha zwiḽiwa zwa u tikedza), hu tshi vhambedzwa na 21% ya tshigwada tsha vhahulwane. U ṱoḓa u swika kha hafu (44%) ya tshigwada tshoṱhe vho amba uri mukapu wa mugayo ndi zwone zwiḽiwa zwo thomaho u ḓivhadzwa vhana vhavho. Vhomme vha re fhasi ha hafu (45%) vho them zwiḽiwa zwa u thoma kha miṅwedzi yo themendelwaho ya 6 fhedzi vhaṅwe vha thoma u ṱavhanya vhe kha ṅwedzi muthihi (13%). Vhana vhoṱhe (100%) vho vha vho no ḽa ḽiwa zwi fanaho na thoro, midzi na khufhi sa zwigwada zwa zwiḽiwa ḓuvha ḽo fhiraho. Vha si gathi vhukuma kha vhana vha tshigwada tsha vhaṱuku vho pfi vho ḽa zwiḽiwa zwa mafhi (38% i tshi vhambedzwa na 77%, p < 0.001) (zwi si mafhi a mikando kana a boḓelo), zwiḽiwa zwa ṋama ya phukha (31% i tshi vhambedzwa na 59%, p = 0.014) ḽingaṋawa (8% vha tshi vhambedzwa na 24%, p = 0.034), vha tshi vhambedzwa na zwigwada zwa vhahulwane. Vhunzhi ha vhana vha bvaho kha tshigwada tsha vhahulwane vho swikelela phambano ya gumoṱuku ya nndyo (MDD) ya zwigwada zwiṋa zwi tshi vhambedzwa na tshigwada tsha vhaṱuku (67% i tshi vhambedzwa na 38%, p = 0.019). Ahuna u elana ho wanalaho vhukati ha zwivhumbi zwa mvelele na matshilisano (vhukale ha vhomme, vhuimo ha mbingano, pfunzo na vhuimo ha mushumo) na DD. Fhedzi, ho vha na u elana vhukati ha murafho wa vhomme na DD (𝑥2 = 16.62, p = 0.002). Zwiṅwe hafhu, nḓivho ya mufusho ya vhomme na DD ya ṅwana zwo vha na vhushaka, ha ndeme hu elanaho huvhuya (p = 0.026). Tsha u fhedzisela, kusedzele kwa vhomme kha u ḓipfa vhe na vhuḓifulufheli na u sa ḽisa ṅwana u fhira tshikalo zwo elana na u swikelela MDD. Khunyeledzo: Nndyo ya vhana vhaṱuku vha dzulaho ngei Olievenhoutbosch a i swikeleli maga a gumoṱuku a ṱanganedzwaho a nndyo; ho swikelelwa fhedzi 50% ye ya swikelela MDD. Ḽingaṋawa na tshiko tsha zwiḽiwa zwa zwipuka a zwi khou ḽiwa lwo linganaho kha thikhedzo ya kuḽele. Murafho wa vhomme na nḓivho ya mufusho zwo elana na DD ya ṅwana. Ho vha na khwaṱhisedzo hafhu kha DD ya vhana vhaṱuku.
Tšweletšo ya taba: ditiro tša maleba tša phepo ya tlaleletšo mo go bana ba bannyane di ka netefatša maemo a godimo a phepo le go fokotša kelo ya mahu mo go bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga ye 5 (Jones et al., 2014). Go fapafapana ga dijo fao go sa lekanago (DD) ga dijo tša tlaleletšo go bobedi boleng le bontši ke ye nngwe ya mathata a magolo ao a amago masea le bana ba bannyane lefase ka bophara (Ntila et al., 2017). Phepo ye e lekanego gape ya maleba nako ya bosea le bonnyane e bohlokwa go kgolo le tlhabollo ya ngwana yo mongwe le yo mongwe go fihlelela bogolo bjo bo feletšego (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). Kgolo ya hlaelela ya dijo ge dintlha tše dingwe le tšona di amega, go swana le ditshepedišo tša go fokola le phepo ya tlaleletšo go hlakanywa le malwetši a mantši a go fetela (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila et al., 2017). Go na le dipotla tša tshedimošo tšeo di lego gona go ditiro tša phepo ya tlaleletšo le dikelo tša leago go tšwa mafelong a go ikgetha mo Afrika Borwa, mabapi le masea le bana ba bannyane ka morago ga dikgwedi tše tshela, mme hlogo ye e nyaka dinyakišišo (Issaka et al., 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Nepo: go nyakišiša dikamano gare ga bomme le tikologo ya leago le setšo le DD ya bana ba gare ga dikgwedi tše 6 le tše 24, bao ba tsenetšego kliniki ya tša maphelo ya Olievenhoutbosch Township, Gauteng. Mekgwatshepetšo: thuto ya diphatišišo tša go hlakanela ga dikgao e phethagaditšwe. Kgoboketšo ya tshedimošo e dirilwe kliniking ya Olievenhoutbosch mo Gauteng nakong ya Febereware le Matšhe 2019. Bommago bana ba dikgwedi tša gare ga tše 6 le 24 di akareditšwe le go botšišwa. Sehlopha sa go latelana se šomišitšwe. Sete ya dipotšišo tšeo di hlamilwego di šomišitšwe go hwetša tsebo ya dimokrafi ya leago, dijo, maikemišetšo a bomme le tshedimošo ka ga mekgwa ya go fepa. Masea le mehuta ya go fapana ya dijo tša bana (IYCMDD) letlakalapotšišo go tšwa go WHO le šomišitšwe go ela DD ya ngwana yo mongwe le yo mongwe. Hlakišo ya maitshwaro e hweditšwe go Komiti ya Maitshwaro ya Kholetšhe ya Temo le Disaense tša Tikologo (CAES) mo Yunibesithing ya Afrika Borwa. Dipalopalo tša tlhaloso le taetšo di šomišitšwe ge go diragatšwa mohuta wa SPSS 25. Dipoelo: Sekgao sa bomme (n = 103) ba be go ba rutegile (75% ba phethile mphato wa marematlou le 18% ba tšwetšepele go phetha dithuto tša ka morago ga mphato wa marematlou), ga ba šome (73%) le bontši ga se ba nyalwe (53%), tšeo ka moka e lego dintlha tša go raloka karolo ye kgolo go phepo ya bana. Bontši (60%) bja bana ba magareng ga mengwaga ye 6 le ye 11, le 40% e be e le magareng a dikgwedi tše 12 le tše 24. Ditiro tša go nyantšha di fapana kudu gare ga bana ba bannyane le dihlopha tša bana ba bagolwane, ka 35% tša bana ba bannyane bao ba amogelago maswi a letswele (go tlaleletša dijo tša tlaleletšo), ge go bapetšwa le 21% tša batho ba bagolwane. Go nyaka go ba seripagare (44%) sa palomoka seo se begilego gore bogobe bja mabele ke dijo tša mathomo tšeo di tšweleditšwego go bana ba bona. Ka fase ga seripagare sa bomma (45%) ba thomile dijo tša bona tša mathomo ka mengwaga ye e digetšwego ya dikgwedi tše 6 efela di thomile ka kgwedi ya mathomo (13%). Bana ka moka (100%) ba jele dijo go tšwa go dithoro, medu le sehlopha sa dijo tša digwere mo letšatšing le le fetilego. Palo ye ntši ya bana ba bannyane go tšwa go mengwaga ye mennyane ba begilwe ba jele dijo tša maswi (38% vs 77%, p < 0.001) (ntle le maswi a letswele goba a go rekwa), dijo tša nama ya phoofolo (31% vs 59%, p = 0.014) le dinawa (8% vs 24%, p = 0.034), ge go bapetšwa le batho ba mengwaga ya bagolo. Bontši bja bana go tšwa go sehlopha sa ba bagolo ba kgotsofaditše dinyakwa tša go fapana tša dijo (MDD) ya dihlopha tše nne ge go bapetšwa le dihlopha tše dinnyane (67% vs 38%, p = 0.019). Ga go dikamano tšeo di humanwego gare ga dintlha tše dintši tša leago le setšo (mengwaga ya tswalo, maemo a lenyalo, thuto le maemo a mošomo DD. Le ge go le bjalo, go bile le dikamano gare setšo le DD (𝑥2 = 16.62, p = 0.002). Le, tsebo ya dijo le DD ya bana, tswalano ya maleba ya tatelano (p = 0.026). Sa mafelelo, mmono wa bomme go ikwa ba na le boitshepo ka go se fepe ngwana go feta tekanyo tšeo di amanago le go kopana le MDD. Thumo: Dijo tša bana ba bannyane ba go dula Olievenhoutbosch ga ba kgotsofatše dinyakwa tša dijo tše di amogelegago; fela 50% e kopane le MDD. Dinawa le dijo tša mothopo ya diphoofolo ga di lewe ka bontši bja go lekana go dira dijo tša tlaleletšo. Mohlobo le tsebo ya dijo di be di amane le DD ya ngwana. Kgatelelo ye kgolo e swanetše go bewa go DD go bana ba bannyane.
Department of Life and Consumer Science
M.A. (Consumer Science)

Rotavirus infection causes acute gastroenteritis in children younger than five years of age, and commonly occurring human rotavirus strains include G1 - G4 and G9 associated with P[4], P[6] and P[8]. In this study, of 6050 stool samples collected from a Private Pathology Practice in Pretoria, March 2010 - August 2011, 664 tested positive using Coris test-strips. Of these samples, 752 were retested using EIA and, results showed: Coris sensitivity was 93,7% and specificity 99,8%; the winter epidemic peaked in July of both years; more males and children under 30 months of age were particularly vulnerable to infections. Rotavirus-positive samples from Trichardt, Rustenburg and Middelburg were analysed by PAGE and RT-PCR showing circulating strains as mainly G8P[4] (60%) with short electropherotypes, G12P[8] (66%) with long electropherotypes, and G1P[8] at low incidence in the 2010/2011 seasons. These results suggest additional research to monitor the impacts of recently introduced rotavirus vaccines on changing strain profiles in South African communities
Life & Consumer Sciences
M.Sc. (Life Sciences)

The research sought to study the integration experiences and challenges of immigrant students in a private secondary school in the Tshwane North district in Gauteng. The study focused on investigating the experiences of immigrant learners when integrating with the local learners at the private secondary school. Integration denotes how various cultural groups interact within the bounds of a single society. Scholars argue that the dominant group in a society sets the tone and determines the nature of the integration activities and objectives. However, in other instances integration is facilitated by both the immigrants and the host people. Literature review helped the researcher to gain a broader and deeper knowledge base of the concept of migration and experiences faced. Literature review indicated the sociological and economic explanations for migration. Literature covered integration of immigrants, assimilation and acculturation. Sources of stress for immigrant students and cross-cultural adaptation were also outlined. The investigation was a case study research. Mixed methods were used to collect data. The researcher used questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires were issued to 28 immigrant learners who participated in the study. The 28 immigrant learners were also interviewed in order to obtain richer data. All indications show that the integration process at the school was positive. The results of the study showed that most immigrant learners have friends among local learners. The immigrant learners disclosed that local learners were friendly to them. Many immigrant learners indicated that they would be interested in learning local languages.
M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Car washing consumes large quantities of water and results in large amounts of wastewater effluent being generated, but has received little attention as a potential source of water pollution globally. The study investigated the water use, wastewater effluent quality and toxicity of selected carwashes in City of Tshwane. Ten carwashes in the City of Tshwane were purposively selected and analysis done on a variety of water quality aspects including microbiological, toxicity, BOD,COD, oil and grease, anionic surfactants, sulphates, phosphates and heavy metals. The results obtained show that oil and grease exceeded the WHO and National Water Act standards of 2.5mg/L in all sites except CW2 and Diesel range organics were significantly high in some sites (CW4, 7 & 8) at 60.5, 40 and 48.8mg/L. COD and BOD of the waste water exceeded the WHO standards of 30mg/L and 60mg/L in all sites except CW2. Bacteria contamination was very high in all wastewater samples and all samples exhibited (mild to high) toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and high toxicity to Daphnia pulex except CW2. These results suggest that wastewater from carwashes is high in some pollutants that may interfere with the receiving environment and municipal treatment systems and there is a need for responsible authorities to regulate the quality of effluent discharged into the environment
Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Science)

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and practices of School Management Teams (SMTs) in the control and management of school bullying in the Tshwane West District of the Gauteng Province. This study came out of a global concern about the security and safety of learners in schools. While there is substantial international and national literature on violence in schools, South Africa continues to experience high levels of violence in schools more than ever before and this in the Tshwane West District is no exception. In this study, a mixed method approach was undertaken to explore the experiences and practices of SMTs in the controlling and managing of bullying in the Tshwane West District. The questionnaires and focus group interviews were used as research tools for data gathering to unpack the experiences of the SMTs.
Educational Management and Leadership
M. Ed. (Education Management)

Besides constituting major obstacle to effectively addressing HIV/AIDS, Stigma has remained among the least understood experiences of PLWHA. Limited knowledge and understanding of HIV/AIDS related S&D has very much contributed to poor implementation and in most cases failure of HIV intervention programmes at national, regional and international levels. Sociological analysis of Stigma in PLWHA lends verifiable insight into the nature, extent and comprehensiveness of HIV/AIDS related Stigma. With 129 participants from Gauteng regions of Ekurhuleni, Sedibeng and West Rand, the study confirms that Stigma and Discrimination (S&D) still thrives, quantifying its magnitude, implications and impacts in the lives of the HIV infected. Inter alia, the findings showcase the complex matrix analysis of emotion and behaviour associated with HIV/AIDS related S&D. Finally, the study offered a comprehensive recommendation on how to address HIV/AIDS related S&D at individual/family, institutional/community and government levels.
Sociology
M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)