Journal articles on the topic 'Metrology of electromagnetism'
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1
Cahan, David. "The awarding of the Copley Medal and the ‘discovery’ of the law of conservation of energy: Joule, Mayer and Helmholtz revisited." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 66, no. 2 (November 16, 2011): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0045.
Abstract:
This article analyses the awarding of the Royal Society's Copley Medal to James Prescott Joule (1870), Julius Robert Mayer (1871) and Hermann Helmholtz (1873) in the wake of the establishment of the law of conservation of energy during the 1850s and 1860s. It seeks to reconstruct the context in which the awards occurred, emphasizing at once a combination of individual scientific achievement, advocacy on behalf of Joule's supporters, nationalism, and the special role that Helmholtz played thanks to the strong social relationship that he had developed with the British scientific elite in the two decades before receiving his award, the last of the three. The award in turn strengthened that relationship, as the great subject of discussion in physics now gradually turned from thermodynamics to electromagnetism and to reaching practical agreements in electrical metrology between the British, the Germans and others.
2
Storey, L. R. O. "<i>Letter to the Editor</i>: Revision of the basic equations of wave distribution function analysis." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 5 (May 31, 1998): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0651-3.
Abstract:
Abstract. The basic equations of wave distribution function analysis are rewritten in forms that treat the electric and magnetic fields of the waves in a more symmetrical way than the original equations do, and are slightly better for computing.Key words. Radio science (electromagnetic metrology) · Electromagnetics (plasmas; signal processing and adaptive antennas)
3
Kim, Sung, Jack Surek, and James Baker-Jarvis. "Electromagnetic Metrology on Concrete and Corrosion." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 116, no. 3 (May 2011): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.116.011.
4
Hao, Ling, John C. Gallop, and Jie Chen. "Electromagnetic Metrology for Nano- Electromechanical Systems." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 68, no. 6 (June 2019): 1827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2879068.
5
Neyezhmakov, Pavel, Serhii Buriakovskyi, Olena Vasylieva, Volodymyr Velychko, Fedir Venislavskyi, and Serhii Rudenko. "Implementation of NATO standards to improve the electromagnetic immunity and compatibility of equipment of the critical infrastructure objects." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2023.282464.
Abstract:
Ensuring that domestic technical equipment meets modern safety and reliability requirements in accordance with NATO standards is a pressing problem in Ukraine. Without metrological support for testing the electromagnetic compatibility and immunity to powerful electromagnetic fields of natural and artificial origin, it is impossible to ensure reliable and safe use of modern electronic, electroenergetics and electric equipment in critical infrastructure facilities.
The paper presents the metrological traceability paths of the state measurement standards in the field of electromagnetic measurements, established at the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, to the SI units. The results of the research on the measurement standard of the electromagnetic field strength unit in the frequency range from 0.01 MHz to 43 GHz (NDETU EM-05-2021), established at the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, are described. The connection of the NDETU EM-05-2021 measurement standard with the measurement standards of the power unit of electromagnetic oscillations in coaxial and waveguide transmission lines and the standard of AC electric voltage is demonstrated.
The lists of tests in accordance with the AESTR-500 standard, which are supported by the measurement standards of the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, and the equipment that can be calibrated by the national measurement standards are given. The examples of tests for electromagnetic compatibility carried out in the testing centre of the State Enterprise “Kharkivstandartmetrologiya” are provided.
Based on the results of the developed statistical models at the Research and Design Institute “Molniya” for predicting the vulnerability to electromagnetic effects of atmospheric phenomena on critical infrastructure facilities, the examples of the distribution of lines of the equal potential (in kilovolts) on the ground surface in the short circuit mode and the distributions of probability density of lightning strikes are presented. The distributions of the equal potential lines on the ground surface in the short-circuit mode of high-voltage substations are modelled based on calculations.
6
Yuan, Guang Hui, and Nikolay I. Zheludev. "Detecting nanometric displacements with optical ruler metrology." Science 364, no. 6442 (May 9, 2019): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw7840.
Abstract:
We introduce the optical ruler, an electromagnetic analog of a physical ruler, for nanoscale displacement metrology. The optical ruler is a complex electromagnetic field in which singularities serve as the marks on the scale. It is created by the diffraction of light on a metasurface, with singularity marks then revealed by high-magnification interferometric observation. Using a Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurface, we demonstrate a displacement resolving power of better than 1 nanometer (λ/800, where λ is the wavelength of light) at a wavelength of 800 nanometers. We argue that a resolving power of ~λ/4000, the typical size of an atom, may be achievable. An optical ruler with dimensions of only a few tens of micrometers offers applications in nanometrology, nanomonitoring, and nanofabrication, particularly in the demanding and confined environment of future smart manufacturing tools.
7
NIKOLAEV, M. YU, E. V. NIKOLAEVA, and A. K. NIKITIN. "PROCESS MODELING AND METROLOGY IN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE SYSTEMS." Actual Issues Of Energy 4, no. 1 (2022): 070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2686-6935-2022-4-1-70-74.
Abstract:
Electromagnetic force pulses are forces of mutual repulsion between the inductor and the anchor. Under their action, the anchor is shifted towards the cleaned surface of the affected object and elastic vibrations are transmitted to it. In electro-pulse interaction systems, the duration of the energy accumulation process, and then its release in extremely small time intervals, allows to obtain the maximum possible values of mechanical impulse action on the surface of the affected object. The maximum operating voltage on a capacitive energy storage device can reach 5 kV or higher. Electro-pulse interaction systems are shock-type devices. Compared with other devices of similar purpose (vibrators, electromagnetic or pneumatic shock mechanisms), they have no competition in terms of cleaning efficiency.
8
Safarov, Abdurauf, Khurshid Sattarov, Makhammatyokub Bazarov, and Almardon Mustafoqulov. "Issues of the electromagnetic current transformers searching projecting." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405038.
Abstract:
The necessity of the primary transformers rapidly increases due to the fast development of the microprocessing automated control systems and operation of the railway transport power supply devices, transferring to the flexible automated output. These transformers, besides high metrology characteristics, have to be highly reliable, have a wide range of change, stability, little dimensions.
9
Vasylieva, Olena, and Pavel Neyezhmakov. "Metrological traceability of the results of testing for electromagnetic compatibility in accordance with the NATO standards." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2023.286707.
Abstract:
Ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of special-purpose equipment used in a complex saturated radio frequency environment requires testing in accordance with procedures that guarantee a valid verification of its immunity to external electromagnetic fields. The paper presents the national measurement standards and equipment used at the National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” for the NRE02, NRE03 and NRS02 testing in accordance with the AESTR-500 standard. It is shown how metrological traceability to the SI units of the measurement results is ensured during tests. The paper presents the results of evaluating the uncertainty of the results of measurements of the electromagnetic field strength using the NARDA-550 meter for the frequency ranges of 10 kHz – 1 GHz when using the GTEM chamber, and for the frequency ranges of 1-43 GHz when using the anechoic chamber. The studies have proven that the measurement uncertainties, when calibrating the antenna in the anechoic chamber, and the uneven distribution of the electromagnetic field in the GTEM chamber are the most critical. The obtained results of the uncertainty evaluation of the NARDA-550 calibration coefficient are used for high-precision measurements of radio frequency signals both at emission and being exposed to electromagnetic fields when the disturbances have limit values as regards the provisions of these standards. These results with a discrepancy of no more than 0.05 dB confirm the characteristics of the device provided by the manufacturer. It is shown that the set of national measurement standards and test equipment of the NSC “Institute of Metrology” allows testing special equipment for electromagnetic compatibility according to the NATO standards with the required accuracy.
10
Baker-Jarvis, James. "Electromagnetic Nanoscale Metrology Based on Entropy Production and Fluctuations." Entropy 10, no. 4 (October 8, 2008): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e10040411.
11
Nikolaev, M. Yu, E. V. Nikolaeva, N. Yu Khokriakov, A. A. Kovalevsky, and К. I. Stolyarchuk. "SIMULATION OF ELECTRIC PULSES, THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION AND ISSUES OF METROLOGY." ACTUAL ISSUES OF ENERGY 5, no. 1 (2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2686-6935-2023-5-1-67-75.
Abstract:
electromagnetic force pulses are forces of mutual repulsion between the anchor and the inductor. Under their action, the anchor is shifted towards the cleaned surface of the affected object and elastic vibrations are transmitted to it. In electro-pulse interaction systems, the duration of the energy accumulation process, and then its release in extremely small time intervals, allows to obtain the maximum possible values of mechanical impulse action on the surface of the affected object. The maximum operating voltage on a capacitive energy storage is capable of reaching 5 kV and higher. Electro-pulse interaction systems are shock-type devices. Compared with other devices of similar purpose (vibrators, electromagnetic or pneumatic shock mechanisms), they have no competition in terms of cleaning efficiency.
12
Iff, W. A., J. P. Hugonin, C. Sauvan, M. Besbes, P. Chavel, G. Vienne, L. Milord, et al. "Electromagnetic analysis for optical coherence tomography based through silicon vias metrology." Applied Optics 58, no. 27 (September 16, 2019): 7472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.007472.
13
Pham, Hoang-Lam, Thomas Alcaire, Sebastien Soulan, Delphine Le Cunff, and Jean-Hervé Tortai. "Efficient Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis Simulation of Mueller Matrix Ellipsometry of Three-Dimensional Multilayer Nanostructures." Nanomaterials 12, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12223951.
Abstract:
Mueller matrix ellipsometry (MME) is a powerful metrology tool for nanomanufacturing. The application of MME necessitates electromagnetic computations for inverse problems of metrology determination in both the conventional optimization process and the recent neutral network approach. In this study, we present an efficient, rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) simulation of multilayer nanostructures to quantify reflected waves, enabling the fast simulation of the corresponding Mueller matrix. Wave propagations in the component layers are characterized by local scattering matrices (s-matrices), which are efficiently computed and integrated into the global s-matrix of the structures to describe the optical responses. The performance of our work is demonstrated through three-dimensional (3D) multilayer nanohole structures in the practical case of industrial Muller matrix measurements of optical diffusers. Another case of plasmonic biosensing is also used to validate our work in simulating full optical responses. The results show significant numerical improvements for the examples, demonstrating the gain in using the RCWA method to address the metrological studies of multilayer nanodevices.
14
NIKOLAEV, M. YU, V. A. ZAKHARENKO, E. V. NIKOLAEVA, and A. K. NIKITIN. "MODELING OF INTERACTION PROCESSES AND METROLOGY IN ELECTRIC PULSE SYSTEMS." Actual Issues Of Energy 3, no. 1 (2021): 058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2686-6935-2021-3-1-58-62.
Abstract:
Electro-pulse systems have an undeniable number of advantages, since they use eddy-current non-contact interaction of the electromagnetic field of the inductor with electrically conductive surfaces. The resulting intense and high-speed deformation creates instantaneous (10-4 - 10-5c) mechanical overloads that destroy the bonds of substances with surfaces, without violating the mechanical strength of the surfaces themselves. Such systems can be used in construction, mechanical engineering, railway transport, heat and power engineering and other areas of industrial activity to remove various materials from the walls and structural elements of equipment, including icicles and ice from the eaves and roofs of houses, which is an effective, low-cost and technological method.
15
Barrera, Gabriele, Michele Borsero, Oriano Bottauscio, Federica Celegato, Mario Chiampi, Marco Coïsson, Domenico Giordano, et al. "Metrology to support therapeutic and diagnostic techniques based on electromagnetics and nanomagnetics." Rendiconti Lincei 26, S2 (February 17, 2015): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-015-0386-5.
16
Moczała, M., W. Majstrzyk, A. Sierakowski, R. Dobrowolski, P. Grabiec, and T. Gotszalk. "Metrology of electromagnetic static actuation of MEMS microbridge using atomic force microscopy." Micron 84 (May 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2016.02.008.
17
Baker-Jarvis, James, and Jack Surek. "Transport of Heat and Charge in Electromagnetic Metrology Based on Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics." Entropy 11, no. 4 (November 3, 2009): 748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e11040748.
18
Bailey, A. E., H. W. Hellwig, T. Nemoto, and S. Okamura. "International organization in electromagnetic metrology and international comparison of RF and microwave standards." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 1 (1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13390.
19
Senyk, I. V., Y. A. Kuryptya, V. Z. Barsukov, O. O. Butenko, and V. G. Khomenko. "Development and Application of Thin Wide-Band Screening Composite Materials." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.4.771-778.
Abstract:
The paper is dedicated to the development of effective composite coatings with the use of carbon fillers of different morphology, their research, and application in the broadband frequency range. Electromagnetic loss studies were performed according to international standards ASTM D4935, IEEE-STD-299, and the US Department of Defence standard MIL-STD 461F. The impact of hybrid carbon nanomaterial "graphene/nanotubes" on the electrophysical properties of the composite material has been analyzed. As a result, the research laboratory technologies of production of composite coating on water and non-water (alcohol) basis are developed based on the carbon fillers of various morphology and also magnetite. The shielding properties of most of the created composites are estimated in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 30 GHz. The state enterprise “All-Ukrainian center for standardization, metrology, certification, and consumers’ rights protection” (here and after “Ukrmetrteststandart”) conducted comparative tests of the developed coating (in the form of paint) with a protective coating # 842 MG Chemicals (Burlington, Ontario, Canada) based on silver microparticles. Developed water-based composites can be used for interior decoration, in the formation of electromagnetic screens, thin gradient coatings to protect people from electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.
20
Zhao, Shuai, Yu Yang, Huiting Liu, Ziwen Huang, Lei Zhang, Qiuping Wang, and Keyi Wang. "X-ray wavefront sensing and optics metrology using a microfocus x-ray grating interferometer with electromagnetic phase stepping." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 18 (May 2, 2022): 181105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093152.
Abstract:
A metrology method of x-ray optical elements based on an electromagnetic phase stepping x-ray grating interferometer with high slope accuracy is presented in this study. The device consists of an x-ray tube, a phase grating [Formula: see text] for modulating the incoming wavefront, and an absorption grating [Formula: see text] as a transmission mask to produce a broader moiré pattern for the x-ray camera. The focal spot of the microfocus x-ray source is shifted by a magnetic field from a solenoid coil. Electromagnetic phase stepping analysis is used to obtain a pixel-wise map of the wavefront phase distortion to replace the traditional precision mechanical scanning system, improving stability, speed, accuracy, and flexibility. The x-ray grating interferometer can be used as a feedback tool for evaluating the quality of optical elements and detecting defects caused by the x-ray beam or the x-ray optical elements in ordinary laboratories and mirror-processing centers without the need of scheduling synchrotron beam time.
21
Ćirić, Zoran, and Mihajlo Ristić. "Declaration of conformity of excitation system of synchronous machines." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla, no. 33 (2023): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint33-48333.
Abstract:
The paper presents a comprehensive complex model for the Declaration of Conformity of the Excitation System. The necessary projects for conformity assessment, standardization, accreditation and metrology are given. Some testing and compliance modules are listed. A part of the test according to the CB scheme of Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies for the excitation system Tesla ES 7000A is presented, which is according to valid standards, and for nominal currents up to 7000 A. A part of the test according to the CB scheme of electromagnetic compatibility for the Tesla ES excitation regulator is presented. The Declaration of Conformity of the Tesla ES 1600 excitation system is presented.
22
Shi, Peng, Luping Du, Congcong Li, Anatoly V. Zayats, and Xiaocong Yuan. "Transverse spin dynamics in structured electromagnetic guided waves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): e2018816118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018816118.
Abstract:
Spin–momentum locking, a manifestation of topological properties that governs the behavior of surface states, was studied intensively in condensed-matter physics and optics, resulting in the discovery of topological insulators and related effects and their photonic counterparts. In addition to spin, optical waves may have complex structure of vector fields associated with orbital angular momentum or nonuniform intensity variations. Here, we derive a set of spin–momentum equations which describes the relationship between the spin and orbital properties of arbitrary complex electromagnetic guided modes. The predicted photonic spin dynamics is experimentally verified with four kinds of nondiffracting surface structured waves. In contrast to the one-dimensional uniform spin of a guided plane wave, a two-dimensional chiral spin swirl is observed for structured guided modes. The proposed framework opens up opportunities for designing the spin structure and topological properties of electromagnetic waves with practical importance in spin optics, topological photonics, metrology and quantum technologies and may be used to extend the spin-dynamics concepts to fluid, acoustic, and gravitational waves.
23
Ovsiannikov, Vitaly D., Vitaly G. Palchikov, and Igor L. Glukhov. "Microwave Field Metrology Based on Rydberg States of Alkali-Metal Atoms." Photonics 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090635.
Abstract:
The high-precision determination of microwave radiation parameters may be based on measurements of the spectral characteristics of radiation transitions between the Rydberg states of atoms. Frequencies and matrix elements are calculated for dipole transitions from even-parity nS1/2 and nD5/2 to odd-parity n′P3/2 and n′F7/2 (where n′ = n, n ± 1, n ± 2) for the Rydberg states of alkali-metal atoms. The matrix elements determine the splitting of Rydberg-state energy levels in the field of a resonance microwave (μw) radiation, which results in the splitting of the resonance in electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT). Numerical computations based on the single-electron quantum defect method (QDM) and the Fues’ model potential (FMP) approach with the use of the most reliable data of the current literature on quantum defect values were performed for the 2S, 2P, 2D and 2F series of the Rydberg states of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs atoms. The calculated data were approximated by quadratic polynomials of the principal quantum number. The polynomial coefficients were determined with the use of a standard curve-fitting interpolation polynomial procedure for numerically presented functions. The approximation equations may be used for the accurate evaluation of the frequencies and matrix elements of μw transitions in wide ranges of the Rydberg-state quantum numbers n >> 1.
24
Tarr, Larry W. "Electromagnetic Metrology Challenges in the U.S. Department of Defense and the Global War on Terrorism." NCSLI Measure 2, no. 4 (December 2007): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2007.11721395.
25
Davis, Timothy J., David Janoschka, Pascal Dreher, Bettina Frank, Frank-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, and Harald Giessen. "Ultrafast vector imaging of plasmonic skyrmion dynamics with deep subwavelength resolution." Science 368, no. 6489 (April 23, 2020): eaba6415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6415.
Abstract:
Plasmonic skyrmions are an optical manifestation of topological defects in a continuous vector field. Identifying them requires characterization of the vector structure of the electromagnetic near field on thin metal films. Here we introduce time-resolved vector microscopy that creates movies of the electric field vectors of surface plasmons with subfemtosecond time steps and a 10-nanometer spatial scale. We image complete time sequences of propagating surface plasmons as well as plasmonic skyrmions, resolving all vector components of the electric field and their time dynamics, thus demonstrating dynamic spin-momentum coupling as well as the time-varying skyrmion number. The ability to image linear optical effects in the spin and phase structures of light in the single-nanometer range will allow for entirely novel microscopy and metrology applications.
26
Zhang, Xi Te, Qian Min Mao, Zhi Gang Nie, Zhen Wei Huang, and Wen Xin Shen. "A Study of Composite Flow Meter Based on the Theory of Electromagnetic and Ultrasonic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.309.
Abstract:
This thesis, under the guiding of electromagnetic and ultrasonic theory, tries to do numerical simulation based on the Fluent simulation software. The composite flowmeter (CFM) improves the accuracy of metrology on water flow and equipment itself with self-calibration and inter-calibration function. The aim is to calculate the average velocity of fluid on the cross-section at the electrode and the stability of flow field by researching on the influence of transducer. The result shows when the distance between two transducers is close, influences the flow field near the electrode, but when the product of two transducers distance and pipe diameter is around 4000, the average fluid velocity is close to the pre-selected fluid velocity and without any swirl. After comprehensive thinking on the structure influence of excitation coil, the transducer should been equipped on the same longitudinal section with the electrode.
27
Shi, Peng, Luping Du, and Xiaocong Yuan. "Spin photonics: from transverse spin to photonic skyrmions." Nanophotonics 10, no. 16 (October 21, 2021): 3927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0046.
Abstract:
Abstract Spin angular momentum associated with circular polarization is a fundamental and important aspect of photons both in classical and quantum optics. The interaction of this optical spin with matter and structures results in many intriguing optical effects and state-of-the-art applications covered under the emerging subject of spin optics. Distinct from longitudinal optical spin along the mean wavevector, transverse spin, the corresponding vector of which is perpendicular to the mean wavevector, prevails and plays a significant role in confined electromagnetic waves such as focused beams, guided waves, and evanescent waves. In the optical near-field, these transverse spins are generated owing to the spatial variation of the kinetic momentum of confined electromagnetic waves, where the spin and orbital angular momenta are strongly coupled, leading to many interesting topological spin structures and properties. Several reviews on optical transverse spins have been published in recent years in which their concepts and the various configurations producing them were introduced systematically. Here, we introduce in this review the underlying physics and dynamics of transverse spin and the resultant topological structures and properties such as the photonic skyrmions and merons. We term this sub-area ‘spin photonics’, its scope being to cover the design and research of spin structures in strongly confined electromagnetic fields with unique properties and applications. The concepts and framework reviewed have importance in optics, topological photonics, metrology, and quantum technologies and may be used to extend spin-dynamics concepts to fluidic, acoustic, and gravitational waves.
28
Vikram, Vikram, and Bhisaji Surve. "An Overview of Performance Validation, Testing Protocols, and Standards for Smart Meters." Journal of Cognitive Human-Computer Interaction 07, no. 1 (2024): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jchci.070102.
Abstract:
This document provides a thorough overview of the testing protocols and standards for smart meters, which are essential parts of the contemporary smart grid. It emphasizes the switch from analog to digital smart meters, which provide two-way communication and real-time data on electricity consumption. In order to guarantee accuracy, dependability, conformity with international standards such as those from the IEC, NIST, and BIS, and the protection of customer data, the document highlights the significance of conducting thorough testing. In order to evaluate several performance factors including insulation, accuracy, and electromagnetic compatibility, it covers a variety of tests, such as metrology, load switch capability, data exchange protocols, and communicability. Smart meters must be thoroughly tested and validated in order for them to operate effectively, reliably, and safely. This will help utilities minimize revenue losses and encourage good energy management.
29
Li, Detian, Meiru Guo, Zhenhua Xi, Huzhong Zhang, and Bowen Li. "Electromagnetic Technology for Vacuum Metrology in the Typical Development of a Metrological-Grade Spinning Rotor Gauge." Electromagnetic Science 1, no. 3 (September 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/emsci.2023.0006.
30
Heo, Seung Yun, Jeonghyun Kim, Philipp Gutruf, Anthony Banks, Pinghung Wei, Rafal Pielak, Guive Balooch, et al. "Wireless, battery-free, flexible, miniaturized dosimeters monitor exposure to solar radiation and to light for phototherapy." Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 470 (December 5, 2018): eaau1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau1643.
Abstract:
Exposure to electromagnetic radiation can have a profound impact on human health. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun causes skin cancer. Blue light affects the body’s circadian melatonin rhythm. At the same time, electromagnetic radiation in controlled quantities has beneficial use. UV light treats various inflammatory skin conditions, and blue light phototherapy is the standard of care for neonatal jaundice. Although quantitative measurements of exposure in these contexts are important, current systems have limited applicability outside of laboratories because of an unfavorable set of factors in bulk, weight, cost, and accuracy. We present optical metrology approaches, optoelectronic designs, and wireless modes of operation that serve as the basis for miniature, low-cost, and battery-free devices for precise dosimetry at multiple wavelengths. These platforms use a system on a chip with near-field communication functionality, a radio frequency antenna, photodiodes, supercapacitors, and a transistor to exploit a continuous accumulation mechanism for measurement. Experimental and computational studies of the individual components, the collective systems, and the performance parameters highlight the operating principles and design considerations. Evaluations on human participants monitored solar UV exposure during outdoor activities, captured instantaneous and cumulative exposure during blue light phototherapy in neonatal intensive care units, and tracked light illumination for seasonal affective disorder phototherapy. Versatile applications of this dosimetry platform provide means for consumers and medical providers to modulate light exposure across the electromagnetic spectrum in a way that can both reduce risks in the context of excessive exposure and optimize benefits in the context of phototherapy.
31
Neyezhmakov, Pavel, Alexander Prokopov, Tatiana Panasenko, and Andrii Shloma. "Analysis of the temperature component of the combined standard uncertainty of the refractive index according to the test data of the control system for meteorological parameters developed for the Lyptsi geodetic polygon." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.4.2021.250411.
Abstract:
The National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” is actively involved in the implementation of a number of international projects under the EMPIR programme. One of such joint projects is the EMPIR 18SIB01 GeoMetre research project “Large-scale dimensional measurements for geodesy”. The overall goal of the project is to ensure traceability of length measurements – from the measurement standard of the unit of length to long distances typical for geodetic measurements. As a result of the project, it is necessary to provide length measurements of at least 5 km with an expanded uncertainty of no more than 1 mm.
The main task of the NSC “Institute of Metrology” within this project is the development, research and practical implementation of methods and means of accounting for the influence of the earth’s atmosphere on the results of measurements of long distances in geodesy, carried out using electromagnetic waves in the optical range.
When performing the section Task 1.4 of the project, new methods of highly accurate determination of the mean integral refractive index of air, used as a correction taking into account the influence of the atmosphere on the measurement results, are justified. Requirements for the accuracy of measurements of meteorological parameters at discrete points of the baseline are formulated, which are necessary to determine the mean integral refractive index. That is, the requirements for the metrological characteristics of temperature, pressure and humidity sensors are determined.
The article discusses the results of the development, manufacture and testing of the sensors for temperature measurement. It is shown that the created sensors meet the requirements of the GeoMetre project.
32
Efimov, A. G. "Electromagnetic and magnetic methods of non-destructive testing for control of damage accumulation in structural steels and alloys (review)." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-8-49-57.
Abstract:
Control of the stress-strain state, compressive and tension stresses, accumulated fatigue damage is one of the goals of non-destructive testing. We consider data of current research in the field of eddy current and electromagnetic methods of non-destructive testing aimed at solving the problem of monitoring the accumulated damage in structural steels and alloys. Developments for practical implementation of the coercive force method, the eddy current structurescopy of non-magnetic materials, the method of higher harmonics and remanence-based control, the method of magnetic noise (Barkhausen noise) are considered. The physical foundations of non-destructive testing methods are considered along with their brief comparative analysis. Examples of non-destructive testing of critical units, such as operating oil and gas pipelines, aircraft parts, bearing parts, pressure vessels, crane parts, etc. are given. The possibility of using the eddy current method for control of the austenitic phase of cold rolled austenitic steels (AISI 304, AISI 321, AISI 316) is analyzed. The examples of static and fatigue tests of the samples of various steels and alloys are given: St3, St20, St45, D16T, AMg6, AMg6N, 12Kh18N9T, 08Kh18N9, 40Kh, R91. Metrology issues and the impact of interfering parameters affecting the measurement error are considered. The equipment used for a number of methods is discussed. Conclusions regarding the limits of applicability and limitations of the considered methods are drawn. The review provides links to both the fundamental works in the field of electromagnetic structurescopy and to modern research in this area which is important for the practical implementation of the devices based on electromagnetic and magnetic methods of non-destructive testing.
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Bardalen, Eivind, Muhammad Nadeem Akram, Helge Malmbekk, and Per Ohlckers. "Review of Devices, Packaging, and Materials for Cryogenic Optoelectronics." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.485.
Abstract:
In this article, developments and techniques related to optical-fiber-coupled devices operating at cryogenic temperatures are reviewed. These devices include superconducting electronics and photodetectors. Superconducting circuits have a number of suitable characteristics in terms of speed and efficiency, lower power consumption, and traceability to fundamental quantum properties. Thus, applications are found in a number of technologies, such as communication and metrology. Often, the devices are coupled by an optical fiber link to an external source. A suitable design of the optical coupling at cryogenic temperatures entails considerations of electromagnetic behavior, geometry, components, material choices, and customized packaging schemes. Minimizing thermomechanical stresses and deformation is a challenge due to the extreme temperature span, from room temperature to below 10 K. Due to the thermomechanical properties at low temperatures, with high contraction and brittleness of some materials, careful design and testing is dictated for the method of mechanical attachment and alignment techniques to avoid failure. Solutions for the efficient, robust optical coupling remain a challenge for some of these devices.
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Sarma, Raktim, Abigail Pribisova, Bjorn Sumner, and Jayson Briscoe. "Classification of Intensity Distributions of Transmission Eigenchannels of Disordered Nanophotonic Structures Using Machine Learning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 6642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136642.
Abstract:
Light-matter interaction optimization in complex nanophotonic structures is a critical step towards the tailored performance of photonic devices. The increasing complexity of such systems requires new optimization strategies beyond intuitive methods. For example, in disordered photonic structures, the spatial distribution of energy densities has large random fluctuations due to the interference of multiply scattered electromagnetic waves, even though the statistically averaged spatial profiles of the transmission eigenchannels are universal. Classification of these eigenchannels for a single configuration based on visualization of intensity distributions is difficult. However, successful classification could provide vital information about disordered nanophotonic structures. Emerging methods in machine learning have enabled new investigations into optimized photonic structures. In this work, we combine intensity distributions of the transmission eigenchannels and the transmitted speckle-like intensity patterns to classify the eigenchannels of a single configuration of disordered photonic structures using machine learning techniques. Specifically, we leverage supervised learning methods, such as decision trees and fully connected neural networks, to achieve classification of these transmission eigenchannels based on their intensity distributions with an accuracy greater than 99%, even with a dataset including photonic devices of various disorder strengths. Simultaneous classification of the transmission eigenchannels and the relative disorder strength of the nanophotonic structure is also possible. Our results open new directions for machine learning assisted speckle-based metrology and demonstrate a novel approach to classifying nanophotonic structures based on their electromagnetic field distributions. These insights can be of paramount importance for optimizing light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
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Booth, James C., Nathan Orloff, Christian Long, Aaron Hagerstrom, Angela Stelson, Nicholas Jungwirth, and Luckshitha Suriyasena Liyanage. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Nonlinear and Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Effects in Heterogeneous Electronics at Microwave Frequencies." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 17 (October 9, 2022): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0217862mtgabs.
Abstract:
Materials properties are an essential component for the accurate modeling of integrated devices and circuits. The accuracy of such models depends explicitly on the accuracy of the input material parameters and interfaces between them. With the trend toward increasing heterogeneous integration, the relationships between electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical material properties of heterogeneously integrated devices are even more important. Recent trends toward co-design emphasize the optimization of all aspects of circuit performance from the beginning, rather than sequentially optimizing the electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical characteristics. It can be critical for modeling success to understand, for example, where losses due to an electromagnetic signal are significant, as those losses can lead to energy dissipation with the subsequent temperature rise being a function of local thermal properties such as the thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Beyond losses, nonuniform temperature distributions generate mechanical stress that can impact interfaces between materials with dissimilar coefficients of thermal expansion. Furthermore, change in temperature and stress can lead to changes in the linear electromagnetic properties, resulting in changes in signal propagation and the generation of nonlinear effects. Material properties are also important as they connect device response to underlying materials physics. This connection allows one to exploit different physical phenomena to add functionality at materials level, and to understand and mitigate non-idealities such as nonlinear response. As such, it is critically important to quantify nonlinear electromagnetic and electro-thermo-mechanical properties of heterogeneous integrated devices. In Fig. 1, the Heckmann diagram shows the electro-thermo-mechanical relations in a crystal, where T, S, E, D, θ, and σ are stress, strain, electric field, electric displacement, temperature, and entropy, respectively. This diagram illustrates the various nonlinear interactions that can be important for determining the overall response of microelectronic devices composed of a wide range of material systems. Here, we present an overview of experimental efforts designed to accurately characterize the linear electromagnetic properties of materials relevant for microelectronics, including dielectrics and conductors as a function of frequency from 100 kHz through 220 GHz. Dispersion and absorption imply frequency dependence of complex quantities such as the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability, and this in turn necessitates broadband characterization techniques. We describe efforts to characterize broadband frequency-dependent linear electromagnetic properties over a wide range of temperatures, including cryogenic temperatures relevant for quantum computing, and augment these techniques with approaches to characterize the relevant thermal material parameters. We then describe measurements of nonlinear response of different material systems to quantify the nonlinear relationships between different thermodynamic fields in integrated structures. We conclude with a discussion of the needs for additional metrology to characterize these complex interactions inside complex 3D and packaged microelectronic devices and at buried interfaces within these heterogeneous integrated structures. Figure 1
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Сухоруков and Vasiliy Sukhorukov. "Magnetic Nondestructive Testing: Metrological Parameters Evaluation." NDT World 18, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13529.
Abstract:
Metrology is very important for nondestructive testing. The accurate evaluation of NDT instruments and technologies metrological parameters is а problem. It should be taken into consideration that the parameters (such as accuracy, threshold of sensitivity etc.) stated in the delivery documentation can differ significantly from those when the instruments and technologies are used in practice. If this difference is not taken into account, testing results can be substantially worse than they had been expected. The NDT technicians must be qualified enough to avoid this. Requirements for personnel skills are now included in the standards and norms on NDT technologies for concrete objects. Personnel qualification requirements regarding to NDT of steel wire ropes are now under consideration. Unfortunately, technicians do not always meet the requirements. This applies to almost all NDT methods and devices but especially to electromagnetic and magnetic flow leakage methods when they are used for testing of ferromagnetic objects, such as steel wire ropes, steel-cord conveyor belts, tubes, oil and gas tanks. The paper can be useful for NDT specialists in their practice of ferromagnetic objects testing, particularly of steel wire ropes.
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Notzon, Gordon, Robert Storch, Thomas Musch, and Michael Vogt. "A low-noise and flexible FPGA-based binary signal measurement generator." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 5-6 (March 18, 2019): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000254.
Abstract:
AbstractIn the area of electromagnetic metrology, binary coded excitation signals become more and more important and various binary coded sequences are available. The measurement approach is to assess the impulse response function of a device under test by correlating the response signal with the excitation signal. In order to achieve a high measurement reproducibility as well as a high dynamic range, the generated binary coded signals have to provide low-noise. In this contribution, a low-noise signal generator realized with a field programmable gate array is presented. The performance investigation of different kinds of binary coded excitation signals and different correlation concepts have been practically investigated. With a chip rate of 5 Gchip/s, the generator can be utilized for ultra-wideband applications. In order to allow for a low-noise and long-term stable signal generation, a new clock generator concept is presented and results of phase noise measurements are shown. Furthermore, an algorithm to fast and precisely shifting the time lag between two binary coded signals for correlating excitation and response signals with a hardware correlator is presented. Finally, the realized demonstrator system is tested using two commonly used types of binary coded sequences.
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Cahan, David. "Helmholtz and the British scientific elite: From force conservation to energy conservation." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 66, no. 1 (November 16, 2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0044.
Abstract:
This article discusses the close relationship that developed during the 1850s and 1860s between Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–94), one of the leading German scientists during the second half of the nineteenth century, and the British scientific elite generally. It focuses especially on the importance of the law of conservation of energy to both sides of that relationship as the law emerged and became popularized. In presenting this Anglo-German relationship, the article relates Helmholtz's friendships or acquaintanceships with numerous members of the British elite, including William Thomson, John Tyndall, Henry Enfield Roscoe, Michael Faraday, Edward Sabine, Henry Bence Jones, George Gabriel Stokes, James Clerk Maxwell, Peter Guthrie Tait, George Biddell Airy and James Thomson. It suggests that the building of these social relationships helped create a sense of trust between Helmholtz and the British elite that, in turn, eased the revision of the understanding of the law of conservation of force into that of energy and consolidated its acceptance, and that laid the personal groundwork for Helmholtz's future promotion of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in Germany and for Anglo-German agreements in electrical metrology.
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Bahatskji, Oleksiy, and Valentyn Bahatskji. "Review and Analysis of the Characteristics of IoT Sensors." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 4 (December 4, 2023): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.23.4.8.
Abstract:
Internet of things (IoT) is the concept of data transmission network between physical objects ("things"), equipped with built-in tools and technologies for interaction with each other or with the environment. The work is devoted to the inspection and analysis of sensors, how the IoT systems are associated with environmental objects. IOT uses a wide class of measurement tools, from elementary sensors (eg, temperature, pressure, light), consumption metering devices (such as intellectual meters) to complex integrated measuring systems. The parameters of 30 types of sensors for IoT are given, 2 of them of the type of temperature and humidity sensors, 2 type of pressure sensors, 13 sensors that measure the flow and amount of gas or liquid, 2 type of accelerometers, 10 approach and movement sensors and 1 noise sensor. Among them are 4 sensors for wireless sensory networks (WSM), a single-time medical sensor for internal blood pressure measurement, calorimetric, vortex and electromagnetic flow sensors and gas or fluid, accelerometer, and memes of memes, and e-memometers, and electromagnetic measurement motion, a device of measuring noise level in the range of sound vibrations. For some sensors, there are no metrological characteristics at all, at best there is only a range of measurements and resolution. The resolution ranges from 8 bits to 16 bits with a signal sampling rate from 0.5 Hz to 48 kHz. There is even a LDC1612 digital induction chip with 28 bits. WSM sensors are designed to work with DigiMesh, LoraWan and Arduino, Raspberry. Many sensors use outdated RS 232, RS 432, I2C. Keywords: internet of things, network, review, analysis, sensors, objects, metrology.
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Fujiwara, Akira, Gento Yamahata, Nathan Johnson, Shuji Nakamura, and Nobuhisa Kaneko. "(Invited) Silicon Quantum Dot Single-Electron Pumps for the Closure of the Quantum Metrology Triangle." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 30 (December 22, 2023): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02301532mtgabs.
Abstract:
Si quantum dot (QD) devices fabricated by MOSFET technology are promising for future and ultimate quantum electronics such as quantum electrical standards and quantum computers. We have developed Si tunable-barrier QD devices with a quasi-gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire [1], which are designed to be used as basic elements such as single-electron (SE) transfer devices and qubits; the precise manipulation of charges and their states are realized in the QDs. The device is especially suitable for high-speed tunable-barrier SE pumps driven at GHz frequencies [2,3] which can generate an electric current via a single QD precisely equal to the elementary charge times the driving frequency and thereby are promising for quantum current standards [4]. To achieve a high accuracy using tunable-barrier SE pumps [5-7], proper designs of device structures are required to secure robust charge quantization. The potential shape of the QD and the entrance tunnel barrier [8] are critical parameters to dictate the pump accuracy because they determine the charging energy and energy filtering effect during SE capture into the QD. Furthermore, deep understanding of electron dynamics such as mechanism crossover of the dynamical charge quantization process [9] and quantum nonadiabatic excitation [10]/electron-phonon relaxation inside the QD are important to get optimal accuracy and extend the frequency breakdown of SE pumps. We have recently developed a device simulator of Si GAA-nanowire SE pumps [11], which is a useful tool to find optimal design and control parameters in all the above-mentioned respects. One of the long-desired targets of SE pumps is to close the quantum metrology triangle (QMT) [12] by checking the consistency among three quantum electrical standards: the SE current standard, the quantum Hall resistance standard, and Josephson voltage standard (JVS). The Japanese QMT project [13] has aimed to conduct the QMT experiment with sub-ppm uncertainty in a single dilution refrigerator by placing all the quantum electric standards inside it. Our key approaches are to use quantum Hall array resistance (QHAR) [14] and parallelized Si SE pumps, which provide higher resistance and current respectively, making the generated voltage more easily compared to JVS. In the project we have succeeded in developing a current-reversal technique with electromechanical relays to cancel out the drift and low frequency noise from various sources in the measurement setup, and applying it to high accuracy measurement of current delivered by a Si SE pump [15]. We have also recently performed a comparison measurement of two Si SE pump operated in parallel and thereby have confirmed a sub-ppm level accuracy [16]. All these progresses will lead to a more precise closure of QMT at deep sub-ppm level in the new future. Si MOSFET technology continues to expand its versatility into quantum electronics technology. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18H05258. A. Fujiwara et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1323 (2004); Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 053121 (2006). A. Fujiwara et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 042102 (2008) G. Yamahata et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 023112 (2015). N.-H. Kaneko et al., Meas. Sci. Technology 27 032001 (2016). B. Kaestner and V. Kashcheyevs, Rep. Prog. Phys. 78, 103901 (2015). G. Yamahata et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 013101 (2016). S. P. Giblin et al., Metrologia 56, 044004 (2019). N. Johnson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 115, 162103 (2019). G. Yamahata et al., Phys. Rev. B 103, 245306 (2021). G. Yamahata et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 1019 (2019). A. Fujiwara et al., in the Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2022). F. Piquemal and G. Genevès, Metrologia 37, 207 (2000). https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/grants/j-grantsinaid/12_kiban/ichiran_30/e-data/h_30_eng_18h05258.pdf; http://www.brl.ntt.co.jp/people/afuji/kakenS/ (only in Japanese). T. Oe et al., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 66, 1475 (2017). S. Nakamura et al., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas, under review. S. Nakamura et al., in preparation.
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Yan, Zheng, Mengdi Han, Yan Shi, Adina Badea, Yiyuan Yang, Ashish Kulkarni, Erik Hanson, et al. "Three-dimensional mesostructures as high-temperature growth templates, electronic cellular scaffolds, and self-propelled microrobots." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 25, 2017): E9455—E9464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713805114.
Abstract:
Recent work demonstrates that processes of stress release in prestrained elastomeric substrates can guide the assembly of sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures in advanced materials. Reported application examples include soft electronic components, tunable electromagnetic and optical devices, vibrational metrology platforms, and other unusual technologies, each enabled by uniquely engineered 3D architectures. A significant disadvantage of these systems is that the elastomeric substrates, while essential to the assembly process, can impose significant engineering constraints in terms of operating temperatures and levels of dimensional stability; they also prevent the realization of 3D structures in freestanding forms. Here, we introduce concepts in interfacial photopolymerization, nonlinear mechanics, and physical transfer that bypass these limitations. The results enable 3D mesostructures in fully or partially freestanding forms, with additional capabilities in integration onto nearly any class of substrate, from planar, hard inorganic materials to textured, soft biological tissues, all via mechanisms quantitatively described by theoretical modeling. Illustrations of these ideas include their use in 3D structures as frameworks for templated growth of organized lamellae from AgCl–KCl eutectics and of atomic layers of WSe2 from vapor-phase precursors, as open-architecture electronic scaffolds for formation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neural networks, and as catalyst supports for propulsive systems in 3D microswimmers with geometrically controlled dynamics. Taken together, these methodologies establish a set of enabling options in 3D micro/nanomanufacturing that lie outside of the scope of existing alternatives.
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Ni, Wei-Tou. "Equivalence principles, spacetime structure and the cosmic connection." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 04 (March 10, 2016): 1630002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816300020.
Abstract:
After reviewing the meaning of various equivalence principles and the structure of electrodynamics, we give a fairly detailed account of the construction of the light cone and a core metric from the equivalence principle for photons (no birefringence, no polarization rotation and no amplification/attenuation in propagation) in the framework of linear electrodynamics using cosmic connections/observations as empirical support. The cosmic nonbirefringent propagation of photons independent of energy and polarization verifies the Galileo Equivalence Principle (Universality of Propagation) for photons/electromagnetic wave packets in spacetime. This nonbirefringence constrains the spacetime constitutive tensor to high precision to a core metric form with an axion degree and a dilaton degree of freedom. Thus comes the metric with axion and dilation. Constraints on axion and dilaton from astrophysical/cosmic propagation are reviewed. Eötvös-type experiments, Hughes–Drever-type experiments, redshift experiments then constrain and tie this core metric to agree with the matter metric, and hence a unique physical metric and universality of metrology. We summarize these experiments and review how the Galileo equivalence principle constrains the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) theoretically. In local physics this physical metric gives the Lorentz/Poincaré covariance. Understanding that the metric and EEP come from the vacuum as a medium of electrodynamics in the linear regime, efforts to actively look for potential effects beyond this linear scheme are warranted. We emphasize the importance of doing Eötvös-type experiments or other type experiments using polarized bodies/polarized particles. We review the theoretical progress on the issue of gyrogravitational ratio for fundamental particles and update the experimental progress on the measurements of possible long range/intermediate range spin–spin, spin–monopole and spin–cosmos interactions.
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Ryzhov, Yevhen, Lev Sakovych, Sergey Glukhov, and Yuriy Nastishin. "Assessment of the influence of diagnostic support on reliability of radio electronic systems." Military Technical Collection, no. 24 (May 20, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.24.2021.3-8.
Abstract:
Currently, there is a trend of digital information processing in electronic weapons systems and military equipment. Software-controlled means of communication are being implemented. This requires new approaches in diagnosing them during maintenance, which are significantly different from the process of finding defects in analog tools. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of modern advances in technical diagnostics and metrology. The possibility of using special methods for assessing the technical condition of digital devices (energy-static, energy-dynamic, electromagnetic), both separately and in combination. This slightly increases the average recovery time, but significantly affects the achievement of the required value of a comprehensive indicator of product reliability - its readiness factor. For the first time, the possibility of classifying electronic systems as "absolutely reliable" due to the peculiarities of metrological and diagnostic software is considered. The influence of controlled variables on the value of the product readiness factor is investigated. Depending on the operating conditions of the repair body, the permissible values for the qualification of specialists (average time of inspection and troubleshooting), as well as for the metrological reliability of measuring equipment are justified. According to the results of research, an algorithm for providing the necessary values of reliability indicators of products, both during their design and during operation and recovery in military conditions. It is shown that the greatest influence on the value of the reliability of products has the training of specialists of the repair body, their ability to fully use the capabilities of modern measuring equipment. The article considers the possibility of using methods for diagnosing digital electronic systems and provides an assessment of the quality of diagnostic software for the reliability of systems as a whole.
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Pustelny, Tadeusz Piotr. "Electroluminescent optical fiber sensor for detection of a high intensity electric field." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i1.980.
Abstract:
On-line testing of high power electromagnetic devices is one of the most important problems of modern industrial metrology. In the paper, the results of experimental investigations of the electric field optical fiber sensor based on the electroluminescent phenomena are presented. The electro¬luminescent effect is observed in some composite semicon¬ductors, among others in zinc sulfide ZnS crystals. In our investigations, the used ZnS crystal was doped with copper Cu atoms as activators. The concentration of activator in the ZnS crystal was about 5.10-4 [g/g]. According to plans of investi¬gations of the elaborated electroluminescent sensor, the spectral properties as well as the intensity of light emission in sinusoidal alternating electric field were tested.Full Text: PDF References:K.T.V. Grattan, Fiber Optic Fluorescence Thermometry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1996 [CrossRef]K. Kyuma, S. Tai, T. Sawada, "Fiber-optic instrument for temperature measurement", J. Quntum. Electronics, 73(3), 1997 [CrossRef]A. Brief, J. Chem. Educ., 88(6), 731 (2011). [CrossRef]T. Pustelny, B. Pustelny, "Investigation of electroluminophores for their practical application in optical fibre sensor technology", Opto-Electronics Rev.,10(3), 193 (2002). [CrossRef]A.Wrzesinska, Photo- and electroluminophore, Wroclaw, PWN Press, 1988, (in polish) [DirectLink]K.A. Franz, W.G. Kehr, "Luminescent Materials", Ullmans Encyclopedie of Industral Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Veinhen, 2008 [CrossRef]A.G. Milnes, Deep Impurities In Semiconductors, A Willey-Interscience Publication, Toronto, 1993 [DirectLink]M. Aven, J.S. Prener, Physics and Chemistry of II-VI Compounds, North-Holland Publishing Company - Amsterdam, 1993 [DirectLink]P.K. Cheo, Fiber Optics Devices and Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1985 [CrossRef]D. Randall, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Grown, Oxford, 2007. [CrossRef]M. Koen, Photoconductivity of Semiconductors, Edited by Parks, New York, 1996 [CrossRef]K.R. Murphy, C.A. Stedmon, Annal. Methods, 6(3), 658, (2014) [CrossRef]T. Pustelny, K. Barczak, K. Gut, J. Wojcik, "Special optical fiber type D applied in optical sensor of electric currents", Optica Applicata, 34(4), 531 (2004). [DirectLink]K. Barczak, T. Pustelny, D. Dorosz, J. Dorosz, "Polarization maintaining fibers for application in magnetic field measurements", Europ. Phys. Journal: S.T., 154, 11, (2008) [CrossRef]
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van der Sijs, Thomas, Omar El Gawhary, and Paul Urbach. "Electromagnetic scattering beyond the weak regime: Solving the problem of divergent Born perturbation series by Padé approximants." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023806019.
Abstract:
Electromagnetic scattering is the main phenomenon behind all optical measurement methods where one aims to retrieve the shape or physical properties of an unknown object by measuring how it scatters an incident optical field. Such an inverse problem is often approached by solving, several times, the corresponding direct scattering problem and trying to find the best estimate of the object which is compatible with a set of measurements. In the direct scattering problem, two regimes can be distinguished depending on the size of the object and the permittivity contrast: the weak-scattering regime and the strong-scattering regime. Generally, the presence of the scatterer alters the form of the incident field inside the scatterer. If that effect is neglected in the physical model, then one speaks of the so-called single-scattering regime or, more often, the Born approximation. The regime in which this approximation is valid is the weak-scattering regime. The corresponding inverse problem, that aims to retrieve the object from scattering data, becomes linear in this case. Linearizing the problem simplifies the method to solve it, but also introduces limitations to the maximum spatial resolution achievable in the reconstruction of the object. In the strong-scattering regime, multiple-scattering effects are not neglected and the inverse problem is treated in its full non-linear nature, which makes finding its solution a far more challenging task. Despite the existence of numerical methods, a powerful way to solve those direct problems would be to use a perturbation approach where the field is expressed as a series, known as the Born series. The advantage of a perturbation approach stems from the fact that each term of the series has a clear physical meaning and can unveil much more about the scattering process than a purely numerical approach can offer. Unfortunately, the series solution turns out to be strongly divergent in the strong-scattering regime, making it an unpractical approach for problems under these strong-scattering conditions. Thus, despite the fact that multiple scattering could, in principle, allow resolving sub-wavelength details of the unknown object, this possibility is in practice hampered by the divergent nature of the higher-order terms of the Born series. In this work, we show how to solve this problem by employing Padé approximants and how to treat electromagnetic problems well beyond the weak-scattering regime and provide an accurate evaluation of the scattered field even under strong-scattering conditions. Padé approximants are rational functions that can offer improvements in two ways, namely series acceleration of converging series and analytic continuation of a series outside its region of convergence. In the case of a symmetric approximant of order N, the approximant is calculated from 2N + 1 terms in the Born series, therefore incorporating multiple-scattering effects to which these higher-order corrections in the Born series correspond. We apply the method to two scalar scattering problems: that of a one-dimensional slab and that of an infinitely long cylinder, which reduces to a two-dimensional problem under normal incidence. In particular, we treat cases in the strong-scattering regime where the Born series diverges, but where Padé approximation retrieves a valuable result. In Fig. 1 the case of a cylinder is shown which is well beyond the weak-scattering regime, but where the most accurate Padé approximant gives a good result for the field. The presented approach incorporates multiple-scattering effects and can therefore represent an important building block to the application of the Born series to direct and inverse problems, with potential applications in superresolution, optical metrology, and phase retrieval.
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Lavanya, Maruthasalam, Duraisamy Thiruarul, Karuppaiya Balasundaram Rajesh, and Zbigniew Jaroszewicz. "Generating novel focal patterns for radial variant vector beam focusing through a dielectric interface." Photonics Letters of Poland 15, no. 1 (April 2, 2023): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v15i1.1198.
Abstract:
Electric and magnetic energy densities as well as energy flux (Poynting vector) for radial variant vector beam focusing through a dielectric interface is analyzed numerically based on vector diffraction theory. The electric and magnetic energy densities are tailored by properly manipulating the radial as well as initial phases to generates novel focal patterns in the focal area. These peculiar properties may find applications in fields such as optical trapping, optical recording, magnetic recording, and magnetic resonance microscopy and semiconductor inspection. Full Text: PDF References S.N. Khonina, I. Golub, "Optimization of focusing of linearly polarized light ", Opt. Lett. 36 352 (2011). CrossRef V.V. Kotlyar, S.S. Stafeev, Y. Liu, L. O'Faolain, A. A. Kovalev, "Analysis of the shape of a subwavelength focal spot for the linearly polarized light", Appl. Opt. 52 330 (2013). CrossRef S. Sen, M.A. Varshney, D. Varshney, "Relativistic Propagation of Linearly/Circularly Polarized Laser Radiation in Plasmas", ISRN Optics. 2013 1 (2013). CrossRef M. Martínez-Corral, R. Martínez-Cuenca, I. Escobar, G. Saavedra, "Reduction of focus size in tightly focused linearly polarized beams", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 4319 (2004) . CrossRef J. Lekner, "Polarization of tightly focused laser beams", Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 6 (2003). CrossRef H. Guo, X. Weng, M. Jiang, Y. Zhao, G. Sui, Q. Hu, Y. Wang, S. Zhuang, "Tight focusing of a higher-order radially polarized beam transmitting through multi-zone binary phase pupil filters", Opt.Express 21, 5363 (2013). CrossRef C.-C. Sun, C.-K. Liu, "Ultrasmall focusing spot with a long depth of focus based on polarization and phase modulation", Opt. Lett. 28, 99 (2003). CrossRef G.H. Yuan, S.B. Wei, X.-C. Yuan, "Nondiffracting transversally polarized beam", Opt. Lett. 36, 3479 (2011). CrossRef P. Yu, S. Chen, J. Li, H. Cheng, Z. Li, W. Liu, B. Xie, Z. Liu, J. Tian, "Generation of vector beams with arbitrary spatial variation of phase and linear polarization using plasmonic metasurfaces", Opt. Lett. 40, 3229 (2015). CrossRef Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, "Complete shaping of optical vector beams", J. Ding, Opt. Express 23, 17701 (2015). CrossRef Z. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Ke, Y. Liu, W. Shu, H. Luo, S. Wen, "Generation of arbitrary vector vortex beams on hybrid-order Poincaré sphere", Photon. Res. 5, 15 (2017). CrossRef Z. Man, Z. Bai, S. Zhang, J. Li, X. Li, X. Ge, Y. Zhang, S. Fu, "Focusing properties of arbitrary optical fields combining spiral phase and cylindrically symmetric state of polarization", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 35, 1014 (2018). CrossRef Z. Man, S. Fu, G. Wei, "Focus engineering based on analytical formulae for tightly focused polarized beams with arbitrary geometric configurations of linear polarization", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 34, 1384 (2017). CrossRef Z. Man et al, "Optical cage generated by azimuthal- and radial-variant vector beams", Appl. Opt. 57 (2018). CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov, E.S. Kozlova, "The Non-Vortex Inverse Propagation of Energy in a Tightly Focused High-Order Cylindrical Vector Beam", IEEE Photon. J., 11, 1 (2019). CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V. Kotlyar, "Elongation of the area of energy backflow through the use of ring apertures", Opt. Commun.450 (2019) 67-71. CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V. Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov, "Energy backflow in in a tightly focused high-order cylindrical vector beam", Proc. SPIE 11025, 1102518 (2019). CrossRef N.G. Orji, M. Badaroglu, B.M. Barnes, "Metrology for the next generation of semiconductor devices", Nat. Electron. 1, 532 (2018). CrossRef P. Torok, P. Varga, G.R. Booker, "Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: structure of the electromagnetic field. I", I, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2136 (1995). CrossRef P. Torok, P. Varga, Z. Laczik, G.R. Booker, "Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: an integral representation", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 12, 325 (1995). CrossRef Z. Zhou, L. Zhu, "Tight focusing of high order axially symmetric polarized beams through a dielectric interface", Optik, 124, 2219 (2013). CrossRef J. Shu, Z. Chen, J. Pu, Y. Liu "Tight focusing of a double-ring-shaped, azimuthally polarized beam through a dielectric interface", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, 1180 (2014). CrossRef K. Hu, Z. Chen, J. Pu., "Generation of super-length optical needle by focusing hybridly polarized vector beams through a dielectric interface", Opt. Lett. 37, 3303 (2012). CrossRef B. Richards, E. Wolf, "Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems, II. Structure of the image field in an aplanatic system", Proc. R. Soc. London A 253, 358 (1959). CrossRef
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Sukumaran Nair, Arya, Peter Czurratis, and Denis Bogucanin. "Application of Machine Learning Algorithm for Defect Analysis in Semiconductors Using High Resolved Scanning Acoustic Microscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 33 (December 22, 2023): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02331590mtgabs.
Abstract:
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy is a dedicated powerful technology in NDT to analyze and characterize bonded interfaces for different technologies. As the complexity of the semiconductor package grows, even seemingly insignificant faults become quite important. Main applications include detection of voids, inclusions and delaminated areas in bonding interfaces and thickness variations in layer structures. The SAM operates with the pulse reflection method. The acoustic lens transforms high frequency electromagnetic vibrations that are transmitted inside the lens as a planar parallel wave field. Through the coupling medium, which is water, the cavity concentrates the sound field on the sample. The sound pulses reflected from the sample are gathered up by the acoustic lens and are converted into electromagnetic pulses by the transducer. These pulses are reconstructed into images with defined gray values. Pixels with certain gray levels are used to depict pulses. New developments in SAM combine high throughput inspection and high resolution down to the sub-micrometer range.The wafer bow is quickly eliminated by altering the array transducer focus point throughout the entire scanning procedure. New techniques for SAM's bonded interface protection keep the wafer almost completely dry throughout inspection. In order to discover and categorize failures with the least amount of data, research focuses on deep learning networks and scanning acoustic microscopes for automated failure assessment. High speed automated wafer-level inspections were made possible by the development of image and signal-based machine learning techniques. These operations can be carried out at both the wafer level and the die level without the need for sample preparation. The automatic handling, scanning, drying, and separation of good wafers from defected wafers based on acoustic data made possible by technological developments in SAM systems. Despite the high sensitivity, minute variations in the reflected signal that would point to a flaw can be lost during image reconstruction. More emphasis is being placed on creating AI-based algorithms for highly accurate automated signal interpretation for failure detection as a result of recent breakthroughs in AI (Artificial Intelligence). Since it requires less human work, automated failure analysis is becoming more and more popular for the detection and qualification of wafer bond integrity. This new technique trains the network for automated fault prediction using raw A-Scan data. In the first phase, die level prediction is reviewed and in the later phase, a wafer-level high volume inspection is performed. Combining SAM with an A-Scan-based Deep Learning approach primarily benefits non-destructive analysis with less labelling effort and training time. With minimal human effort, this process flow is perfect for automated high-volume inspection. SAM also uses image based machine learning approach for automated defect analysis. The U-net machine-learning algorithm serves as the foundation for the integrated image analysis program. Deep Learning technologies is integrated into a new modular image analysis (MIA) architecture with built-up integrated pipeline for Label Studio Software-based Deep Learning activities (labelling, training, analysis). The built-up pipeline is used to identify, train, and test various classes of defect in a bonded wafer. This method employs model confidence to manually mark marginal and defective predictions. High resolution and high throughput analysis for the defect characterization and defect analysis of various types of bonded wafers is improved in scanning acoustic microscopes using the array transducers, signal processing methods like SAFT, Wavelet filtering techniques, Artificial intelligence methods based on both image and signal. With all these advanced technologies, Scanning Acoustic Microscopy is capable of inspection of wafer bond integrity, TSV characterization, 3D package evaluation, Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging (WL-CSP) and Crack inspection. For the metrology of mass production, from initial research and development, our equipment services and software algorithms assist manufacturers of nano electronics in better defect analysis and material characterization. Next Generation transducers were designed and developed in particular for WL-CSP applications.
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Yates, Luke, Andrew T. Binder, Anthony Rice, Andrew M. Armstrong, Jeffrey Steinfeldt, Vincent M. Abate, Michael L. Smith, et al. "(Invited) Recent Progress in Medium-Voltage Vertical GaN Power Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 35 (December 22, 2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02351682mtgabs.
Abstract:
Vertical gallium nitride (GaN) power devices continue to garner interest in multiple power conversion applications requiring a medium-voltage (1.2 – 20 kV) capability. Currently, silicon carbide (SiC) is addressing this voltage range, however, with a comparable critical electric field and superior mobility, GaN is expected to offer advantages in applications where fast switching and avalanche breakdown response times are desired. While uses in electric vehicles, solid-state transformers, and renewable energy conversion are being actively explored, the potential of a vertical GaN device for electric grid protection in the form of an electromagnetic pulse arrestor is a unique proposition that requires very fast transient capabilities (<1 µs pulse widths with rise-times on the order of 10 ns). However, vertical GaN devices are significantly less mature than present SiC offerings. Specifically, low-doped, thick epitaxial growth of GaN via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) still presents many challenges, and advancements in processing, manufacturability, and failure analysis are needed. In this work, we describe our efforts to address the above issues and advance the state-of-the-art in vertical GaN PN diode development. We have successfully demonstrated an MOCVD-grown, 50 µm thick, low-doped (<1015 cm-3) drift region on a GaN substrate that was processed into relatively large-area (1 mm2) PN diodes capable of achieving a 6.7 kV breakdown. Temperature-dependent breakdown was observed, consistent with the avalanche process. The devices consisted of a 4-zone step-etched junction termination extension (JTE), where the breakdown region was visualized via electroluminescence (EL) imaging. Ongoing work aims to scale the current capability of the medium-voltage diodes through a parallel interconnect design that negates defective or poor performing diodes. Further investigation of edge termination structures was explored using a bevel approach, where we studied the relationship between the bevel angle and p-doping. It was found that a very shallow angle of only 5° accompanied by a 500 nm p-region consisting of 3×1017 cm-3 Mg concentration resulted in a consistent 1.2 kV breakdown for an 8 µm thick, 1.6×1016 cm-3 doped drift region. EL imaging confirmed uniform breakdown, and temperature dependence was demonstrated. The bevel approach was then implemented on a diode structure with a 20 µm thick drift region capable of 3.3 kV breakdown, where an unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test was performed to evaluate the impact of a field plate design on avalanche uniformity and ruggedness. A parallel effort to establish a foundry process for vertical GaN devices has been underway. Initially, this focus was on comprehensive studies of GaN wafer metrology using capacitance-voltage (C-V) mapping, optical profilometry, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) mapping. A machine learning algorithm was implemented to identify defective regions and produce a yield prediction for each GaN wafer prior to processing. A hybrid edge termination structure consisting of implanted guard rings (GR) and JTEs was developed in coordination with a controlled experiment that varied the anode thickness, and therefore the remaining p-GaN after implantation. It was observed that thinner p-GaN regions under the JTE/GR region resulted in a significant (>100x) reduction in leakage current under reverse-bias conditions. This process has resulted in 1.2-kV-class devices with up to 18 A forward current for a 1 mm2 device with a specific on-resistance of 1.2 mOhm-cm2. The foundry effort has since been extended to 3.3-kV-class devices that utilize 25 µm thick drift layers with ~2-4×1015 cm-3 doping. These devices have demonstrated up to 3.8 kV breakdown with leakage currents <1 nA up to 3 kV. More than 40 wafers have been processed to date, resulting in >20,000 devices. Statistical variations in I-V and C-V characteristics will be discussed. Packaging process development and analysis are underway to develop electrical stress procedures and identify fundamental failure mechanisms. Finally, a pulse arrested spark discharge (PASD) setup, capable of up to 15 kV pulsed operation in 100 V steps, was implemented to quantify the time response of avalanche breakdown. Initial results on a packaged 800 V device showed a ~1 ns response time during breakdown, which reinforces the potential EMP grid protection applicability. This work was supported by the ARPA-E OPEN+ Kilovolt Devices Cohort directed by Dr.Isik Kizilyalli. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy of the United States Government.
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"Electromagnetic Metrology Symposium." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 53, no. 6 (December 2011): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2011.6157769.
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"Electromagnetic Metrology Symposium." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 54, no. 2 (April 2012): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2012.6230760.