Journal articles: 'Metodo rockfall risk assessment'

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Wang, Xueliang, Paolo Frattini, G. B. Crosta, Luqing Zhang, Federico Agliardi, Serena Lari, and Zhifa Yang. "Uncertainty assessment in quantitative rockfall risk assessment." Landslides 11, no. 4 (November 14, 2013): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0447-8.

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Budetta, P. "Assessment of rockfall risk along roads." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 9, 2004): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-71-2004.

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Abstract. This paper contains a method for the analysis of rockfall risk along roads and motorways. The method is derived from the Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) developed by Pierson et al. (1990) at the Oregon State Highway Division. The RHRS provides a rational way to make informed decisions on where and how to spend construction funds. Exponential scoring functions are used to represent the increases, respectively, in hazard and in vulnerability that are reflected in the nine categories forming the classification. The resulting total score contains the essential elements regarding the evaluation of the degree of the exposition to the risk along roads. In the modified method, the ratings for the categories "ditch effectiveness", "geologic characteristic", "volume of rockfall/block size", "climate and water circulation" and "rockfall history" have been rendered more easy and objective. The main modifications regard the introduction of Slope Mass Rating by Romana (1985, 1988, 1991) improving the estimate of the geologic characteristics, of the volume of the potentially unstable blocks and the underground water circulation. Other modifications regard the scoring for the categories "decision sight distance" and "road geometry". For these categories, the Italian National Council's standards (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR) have been used (CNR, 1980). The method must be applied in both the traffic directions because the percentage of reduction in the decision sight distance greatly affects the results. An application of the modified method to a 2km long section of the Sorrentine road (no 145) in Southern Italy was developed. A high traffic intensity affects the entire section of the road and rockfalls periodically cause casualties, as well as a large amount of damage and traffic interruptions. The method was applied to seven cross sections of slopes adjacent to the Sorrentine road. For these slopes, the analysis shows that the risk is unacceptable and it should be reduced using urgent remedial works.

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Andrianopoulos, A., H. Saroglou, and G. Tsiambaos. "Rockfall hazard and risk assessment of road slopes." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (September 5, 2013): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11031.

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This paper presents and compares the main methods of hazard and risk assessment for road slopes. Hazard assessment is achieved by rating several parameters such as the slope’s geometry, traffic conditions, the geology and the rockmass properties, weather conditions, historical rockfall data etc. A hazard assessment can also be executed using 2D or 3D trajectory models, by combining the frequency of a rockfall and the kinetic energy of a falling rock. Several methodologies have been developed for risk assessment, varying from simplistic approaches to comprehensive probabilistic or quantitative risk assessment methods. Finally, the most suitable methods were used in order to assess the level of hazard and risk as an example (the data from two sections of the national road at Tempi Gorge, Greece) where many rockfall events occurred in the past few years.

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Li, Z. H., H. W. Huang, Y. D. Xue, and J. Yin. "Risk assessment of rockfall hazards on highways." Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards 3, no. 3 (September 2009): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17499510902809763.

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Mignelli, Claudia, Stefano Lo Russo, and Daniele Peila. "ROckfall risk MAnagement assessment: the RO.MA. approach." Natural Hazards 62, no. 3 (March 20, 2012): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0137-1.

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Blahůt, Jan, Jan Klimeš, and Zuzana Vařilová. "Quantitative rockfall hazard and risk analysis in selected municipalities of the České Švýcarsko National Park, northwestern Czechia." Geografie 118, no. 3 (2013): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2013118030205.

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Quantitative rockfall hazard and specific risk assessment of the selected municipalities within the České Švýcarsko National Park was performed using two rockfall hazard analysis modelling codes. CONEFALL and RockFall Analyst codes were used to delimit rockfall hazard regions. Specific risk to buildings was consequently assessed using results from the hazard analysis and literature-derived vulnerability values. Results of hazard and risk assessments for two nearby municipalities were compared and evaluated. Both models provide similar rockfall hazard values in areas characterized with relatively steep (36°–50°), convex and short slopes (up to 200 m). Whereas in regions with less steep (20°–35°), concave and longer slopes (about 350 m) the predicted rockfall hazard differs considerably. We argue that the results of the RockFall Analyst are more reliable due to complex input data and modelling approach which closely resembles the natural process of falling rocks on forested slopes. Differences in hazard assessment are further reflected in assigning risk values to exposed buildings, where CONEFALL is more conservative.

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Agliardi, F., G. B. Crosta, and P. Frattini. "Integrating rockfall risk assessment and countermeasure design by 3D modelling techniques." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 6, 2009): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1059-2009.

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Abstract. Rockfall risk analysis for mitigation action design requires evaluating the probability of rockfall events, the spatial probability and intensity of impacts on structures, their vulnerability, and the related expected costs for different scenarios. These tasks were integrated in a quantitative risk assessment procedure supported by 3D rockfall numerical modelling performed by the original code HY-STONE. The case study of Fiumelatte (Varenna, Italy), where a large rockfall in November 2004 resulted in 2 casualties, destruction of several buildings and damage to transportation corridors, is discussed. The numerical model was calibrated by a back analysis of the 2004 event, and then run for the whole area at risk by considering scenarios without protection (S0), with a provisional embankment (S1), and with a series of long-term protection embankments (S2). Computed impact energy and observed damage for each building impacted in 2004 were combined to establish an empirical vulnerability function, according to which the expected degree of loss for each element at risk was computed. Finally, costs and benefits associated to different protection scenarios were estimated, in order to assess both the technical performance and the cost efficiency of different mitigation options.

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Budetta, P., C. De Luca, and M. Nappi. "Quantitative rockfall risk assessment for an important road by means of the rockfall risk management (RO.MA.) method." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 75, no. 4 (October 6, 2015): 1377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0798-6.

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Klimeš, Jan. "Rockfall hazard and risk assessment on forested slopes, examples from Czechia." Geografie 116, no. 2 (2011): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2011116020144.

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Rockfall hazard is assessed using Rockfor.net, which is one dimensional tool for assessing the protective function of forests against rockfall. Three sites where chosen to test the tool with different morphological and forest conditions. For each site, it was evaluated how the boulder size and forest composition affects the probability of the rocks to surpass the forested slope. The Rockfor.net was also used for back calculations of past event, which happened during the floods in July 1997 in the village of Bystřička in the Vsetínské vrchy Hills. In this case, also a partial quantitative risk assessment with suggestions for risk management was performed.

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Kromer, Ryan, Matt Lato, D. Jean Hutchinson, Dave Gauthier, and Tom Edwards. "Managing rockfall risk through baseline monitoring of precursors using a terrestrial laser scanner." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 7 (July 2017): 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0178.

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Rockfalls represent significant risks to safe and efficient use of transportation corridors. In this paper, we address the management of rockfall risk through baseline remote monitoring of susceptible slopes (every 2–4 months) along a transportation corridor along the Fraser River valley in western Canada using a terrestrial laser scanner and supporting remote sensing technologies. This includes identifying potential rockfall source zones based on incipient signs of failure, tracking kinematics in three dimensions to better understand the mechanism of failure, estimating potential failure volumes based on bounding joint structure, and transmitting this information to the railway operator for an assessment of risk. We demonstrate our approach for one case along the line where we identified several potential failures ranging in volume from 48 to 4200 m3. Our projections of the location of failures were successful, in that volume projections were within 10%–55%, and the anticipated kinematics and failure mechanism were consistent with the assessment of post-failure rockfall scar geometries. Accurate volume and kinematics estimates are important for the assessment of hazard and risk as well as the planning of risk mitigation options. In general, this approach can be used to better manage risk from rockfall hazard in communities, transportation corridors, or other infrastructure.

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Scavia, Claudio, Monica Barbero, Marta Castelli, Maddalena Marchelli, Daniele Peila, Giulia Torsello, and Gianmarco Vallero. "Evaluating Rockfall Risk: Some Critical Aspects." Geosciences 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030098.

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Rockfalls evolve rapidly and unpredictably in mountain environments and can cause considerable losses to human societies, structures, economical activities, and also natural and historical heritage. Rockfall risk analyses are complex and multi-scale processes involving several disciplines and techniques. This complexity is due to the main features of rockfall phenomena, which are extremely variable over space and time. Today, a considerable number of methods exists for protecting land, as well as assessing and managing the risk level. These methodologies are often very different from each other, depending on the data required, the purposes of the analysis, and the reference scale adopted, i.e., the analysis level of detail. Nevertheless, several questions still remain open with reference to each phase of the hazard and risk process. This paper is devoted to a general overview of existing risk estimation methodologies and a critical analysis of some open questions with the aim of highlighting possible further research topics. A typical risk assessment framework is exemplified by analyzing a real case study. Each step of the process is treated at both the detailed and the large scale in order to highlight the main characteristics of each level of detail.

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Sala, Zac, D. Jean Hutchinson, and Rob Harrap. "Simulation of fragmental rockfalls detected using terrestrial laser scans from rock slopes in south-central British Columbia, Canada." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 2385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2385-2019.

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Abstract. Rockfall presents an ongoing challenge to the safe operation of transportation infrastructure, creating hazardous conditions which can result in damage to roads and railways, as well as loss of life. Rockfall risk assessment frameworks often involve the determination of rockfall runout in an attempt to understand the likelihood that rockfall debris will reach an element at risk. Rockfall modelling programs which simulate the trajectory of rockfall material are one method commonly used to assess potential runout. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of a rockfall simulation prototype which uses the Unity 3D game engine. The technique is capable of simulating rockfall events comprised of many mobile fragments, a limitation of many industry standard rockfall modelling programs. Five fragmental rockfalls were simulated using the technique, with slope and rockfall geometries constructed from high-resolution terrestrial laser scans. Simulated change detection was produced for each of the events and compared to the actual change detection results for each rockfall as a basis for testing model performance. In each case the simulated change detection results aligned well with the actual observed change in terms of location and magnitude. An example of how the technique could be used to support the design of rockfall catchment ditches is shown. Suggestions are made for future development of the simulation technique with a focus on better informing simulated rockfall fragment size and the timing of fragmentation.

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Mavrouli, O., and J. Corominas. "Rockfall vulnerability assessment for reinforced concrete buildings." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2010): 2055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2055-2010.

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Abstract. The vulnerability of buildings to the impact of rockfalls is a topic that has recently attracted increasing attention in the scientific literature. The quantification of the vulnerability, when based on empirical or heuristic approaches requires data recorded from historical rockfalls, which are not always available. This is the reason why appropriate alternatives are required. The use of analytical and numerical models can be one of them. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for the analytical evaluation of the vulnerability of reinforced concrete buildings. The vulnerability is included in the risk equation by incorporating the uncertainty of the impact location of the rock block and the subsequent damage level. The output is a weighted vulnerability that ranges from 0 to 1 and expresses the potential damage that a rock block causes to a building in function of its velocity and size. The vulnerability is calculated by the sum of the products of the probability of block impact on each element of the building and its associated damage state, the latter expressed in relative recovery cost terms. The probability of exceeding a specific damage state such as non-structural, local, partial, extensive or total collapse is also important for the quantification of risk and to this purpose, several sets of fragility curves for various rock diameters and increasing velocities have been prepared. An example is shown for the case of a simple reinforced concrete building and impact energies from 0 to 4075 kJ.

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Žabota, Barbara, and Milan Kobal. "A New Methodology for Mapping Past Rockfall Events: From Mobile Crowdsourcing to Rockfall Simulation Validation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090514.

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Rockfalls are one of the most common natural hazards in mountainous areas that pose high risk to people and their activities. Rockfall risk assessment is commonly performed with the use of models that can simulate the potential rockfall source, propagation and runout areas. The quality of the models can be improved by collecting data on past rockfall events. Mobile crowdsourcing is becoming a common approach for collecting field data by using smartphones, the main advantages of which are the use of a harmonised protocol, and the possibility of creating large datasets due to the simultaneous use by multiple users. This paper presents a new methodology for collecting past rockfall events with a mobile application, where the locations and attributes of rockfall source areas and rockfall deposits are collected, and the data are stored in an online database which can be accessed via the WebGIS platform. The methodology also presents an approach for calculating an actual source location based on viewshed analysis which greatly reduces the problem of field mapping of inaccessible source areas. Additionally, we present a rockfall database in the Alpine Space that has been created by the presented methodology, and an application of collected data for the calibration and validation of two rockfall models (CONEFALL and Rockyfor3D).

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Ali, Sajid, Rashid Haider, Wahid Abbas, Muhammad Basharat, and Klaus Reicherter. "Empirical assessment of rockfall and debris flow risk along the Karakoram Highway, Pakistan." Natural Hazards 106, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 2437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04549-4.

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AbstractThe Karakoram Highway links north Pakistan with southwest China. It passes through unique geomorphological, geological and tectonic setting. This study focused 200-km-long section of the highway starting from Besham until Chilas. Landslides are frequent and are mostly triggered by torrential rain during Monsoon and Westerlies, leading to highway blockade. Rockfall and debris flow are prime mode of slope failures. Regional to site-specific approach was implemented to assess risk associated with these two modes. Remote sensing-based techniques were used to identify potential hazardous sites, which were further investigated for risk assessment. Modified Pierson’s rockfall hazard rating system (RHRS) rated potential rockfalls, whereas semi-quantitative technique was employed to assess debris flows. Normalized scores of each site shaped the final map, further classified into four zones: very high, high, intermediate and low risk.

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Mineo, Simone, Giovanna Pappalardo, Michele Mangiameli, Santo Campolo, and Giuseppe Mussumeci. "Rockfall Analysis for Preliminary Hazard Assessment of the Cliff of Taormina Saracen Castle (Sicily)." Sustainability 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020417.

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A rockfall analysis at one of the most relevant cultural heritage sites of northeastern Sicily (Italy) is presented herein with the aim of assessing the hazard arising from the unstable conditions of the rock cliff of Taormina city, upon which the Saracen Castle is perched on its top. Several rockfalls affected this area in the latest years, representing a serious threat for the safety of inhabitants and tourists. Therefore, the qualitative Evolving Rockfall Hazard Assessment (ERHA) was applied for the hazard zonation, supported by rock mass surveys and Terrestrial Laser Scanner prospecting. Kinematic analysis revealed that the unstable rock failure patterns are represented by planar/wedge sliding and toppling, while simulation of potential rockfalls allowed studying the impact of future events in terms of trajectory and energy. This is higher at the foot of scarps and in steeper sectors, where the application of ERHA identified a critical zone close to the inhabited center, which is one of the main elements at risk, along with a pedestrian tourist path. Achieved results represent a starting point for the definition of risk management strategies and provide a scientific contribution to the study of hazard and risk arising from rockfall occurrence.

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Tanoli, Javed Iqbal, Ningsheng Chen, Ihsan Ullah, Muhammad Qasim, Sajid Ali, Qasim ur Rehman, Umbreen Umber, and Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan Jadoon. "Modified “Rockfall Hazard Rating System for Pakistan (RHRSP)”: An Application for Hazard and Risk Assessment along the Karakoram Highway, Northwest Pakistan." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083778.

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Rockfall is a natural mountain hazard posing a severe threat to people, infrastructure, and vehicles along the transportation corridors. In this research, the standard Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) is slightly modified for the mountainous terrains of Pakistan through the quantification of animal activity along the highways. In the modified Rockfall Hazard and Rating System for Pakistan (RHRSP), animal activity is scored based on permanent and random animal tracks, shallow and higher altitudes, and shoulder width. The model is applied along the Karakoram Highway (KKH), which traverses a suture between Besham and Dasu (≈78 km), for Rockfall hazard and risk assessment mapping. An inventory of rockfalls, topples, and debris slides is compiled at 30 stations. Results show that rockfalls are mostly of the wedge and topple type failures. Fifty-seven percent of the area falls under the very-high to high hazard zone, 18% under moderate hazard, and 25% covers the low to very low hazard zone. Sixty-seven percent of the stretch is at very-high to high risk, distributed from Dubair to Dasu. The main reason for this risk is associated with narrow road width and limited shoulder width for vehicles. The RHRSP model is also applicable for other highways with the same geological and morphological settings.

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Budetta, P., and M. Nappi. "Comparison between qualitative rockfall risk rating systems for a road affected by high traffic intensity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 22, 2013): 1643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1643-2013.

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Abstract. The paper deals with the assessment of the rockfall risk for a road stretch, in southern Italy, affected by high traffic intensity. Three qualitative rockfall risk rating systems (QRSs) which use an exponential scoring with a base of 3 were employed, and then the results were compared. The used methods are the following: the Rockfall Hazard Rating System, a modified version of this method already proposed in the past by one of the authors, and the modified version of the Colorado Rockfall Hazard Rating System. The studied road stretch is about 11 km in length and is part of a very tortuous road flanked by rock slopes characterised by complex geostructural and geomechanical layouts. The road was subdivided into 56 sections, defined so as to have – as much as possible – homogeneous geological characteristics. By means of the three QRSs, it was possible to ascertain that high levels of rockfall risks are due to the lack of ditches, a very limited percentage of decision sight distance (PDSD) values and a small roadway width, whereas a subordinate factor is the hazard caused by rockfalls. Several positive and negative aspects arising from the use of the employed methods are highlighted and discussed.

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Hantz, Didier, Jordi Corominas, Giovanni B. Crosta, and Michel Jaboyedoff. "Definitions and Concepts for Quantitative Rockfall Hazard and Risk Analysis." Geosciences 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040158.

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There is an increasing need for quantitative rockfall hazard and risk assessment that requires a precise definition of the terms and concepts used for this particular type of landslide. This paper suggests using terms that appear to be the most logic and explicit as possible and describes methods to derive some of the main hazards and risk descriptors. The terms and concepts presented concern the rockfall process (failure, propagation, fragmentation, modelling) and the hazard and risk descriptors, distinguishing the cases of localized and diffuse hazards. For a localized hazard, the failure probability of the considered rock compartment in a given period of time has to be assessed, and the probability for a given element at risk to be impacted with a given energy must be derived combining the failure probability, the reach probability, and the exposure of the element. For a diffuse hazard that is characterized by a failure frequency, the number of rockfalls reaching the element at risk per unit of time and with a given energy (passage frequency) can be derived. This frequency is relevant for risk assessment when the element at risk can be damaged several times. If it is not replaced, the probability that it is impacted by at least one rockfall is more relevant.

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Colangelo, G., and A. Guariglia. "A Combined Methodology for Landslide Risk Mitigation in Basilicata Region by Using LIDAR Technique and Rockfall Simulation." International Journal of Geophysics 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/392676.

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Rockfalls represent a significant geohazards along the SS18 road of Basilicata Region, Italy. The management of these rockfall hazards and the mitigation of the risk require innovative approaches and technologies. This paper discusses a hazard assessment strategy and risk mitigation for rockfalls in a section of SS118, along the coast of Maratea, using LIDAR technique and spatial modelling. Historical rockfall records were used to calibrate the physical characteristics of the rockfall processes. The results of the simulations were used to define the intervention actions and engineering strategy for the mitigation of the phenomena. Within two months, 260 linear meters of high-energy rockfall barriers for impact energies up to 3000 kJ were installed. After that, according to road authority, the SS18 road was opened in a safe condition. The results represent a valid cognitive support to choose the most appropriate technical solution for topography strengthening and an example of good practice for the cooperation between innovative technologies and field emergency management.

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Saroglou, H., V. Marinos, P. Marinos, and G. Tsiambaos. "Rockfall hazard and risk assessment: an example from a high promontory at the historical site of Monemvasia, Greece." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1823-2012.

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Abstract. The paper presents the kinematics of rock instability of a high limestone promontory, where the Monemvasia historical site is situated, in Peloponnese in Southern Greece. The instability phenomena poses a significant threat to the town located at the base of the slope. Rockfall episodes occurred in the past due to the relaxation of the high cliff, whereas significant undermining of the castle frontiers has been observed at the slope crest. The predominant types of instability are of planar, wedge and toppling failure of medium to large blocks. In order to investigate the existing stability conditions and decide upon the protection measures, stability and rockfall analyses were carried out for numerous slope sections under different loading conditions and protection measures were suggested. A rock-fall risk rating system is proposed, which is based on morphological and structural criteria of the rock mass and on vulnerability and consequences. The rating system is applied for individual sections along the slope and a risk map was produced, which depicted areas having different degree of risk against rockfall occurrences.

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Michoud, C., M. H. Derron, P. Horton, M. Jaboyedoff, F. J. Baillifard, A. Loye, P. Nicolet, A. Pedrazzini, and A. Queyrel. "Rockfall hazard and risk assessments along roads at a regional scale: example in Swiss Alps." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2012): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-615-2012.

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Abstract. Unlike fragmental rockfall runout assessments, there are only few robust methods to quantify rock-mass-failure susceptibilities at regional scale. A detailed slope angle analysis of recent Digital Elevation Models (DEM) can be used to detect potential rockfall source areas, thanks to the Slope Angle Distribution procedure. However, this method does not provide any information on block-release frequencies inside identified areas. The present paper adds to the Slope Angle Distribution of cliffs unit its normalized cumulative distribution function. This improvement is assimilated to a quantitative weighting of slope angles, introducing rock-mass-failure susceptibilities inside rockfall source areas previously detected. Then rockfall runout assessment is performed using the GIS- and process-based software Flow-R, providing relative frequencies for runout. Thus, taking into consideration both susceptibility results, this approach can be used to establish, after calibration, hazard and risk maps at regional scale. As an example, a risk analysis of vehicle traffic exposed to rockfalls is performed along the main roads of the Swiss alpine valley of Bagnes.

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Wu, Yongping, Bosheng Hu, Ding Lang, and Yepeng Tang. "Risk assessment approach for rockfall hazards in steeply dipping coal seams." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 138 (February 2021): 104626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104626.

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Guzzetti, F., P. Reichenbach, and G. F. Wieczorek. "Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003.

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Abstract. Rock slides and rock falls are the most frequent types of slope movements in Yosemite National Park, California. In historical time (1857–2002) 392 rock falls and rock slides have been documented in the valley, and some of them have been mapped in detail. We present the results of an attempt to assess rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley. Spatial and temporal aspects of rock falls hazard are considered. A detailed inventory of slope movements covering the 145-year period from 1857 to 2002 is used to determine the frequency-volume statistics of rock falls and to estimate the annual frequency of rock falls, providing the temporal component of rock fall hazard. The extent of the areas potentially subject to rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley were obtained using STONE, a physically-based rock fall simulation computer program. The software computes 3-dimensional rock fall trajectories starting from a digital elevation model (DEM), the location of rock fall release points, and maps of the dynamic rolling friction coefficient and of the coefficients of normal and tangential energy restitution. For each DEM cell the software calculates the number of rock falls passing through the cell, the maximum rock fall velocity and the maximum flying height. For the Yosemite Valley, a DEM with a ground resolution of 10 × 10 m was prepared using topographic contour lines from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:24 000-scale maps. Rock fall release points were identified as DEM cells having a slope steeper than 60°, an assumption based on the location of historical rock falls. Maps of the normal and tangential energy restitution coefficients and of the rolling friction coefficient were produced from a surficial geologic map. The availability of historical rock falls mapped in detail allowed us to check the computer program performance and to calibrate the model parameters. Visual and statistical comparison of the model results with the mapped rock falls confirmed the accuracy of the model. The model results are compared with a previous map of rockfall talus and with a geomorphic assessment of rock fall hazard based on potential energy referred to as a shadow angle approach, recently completed for the Yosemite Valley. The model results are then used to identify the roads and trails more subject to rock fall hazard. Of the 166.5 km of roads and trails in the Yosemite Valley 31.2% were found to be potentially subject to rock fall hazard, of which 14% are subject to very high hazard.

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Corominas, Jordi, Ramon Copons, José Moya, Joan M. Vilaplana, Joan Altimir, and Jordi Amigó. "Quantitative assessment of the residual risk in a rockfall protected area." Landslides 2, no. 4 (November 15, 2005): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-005-0022-z.

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Moos, Christine, Luuk Dorren, and Markus Stoffel. "Quantifying the effect of forests on frequency and intensity of rockfalls." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-291-2017.

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Abstract. Forests serve as a natural means of protection against small rockfalls. Due to their barrier effect, they reduce the intensity and the propagation probability of falling rocks and thus reduce the occurrence frequency of a rockfall event for a given element at risk. However, despite established knowledge on the protective effect of forests, they are generally neglected in quantitative rockfall risk analyses. Their inclusion in quantitative rockfall risk assessment would, however, be necessary to express their efficiency in monetary terms and to allow comparison of forests with other protective measures, such as nets and dams. The goal of this study is to quantify the effect of forests on the occurrence frequency and intensity of rockfalls. We therefore defined an onset frequency of blocks based on a power-law magnitude–frequency distribution and determined their propagation probabilities on a virtual slope based on rockfall simulations. Simulations were run for different forest and non-forest scenarios under varying forest stand and terrain conditions. We analysed rockfall frequencies and intensities at five different distances from the release area. Based on two multivariate statistical prediction models, we investigated which of the terrain and forest characteristics predominantly drive the role of forest in reducing rockfall occurrence frequency and intensity and whether they are able to predict the effect of forest on rockfall risk. The rockfall occurrence frequency below forested slopes is reduced between approximately 10 and 90 % compared to non-forested slope conditions; whereas rockfall intensity is reduced by 10 to 70 %. This reduction increases with increasing slope length and decreases with decreasing tree density, tree diameter and increasing rock volume, as well as in cases of clustered or gappy forest structures. The statistical prediction models reveal that the cumulative basal area of trees, block volume and horizontal forest structure represent key variables for the prediction of the protective effect of forests. In order to validate these results, models have to be tested on real slopes with a wide variation of terrain and forest conditions.

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Li, Fei, Yikang Liu, and Jian Yang. "Durability Assessment Method of Hollow Thin-Walled Bridge Piers under Rockfall Impact Based on Damage Response Surface." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912196.

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Continuous rigid-frame bridges across valleys are often at risk of rockfalls caused by heavy rainfalls, earthquakes, and debris flow in a mountainous environment. Hollow thin-walled bridge piers (HTWBP) in valleys are exposed to the threat of impact from accidental rockfalls. In the current research, ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to establish a high-precision rockfall-HTWBP model. The rockfall-HTWBP model is verified against a scaled impact test performed in previously published research. A mesh independence test is also performed to obtain an appropriate mesh size. Based on the rockfall-HTWBP model, the impact force, damage, and dynamic response characteristics of HTWBP under a rockfall impact are studied. In addition, a damage assessment criterion is proposed, based on the response surface model, combined with the central composite design method and Box–Behnken design method. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the impact force of the rockfall has a substantial impulse characteristic, and the duration of the impulse load is approximately 0.01 s. (2) The impacted surface of the pier is dominated by the final elliptic damage, with conical and strip damage areas as the symmetry axis. The cross-sectional damage mode is from compression failure in the impact area and shear failure at the corner. (3) The maximum displacement occurs in the middle height of the pier. The maximum displacement increases with impact height, impact velocity, and rockfall diameter and decreases with the uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete. (4) The initial impact velocity and diameter of the rockfall are the most significant parameters affecting the damage indices. In addition, a damage assessment method, with a damage zoning diagram based on the response surface method, is established for the fast assessment of the damage level of impacted HTWBP.

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Pappalardo, Giovanna, Davide Caliò, and Simone Mineo. "Interaction between Rockfalls and Vehicles Studied for Speed Limit Zonation along Mountainous Roads." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094096.

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A rockfall risk assessment along the transportation route to a historical village is presented herein with the aim of evaluating the potential of this approach for speed limit zonation. Mountainous roads are often subject to rockfalls, which should be taken into account for territorial management and planning, especially when dealing with dynamic variables, such as vehicular traffic. Rockfall risk analysis along roads is often aimed at assessing a risk value to plan or prioritize mitigation purposes. Nevertheless, such approaches can also be used to regulate traffic in terms of posted speed limits. Traffic is, indeed, a key variable in rockfall risk analysis due to the spatial and temporal correspondence that a vehicle can have with an either falling or fallen rock block. In order to address this relationship for speed limit zonation purposes, in this paper, a semi-quantitative Rockfall Hazard Rating System was applied to a mountainous road leading to a popular tourist destination in eastern Sicily (Italy), which is characterized by winding paths. This approach, which was chosen for its feasibility and international diffusion, was repeated by taking five different vehicle speed scenarios into account, thus providing an innovative application of the procedure in terms of aims and practical results. The achieved outcomes were used to draft thematic maps, as well as to define a suitable speed limit zonation related to the rockfall risk, highlighting that the road visibility strongly affects the final results. The achieved outcomes demonstrate how a scientific approach can be turned into a practical tool of broad utility, especially in mountainous settings, where winding roads and rockfall problems often condition the viability.

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Konstantinidis, Ioakeim, Vassilis Marinos, and George Papathanassiou. "UAV-Based Evaluation of Rockfall Hazard in the Cultural Heritage Area of Kipinas Monastery, Greece." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 8946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198946.

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Rockfall events consist one of the most hazardous geological phenomena in mountainous landscapes, with the potential to turn catastrophic if they occur near an anthropogenic environment. Rockfall hazard and risk assessments are recognized as some of the most challenging surveys among the geoengineering society, due to the urgent need for accurate foresight of likely rockfall areas, together with their magnitude and impact. In recent decades, with the introduction of remote sensing technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, the construction of qualitative and quantitative analyses for rockfall events became more precise. This study primarily aims to take advantage of the UAV’s capabilities, in order to produce a detailed hazard and risk assessment via the proposition of a new semi-quantitative rating system. The area of application is located in the cultural heritage area of Kipinas Monastery in Epirus, Greece, which is characterized by the absence of pre-existing data regarding previous rockfall events. As an outcome, it was shown that the suggested methodology, with the combination of innovative remote sensing technologies with traditional engineering geological field surveys, can lead to the extraction of all the necessary quantitative data input for the proposed rating system for any natural slope.

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Torsello, Giulia, Gianmarco Vallero, Lorenzo Milan, Monica Barbero, and Marta Castelli. "A Quick QGIS-Based Procedure to Preliminarily Define Time-Independent Rockfall Risk: The Case Study of Sorba Valley, Italy." Geosciences 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12080305.

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Rockfalls are widespread, rapid, and high-energy landslide phenomena that could potentially affect large portions of populated lands. The preliminary identification of the most rockfall-prone zones is a challenging task, especially in times of extreme and unpredictable climate change. Even slight environmental modifications can produce significant consequences in terms of exposure, hazard, and risk. Therefore, a timely risk assessment is paramount for territorial administrators to plan and prioritize adequate countermeasures. Risk assessment is crucial to guaranteeing the safety of human lives, the integrity of structures and infrastructures, the preservation of historic and environmental heritage, and the safeguard of economic activities. Hence, new and rapid evaluation methods for rockfall hazard, vulnerability, and risk are needed to identify the most critical areas where more indepth analyses aimed at the design of protective works should be carried out. This study proposes a quick, innovative, and completely GIS-based procedure to preliminarily assess rockfall time-independent hazard and risk in large areas. Propagation analysis is performed by integrating powerful QGIS plugin QPROTO, which can estimate rockfall energy within the invasion area in a simplified way, with the slope units polygons of the Italian territory for the definition of the input parameters. The quantification of risk was obtained by the application of the multidisciplinary IMIRILAND methodology, again within a free and open QGIS environment. Lastly, to test the capabilities of the method, the procedure was applied to a case study of the Sorba Valley (Piemonte, Italy), a tourist region in the northwestern Italian Alps. The findings offer an important contribution to the field of land-planning activities and risk-management strategies.

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TSUDA, Yuto, Terumi SHISHIKURA, Hiroaki TSUKAMOTO, Ikumasa YOSHIDA, KANNO Hasuka, and Shuji MORIGUCHI. "OPTIMAL DESIGN OF ROCKFALL PROTECTION STRUCTURES BASED ON RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ROAD." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 76, no. 2 (2020): I_531—I_541. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.76.2_i_531.

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Feng, Zhenmin, Dongmei Huang, Zhian Li, Rui Li, and Yupeng Sun. "Probabilistic Analysis of Wheel Loader Failure under Rockfall Conditions Based on Bayesian Network." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 31, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2744264.

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Rockfall is one of the most serious geological hazards in mountain regions. During the rescue situations after rockfall, the wheel loader, a vital type of modern engineering mechanism, plays an important role in relieving the obstruction of the catastrophic site. Increasing the reliability of the wheel loader during the rescue situation is quite important. This study aims to build a fault diagnosis model based on Bayesian network (BN) to diagnose the probability and path of the fault occurrence in the wheel loader during a rockfall disaster. Meanwhile, to reduce the influence of subjective factors, the fuzzy set theory is introduced into BN. The result showed that the probability of failure of the wheel loader under rockfall disaster is 13.11%. In addition, the key cause of the failure of the wheel loader under the rockfall disaster is the malfunction of mechanical parts. The probability of mechanical component failures in this case is as high as 88%, while the probability of human error is 6%. The research results not only show the ability of the BN to incorporate subjective judgment but also can provide a reference for fault diagnosis and risk assessment of wheel loaders under rockfall disaster conditions.

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Vanneschi, Camillo, Aiello, Bonciani, and Salvini. "SfM-MVS Photogrammetry for Rockfall Analysis and Hazard Assessment Along the Ancient Roman Via Flaminia Road at the Furlo Gorge (Italy)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080325.

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Rockfall events represent significant hazards for areas characterized by high and steep slopes and therefore effective mitigation controls are essential to control their effect. There are a lot of examples all over the world of anthropic areas at risk because of their proximity to a rock slope. A rockfall runout analysis is a typical 3D problem, but for many years, because of the lack of specific software, powerful computers, and economic reasons, a 2D approach was normally adopted. However, in recent years the use of 3D software has become quite widespread and different runout working approaches have been developed. The contribution and potential use of photogrammetry in this context is undoubtedly great. This paper describes the application of a 3D hybrid working approach, which considers the integrated use of traditional geological methods, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, and drone based Digital Photogrammetry. Such approach was undertaken in order to perform the study of rockfall runout and geological hazard in a natural slope in Italy in correspondence of an archaeological area. Results show the rockfall hazard in the study area and highlights the importance of using photogrammetry for the correct and complete geometrical reconstruction of slope, joints, and block geometries, which is essential for the analysis and design of proper remediation measures.

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Briones-Bitar, Josué, Paúl Carrión-Mero, Néstor Montalván-Burbano, and Fernando Morante-Carballo. "Rockfall Research: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Trends." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100403.

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Rockfall is one of the main phenomena in mountainous environments due to its fast and high speed of movement, its unpredictability, and, therefore, the difficulty of identifying signs of instability and detachment of the blocks. Compared to other types of sliding, the proportion of rockfall research is smaller and sometimes little known, but, in the last five years, rapid growth in this area has been shown. Therefore, this research aimed to review the intellectual structure of rockfall, through analysis of scientific production using bibliometric techniques that allow its analysis, knowledge, global evolution, and future trends in rockfall. The research methodology consists of three steps: (1) data compilation, (2) software and data cleaning, and (3) analysis, interpretation, and visualization. This analysis focuses on the period from 1975 to 2019. For the data, a total of 811 academic publications were retrieved from the Scopus database. The results indicate an increasing trend of annual publications on rockfall. This analysis reveals the main topics, countries, and most influential institutions in the world that have carried out relevant research in scientific publications; it also shows the journals that have the most publications. VOSviewer software was adopted to evaluate the co-occurrence of author keywords. Currently, the hotspots rockfall issues mainly include: hazard-risk assessment, remote sensing, and rockfall monitoring. Finally, this article analyzes the limitations of current research and proposes a future direction for the development of new research.

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Cafiso, Fabio, and Chiara Cappadonia. "Landslide inventory and rockfall risk assessment of a strategic urban area (Palermo, Sicily)." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 48 (July 2019): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2019.42.

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Mineo, Simone. "Comparing rockfall hazard and risk assessment procedures along roads for different planning purposes." Journal of Mountain Science 17, no. 3 (March 2020): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5766-3.

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De Biagi, Valerio, Maria Lia Napoli, Monica Barbero, and Daniele Peila. "Estimation of the return period of rockfall blocks according to their size." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-103-2017.

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Abstract. With reference to the rockfall risk estimation and the planning of rockfall protection devices, one of the most critical and most discussed problems is the correct definition of the design block by taking into account its return period. In this paper, a methodology for the assessment of the design block linked with its return time is proposed and discussed, following a statistical approach. The procedure is based on the survey of the blocks that were already detached from the slope and had accumulated at the foot of the slope in addition to the available historical data.

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38

Delonca, A., Y. Gunzburger, and T. Verdel. "Assessment of rockfall hazards using databases and considering triggering meteorological events." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 1333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-1333-2014.

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Abstract. Rockfalls are major and essentially unpredictable sources of danger, particularly along transportation routes (roads and railways). Thus, assessment of their probabilities of occurrence is a major challenge for risk management. From a qualitative perspective, experience has shown that rockfalls occur mainly during periods of rain, snowmelt, or freeze–thaw. Nevertheless, from a quantitative perspective, these generally assumed correlations between rockfalls and their possible meteorological triggering events are often difficult to identify because (i) rockfalls are too rare for the use of classical statistical analysis techniques and (ii) all intensities of triggering factors do not have the same probability. In this study, we propose a new approach to investigate the correlation of rockfalls with rain, freezing periods, and strong temperature variations. This approach is tested on three French rockfall databases, the first of which exhibited a high frequency of rockfalls (approximately 950 events over 11 yr), whereas the other two databases were more common (approximately 140 events over 11 yr). These databases were for (1) the national highway RN1 on La-Réunion Island, (2) a railway in the Bourgogne region, and (3) a railway in the Auvergne region. Whereas a basic correlation analysis is only able to highlight an already obvious correlation in the case of the "rich" database, the newly suggested method appears to detect correlations in the "poor" databases. This new approach, easy to use, leads to identify the conditional probability of rockfall, according to the selected meteorological factor. It will help to optimize risk management in the considered areas with respect to their meteorological conditions.

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Saroglou, Charalampos. "GIS-Based Rockfall Susceptibility Zoning in Greece." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040163.

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The assessment of rockfall risks on human activities and infrastructure is of great importance. Rock falls pose a significant risk to (a) transportation infrastructure, (b) inhabited areas, and (c) Cultural Heritage sites. The paper presents a method to assess rockfall susceptibility at national scale in Greece, using a simple rating approach and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. An extensive inventory of rockfalls for the entire country was compiled for the period between 1935 and 2019. The rockfall events that were recorded are those which have mainly occurred as distinct rockfall episodes in natural slopes and have impacted human activities, such as roads, inhabited areas, and archaeological sites. Through a detailed analysis of the recorded data, it was possible to define the factors which determine the occurrence of rockfalls. Based on this analysis, the susceptibility zoning against rockfalls at the national scale was prepared, using a simple rating approach and GIS techniques. The rockfall susceptibility zoning takes into account the following parameters: (a) the slope gradient, (b) the lithology, (c) the annual rainfall intensity, (d) the earthquake intensity, and (e) the active fault presence. Emphasis was given on the study of the earthquake effect as a triggering mechanism of rockfalls. Finally, the temporal and spatial frequency of the recorded events and the impact of rockfalls on infrastructure assets and human activities in Greece were evaluated.

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González de Vallejo, Luis I., Luis E. Hernández-Gutiérrez, Ana Miranda, and Mercedes Ferrer. "Rockfall Hazard Assessment in Volcanic Regions Based on ISVS and IRVS Geomechanical Indices." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060220.

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In volcanic regions, rockfalls represent a major hazard strongly conditioned by the geomechanical behaviour of volcanic materials, the geomorphological characteristics of the relief and the climatic conditions. Volcanic rocks possess very different properties to those of other lithological groups, presenting highly heterogeneous geomechanical behaviours. Nevertheless, they have received little research attention in the field of geological and geotechnical engineering. To date, the application of geomechanical classifications to characterise and estimate volcanic slope stability has not yielded reliable results, indicating the need to establish specific criteria for these rocks. Consequently, we developed indices to estimate rockfall susceptibility, hazard and risk in volcanic slopes. The index of susceptibility for volcanic slopes (ISVS) is designed to estimate slope susceptibility to instability, which is related to the level of hazard, while the index of risk for volcanic slopes (IRVS) is designed to estimate the level of risk as a function of the potential damage or economic loss caused as a result of rockfalls on slopes. Both indices were developed in order to provide an easily applied procedure that facilitates the adoption of short-term preventive measures against rockfalls. The indices were applied in Tenerife (Canary Islands), which presents exceptional conditions for analysing slope stability in volcanic rocks because of its mountainous orography with very steep slopes and a wide variety of materials. These conditions have frequently precipitated slope instability, causing significant damage to housing, beaches, roads and other infrastructures. After applying these indices to a number of slopes representative of the island’s wide variety of geological, geomorphological and climatic conditions, the results obtained were compared with the actual behaviour of the slopes, determined from extensive rockfall inventory data and in situ geomechanical surveys.

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Castelli, Marta, Giulia Torsello, and Gianmarco Vallero. "Preliminary Modeling of Rockfall Runout: Definition of the Input Parameters for the QGIS Plugin QPROTO." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020088.

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The identification of the most rockfall-prone areas is the first step of the risk assessment procedure. In the case of land and urban planning, hazard and risk analyses involve large portions of territory, and thus, preliminary methods are preferred to define specific zones where more detailed computations are needed. To reach this goal, the QGIS-based plugin QPROTO was developed, able to quantitatively compute rockfall time-independent hazard over a three-dimensional topography on the basis of the Cone Method. This is obtained by combining kinetic energy, passing frequency and detachment propensity of each rockfall source. QPROTO requires the definition of few angles (i.e., the energy angle ϕp and the lateral angle α) that should take into account all the phenomena occurring during the complex block movement along the slope. The outputs of the plugin are a series of raster maps reporting the invasion zones and the quantification of both the susceptibility and the hazard. In this paper, a method to relate these angles to some characteristics of the block (volume and shape) and the slope (inclination, forest density) is proposed, to provide QPROTO users with a tool for estimating the input parameters. The results are validated on a series of case studies belonging to the north-western Italian Alps.

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Gallo, Ilenia G., Mónica Martínez-Corbella, Roberto Sarro, Giulio Iovine, Juan López-Vinielles, Mario Hérnandez, Gaetano Robustelli, Rosa María Mateos, and Juan Carlos García-Davalillo. "An Integration of UAV-Based Photogrammetry and 3D Modelling for Rockfall Hazard Assessment: The Cárcavos Case in 2018 (Spain)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173450.

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An example of the combined use of UAV photogrammetry and rockfall numerical simulation is described. A case of fragmental rockfall occurred on 17 November 2018 in Cárcavos, a site located in the Spanish municipality of Ayna (Albacete). The event caused a great social alarm as some infrastructure was affected. By using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, a high-resolution 3D model has been generated from point cloud data, and distribution and size of the fragmented rocks (more than 600 boulders) determined. The analysis has been performed through numerical simulations to: (1) reproduce the paths followed by the real blocks; and (2) estimate the speed and energy of the blocks, together with their heights, impacts and stopping points. Accordingly, source areas have been identified, including the potential source areas and unstable blocks on the slope. In addition, the exposed elements at risk (buildings, facilities, infrastructures, etc.) have been identified, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures against future events evaluated.

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Santangelo, Michele, Massimiliano Alvioli, Marco Baldo, Mauro Cardinali, Daniele Giordan, Fausto Guzzetti, Ivan Marchesini, and Paola Reichenbach. "Brief communication: Remotely piloted aircraft systems for rapid emergency response: road exposure to rockfall in Villanova di Accumoli (central Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-325-2019.

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Abstract. The use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) in geosciences is often aimed at the acquisition of an image sequence to produce digital models and orthophotographs of the topographic surface. The technology can be applied for rockfall hazard and risk assessment. To study rockfalls, an approach consists in the application of numerical models for the computation of rockfall trajectories. Data required for such simulations include digital terrain models, location of the instability source areas, and the mechanical properties of the terrain. In this article, we present an analysis of the earthquake-triggered rockfall that occurred along the SP18 in Villanova di Accumoli (Lazio, central Italy) during the seismic sequence that started on 24 August 2016. A survey with a multicopter was carried out to obtain a surface model of the terrain and identify and characterize the source areas and other instable blocks in areas not accessible in the field. The investigated area extends for 6500 m2 and was covered by 161 photographs that were used to obtain an orthophoto with a ground resolution of 2.5 cm and a digital surface model with a ground resolution of 20 cm × 20 cm, which was processed and fused with GNSS real-time kinematic data. To obtain a map of potential rockfall trajectories, we run the numerical model STONE, using as origin of the boulders both source areas mapped in the field and pixels with a slope angle above a selected threshold. Results showed that only the part of the road SP18 already affected by the rockfall was exposed to further rockfall impacts. In particular, it was observed that 29.2 % (i.e. 12 123) of the 41 500 simulated trajectories may potentially reach or cross this tract of the road. Based on these data, limited protection measures were suggested. The combined use of RPAS data, fused with ground GPS points, an accurate geomorphological survey, and terrain static and dynamic parameters from the literature allows fast, low-cost, and replicable rockfall numerical modelling useful for emergency response and adoption of proper protection measures.

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Wang, Xin-tong, Shu-cai Li, Xiu-yuan Ma, Yi-guo Xue, Jie Hu, and Zi-qiang Li. "Risk Assessment of Rockfall Hazards in a Tunnel Portal Section Based on Normal Cloud Model." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 26, no. 5 (September 28, 2017): 2295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/68427.

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Losasso, Lucia, and Francesco Sdao. "The Rockfall Risk Assessment along a road of the "Gallipoli-Cognato Regional Park" (Southern Italy)." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 51 (July 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2020.09.

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Fanos, Ali Mutar, and Biswajeet Pradhan. "Laser Scanning Systems and Techniques in Rockfall Source Identification and Risk Assessment: A Critical Review." Earth Systems and Environment 2, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-018-0046-x.

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Guzzetti, Fausto, Paola Reichenbach, and Silvia Ghigi. "Rockfall Hazard and Risk Assessment Along a Transportation Corridor in the Nera Valley, Central Italy." Environmental Management 34, no. 2 (July 13, 2004): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0021-6.

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48

Delonca, A., Y. Gunzburger, and T. Verdel. "Statistical correlation between meteorological and rockfall databases." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 4, 2014): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1953-2014.

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Abstract. Rockfalls are a major and essentially unpredictable sources of danger, particularly along transportation routes (roads and railways). Thus, the assessment of their probability of occurrence is a major challenge for risk management. From a qualitative perspective, it is known that rockfalls occur mainly during periods of rain, snowmelt, or freeze–thaw. Nevertheless, from a quantitative perspective, these generally assumed correlations between rockfalls and their possible meteorological triggering events are often difficult to identify because (i) rockfalls are too rare for the use of classical statistical analysis techniques and (ii) not all intensities of triggering factors have the same probability. In this study, we propose a new approach for investigating the correlation of rockfalls with rain, freezing periods, and strong temperature variations. This approach is tested on three French rockfall databases, the first of which exhibits a high frequency of rockfalls (approximately 950 events over 11 years), whereas the other two databases are more typical (approximately 140 events over 11 years). These databases come from (1) national highway RN1 on Réunion, (2) a railway in Burgundy, and (3) a railway in Auvergne. Whereas a basic correlation analysis is only able to highlight an already obvious correlation in the case of the "rich" database, the newly suggested method appears to detect correlations even in the "poor" databases. Indeed, the use of this method confirms the positive correlation between rainfall and rockfalls in the Réunion database. This method highlights a correlation between cumulative rainfall and rockfalls in Burgundy, and it detects a correlation between the daily minimum temperature and rockfalls in the Auvergne database. This new approach is easy to use and also serves to determine the conditional probability of rockfall according to a given meteorological factor. The approach will help to optimize risk management in the studied areas based on their meteorological conditions.

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Khan, Garee, Parvez Alam, Zulfiqar Ali, Javed Akhter Qureshi, Manzoor Ali, Shams Ur Rehman, Muhamad Alam, Aftab Ahmed Khan, and Farida Begum. "Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Landuse Planning of Mayoon, Hunza, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss4.2019.349.

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Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan is highly vulnerable and hazard-prone area according to National DisasterManagerment Authority, based on frequency of avalanches, landslides, glacier lake outburst floods, rockfall and flashfloods. These hazards have been quite frequent since 2010, potentially due to changing climatic conditions and uniquetectonic setting resulting in massive destruction, economic loss and human migration. In this study, geospatial techniques(GIS/RS) were used to identify landslide hazard with elements at risk. The resultant maps will be used for betterplanning and resilience of local communities. Landslide area has been marked based on field observations (GPS data).Risk category is ranked high, medium and low based on field observations, geological setting and historical landslidedata. There are six offshoots of MKT crossing parallel to each other along KKH from Chalt to Ahmadabad. Chalt fault iscrossing nearby the Mayoon landslide, which may affect the entire valley. This study identifies landslide as a majorhazard in the area.

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Khan, Garee, Parvez Alam, Zulfiqar Ali, Javed Akhter Qureshi, Manzoor Ali, Shams Ur Rehman, Muhamad Alam, Aftab Ahmed Khan, and Farida Begum. "Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Landuse Planning of Mayoon, Hunza, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i4.349.

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Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan is highly vulnerable and hazard-prone area according to National DisasterManagerment Authority, based on frequency of avalanches, landslides, glacier lake outburst floods, rockfall and flashfloods. These hazards have been quite frequent since 2010, potentially due to changing climatic conditions and uniquetectonic setting resulting in massive destruction, economic loss and human migration. In this study, geospatial techniques(GIS/RS) were used to identify landslide hazard with elements at risk. The resultant maps will be used for betterplanning and resilience of local communities. Landslide area has been marked based on field observations (GPS data).Risk category is ranked high, medium and low based on field observations, geological setting and historical landslidedata. There are six offshoots of MKT crossing parallel to each other along KKH from Chalt to Ahmadabad. Chalt fault iscrossing nearby the Mayoon landslide, which may affect the entire valley. This study identifies landslide as a majorhazard in the area.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metodo rockfall risk assessment'

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