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Academic literature on the topic 'Méthylation d'histone'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Méthylation d'histone"
Li, Mengyuan. "Deciphering the roles of Jumonji domain containing proteins in Podospora anserina." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL071.
Full textIn eukaryotes, histone proteins associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin. Histone post-translational modifications affect chromatin condensation and gene expression. Histone PTMs are regulated by several enzymes including histone demethylases that often contain a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain. In mammals, JmjC proteins with impaired activity have been shown to cause various developmental defects, metabolic disorders and cancer. Here I present a systematic analysis of the function of the JmjC family of proteins in the model fungus Podospora anserina. The P. anserina genome contains 12 putative lysine demethylase enzymes (Kdm) with two expression patterns, ubiquitous or differentially expressed at different stages of the life cycle. To investigate the function of these Kdms, I generated deletion mutants. My results showed that the Kdms are involved in a wide range of developmental processes in P. anserina. PaKdm4 and PaDmm1 are associated with stress response pathways. Loss of PaKdm1 and PaKdm8-para1 leads to increased longevity of P. anserina. PaKdm5 and PaKdm8-para1 are essential for sexual reproduction. To characterize the consequences of the loss of Kdms on the distribution of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K36me2/3 histone modifications, I performed chromatin immunoprecipitation on the deleted strains. Loss of PaKdm1 significantly increases H3K4me3 modification, while loss of either PaKdm1 or PaKdm4 results in larger H3K9me3 domains. Performing RNA-seq experiments, I also characterized the transcriptome of the deleted strains. I was able to show that the lack of histone demethylases affects gene expression. Specifically, loss of PaKdm5 has the most significant effect on gene expression, whereas the PaKdm1 deleted strain exhibits limited transcriptional reprogramming. PaKdm8 acts as a positive regulator of gene expression. These findings demonstrate that Kdms epigenetically regulate multiple aspects of the P. anserina life cycle, including lifespan, sexual reproduction and genome defense, and provide new insights into the critical role of histone demethylases in the transcriptional gene regulation
Spadiliero, Barbara. "Epigenetic traits in the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi : DNA and histones modifications linked to its life cycle." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066759.
Full textAudonnet, Laure. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de JMJ24, une déméthylase d’histone de la famille JUMONJI, chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112033/document.
Full textNumerous studies over the last decade have reported the characterization of the JUMONJI (JMJ) proteins, showing their critical importance in regulating genes and organism’s development. These proteins are able to demethylate a subset of histone tail residues and were clustered into distinct groups using a phylogenetic analysis based on their catalytic domain conservation. Furthermore, modification of one to three specific residues has been attributed to each JMJ group. Within the KDM3 subfamily, of which target is the H3K9 residue, only one member, IBM1, was first characterized in Arabidopsis. In this report, we showed that the mutation of JMJ24, another member of this subfamily, resulted in an increase of the root length, cotyledon and floral organ size, suggesting that JMJ24 functions is needed at different developmental stage. In addition, the analysis of the tissue-specific expression of JMJ24 indicated that the gene is expressed within the phloem of all organs, correlating with the pleiotropic effect of the gene mutation. Last, our data also suggested that JMJ24 interacts with other JMJ protein like JMJ14 and IBM1, but also with the DCL proteins knowing to be involved in genes and transposable elements regulation
Aranyi, Tamas. "Étude du rôle des facteurs épigénétiques dans la régulation de l'expression du gène de la tyrosine hydroxylase." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066007.
Full textGrauffel, Cédric. "Etude in silico de la reconnaissance de la méthylation des lysines sur les queues d'histones." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6202.
Full textPost-translationnal modifications (PTMs) of histone tails play an important role in cellular processes such as gene expression and regulation. They can act through their specific recognition by proteic domains belonging to chromatin remodeling factors (enzymes, transcription factors, etc). A particularly important modification is the methylation of specific histone tail sites, for which there exist many. Our goal was to get insights into the molecular selectivity of these proteic domains towards a given methylation site by taking advantage of the numerous structural data available in the Protein Data Bank. We studied the interactions between the domains and histone peptides, using molecular dynamics simulations combined with a protocol using the MM/PBSA method. A pre-requisite was to develop and validate force field parameters for the of PTMs. Our results notably revealed that some domains discriminate the methlyation sites by recognizing short linear sequence motifs. It thus appears that chromodomains are specific to an ARKmeS motif, while PHD fingers bind the ARTKme motif of H3. The study carried out on PHD fingers also proves that our overall results can be used as a reference for research of other effectors of histone tails
Touzeau, Amandine. "Identification du chaperon d'histones Spt16 acteur essentiel des réarrangements du génome et méthylation des adénines chez Paramecium tetraurelia." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/TOUZEAU_Amandine_1_va_20180925.pdf.
Full textIn eukaryotes, chromatin organization is required for the regulation of gene expression and genome stability. Ciliate provide excellent model to study mechanisms involved in maintain of genome integrity. Our study model, the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium tetraurelia, has the particularity to eliminate massively and reproducibly 30% of germinal DNA sequences during the development of the somatic macronucleus after sexual events. Those sequences are eliminated by a multi-step process involving small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation followed by DNA excision by the domesticated transposase Piggy Mac (Pgm) and DNA repair. Molecular mechanisms underlying the specific recognition of those germinal sequences in chromatin context and the precision of the excision, remain elusive. The histone chaperone Spt16, associated to its partner Pob3, is part of the heterodimeric complex FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions). FACT is implicated in many mechanisms involving DNA metabolism such as transcription, repair, replication or chromatin accessibility. In P. tetraurelia, we identified two homologous proteins to Spt16 and Pob3 expressed only during macronucleus development at the time when genome rearrangements occur. Spt16-1 and Pob3-1 fused to GFP are localized in developing macronuclei. We showed that Spt16-1 is required to obtain a viable sexual progeny. Genome re-sequencing after SPT16-1 inactivation showed that Spt16-1 was required for all DNA elimination events and leads to similar phenotypes and defects to those obtained after PGM inactivation. Spt16-1 acts downstream of small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation and upstream of Pgm. We showed that Spt16-1 was required for the correct localization of Pgm responsible for DNA double strand breaks in developing macronuclei. We proposed a model in which Spt16-1 mediates interaction between chromatin and excision machinery that facilitates access to DNA cleavage sites for the Pgm endonuclease. Adenine DNA methylation, well known in bacteria for its role in restriction modification system, has been described during the last two years in several eukaryotes but in low proportion in the genome. However, its role in eukaryotes remains elusive. Previous analyses by chromatography with radio labelled nucleotides detected around 2,5% of methylated adenine in P. tetraurelia but its precise localization and role have never been analyzed. It has been proposed that this modification could mark with precision the excision sites during genome rearrangements when part of the eliminated sequences carry AT boundaries. The abundance of methylated adenine makes of Paramecium an excellent model to study this modification. Combining immunofluorescence techniques, HPLC-MS and sequencing, we described the presence and the cellular localization during life cycle of 6mA in P. tetraurelia. Those approaches allowed us to show that methylated cytosine are absent in Paramecium. We showed that methylation is mainly found in the somatic genome and transiently in germinal genome. It appears during somatic macronucleus development when genome rearrangements occur. Those preliminary results will allow us to pursue the study of adenine methylation by identifying responsible enzymes and its role in the cell
Zhao, Wei. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des gènes impliqués dans la mise en place et la lecture de la méthylation d'histones chez l'Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ033/document.
Full textHistone methylation is one of the keys epigenetic marks evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. My study focuses on the characterization of factors potentially involved in the deposition and reading of lysine (K) methylation to appreciate its role and underlying mechanisms in the regulation of transcription and plant development, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. In the first part of my thesis, I report on our study of SET DOMAIN GROUP7 (SDG7), a protein containing the evolutionarily conserved SET domain, which is generally recognized as a signature of K-methyltransferases. We found that SDG7 plays an important role in the regulation of VIN3 induction associated with cold duration measure during vernalization treatment. Intriguingly, levels of several different histone methylations were found unchanged in the sdg7 mutant plants and the recombinant SDG7 protein failed to show a histone-methyltransferase activity in vitro. We thus conclude that SDG7 might methylate a yet unknown non-histone protein to regulate transcription and proper measurement of the duration of cold exposure in the vernalization process. In the second part, I studied interaction between SDG8 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 (HUB1) and HUB2. My results unravel that H3K36me3 and H2Bub1 are deposited largely independently in Arabidopsis, which is in contrast to the dependent crosstalk of these two different epigenetic marks previously reported in yeast. In the last part of my thesis, I report on the identification of the PWWP-domain proteins HUA2/HULK2 as readers of H3K36me3 and demonstrate that sdg8 and hua2 genetically interacts in the regulation of flowering time
Ajjan, Sophie. "Formes atypiques d'empreinte génomique : transitoire, tissu-spécifique et lignée-spécifique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066251.
Full textGenomic imprinting refers to the functional non-equivalence of the two parental genomes in mammals. Imprinted genes are expressed only from the paternal or maternal allele: this mono-allelic expression is regulated by parent-inherited DNA methylation of specific cis-regulatory regions called ICRs (Imprinting Control Regions). There are currently around 120 imprinted genes known in the mouse genome, which are under the control of 20 characterized ICRs, and are generally conserved in Human. My thesis project aimed at characterizing new maternal ICRs and at analyzing their impact on gene regulation, based on a genome-wide methylation screen conducted in the mouse. I participated to revealing the existence of three forms of genomic imprinting, which reflects variable susceptibility to developmentally-regulated DNA methylation changes: 1) ubiquitous and life-long imprinting, which refers to the 20 canonical ICRs, 2) transient, whose existence is limited to preimplantation development, and 3) tissue-specific. More specifically, I deciphered the histone modification profiles of two new maternal ICR associated with the Cdh15 and the Gpr1/Zdbf2 loci and confirmed that the GPR1/ZDBF2 locus is also subject to transient imprinting in Human. My main achievement concerns the characterization of a candidate ICR associated with the Socs5 gene, which I found to be tissue-specific but also strain-specific, pointing towards a new form of imprinting polymorphism. This ICR has an intragenic position and has the characteristics of an enhancer, hypothesis that I am functionally testing in vivo by a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion. The discovery of these new forms of genomic imprinting provides a better understanding of this phenomenon and its impact on phenotypes
Ajjan, Sophie. "Formes atypiques d'empreinte génomique : transitoire, tissu-spécifique et lignée-spécifique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066251/document.
Full textGenomic imprinting refers to the functional non-equivalence of the two parental genomes in mammals. Imprinted genes are expressed only from the paternal or maternal allele: this mono-allelic expression is regulated by parent-inherited DNA methylation of specific cis-regulatory regions called ICRs (Imprinting Control Regions). There are currently around 120 imprinted genes known in the mouse genome, which are under the control of 20 characterized ICRs, and are generally conserved in Human. My thesis project aimed at characterizing new maternal ICRs and at analyzing their impact on gene regulation, based on a genome-wide methylation screen conducted in the mouse. I participated to revealing the existence of three forms of genomic imprinting, which reflects variable susceptibility to developmentally-regulated DNA methylation changes: 1) ubiquitous and life-long imprinting, which refers to the 20 canonical ICRs, 2) transient, whose existence is limited to preimplantation development, and 3) tissue-specific. More specifically, I deciphered the histone modification profiles of two new maternal ICR associated with the Cdh15 and the Gpr1/Zdbf2 loci and confirmed that the GPR1/ZDBF2 locus is also subject to transient imprinting in Human. My main achievement concerns the characterization of a candidate ICR associated with the Socs5 gene, which I found to be tissue-specific but also strain-specific, pointing towards a new form of imprinting polymorphism. This ICR has an intragenic position and has the characteristics of an enhancer, hypothesis that I am functionally testing in vivo by a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion. The discovery of these new forms of genomic imprinting provides a better understanding of this phenomenon and its impact on phenotypes
Battisti, Valentine. "Rôle d'histones methyltransférases spécifiques de H3K9 dans l'équilibre prolifération et différenciation cellulaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T092/document.
Full textIn eukaryotes, gene expression partly relies on chromatin compaction degree. Chromatin status is controlled by epigenetic marks, such as histones (chromatin structural proteins) posttranslational modifications. As an example, histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation on gene promoters is mainly associated with transcriptional repression. H3K9 is methylated by several enzymes called lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). The aim of my thesis project was to understand the role of the H3K9 KMTs, G9a, GLP, Suv39h1 and SETDB1 in regulating the balance between proliferation and terminal differentiation. For this purpose, I used skeletal muscle terminal differentiation as model. Upon muscle terminal differentiation, myoblasts exit, in an irreversible way, from the cell cycle and under go differentiation where cells fusion and form myotubes. During this process, cell cycle genes are permanently silenced and muscle specific genes are activated. Thesis introduction is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses on chromatin and post-translational modifications. The second chapter describes H3K9 methylation characteristics and the role of the four KMTs that I studied during my thesis project: G9a,GLP, Suv39h1 and SETDB1. In the third chapter, the skeletal muscle terminal differentiation model is described in details. Results section reports my two major studies outcomes and their discussion. The first concerns the antagonistic roles of G9a and GLP regarding the muscle terminal differentiation and the second focuses on the role of SETDB1 during muscle differentiation. Finally, I conclude this manuscript by a plainer discussion followed by long term perspectives and an appendix presents other research articles, in which I collaborated during my PhD