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Academic literature on the topic 'Méthylation d’histones'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Méthylation d’histones"
Zhao, Wei. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des gènes impliqués dans la mise en place et la lecture de la méthylation d'histones chez l'Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ033/document.
Full textHistone methylation is one of the keys epigenetic marks evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. My study focuses on the characterization of factors potentially involved in the deposition and reading of lysine (K) methylation to appreciate its role and underlying mechanisms in the regulation of transcription and plant development, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. In the first part of my thesis, I report on our study of SET DOMAIN GROUP7 (SDG7), a protein containing the evolutionarily conserved SET domain, which is generally recognized as a signature of K-methyltransferases. We found that SDG7 plays an important role in the regulation of VIN3 induction associated with cold duration measure during vernalization treatment. Intriguingly, levels of several different histone methylations were found unchanged in the sdg7 mutant plants and the recombinant SDG7 protein failed to show a histone-methyltransferase activity in vitro. We thus conclude that SDG7 might methylate a yet unknown non-histone protein to regulate transcription and proper measurement of the duration of cold exposure in the vernalization process. In the second part, I studied interaction between SDG8 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 (HUB1) and HUB2. My results unravel that H3K36me3 and H2Bub1 are deposited largely independently in Arabidopsis, which is in contrast to the dependent crosstalk of these two different epigenetic marks previously reported in yeast. In the last part of my thesis, I report on the identification of the PWWP-domain proteins HUA2/HULK2 as readers of H3K36me3 and demonstrate that sdg8 and hua2 genetically interacts in the regulation of flowering time
Charendoff, Chloé. "Metabolic imprint induces histone hypermethylation during Chlamydia trachomatis infection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS032.pdf.
Full textChlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that proliferates exclusively in human hosts. Its genome has undergone intensive gene reduction and is missing many genes coding for essential metabolic pathways. As a consequence, the bacteria rely on their host cell to obtain several nutrients. Bacterial sequestration of metabolites shifts host cell metabolism which may impact many cellular processes. In this thesis, we sought to understand if a metabolic imbalance could account for epigenetic modifications in the host, and to understand its consequences. During late C. trachomatis infection, we observed increased histone methylation at multiple histone lysine residues, despite the antagonistic nature of some of these modifications. Importantly, the level of hypermethylation was cell-dependent and all the histone marks tested were expressed at similar level for every individual cell, indicating co-regulation. We hypothesized that a decrease in the activity of histone demethylases, the enzymes responsible for removing methyl groups from the N-terminal tails of histones, might account for this hypermethylation phenotype. A large family of demethylases, the Jumonji domain - containing (JmjC) demethylases, require oxygen, iron and α-ketoglutarate as co-factors to carry out their function, all metabolites that are used by C. trachomatis. In support of our hypothesis, we observed that infected cells were sensitized to inhibition of this family of histone demethylases, compared to non-infected cells. Our experiments suggest that iron availability is not limiting during infection. In contrast, supplying cell permeable dimethyl-ketoglutarate (DMKG) in the culture medium prevented hypermethylation of histones during late infection. This result indicates that histone hypermethylation is a consequence of a metabolic imbalance, likely caused by α-ketoglutarate consumption, or its precursors, during infection. At the transcriptional level, we observed that DMKG supplementation affected about one third of the genes that are differentially expressed late in infection. DMKG supplementation resulted in gene up-regulation and in gene down-regulation in similar proportion, indicating that histone hypermethylation can have opposite consequences on gene expression, that need to be analyzed at the individual gene level. Finally, histone hypermethylation correlated with the presence of indicators of DNA damage in the nuclei of infected cells. DMKG supplementation prevented DNA damage, confirming a link between these two phenotypes. To conclude, we demonstrated that C. trachomatis infection generates a metabolic imbalance in the host, causing histone hypermethylation late in infection. This metabolic imprint of infection at the epigenetic level has an impact on the host transcriptomic response to infection and on the integrity of its DNA
Roquis, David. "Contribution de l’épigénétique dans les Dauermodifikations et l’évolution adaptative chez le parasite humain Schistosoma mansoni et le corail tropical Pocillopora damicornis." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0037/document.
Full textThe origin of phenotypic variability has been much debated since the establishment of Lamarck’s and Darwins theories of evolution. It is commonly accepted in the contemporary vision of adaptive evolution that the only source of heritable phenotypic variability is genetic. Here, phenotypes are the product of the genotypes under the influence of the environment. Random DNA mutations generate novel phenotypes, which are then subjected to natural selection. Traditionally, it is considered that acquired characters are not heritable and have no impact on evolution. Yet almost a century ago, a German biologist named Victor Jollos revealed that some phenotypes could be produced in particular environmental conditions and could persist for a few generations in the absence of the original stimulus, before disappearing gradually. He named this phenomenon Dauermodifikations, literally “long term changes”. His conclusions were going against evolutionary conceptions of his time, and were considered experimental artefacts. However, we are now aware that, in addition to the genetic code, there is also another heritable, and yet flexible, mechanism responding to environmental fluctuations: the epigenetic code. In this thesis, I attempted to characterize the role of epigenetic mechanisms, and more specifically modifications of the chromatin structure, in two organisms with Dauermodifikations: the tropical coral Pocillopora damicornis and the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The two main objectives of this study were (I) to determine how the environment influences the chromatin structure (in a targeted or random fashion) and (II) to what extent these changes are heritable (through mitosis or meiosis).My results provide a better knowledge of the epigenome of the two organisms we studied. We have described the chromatin structure of S. mansoni through the distribution of six histones modifications, in two developmental stages. Furthermore, we have shown three types of changes in chromatin structure of S. mansoni: (I) targeted in response to environmental changes, (II) genotype associated, and (III) random. Only types II and III are inherited to the next developmental stages of the parasite. Our work on P. damicornis delivers evidence for an unusual chromatin structure in this organism and to provide the first description of a coral methylome
Rodriguez, Granados Natalia. "Towards the understanding of the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of sex expression in Cucumis melo." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS082.
Full textIn plants, sex determination refers to the developmental process by which the male and female gamete producing structures are spatially separated in the same the plant (monoecy) or in different individuals (dioecy). The Cucurbitaceae family is widely known for its diversity in sexual systems. In the Cucurbitaceaethis process has strong hormonal control, where ethylene acts as a main regulator. Sexual systems such as monoecy suggest the role of epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of sex determination genes (SDGs) for allowing flowers of opposite sex to coexist in the same individual. Accordingly, previous studies in melon have indicated that genes involved in sex determination and flower development are epigenetically regulated via H3K27me3, a histone modification associated with the repression of actively transcribed genes. The purpose of this thesis project is to further elucidate the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of sex determination in monoecious melon. This project is divided into two main modules, for which we evidenced the roles of epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of SDGs and hormone response genes in the maintenance of monoecy. The first module aims to elucidate the role of some epigenetic regulators in sex determination and flower development. For this module, we carried out a reverse genetic approach in order to identify mutants for LHP1, an important protein involved in the recognition and maintenance of H3K27me3. Through TILLING, we screened an EMS mutant collection for which we were able to identify deleterious mutations for the melon LHP1 homologues, CmLHP1A and CmLHP1B. We evidenced in this study that CmLHP1A and CmLHP1Bcollectively regulate general aspects of development and genome-wide distribution of H3K27me3. Cmlhp1ab double mutant displayed a pleiotropic phenotype, consisting of a reduced apical dominance, curly leafs, reduced overall plant size and interestingly, a general reduction of female:male flower ratio. Through the integration of RNA-seq and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq analyses, we observed that cmlhp1ab displayed an overall loss of H3K27me3 which is significantly correlated with upregulation of genes involved in flower development and hormone responses such PISTILLATA, SEPALLATA 3, 2 and APETALA1, and GH3-like genes. Our results indicate that CmLHP1A and B act as a molecular bridge that connects vegetative with reproductive development and that loss-of-function mutations in these proteins leads to gene expression deregulation that affect not only plant development but the maintenance of sexual systems.The second module aims to characterize the function of EIN3 in sex determination. EIN3, the pivotal transcriptional regulator of the ethylene response, has been identified in a forward genetic approach in which we screened an EMS mutant collection for sexual transitions. Cmein3-1 mutants displayed a partial transition from monoecy to andromonoecy. We confirmed this phenotype in a second mutant allele found through TILLING. Cmein3 mutants also displayed reduced sensitivity to ethylene, thus indicating that the transcriptional response to this hormone is heavily affected in cmein3-1mutants. In order to get insights into the transcriptional cascade mediated by EIN3, we performed DAP-seq analyses to determine the putative genomic targets of EIN3, and RNA-seq to correlate EIN3 binding with gene expression changes in cmein3-1. We evidenced, that cmEIN3 displays a dual role in gene expression, as it can act as an activator and most importantly, as a repressor of transcription. We observed that gene expression deregulation in cmein3-1 is partially associated with a reduction of CmEIN3 affinity to DNA. In the context of sex determination, we observed that CmEIN3 not only mediates transcriptional responses to ethylene but more importantly, the crosstalk between auxin, cytokinin and absicic acid for controlling stamina inhibition
Audonnet, Laure. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de JMJ24, une déméthylase d’histone de la famille JUMONJI, chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112033/document.
Full textNumerous studies over the last decade have reported the characterization of the JUMONJI (JMJ) proteins, showing their critical importance in regulating genes and organism’s development. These proteins are able to demethylate a subset of histone tail residues and were clustered into distinct groups using a phylogenetic analysis based on their catalytic domain conservation. Furthermore, modification of one to three specific residues has been attributed to each JMJ group. Within the KDM3 subfamily, of which target is the H3K9 residue, only one member, IBM1, was first characterized in Arabidopsis. In this report, we showed that the mutation of JMJ24, another member of this subfamily, resulted in an increase of the root length, cotyledon and floral organ size, suggesting that JMJ24 functions is needed at different developmental stage. In addition, the analysis of the tissue-specific expression of JMJ24 indicated that the gene is expressed within the phloem of all organs, correlating with the pleiotropic effect of the gene mutation. Last, our data also suggested that JMJ24 interacts with other JMJ protein like JMJ14 and IBM1, but also with the DCL proteins knowing to be involved in genes and transposable elements regulation
Shafiq, Sarfraz. "Molecular and functional characterization of set domain proteins in the epigenetic regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana development." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ013.
Full textWhile methylations at different lysine residues of histones (e.g. H3K4, H3K27 and H3K36) are well known to exert diverse biological functions, their interactions and/or ensemble-actions remain poorly characterized so far.Using genetic and molecular biology tools, we aim to investigate roles and ‘crosstalks’ of H3K4, H3K27 andH3K36 methylations in transcription and plant growth and development regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana.The first part of my thesis focuses on the roles and crosstalks between H3K4 and K36 methylations.ATX1 and ATX2 are H3K4 methyltransferases while SDG8 is a H3K36 methyltransferase. Double mutant analysis revealed that sdg8 dominates over atx1 and atx2 in flowering time and cell proliferation regulation.H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is partially dependent on H3K4me3 but not vice versa. SDG25 has a dualH3K4me3 and H3K36me3 activity and the H3K4-demethylases LDL1 and LDL2 antagonize SDG25 activity.The sdg25ldl1ldl2 triple mutants flowered earlier than wild type but later than sdg25 and showed an increased cell size similarly to ldl1ldl2 mutantsThe second part of my thesis focuses on the roles and crosstalks between H3K4/K36 and H3K27methylations. CLF within PRC2 complex catalyzes H3K27me3. The sdg8clf and sdg25clf double mutants flowered earlier than the single mutants and showed a reduced number of cells per leaf. An increased level ofH3K4me3 and to a less extent H3K36me3 was observed upon impaired H3K27me3 deposition, and similarly impaired H3K4me3/H3K36me3 deposition also enhanced H3K27me3 level. Distinct from previously reported antagonistic role between CLF and ATX1, CLF did not show antagonism with SDG25 or SDG8.The last part of my thesis focuses on mechanism of SDG26 in flowering time regulation. My result showed that SDG26 is a H3K4 and/or H3K36 methyltransferase specific at chromatin of SOC1, an activeflowering integrator. Similarly to SDG25 and SDG8, SDG26 did not work antagonistically with CLF. Double mutant analysis revealed that sdg26 dominates over atx2 while sdg25, atx1 and clf dominate over sdg26 inflowering time and cell proliferation regulation. The sdg26ldl1ldl2 triple mutants flowered even later than thesdg26 and ldl1ldl2 mutants and showed that sdg26 dominates over ldl1ldl2 in cell proliferation regulation.Interaction analysis with the other PRC2 components VEL1 and VRN5 revealed that sdg26vel1 and sdg26vrn5flowered even later than the single mutants under short day and vernalization conditions.Together, my study revealed additional layers of complexity of overlap and non-overlap functions between and within methyltransferases and demethylases in transcription, flowering time and cell proliferation regulation in Arabidopsis
Bertrand-Lehouillier, Virginie. "Perturbation des profils épigénétiques suite à une perte temporaire du maintien de la méthylation de l’ADN dans les cellules embryonnaires." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22271.
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