Journal articles: 'Methyl bromide'

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Terraza, Gerbino, and Podestá. "Synthesis and Some Physical Properties of New Organometallic Compounds Containing Si and Sn Atoms." Proceedings 9, no. 1 (2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-22-05687.

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: This paper reports the synthesis of two new organotin hydrides containing a (phenyldimethylsilyl)methyl ligand. It was found that the reaction of (phenyldime thylsilyl) methylmagnesium bromide in ether afforded ((phenyldimethylsilyl)methyl) trimethyltin (3) (72%), and with (−)-menthyldimethyltin bromide (4) gave (((phenyl dimethylsilyl)methyl)(1R,2R,5R) -2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)dimethyltin (5) (84%). Bromo dealkylation of 3 with bromine in MeOH led to ((phenyldimethylsilyl)methyl)dimethyltin bromide (6) (82%), which upon reduction with LiAlH4 yielded ((phenyldimethyl silyl)methyl)dimethyltin hydride (7) (95%). The best method for obtaining the corresponding bromostannylated derivative of compound 5, i.e., (((phenyldimethylsilyl) methyl)(1R,2R,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl) methyltin bromide (8) was the exchange reaction between 4 and HgBr2 that led to 8 with 90% yield. The reduction of bromide 8 with LiAlH4 gave a diastereomeric mixture of (((phenyldimethylsilyl)methyl)(1R,2R,5R)-2-isopropyl-5- methylcyclohexyl)methyltin hydride (9). Some physical properties and 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR of the new organotin hydrides, as well as that of their intermediate precursors are included.

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Basavaiah, Kanakapura, Umakanthappa Chandrashekar, and Nage Gowda. "Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of felodipine in tablets using bromate–bromide, Methyl Orange and Indigo Carmine reagents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 7 (2005): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0507969b.

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Three new methods based on titrimetric and spectrophotometric techniques are described for the determination of felodipine (FLD) in the bulk drug and in tablets using a bromate?bromide mixture and two dyes, Methyl Orange and Indigo Carmine. In the titrimetric method (method A), the drug solution was treated with a measured excess of the bromate?bromide mixture in acid medium and after the reaction was judged to be complete, the unreacted bromine was determined iodometrically. The two spectrophotometric methods are based on the bromination of the drug with a known excess of the bromate?bromide mixture under acidic conditions followed by the estimation of the surplus bromine by reaction with either Methyl Orange (Method B) or Indigo Carmine (Method C) and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm or 610 nm, respectively. In all the methods, the amount of reacted bromine corresponds to the drug content. The titrimetric procedure is applicable for between 6?15 mg and the reaction stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 (drug: BrO3?). The systems obey Beer?s law between 0.12 ? 0.87 ?gml-1 and 0.5 ? 6.0 ?gml-1 formethods B and C respectively. The limits of detection and quantification are reported for both the spectrophotometric methods. The methods could usefully be applied to routine quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing FLD. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.

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Ramesh, Jagannathamurthy, Kanakapura Basavaiah, Ranganath Divya, Nagaraju Rajendraprasad, and Basavaiah Vinay. "Titrimetric and spectrophotometric determination of doxycycline hyclate using bromate-bromide, methyl orange and indigo carmine." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2010): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq091208020r.

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One titrimetric and two indirect spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of doxycycline hyclate (DCH) in bulk drug and in its formulations. The methods use bromate-bromide, methyl orange and indigo carmine as reagents. In titrimetry (method A), DCH is treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture in acid medium and the residual bromine is back titrated iodometrically after the reaction between DCH and in situ bromine is ensured to be complete. In spectrophotometric methods, the excess of bromine is estimated by treating with a fixed amount of either methyl orange (method B) or indigo carmine (method C) and measuring the change in absorbance either at 520 or 610 nm. Titrimetric method is applicable over 1-8 mg range and the calculations are based on a 1:2 (DCH:bromate) stoichiometric ratio. In spectrophotometry, the calibration graphs were found to be linear over 0.25-1.25 and 1-5 ?g mL-1 for method B and method C, respectively, with corresponding molar absorptivity values of 2.62 ?105 and 6.97 ? 104 L mol-1 cm-1. Accuracy and precision of the assays were determined by computing the intra-day and inter-day variations at three different levels of DCH.

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M., R. Fathi, Pourreza N., and Abbaszadeh S. "Kinetic-spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of bromide based on its catalytic effect on methyl red-bromate reaction." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 83, Nov 2006 (2006): 1181–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5833041.

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Chemistry Department, College of Science, Shahid Chamran University. Ahvaz, Iran E-mail : fathiemadabadi@yahoo. com Manuscript received 7 August 2006, accepted 21 August 2006 A simple, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for kinetic spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of bromide. The method is based on the catalytic effect of bromide on the oxidation reaction of methyl red by potassium bromate in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in absorbance (ΔA) at 517 nm using a fixed time method (6 min). The method allows the determination of bromide in the range of 50-1200 ng ml-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of bromide in water samples.

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Hahn, F. Ekkehardt, Beate Heidrich, Thomas Lügger, and Tania Pape. "Pd(II) Complexes of N-Allyl Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbenes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 59, no. 11-12 (2004): 1519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2004-11-1223.

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The unsymmetrically substituted imidazolium salt 1-ethyl-3-allyl-imidazolium bromide 1 was synthesized by treatment of imidazole with one equivalent each of n-butyl lithium and ethyl bromide followed by treatment with one equivalent of allyl bromide. The symmetrically substituted derivatives 1,3-diallyl-imidazolium bromide 2 and 1,3-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-imidazolium bromide 3 were obtained from imidazole and two equivalents of allyl bromide or 4-bromo-2-methyl-2-butenyl bromide, respectively, in the presence of sodium hydrogencarbonate as a base. The imidazolium bromides 1- 3 react with Pd(OAc)2 to afford the palladium(II) dicarbene complexes trans-[PdBr2(L)2] (L = 1- ethyl-3-allyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene, 4; L = 1,3-diallyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene, 5; L = 1,3-di(3-methyl-2- butenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene, 6) by in situ deprotonation of the imidazolium salts. The X-ray structure analyses of 4- 6 show all three complexes to be mononuclear with palladium(II) coordinated in a square-planar fashion by two carbene and two bromo ligands.

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Basavaiah, Kanakapura, Umakanthappa Chandrashekar, and Paregowda Nagegowda. "Titrimetric, spectrophotometric and kinetic methods for the assay of atenolol using bromate-bromide and methyl orange." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 5 (2006): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0605553b.

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Three new methods have been developed for the determination of atenolol in bulk drug and in tablet formulation. The methods are based on the oxidation-bromination reaction of the drug by bromine, generated in situ by the action of acid on a bromate- bromide mixture. In the titrimetric method the drug is treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture in hydrochloric acid medium, followed by the determination of the unreacted bromine iodometrically. The spectrophotometric method involves the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide reagent in hydrochloric acid medium to atenolol, and after ensuring the reaction had gone to completion, the unreacted bromine is treated with a fixed amount of methyl orange, and absorbance measured at 520 nm. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of atenolol. The kinetic method depends on the existence of a linear relationship between the concentration of the drug and the time of the oxidation-bromination reaction, as indicated by the bleaching of methyl orange acid colour. The working conditions were optimized. The titrimetric method is based on a 1:1 reaction stoichiometry (atenolol:bromate) and is applicable over the 3-20 mg range. The spectrophotometric method permits micro determination of the drug (0.5-4.0 ?gml -1)with an apparentmolar absorptivity of 4.13x10 4lmol-1 cm-1 and detection limit of 0.07 ?gml -1. The kinetic method is applicable in the concentration range 5-25 ?gml -1 with a detection limit of 3.72 ?gml -1. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of atenolol in tablet preparations with mean recoveries of 97.63 to 101.78 %. The reliability of the assay was established by parallel determination by the reference method and by recovery studies using the standard addition technique.

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Kanakapura, Basavaiah, Bankavadi Chikkaswamy Somashekar, Urdigere Rangachar Anilkumar, and Veeraiah Ramakrishna. "Sensitive bromatometric assay methods for finasteride in pharmaceuticals." Ecletica Quimica 31, no. 3 (2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v31.3.2006.p31-38.

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Three sensitive spectrophotometric methods are presented for the determination of finas-teride in bulk and in tablets. The methods rely on the use of bromate-bromide reagent and three dyesnamely, methyl orange, indigocarmine and thymol blue as reagents. They involve the addition of ameasured excess of bromate-bromide reagent to finasteride in acid medium, and after the brominationreaction is judged to be complete, the unreacted bromine is determined by reacting with a fixed amountof either methylorange and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (method A) or indigocarmine andmeasuring the absorbance at 610 nm (method B) or thymol blue and measuring the absorbance at 550nm (method C). In all the methods, the amount of insitu generated bromine reacted corresponds to theamount of finasteride. The absorbance measured at the respective wavelength is found increase linear-ly with the concentration of finasteride. Beer’s law is obeyed in the ranges 0.25- 2.0, 0.5-6.0 and 1-12μg mL -1 for method A, method B and method C, respectively.

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Akca, Ergonen Toprak, Salacin Serpil, Uysal Sezer, et al. "Health Profiles of Methyl Bromide Applicators in Greenhouses in Turkey." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, no. 8 (2009): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n8p707.

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Introduction: Methyl bromide is a toxic substance that has hazardous effects on human health with acute and chronic exposure. Our previous study showed that methyl bromide applicators frequently use large amounts of methyl bromide haphazardly in greenhouses in the prefectures of Narlidere and Balcova in the Aegean city of Izmir. This study aims to evaluate the health conditions of these workers. Materials and Methods: Our previous study showed that there are 38 methyl bromide applicators in our study area. After the informed consent of methyl bromide applicators was obtained, a questionnaire was used for a survey of demography and symptoms. Each subject was examined before and after application of the compound. Blood and urine samples were collected and stored. Blood samples were analysed for methyl bromide and bromide ion, kidney and liver function tests and lipid profile. Results: The age range of subjects was 19 to 53 years (mean age: 41 ± 8.57). This study showed that methyl bromide applicators use large amounts of methyl bromide disregarding legal regulations and that some of them had non- specific complaints. Subjects had been working as methyl bromide applicators for approximately 9.7 ± 4.15 years. A total of 69.7% of methyl bromide applicators reported that they did not use protective equipment while 33.3% of them had a history of acute methyl bromide intoxication. A statistically significant relationship was found between the usage of protective equipment and the level of blood bromide ion in the blood (P <0.05). Conclusion: Usage of methyl bromide, training, screening and follow-up of applicators must be rigorously controlled in accordance with national legal arrangements and international protocols. Greater efforts are required in the implementation of controls to achieve the targets set by the legal regulations and to ensure continual improvement in the limitation of the risks of this environmental hazard. Key words: Applicator’s health, Chronic exposure, Forensic medicine, Greenhouse workers

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Yoo, Jin-Sung, Jae-Ho Ban, Ji-Eun Choi, Bong-Su Kim, and Jun-Ran Kim. "Primary Investigation on the Synergistic Effects of Methyl Bromide and 1 °C Cold Treatment for Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the Citrus Mealybug (Planococcus citri)." Insects 16, no. 4 (2025): 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040377.

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Since the use of methyl bromide has been prohibited globally because of environmental concerns, several alternative fumigants have been newly developed and applied to fresh products. However, single treatment with a methyl bromide alternative fumigant cannot completely replace methyl bromide treatment for some products because of issues associated with long treatment times and phytotoxicity. In this study, we compared the mortality of two agricultural pests, Tetranuchus urticae and Planococcus citri, after single treatment with methyl bromide and combined application of methyl bromide and cold treatment to confirm the synergistic effects of chemical and physical treatments. The combined application of methyl bromide and cold treatment was effective against the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae, but no synergism was observed at the egg stage. For P. citri, the required dosage of methyl bromide decreased when methyl bromide treatment was followed by low temperature, possibly because of the susceptibility of P. citri to cold treatment. These results indicate that the synergism of fumigants with cold treatment can differ by pest species and growth stage, and further studies on other pests are needed to reduce methyl bromide usage.

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Minami, Masayasu, and Yoko Hirata. "Methyl bromide poisoning." Journal of Nippon Medical School 53, no. 2 (1986): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms1923.53.129.

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Liu, Hui, Tong Tong, Yingying Pu, Bing Sun, Xiaomei Zhu, and Zhiyu Yan. "Insight Into the Formation Paths of Methyl Bromide From Syringic Acid in Aqueous Bromide Solutions Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062081.

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Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is one of the largest natural sources of bromine in the stratosphere, where it leads to ozone depletion. This paper reported the photochemical production of CH3Br from syringic acid (SA) that has been used as an environmentally relevant model compound for terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter. The formation of CH3Br increased with the increase of bromide ion concentration ranging from 0.8 to 80 mmol L−1. Ferric ions (Fe(III)) enhanced CH3Br production, while chloride inhibited it, with or without Fe(III). Meanwhile, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) was generated in the presence of chloride and was inhibited by Fe(III). The different effects of Fe(III) on the formation of CH3Cl and CH3Br indicate their diverse formation paths. Based on the intermediates identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the confirmation of the formation of Fe(III)-SA complexes, it was proposed that there were two formation paths of CH3Br from SA in the bromide-enriched water under simulated sunlight irradiation. One path was via nucleophilic attack of Br− on the excited state protonation of SA; the other was via the combination of methyl radical and bromine radical when Fe(III) was present. This work suggests that the photochemical formation of CH3Br may act as a potential natural source of CH3Br in the bromide-enriched environmental matrix, and helps in better understanding the formation mechanism of CH3Br.

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Kim, Bong-Su, Ji-Eun Choi, Deuk-Soo Choi, and Jeong-Oh Yang. "Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Successive Application of Methyl Bromide and Cold Treatment on Export Strawberry Fruits." Insects 12, no. 11 (2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110990.

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Recently, spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is globally prevalent and causes agricultural losses to many fruits. To export Korean strawberry, methyl bromide fumigation is required to remove D. suzukii infestations, but Korean strawberry farmers are worried about fruit damage because methyl bromide can cause phytotoxicity on fresh commodities. In this report, we assessed the efficacy and phytotoxicity of single and successive application of methyl bromide and cold treatment on an export variety of strawberry to reduce fruit damage. The currently recommended dosage of methyl bromide, 40 g/m3 for 3 h at 18 °C, was enough to control all stages of D. suzukii without phytotoxicity. A dosage of 20 g/m3 of methyl bromide treatment for 3 h, followed by 1 d of cold (0 °C) treatment, showed 100% mortality in all growth stages of D. suzukii without fruit damage. Successive application of methyl bromide and cold treatment shows potential as a method of decreasing phytotoxicity and reducing the use of methyl bromide for environmental considerations.

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Basavaiah, Kanakapura, Urdigere Kumar, and Kalsang Tharpa. "Bromatomatric assay of gatifloxacin in pharmaceuticals." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 14, no. 3 (2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0803185b.

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Three new, simple, and cost-effective visible spectrophotometric methods are proposed for determination of gatifloxacin (GTF) using bromate-bromide mixture, and three dyes, methyl orange, indigocarmine and thymol blue, as reagents. The methods engross the addition of a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture to GTF in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (method A) or indigo carmine and measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (method B) or thymol blue and measuring the absorbance at 550 nm (method C). In all the methods, the amount of bromine reacted corresponds to the amount of GTF, and the absorbance is found to increase linearly with the concentration of GTF. Under the optimum conditions, GTF could be assayed in the concentration range 0.25-1.5, 0.5-6.0, and 0.5-10 mg/mL by method A, method B and method C, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 1.6x105, 4.0x104 and 3.2x104 L mol-1 cm-1 for the method A, method B and method C, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0025, 0.010 and 0.012 ?g/cm2. The intra-day and inter-day precision, and the accuracy of the methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of GTF in pharmaceutical preparations without the interference from any of the pharmaceutical adjuvant.

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Zwaveling, J. H., W. L. A. M. de Kort, J. Meulenbelt, M. Hezemans-Boer, W. A. van Vloten, and B. Sangster. "Exposure of the Skin to Methyl Bromide: A Study of Six Cases Occupationally Exposed to High Concentrations during Fumigation." Human Toxicology 6, no. 6 (1987): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600607.

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1 The effects of exposure of the skin to high concentrations of methyl bromide were studied in 6 cases, who had been unintentionally exposed. 2 Exposure to high concentrations of methyl bromide (approximately 40 g/m3) for 40 min can lead to redness and blistering of the skin. This cannot be prevented by wearing standard protective clothing. 3 Skin lesions show a preference for relatively moist skin areas. 4 Plasma bromide levels were highest immediately following exposure (mean 9.0 ± 1.4 mg/l) and fell in subsequent hours (mean 6.8 ± 2.3 mg/l 12 h after the exposure), suggesting absorption of (methyl) bromide through the skin. 5 No systemic effects were noted in this series. 6 Fumigation with methyl bromide should not be done in such a way as to require the presence of workers inside closed areas, where methyl bromide is released.

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Hutchinson, Chad M., Milton E. McGiffen, Howard D. Ohr, James J. Sims, and J. Ole Becker. "Evaluation of Methyl Iodide as a Soil Fumigant for Root-Knot Nematode Control in Carrot Production." Plant Disease 83, no. 1 (1999): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.1.33.

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Methyl iodide performance as a soil fumigant was compared with methyl bromide for Meloidogyne incognita control in carrot production. Both compounds were applied to tarped beds by hot-gas fumigation in growers' fields near Bakersfield, California. Methyl iodide was applied at 112, 168, 224, and 336 kg ha-1 and methyl bromide at 112 and 224 kg ha-1. Other chemical treatments included a non-fumigated control, metam sodium (373 liters ha-1), applied through overhead irrigation, and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D; 112 liters ha-1) commercially shank applied. Soil was either extracted or bioassayed with tomato plants to determine M. incognita populations prior to application of fumigants, 2 weeks after fumigant application, and at carrot harvest. Carrots were rated for marketability based on size and ematode-induced damage. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, and 1,3 D were effective at reducing M. incognita populations over the season at all rates tested. In both trials, plants in plots fumigated with either methyl bromide or methyl iodide produced at least 161 and 181% more marketable carrots without nematode damage, respectively, than plants in control plots. Methyl iodide was an effective alternative to methyl bromide for nematode control in carrot production.

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Basavaiah, Kanakapura, Veeraiah Ramakrishna, Chikkaswamy Somashekar, and Urdigere R. Anil Kumar. "Sensitive and rapid titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of stavudine in pharmaceuticals using bromate-bromide and three dyes." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 80, no. 2 (2008): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652008000200003.

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Four sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of stavudine (STV) in bulk drug and in dosage forms were developed and optimized. In titrimetry, aqueous solution of STV was treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium followed by estimation of unreacted bromine by iodometric back titration. Spectrophotometric methods involve the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium and subsequent estimation of the residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange, indigocarmine or thymol blue followed by measurement of absorbance at 520 nm (method A), 610 nm (method B) or 550 nm (method C). In all the methods, the amount of bromate reacted corresponds to the amount of STV. Calculations in titrimetry were based on a 1:0.666 (STV:KBrO3) stoichiometry and the method was found to be applicable over 3.5-10 mg range. A linear increase in absorbance with concentration of STV was observed in the spectrophotometric methods, and the Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration ranges 0.125-1.75, 1-10 and 1-9.0 µg mL-1 STV for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The methods when applied to the determination of STV in tablets and capsules were found to give satisfactory results.

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Lin, Jung-Chou, Jie Chen, Steven L. Suib, Michael B. Cutlip, and James D. Freihaut. "Recovery of Bromine from Methyl Bromide Using Amorphous MnOxPhotocatalysts." Journal of Catalysis 161, no. 2 (1996): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1996.0228.

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Hutchinson, Chad M., Milton E. McGiffen, Howard D. Ohr, James J. Sims, and J. Ole Becker. "Efficacy of methyl iodide soil fumigation for control of Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Heterodera schachtii." Nematology 1, no. 4 (1999): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508414.

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Abstract Sigmoidal dose-response curves were derived for Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Heterodera schachtii treated with methyl iodide or methyl bromide under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory dose-response experiments were conducted in 1.9 dm3 fumigation jars in three soil types. Field experiments were conducted in a San Emigdio sandy loam and a Carsetas loamy sand previously infested with M. incognita. Muslin sample bags containing either roots or soil infested with T. semipenetrans and H. schachtii were buried in each field plot. M. incognita was bioassayed on tomato roots and survival of other nematodes was assayed by Baermann funnel extraction. A comparison of the methyl bromide: methyl iodide ratios at the EC(ED)90 rates indicated that, averaged over all treatments, methyl iodide was 4.67 and 1.77 times more potent than methyl bromide in laboratory and field experiments, respectively. Efficacite de la fumigation des sols au iodure de methyle pour le controle de Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et Heterodera schachtii - Des courbes sigmoides dose-reponse ont ete etablies pour Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et Heterodera schachtii traites au iodure de methyle ou au bromure de methyle au laboratoire et au champ. Les experimentations dose-reponse au laboratoire ont ete faites dans des conteneurs de 1,9 dm3 avec trois types de sol. Les experimentations au champ ont ete realisees sur limon sableux San Emiglio et sable limoneux Carsetas prealablement infestes par M. incognita. Des sacs a echantillon en mousseline contenant ou bien des racines ou bien du sol infestes par M. incognita, T. semipenetrans et H. schachtii ont ete enterres dans chaque parcelle. La survie de M. incognita a ete evaluee par un test biologique sur des racines de tomate et celle des autres nematodes par extraction au Baerman. Une comparaison des rapports bromure de methyle/iodure de methyle aux taux EC(ED)90 a montre que, en moyenne sur tous les traitements, l'iodure de methyle a ete respectivement 4,67 et 1,77 fois plus efficient que le bromure de methyle au laboratoire et au champ, respectivement.

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Blondeau, C. M. "METHYL BROMIDE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 255 (October 1989): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.255.39.

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HAYASHI, Toru. "Methyl Bromide and Irradiation." FOOD IRRADIATION, JAPAN 31, no. 1/2 (1996): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5986/jrafi.31.19.

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White, Janet. "GLOSSARY: Methyl bromide terminology." California Agriculture 67, no. 3 (2013): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n03p122.

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22

Behrens, R. H., and D. C. Dukes. "Fatal methyl bromide poisoning." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43, no. 8 (1986): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.43.8.561.

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23

HILEMAN, BETTE. "METHYL BROMIDE PHASEOUT STYMIED." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 83, no. 3 (2005): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n003.p030.

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Chavez, Cesar T., Robert S. Hepler, and Bradley R. Straatsma. "Methyl Bromide Optic Atrophy." American Journal of Ophthalmology 99, no. 6 (1985): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76043-x.

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25

Butler, James H. "Methyl bromide under scrutiny." Nature 376, no. 6540 (1995): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376469a0.

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Mattner, S. W., I. J. Porter, J. L. Falco, and W. Grullemans. "RECAPTURED QUARANTINE METHYL BROMIDE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR SOIL DISINFESTATION?" Acta Horticulturae, no. 1044 (July 2014): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1044.51.

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Basavaiah, K., and U. R. Anil Kumar. "New Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals Using Bromate-Bromide,Methyl Orange and Indigo Carmine." E-Journal of Chemistry 3, no. 4 (2006): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/472186.

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Two new sensitive spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) using bromate-bromide mixture and two dyes, methyl orange and indigocarmine, as reagents. The methods entail the addition of a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture to RLX in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (Method A) or indigo carmine and measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (Method B). In both methods, the amount of bromine reacted corresponds to the amount of RLX. The absorbance is found to increase linearly with concentration of RLX. Under the optimum conditions, RLX could be assayed in the concentration range 0.1-2.0 and 0.5-6.0 μg mL-1by method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 1.9×105and 4.5×104L mol-1cm-1for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.003 and 0.011 μg cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification are also reported for both methods. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the developed methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods were successfully applied to the assay of RLX in its tablet formulation and the results were compared with those of a reference method by calculating the Student’s t-value and F-value. No interference was observed from common tablet adjuvants. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by recovery experiments via standard-addition procedure.

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Cal, A. De, A. Martinez-Treceño, J. M. Lopez-Aranda, and P. Melgarejo. "Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide in Spanish Strawberry Nurseries." Plant Disease 88, no. 2 (2004): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.210.

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Strawberry runners are a high-value cash crop in Spain that requires vigorous transplants free of pathogens. Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide, or with mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin, is a standard practice for controlling soilborne diseases. Soil fumigants chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, metam-sodium, metam potassium, and dimethyl disulfide were evaluated in combination with different plastic films as alternatives for methyl bromide soil fumigation of strawberry nurseries. The studies were conducted over a 4-year period, with fumigant applications prior to planting. Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium spp.) and crown rot (caused by Phytophthora cactorum) were the main diseases. Chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and dazomet compared well with methyl bromide fumigation for control of strawberry nursery diseases. Furthermore, 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide, applied at 50% rate under virtually impermeable film, provided effective disease control in strawberry nurseries. Fumigant effects on fungal soil populations are discussed.

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Bhavnagary, Haiderali M., Tirunillai S. Krishnamurthy, and Suvendu K. Majumder. "Studies on the preparation of methyl bromide from sulphur, bromine and methyl alcohol." Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 29, no. 7 (2007): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.503290707.

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Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, and Edward E. Gbur. "Allyl Isothiocyanate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (2012): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00152.1.

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Methyl bromide has been widely used for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. With the phaseout of methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to determine if allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) would provide substantive weed control in tomato along with crop tolerance under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch. Treatment factors included two mulch types (LDPE and VIF) and six rates of allyl ITC (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). A standard treatment of methyl bromide : chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was also established. Allyl ITC was broadcast applied and incorporated in soil before forming raised beds and laying plastic mulch. Tomatoes were transplanted 3 wk after applying allyl ITC or methyl bromide treatments. Tomato injury was ≤ 8% in all treatments at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). Allyl ITC at 913 (± 191) kg ha−1was required to control yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass equivalent to methyl bromide at 6 WATP and maintain marketable tomato yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. VIF mulch was not effective in increasing weed control or improving the marketable yield of tomato over LDPE mulch. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can have a practical application for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato in the absence of methyl bromide.

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31

Hasan, Md Mahbub, M. Jamie Aikins, M. Wesley Schilling, and Thomas W. Phillips. "Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Phosphine for Fumigation of Necrobia rufipes (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), Pests of High-Value Stored Products." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (2019): 1008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz319.

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Abstract Fumigation with methyl bromide has been a long established and effective method for controlling many pests of stored products, including the key major pests that infest dry-cured hams, aged cheese, and other value-added durable stored products. Methyl bromide had been widely used for the disinfestation of dry-cured ham facilities in the United States, but is now phased out of use since it is an ozone-depleting substance. This paper reports laboratory studies to evaluate the efficacies of methyl bromide and phosphine for controlling two of the key arthropod pests of dry-cured hams and aged cheeses. Larvae of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius), were the most tolerant life stages when treated with either phosphine or methyl bromide for 48 h exposure at 23°C, whereas eggs of the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), were slightly more tolerant than mobile stages for both compounds. Under laboratory conditions, complete control was achieved for the both species with concentrations of 0.85 and 4.0 g/m3 of phosphine and methyl bromide, respectively, at 48 h exposure. The results give new information for judicious use of the existing stocks of methyl bromide, whether for pest mitigation or to help in developing a quarantine treatment schedule with that gas. Phosphine shows good potential as an effective alternative to methyl bromide, but if it was to be adopted as a fumigant in the dry-cured ham industry, methods to prevent metal corrosion would need to be designed and effectively implemented.

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32

Tiritiris, Ioannis, Ralf Kress, and Willi Kantlehner. "Crystal structure of 2-bromo-3-dimethylamino-N,N,N′,N′,4-pentamethyl-4-(trimethylsilyloxy)pent-2-eneamidinium bromide." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 12 (2015): o1061—o1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901502383x.

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The reaction of the orthoamide 1,1,1-tris(dimethylamino)-4-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyloxy)pent-2-yne with bromine in benzene, yields the title salt, C15H33BrN3OSi+·Br−. The C—N bond lengths in the amidinium unit are 1.319 (6) and 1.333 (6) Å, indicating double-bond character, pointing towards charge delocalization within the NCN plane. The C—Br bond length of 1.926 (5) Å is characteristic for a C—Br single bond. Additionally, there is a bromine–bromine interaction [3.229 (3) Å] present involving the anion and cation. In the crystal, weak C—H...Br interactions between the methyl H atoms of the cation and the bromide ions are present.

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33

Cova, Dario, Gian Pietro Molinari, and Liliana Rossini. "Residues after fumigation with methyl bromide: Bromide ion and methyl bromide in middlings and final cereal foodstuffs." Food Additives and Contaminants 3, no. 3 (1986): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652038609373586.

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34

Borisova, Yulianna G., Rimma M. Sultanova, and Simon S. Zlotsky. "SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AMMONIUM SALTS CONTAINING CYCLOACETAL FRAGMENT." ChemChemTech 68, no. 2 (2024): 46–51. https://doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20256802.7127.

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Interaction of consecutive chain amines (pyridine, 2-methyl-pyridine, 4-vinyl-pyridine, 4-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine) with bromo derivatives (allyl bromide, benzyl and 2-β-bromoethyl-1 ) ,3-dioxolane), new quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized under thermal conditions containing allylic (1-allylpyridinium-, 1-allyl-4-vinylpyridinium- and 1-allyl-4-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl) pyridinium bromides), benzyl (1-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium-, 1-benzyl-4-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridinium bromides) or 1,3-dioxolanoate (1-[2-(1 ,3-) dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]pyridinium-, 1-[2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethyl]-2-methylpyridinium-, 4-(1,3-dioxan-2yl) -1-[2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]pyridinium bromides) fragments. It was found that, in contrast to acetonitrile, when using methyl ethyl ketone as a solvent, the synthesis time is reduced by 2 times, while the yield and selectivity remain the same (≥ 95%). The best yield was achieved using allyl bromide (1-allylpyridinium bromide) in the alkylation of heterocyclic bases (pyridine, 2-methyl-pyridine, 4-vinyl-pyridine, 4-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine). The yield of 2-β-bromoethyl-1,3-dioxolane of the corresponding QAC decreased to 70% (1-[2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]-2-methylpyridinium bromide). The structures of compounds obtained have been studied in detail using NMR spectroscopy methods. The cytotoxic activity of salts was determined using the MTT method in vitro when applied to conditionally normal cell lines Hek293 (human embryonic kidney cell lines) and to tumor lines using HTC-116 (human colorectal carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma). It has been established that the resulting substance is not applicable when applied to conditionally normal and tumor cell lines, except for 1-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide culture, which exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity against these cell cells. Thus, for HEK293 cells, the IC50 concentration was 75.48 ± 9.26 μM, IC50 = 46.16 ± 5.76 for MCF-7 cells, IC50 = 61.85 ± 3.41 for HepG2 cells, IC50 = 58.88 ± 2.59 for HCT-116 cells. For citation: Borisova Yu.G., Sultanova R.M., Zlotsky S.S. Synthesis and biological activity of ammonium salts containing cycloacetal fragment. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2025. V. 68. N 2. P. 46-51. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20256802.7002.

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Šorm, Miloslav, Miloslav Procházka, and Jaroslav Kálal. "The effect of polymeric and model imidazolium halides on the rate of hydrolysis of 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 4 (1985): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19850845.

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The course of hydrolysis of an ester, 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid catalyzed with poly(1-methyl-3-allylimidazolium bromide) (IIa), poly[l-methyl-3-(2-propinyl)imidazolium chloride] (IIb) and poly[l-methyl-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)imidazolium bromide] (IIc) in a 28.5% aqueous ethanol was investigated as a function of pH and compared with low-molecular weight models, viz., l-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium bromides (the alkyl group being methyl, propyl, and hexyl, resp). Polymers IIb, IIc possessed a higher activity at pH above 9, while the models were more active at a lower pH with a maximum at pH 7.67. The catalytic activity at the higher pH is attributed to an attack by the OH- group, while at the lower pH it is assigned to a direct attack of water on the substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid is proportional to the catalyst concentration [IIc] and proceeds as a first-order reaction. The hydrolysis depends on the composition of the solvent and was highest at 28.5% (vol.) of ethanol in water. The hydrolysis of a neutral ester, 4-nitrophenyl acetate, was not accelerated by IIc.

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36

Poon, Grace, Aishwarya Parasuraman, Tuti Mariana Lim, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries." Electrochimica Acta 107 (September 2013): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.084.

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37

Jessup, AJ. "Response of 'Lambert' and 'Ron's Seedling' sweet cherries to fumigation with methyl bromide plus cold storage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880431.

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Fumigation with methyl bromide followed by storage for 10 or 30 days at 1� retarded weight loss in 'Ron's Seedling' sweet cherries. Loss of skin colour was delayed in 'Lambert' sweet cherries fumigated with 32 dm3 methyl bromide when fumigated at 17�C, compared with fruit not fumigated and those treated with 48 g/m3 methyl bromide. Treatment with 32 dm3 increased the frequency of peduncle abscission in both varieties without serious phytotoxic effects on fruit quality.

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38

Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, Ronald L. Rainey, and Edward E. Gbur. "Economic Returns in Plasticulture Tomato Production from Crucifer Cover Crops as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management." HortTechnology 20, no. 4 (2010): 764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.4.764.

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The phase-out of methyl bromide required an effective and economically viable alternative for weed management in polyethylene-mulched tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A field experiment was conducted to compare economics of tomato production associated with crucifer (Brassicaceae) cover crops under low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch with a standard treatment of methyl bromide:chloropicrin (67:33) at 350 lb/acre. Three crucifer cover crops, ‘Seventop’ turnip (Brassica rapa), ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard (Brassica juncea), and Caliente [a blend of brown mustard (B. juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba)], were evaluated in combination with hand-weeding. Because of marginal weed control from crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding cost in all cover crop plots, regardless of mulch type, increased from $380.54/acre to $489.10/acre over that in methyl bromide plots. However, total weed management costs in the untreated control and cover crops with LDPE treatments were $17.82/acre to $111.33/acre lower than methyl bromide. Because of mulch expenses, VIF mulch increased the total weed management cost by $328.16/acre over LDPE mulch in the untreated control and cover crop treatments. Because of equivalent marketable yield, gross returns ($21,040.43/acre) were identical in all treatments. Preplant fumigation with methyl bromide provided $6260.90/acre of net returns in tomato production. The untreated control, ‘Seventop’ turnip, ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard, and Caliente mustard under LDPE treatment were $54/acre, $54/acre, $98/acre, and $147/acre more profitable, respectively, than methyl bromide. However, in all other treatments under VIF, net returns relative to methyl bromide were reduced from $181/acre to $274/acre. Therefore, regardless of soil amendment with crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding can serve as an economically viable alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in LDPE-mulched tomato production, depending on the nature and level of pest infestation, labor availability, and wages.

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39

Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, Edward E. Gbur, Jingying Zhang, and Tsehaye Habtom. "Allyl Isothiocyanate: A Methyl Bromide Replacement in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper." Weed Technology 25, no. 1 (2011): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00076.1.

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Methyl bromide has been a key fumigant for broad-spectrum weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. However, the ozone-depleting nature of methyl bromide has led to its scheduled phaseout from U.S. agriculture. Thus, an effective alternative to methyl bromide is needed. Field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to evaluate the crop response and weed control efficacy of allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. The experiment included various combinations of two mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] and virtually impermeable film [VIF] mulch) and six rates of allyl isothiocyanate (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1 under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. Bell pepper injury was < 3% in all treatments, except 11% injury at 1,500 kg ha−1 allyl isothiocyanate under VIF mulch at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). VIF mulch did not provide additional weed control and marketable pepper yield over LDPE mulch. Allyl isothiocyanate at 932 (± 127) kg ha−1 controlled yellow nutsedge (90%), Palmer amaranth (97%), and large crabgrass (92%) through 6 WATP and maintained the marketable yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can serve as a potential alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper.

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40

Raupach, G. S., and J. W. Kloepper. "Biocontrol of Cucumber Diseases in the Field by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria With and Without Methyl Bromide Fumigation." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (2000): 1073–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1073.

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Field trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, which previously were found to induce systemic resistance in cucumber, on cucumber plant growth and on naturally occurring cucumber diseases with and without methyl bromide fumigation. Seven PGPR seed treatments included single-strain treatments and mixtures of Bacillus pumilus strain INR7, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strain ME1, and Bacillus subtilis strain GB03. In both years, in the absence of methyl bromide, all seven PGPR treatments significantly promoted plant growth, compared to the non-treated control, while with methyl bromide fumigation, only 3 and 1 of the same PGPR treatments promoted growth significantly in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In 1996, main runner length of plants in all seven PGPR treatments without fumigation was statistically equivalent to the main runner length of the nontreated control with methyl bromide fumigation. Naturally occurring foliar diseases were angular leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in 1996, and a mixed infestation of angular leaf spot and anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in 1997. In both years, all PGPR treatments significantly reduced severity of foliar disease, compared to the nontreated control, with and without methyl bromide. Mixtures of PGPR strains showed a higher level of disease protection in both years with and without methyl bromide. The results indicate that attempts to develop PGPR-mediated induced systemic resistance into components of vegetable integrated pest management should not be negatively impacted by the planned withdraw of MeBr from standard vegetable production and that PGPR may help compensate for reduced plant growth often seen without methyl bromide fumigation.

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41

Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, and Edward E. Gbur. "Herbicidal Performance of Phenyl Isothiocyanate in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper." Weed Technology 26, no. 4 (2012): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00070.1.

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Methyl bromide is a common fumigant for effective weed control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. However, the ban on methyl bromide in the United States has created a need to find a suitable alternative. This study investigated the herbicidal efficacy of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) as a methyl bromide alternative for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper during 2006 and 2007. Six rates of phenyl ITC (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1) under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch were tested against yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass. Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. VIF mulch provided no advantage over LDPE mulch in either improving weed control or marketable yield in bell pepper. Unacceptable pepper injury (≥ 60%) occurred at the highest phenyl ITC rate of 1,500 kg ha−1at 2 WATP in both years, regardless of mulch type. Higher bell pepper injury was observed in 2006 (≥ 36%) than in 2007 (≤ 11%) at 750 kg ha−1of phenyl ITC. The lower injury in 2007 could be attributed to aeration of beds 48 h prior to transplanting. Regardless of mulch type, phenyl ITC at 2,071 (± 197) and 1,655 (± 309) kg ha−1was required to control yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass equivalent to methyl bromide in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Bell pepper marketable yield at all rates of phenyl ITC was lower than methyl bromide in 2006. In contrast, marketable yield in phenyl ITC at 750–kg ha−1was equivalent to methyl bromide in 2007. It is concluded that phenyl ITC should be applied at least 4.2 times higher rate than methyl bromide for effective weed control, and bed aeration is required to minimize crop injury and yield loss. Additional research is needed to test phenyl ITC in combination with other weed control strategies to obtain effective weed control with acceptable crop safety.

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Jessup, AJ, and R. Sloggett. "Residues in apples and their packaging following fumigation with methyl bromide." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1993): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930499.

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Apples (cv. Granny Smith) were fumigated with 40 g methyl bromide/m3 for 2 h at 17�C, then aerated for 2 h and stored for 10 days at 1�C as a proposed quarantine schedule for export to Japan. Residues of methyl bromide decreased from 0.1 �g/g following fumigation and cold storage to <0.002 �g/g after a further 20 days at 1�C (to simulate shipping time to Japan). Statistical analysis estimated that methyl bromide residues would decrease to 0.001 �g/g after 14.2 days storage at 1�C after fumigation. Methyl bromide residues in apple carton materials decreased to <0.01 �g/g after 7 days at 1�C, and to below the detection limit (0.002 �g/g) after 7 extra days storage at 1�C. Inorganic bromide residue after fumigation and cold storage for 30 days was 3.9 �g/g. This was less than the maximum residue limit (5 �g/g) set by the US Food and Drug Administration.

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43

Zhang, Cheng Sheng, Fan Yu Kong, Yu Qin Zhang, and Jing Wang. "Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Root-Knot Nematodes Control in Tobacco Transplant Production." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2071.

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Field studies were conducted to evaluate potential methyl bromide alternatives against nematods in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Metham-sodium and dazomet were evaluated respectively under a polyethylene cover as alternatives for methyl bromide in tobacco transplant production over a two-year period (2009-2010). One genera or species of nematodes, tobacco root-knot nematod (Meloidogyne spp.), was evaluated in Qingzhou, Shandong province of China. All of the fumigant candidates were successful in controlling the pest. Another Parameter, plant vigor, was measured too. Metham-sodium 60g/m2, dazomet 80g/m2 and methyl bromide were not significantly different (P=0.05) from each other in the parameters evaluated. Results of this study indicate that Metham-sodium and dazomet are potential methyl bromide alternatives available to growers for use in tobacco parasite nematods control.

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44

Rosskopf, Erin N., Daniel O. Chellemi, Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, and Gregory T. Church. "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: A Florida Perspective." Plant Health Progress 6, no. 1 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-1027-01-rv.

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Methyl bromide is a soil fumigant used to control soilborne fungi, nematodes, and weeds in a wide range of agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental cropping systems. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for the phase-out of methyl bromide due to its ability to deplete atmospheric ozone, thus disrupting the UV protective ozone layer. This article reviews the current status of the on-going methyl bromide phase-out from the perspective of agriculture in Florida. Accepted for publication 27 September 2005. Published 27 October 2005.

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45

Kelley, William Terry, and David B. Langston. "PLASTIC MULCHED BED WIDTH EFFECTS ON PEPPER AND CANTALOUPE YEILD." HortScience 41, no. 3 (2006): 507C—507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.507c.

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The phase out of methyl bromide has precipitated a need to reduce usage of the all purpose fumigant. Reduction in methyl bromide use can extend the life of existing stocks and make it more likely to continue critical use exemption for future production. Traditional widths for plastic mulch covered beds in Georgia ranges from 32 to 36 inches. By reducing bed top widths, it could be possible to reduce the amount of methyl bromide applied by as much as 60%. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of narrower bed tops and lower rates of methyl bromide on pepper and cantaloupe growth and yield. Bed top widths of 36, 30, and 24 inches were each tested with broadcast rates of 400 and 300 lb/acre of both 67:33 and 50:50 methyl bromide-chloropicrin at Tifton, GA in the fall of 2005. Bed widths were the main plot and methyl bromide rates the sub plot. Plots were 20 feet long with two rows of pepper planted per bed with 12 inches between plants and one row of cantaloupe planted per bed with two feet between plants. All beds were on 6-ft centers and fertilizer rates were constant across plots within a crop. There were four replications. Otherwise normal cultural practices were employed. Crops were harvested at maturity and data collected on yield and plant growth. Pepper yields were depressed by early cold weather. The 24-inch bed tops produced significantly lower yields of extra large, large and total fruit, but had greater top dry weight and root fresh weight than the 36-inch beds. There were no differences found among methyl bromide rates for cantaloupe or for pepper except extra large fruit were greater at the highest rate compared to the lowest. There were no differences among bed top widths for cantaloupe yield or plant growth.

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46

Rajendran, S. "Selection for resistance to phosphine or methyl bromide in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 1 (1992): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530005152x.

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AbstractThe build-up of resistance to phosphine and methyl bromide in the developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) after six selections in successive generations was investigated in the laboratory at 25 ± 1°C. Responses of the life stages of the fumigant-selected insects were compared with those of untreated controls with a 24 h exposure and mortality was assessed after 14 days. Phosphine induced the development of resistance irrespective of the life stage chosen for selection. The onset of phosphine resistance was noted after the first selection but the levels of resistance attained in the different stages varied depending on the stage tested, and in each case the degree of expression was different in the four stages of T. castaneum. After selection, phosphine resistance was highest in the pupae followed by eggs, adults and larvae. Resistance to methyl bromide in the methyl bromide treated insects increased only slightly (less than × 2.0). Adults derived from egg, larva, pupa and adult-selected methyl bromide lines showed cross-resistance to phosphine (× 1.8 to 11.5 at LD95), while cross-resistance of adults to methyl bromide was noted only in adult-selected phosphine-resistant insects (× 1.5 at LD95).

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47

South, David B. "Chloropicrin as a Soil Fumigation Treatment in Southern Pine Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31, no. 1 (2007): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/31.1.47.

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Abstract Because of concerns over the ozone layer, the annual amount of methyl bromide used for soil fumigation for crop production is decreasing. A promising alternative soil fumigation treatment involves applying 300 lb/ac of chloropicrin (CCl3NO2) under a plastic tarp. Although this soil fumigant does not control weeds as well as an equivalent amount of methyl bromide, chloropicrin is an effective strategy for controlling many soilborne pests. The total amount of chloropicrin used for fumigation in southern pine nurseries will likely increase as use of methyl bromide fumigation declines.

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Rhew, Robert C., Benjamin R. Miller, Martin K. Vollmer, and Ray F. Weiss. "Shrubland fluxes of methyl bromide and methyl chloride." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, no. D18 (2001): 20875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000413.

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49

Adler, T. "Methyl Bromide Doesn't Stick Around." Science News 148, no. 18 (1995): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018258.

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50

Zasada, Inga A., John M. Halbrendt, Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, James LaMondia, Michael V. McKenry, and Joe W. Noling. "Managing Nematodes Without Methyl Bromide." Annual Review of Phytopathology 48, no. 1 (2010): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114425.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Methyl bromide'

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