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Journal articles on the topic 'Methods of synthesis'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577/jcsp/43.03.2021.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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2

Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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3

Alam, Mohammad A. "Methods for Hydroxamic Acid Synthesis." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190424142821.

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Substituted hydroxamic acid is one of the most extensively studied pharmacophores because of their ability to chelate biologically important metal ions to modulate various enzymes, such as HDACs, urease, metallopeptidase, and carbonic anhydrase. Syntheses and biological studies of various classes of hydroxamic acid derivatives have been reported in numerous research articles in recent years but this is the first review article dedicated to their synthetic methods and their application for the synthesis of these novel molecules. In this review article, commercially available reagents and preparation of hydroxylamine donating reagents have also been described.

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4

Taeger, Oonagh. "Synthesis of Methods." Homoeopathic Links 25, no. 02 (June 2012): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1298492.

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5

Bakibayev, A. A., K. B. Zhumanov, S. Yu Panshina, S. I. Gorbin, V. S. Malkov, I. G. Tsoy, B. K. Massalimova, G. K. Matniyazova, and Е. А. Baybazarova. "Synthesis methods of phosphorylated carbamide containing acyclic and heterocyclic compounds." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 95, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 115–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ch3/115-157.

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6

Zhao, Yang, Wen Hua Qian, Qiao Chen, and Zhi Ming Chen. "Optimization Methods to Texture Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.662.

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The paper describes a framework for exemplar-based texture synthesis. The main idea is reducing synthesis time consuming and advancing synthesis quality by some optimization methods. Many optimizations such as searching along a spiral path, edge expansion, L2 distance computing predigesting, accelerate synthesis speed and the final results also advanced. Experiments show that synthesis results are quite satisfactory and effective.

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7

Gogin, L. L., E. G. Zhizhina, and Z. P. Pai. "Methods for the Synthesis of Methacrylic Acid and Methacrylates." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 20, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2020-5-374-380.

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The review provides an analysis of the literature on the existing processes for obtaining an important organic product – methacrylic acid and its ester – methyl methacrylate. The main methods of their industrial production are the synthesis from acetone and hydrocyanic acid (the acetone cyanohydrin method) and catalytic syntheses from petrochemical raw materials –ethylene, propylene and isobutylene.

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8

Young, Douglas W. "Nucleoside Synthesis — Organosilicon Methods." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 429, no. 3 (May 1992): C49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(92)83195-n.

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9

Rassadin, V. A., D. S. Grosheva, A. A. Tomashevskii, and V. V. Sokolov. "Methods of Sultam Synthesis." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 49, no. 1 (April 2013): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10593-013-1231-3.

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10

Grekov, F. F., and B. V. Chernovets. "Methods for MgSiN2 synthesis." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (August 2004): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11167-005-0003-y.

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11

Yushchenko, D. Yu, T. B. Khlebnikova, Z. P. Pai, and V. I. Bukhtiyarov. "Glyphosate: Methods of Synthesis." Kinetics and Catalysis 62, no. 3 (May 2021): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0023158421030113.

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12

Ishak, Nurazwa, Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Arbakariya B. Ariff, Murni Halim, and Helmi Wasoh. "Kojic acid esters: Comparative review on its methods of synthesis." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v4i2.304.

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In this paper, the syntheses of kojic acid esters via chemical and enzymatic methods are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of chemical process in term of process, safety and efficiency are discussed. In enzymatic process, the significant process parameters related to the synthesis of kojic acid esters such as the lipases, solvent, temperature and water content are highlighted. Possible enzymatic synthesis using solvent and solvent-free system taking into consideration of the difference in these systems involving cost, lipase reusability and efficiency is comparatively reviewed. The possible approach for large scale production using various enzyme reactor designs is also discussed and re-evaluated.

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13

Yamada, Hidetoshi, Tsukasa Hirokane, Kazutada Ikeuchi, and Shinnosuke Wakamori. "Fundamental Methods in Ellagitannin Synthesis." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 8 (August 2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200846.

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This account describes methods for synthesizing natural ellagitannins. The ellagitannins, a class of polyphenols, has a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities. Here, we focus on three topics, which are the synthesis of the hexahydroxydiphenoyl group, construction of the hexahydroxydiphenoyl bridge, and synthesis of C–O digallates. The hexahydroxydiphenoyl group and the C–O digallates are C–C and C–O coupled galloyl groups, respectively, both group of which are the two major components of ellagitannins. By combining methods described in this account, many ellagitannins might be synthesized.

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14

Kobayashi, Shū, and Ryo Akiyama. "New methods for high-throughput synthesis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173071103.

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New methodologies for library synthesis have been developed. They are based on new carboncarbon bond-formation reactions in the solid-phase and organic synthesis using polymer-supported catalysts. We have immobilized alkyl glyoxylate equivalents onto resins and prepared novel polymer-supported imines. We have also developed unprecedented polymer-supported catalysts such as microencapsulated scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate [MC Sc(OTf)3], osmium tetroxide (MC OsO4), and palladium triphenylphosphine [MC Pd(PPh3)] for high-throughput synthesis.

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15

Żelechowska, Kamila. "Methods of ZnO nanoparticles synthesis." BioTechnologia 2 (2014): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/bta.2014.48857.

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16

Suenaga, Toshiro. "Analytical Methods for Combinatorial Synthesis." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 60, no. 5 (2002): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.60.454.

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17

Mukkanti, Amere, and Mariappan Periasamy. "Methods of synthesis of cyclobutenediones." Arkivoc 2005, no. 11 (November 10, 2004): 48–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0006.b07.

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18

Cipolla, Laura, Barbara La Ferla, and Francesco Nicotra. "General Methods for Iminosugar Synthesis." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 5 (February 1, 2003): 485–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026033452429.

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19

Oppe, Mark, Maiwenn Al, and Maureen Rutten-van Mölken. "Comparing Methods of Data Synthesis." PharmacoEconomics 29, no. 3 (March 2011): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11539870-000000000-00000.

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20

Boons, Geert-Jan. "Modern methods in carbohydrate synthesis." Carbohydrate Research 305, no. 1 (December 1997): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10015-5.

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21

Chaivanov, B. B., V. B. Sokolov, and S. N. Spirin. "Synthesis methods of fluorocontaining compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 54, no. 1-3 (September 1991): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)83647-7.

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22

Bennett, Clay S., and M. Carmen Galan. "Methods for 2-Deoxyglycoside Synthesis." Chemical Reviews 118, no. 17 (June 28, 2018): 7931–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00731.

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23

Nay, Bastien, Jean-Pierre Monti, Alain Nuhrich, Gérard Deffieux, Jean-Michel Mérillon, and Joseph Vercauteren. "Methods in synthesis of flavonoids." Tetrahedron Letters 41, no. 47 (November 2000): 9049–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01649-x.

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24

Musagalievich Mataev, Mukhametkali, Siddharth (Montu) Saxena, Gennady Semenovich Patrin, Zhanar Yliasovna Tursinova, Assel Taupykovna Kezdikbayeva, Marzhan Abdyzhaparovna Nurbekova, and Baitasheva Gaukhar Umiralievna. "Manganite Synthesis By Different Methods." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 1312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340315.

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25

O'Shaughnessy, Douglas. "Modern methods of speech synthesis." IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 7, no. 3 (2007): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcas.2007.904177.

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26

Eaborn, Colin. "Organomagnesium methods in organic synthesis." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 507, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(96)90013-3.

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27

Barner-Kowollik, Christopher, Jean-François Lutz, and Sébastien Perrier. "New methods of polymer synthesis." Polymer Chemistry 3, no. 7 (2012): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2py90007f.

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28

Kurdanova, Zhanna I., Kamila T. Shakhmurzova, Azamat A. Zhansitov, Arthur E. Baykaziev, Karina Kh Teunova, and Svetlana Yu Khashirova. "METHODS FOR SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHERIMIDES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196206.5892.

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The review summarizes and systematizes the currently known data on the synthesis of polyetherimides. Polyetherimides are a promising class of high-quality polymeric materials with a valua-ble set of properties that can be directed to the appropriate design of the polymer chain. Thus, to obtain polyetherimide with a lower glass transition temperature, as much as possible of ether bonds are introduced into the macromolecule, as well as m-phenylene fragments that increase the flexibility of the polymer chain. Polyetherimides of this structure are amorphous and soluble in a number of amide solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Three main methods for the preparation of polyetherimide are discussed in detail: high-temperature polycondensation by nucleophilic substitution in solution, polycondensation in a melt, and production of polyetherimide directly during extrusion. The most promising method for today is the method of high-temperature polycondensation in solution by the reaction of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. As a halogen-containing monomer, chlorine or fluorophthalic anhydrides are used in the synthesis. The reaction of diamines with chlorophthalic anhydride proceeds at lower rates in comparison with the fluorine-containing analog. However, the use of fluorophthalic anhydride proved to be inexpedient from the economic point of view. The economic availability of the corresponding nitrosubstituted phthalic derivatives and high rates of displacement of nitro groups with the help of aryl oxide ions allow to product the commercially avail-able polymers. As solvents, aprotic dipolar (dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, etc.), nonpolar organic (o-dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, etc.) and phenolic solvents can be used. However, the increasing attention of researchers is attracted to the synthesis in the environment of o-dichlorobenzene.

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29

Patil, Rajendra D., and Subbarayappa Adimurthy. "Catalytic Methods for Imine Synthesis." Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry 2, no. 9 (April 22, 2013): 726–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.201300012.

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30

Szostak, R. "ChemInform Abstract: Secondary Synthesis Methods." ChemInform 33, no. 45 (May 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200245268.

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31

Merlic, Craig, David Winternheimer, and Ryan Shade. "Methods for Vinyl Ether Synthesis." Synthesis 2010, no. 15 (July 12, 2010): 2497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1258166.

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32

Chaloner, Penny A. "Electroorganic Synthesis; Best synthetic Methods." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 418, no. 1 (October 1991): C17—C18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(91)86358-w.

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33

Rusinov, V. L., A. Yu Petrov, and O. N. Chupakhin. "Nitroazines. Methods of synthesis (review)." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 21, no. 2 (February 1985): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00504191.

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34

Mann, Markus, Michael Küpers, Grit Häuschen, Martin Finsterbusch, Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing, and Olivier Guillon. "Evaluation of Scalable Synthesis Methods for Aluminum-Substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 6809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226809.

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Solid electrolyte is the key component in all-solid-state batteries (ASBs). It is required in electrodes to enhance Li-conductivity and can be directly used as a separator. With its high Li-conductivity and chemical stability towards metallic lithium, lithium-stuffed garnet material Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered one of the most promising solid electrolyte materials for high-energy ceramic ASBs. However, in order to obtain high conductivities, rare-earth elements such as tantalum or niobium are used to stabilize the highly conductive cubic phase. This stabilization can also be obtained via high levels of aluminum, reducing the cost of LLZO but also reducing processability and the Li-conductivity. To find the sweet spot for a potential market introduction of garnet-based solid-state batteries, scalable and industrially usable syntheses of LLZO with high processability and good conductivity are indispensable. In this study, four different synthesis methods (solid-state reaction (SSR), solution-assisted solid-state reaction (SASSR), co-precipitation (CP), and spray-drying (SD)) were used and compared for the synthesis of aluminum-substituted LLZO (Al:LLZO, Li6.4Al0.2La3Zr2O12), focusing on electrochemical performance on the one hand and scalability and environmental footprint on the other hand. The synthesis was successful via all four methods, resulting in a Li-ion conductivity of 2.0–3.3 × 10−4 S/cm. By using wet-chemical synthesis methods, the calcination time could be reduced from two calcination steps for 20 h at 850 °C and 1000 °C to only 1 h at 1000 °C for the spray-drying method. We were able to scale the synthesis up to a kg-scale and show the potential of the different synthesis methods for mass production.

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35

Kamptmann, Sonja B., and Steven V. Ley. "Facilitating Biomimetic Syntheses of Borrerine Derived Alkaloids by Means of Flow-Chemical Methods." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 4 (2015): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14530.

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Flow chemistry is widely used nowadays in synthetic chemistry and has increasingly been applied to complex natural product synthesis. However, to date flow chemistry has not found a place in the area of biomimetic synthesis. Here we show the syntheses of borrerine derived alkaloids, indicating that we can use biomimetic principles in flow to prepare complex architectures in a single step.

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36

Al-Smadi, Derar, Thilak Enugala, Thomas Norberg, Jan Kihlberg, and Mikael Widersten. "Synthesis of Substrates for Aldolase-Catalysed Reactions: A Comparison of Methods for the Synthesis of Substituted Phenylacetaldehydes." Synlett 29, no. 09 (March 19, 2018): 1187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591963.

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Methods for the synthesis of phenylacetaldehydes (oxidation, one-carbon chain extension) were compared by using the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenylacetaldehyde as a model example. Oxidations of 4-methoxyphenylethanol with activated DMSO (Swern oxidation) or manganese dioxide gave unsatisfactory results; whereas oxidation with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) produced 4-methoxyphenylacetaldehyde in reasonable (75%) yield. However, Wittig-type one-carbon chain extension with methoxymethylene-triphenylphosphine followed by hydrolysis gave an excellent (81% overall) yield of 4-methoxyphenylacetaldehyde from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (a cheap starting material). This approach was subsequently used to synthesise a set of 10 substituted phenylacetaldehydes in good to excellent yields.

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37

Boeriu, Carmen G., Jan Springer, Floor K. Kooy, Lambertus A. M. van den Broek, and Gerrit Eggink. "Production Methods for Hyaluronan." International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 2013 (March 5, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/624967.

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Hyaluronan is a polysaccharide with multiple functions in the human body being involved in creating flexible and protective layers in tissues and in many signalling pathways during embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Hyaluronan is an important component of active pharmaceutical ingredients for treatment of, for example, arthritis and osteoarthritis, and its commercial value far exceeds that of other microbial extracellular polysaccharides. Traditionally hyaluronan is extracted from animal waste which is a well-established process now. However, biotechnological synthesis of biopolymers provides a wealth of new possibilities. Therefore, genetic/metabolic engineering has been applied in the area of tailor-made hyaluronan synthesis. Another approach is the controlled artificial (in vitro) synthesis of hyaluronan by enzymes. Advantage of using microbial and enzymatic synthesis for hyaluronan production is the simpler downstream processing and a reduced risk of viral contamination. In this paper an overview of the different methods used to produce hyaluronan is presented. Emphasis is on the advancements made in the field of the synthesis of bioengineered hyaluronan.

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38

Flemming, Kate, Andrew Booth, Ruth Garside, Özge Tunçalp, and Jane Noyes. "Qualitative evidence synthesis for complex interventions and guideline development: clarification of the purpose, designs and relevant methods." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 1 (January 2019): e000882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000882.

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This paper is one of a series exploring the implications of complexity for systematic reviews and guideline development, commissioned by the WHO. The paper specifically explores the role of qualitative evidence synthesis. Qualitative evidence synthesis is the broad term for the group of methods used to undertake systematic reviews of qualitative research evidence. As an approach, qualitative evidence synthesis is increasingly recognised as having a key role to play in addressing questions relating to intervention or system complexity, and guideline development processes. This is due to the unique role qualitative research can play in establishing the relative importance of outcomes, the acceptability, fidelity and reach of interventions, their feasibility in different settings and potential consequences on equity across populations. This paper outlines the purpose of qualitative evidence synthesis, provides detail of how qualitative evidence syntheses can help establish understanding and explanation of the complexity that can occur in relation to both interventions and systems, and how qualitative evidence syntheses can contribute to evidence to decision frameworks. It provides guidance for the choice of qualitative evidence synthesis methods in the context of guideline development for complex interventions, giving ‘real life’ examples of where this has occurred. Information to support decision-making around choice qualitative evidence synthesis methods in the context of guideline development is provided. Approaches for reporting qualitative evidence syntheses are discussed alongside mechanisms for assessing confidence in the findings of a review.

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39

Sharma, Upendra, Inder Kumar, and Rakesh Kumar. "Recent Advances in the Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles via C–H Activation/Functionalization." Synthesis 50, no. 14 (May 28, 2018): 2655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609733.

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Indole is an important heterocyclic motif that occurs ubiquitously in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Immense efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of indoles starting from the Fisher indole synthesis to the recently developed C–H activation/functionalization-based methods. Herein, we have reviewed the progress made on the regioselective synthesis of functionalized indoles, including 2-substituted, 3-substituted and 2,3-disusbstituted indoles, since the year 2010.1 Introduction2 Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indoles3 Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indoles4 Metal-Free Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indoles5 Metal-Catalyzed 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis5.1 Metal-Catalyzed Intramolecular 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis5.2 Metal-Catalyzed Intermolecular 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis6 Metal-Free 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis6.1 N-Protected 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis6.2 N-Unprotected 2,3-Disubstituted Indole Synthesis7 Applications8 Summary and Outlook

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40

Hrubiak, A. B., V. О. Kotsyubynsky, and V. V. Moklyak. "Methods of Synthesis of Nanodispersed Iron Oxides." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.1.193-201.

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The paper deals with the classification and analysis of main chemical methods of nanostructure iron oxide synthesis. Literature data are systematizated to select a universal method for revealing the relationship between the conditions of synthesis and structural, morphological and magnetic properties of nanomaterials.

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41

Liu, Ying, Hong Sheng Yin, Yue Liu, Kun Sun, Yang Li, Li Li Wang, and Wen Juan Xu. "Improved Synthesis Methods for Barium Hexaferrite." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 3039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.3039.

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42

Lazzarini, Victor, and Joseph Timoney. "Synthesis of Resonance by Nonlinear Distortion Methods." Computer Music Journal 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00160.

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This article explores techniques for synthesizing resonant sounds using the principle of nonlinear distortion. These methods can be grouped under the heading of “subtractive synthesis without filters,” the case for which has been made in the literature. Starting with a simple resonator model, this article looks at how the source-modifier arrangement can be reconstructed as a heterodyne structure made of a sinusoidal carrier and a complex modulator. From this, we examine how the modulator signal can be created with nonlinear distortion methods, looking at the classic case of phase-aligned formant synthesis and then our own modified frequency-modulation technique. The article concludes with some application examples of this sound-synthesis principle.

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43

Fahmy, Heba M., Amena S. El-Feky, Taiseer M. Abd El-Daim, Merna M. Abd El-Hameed, Donia A. Gomaa, Amany M. Hamad, Alyaa A. Elfky, Yomna H. Elkomy, and Nawal A. Farouk. "Eco-Friendly Methods of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 9, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180328154926.

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Background: Owing to the importance of metallic nanoparticles, different researches and studies have been induced to synthesize them in many ways. One of the ways that paid attention last years is the green synthesis methods of nanoparticles or the so-called ''eco-friendly methods''. The most common sources that has been used for green synthesis of nanoparticles are plants, leaves, fungi and microorganisms. The green synthesis methods are widely used because they are inexpensive, usable, and nontoxic. Moreover, plant extracts are rich in reducing and capping agents. Methods: In the present review, green synthesis methods of gold nanoparticles (AuNps) using Chitosan, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Magnolia Kobus, Elettaria cardamomum (Elaichi) aqueous extract and other agents as a reducing/capping agents will be discussed in details. Moreover, we will make a comparison between different green routes of synthesis and the characterization of the obtained nanoparticles from each route. Results: The characterization and applications of the prepared GNPs from different routes are reviewed. Conclusion: The utilization of gold nanoparticles has been advocated because of their high biocomptability, administration in clinical applicability and in diverse aspects of life. It seems that plants are good candidates for nanoparticles production because they are inexpensive, available and renewable sources in addition, it is too simple to prepare extracts from them. Moreover, the great diversity in the types and amounts of reducing agents from plant extracts is responsible for the effortless generation of metallic nanoparticles of various shapes and morphologies.

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44

Sergeev, E. E., L. L. Gogin, T. B. Khlebnikova, E. G. Zhizhina, and Z. P. Pai. "Methods for the catalytic synthesis of piperazine." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2022-1-67-79.

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An analytical review of the methods used for piperazine synthesis compares two groups of catalytic processes: intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization. Advantages and drawbacks of the existing piperazine synthesis methods are noted; the preferable highly selective processes of intramolecular cyclization using aminoethylethanolamine and diethylenetriamine as well as the single-step processes of intermolecular cyclization using ethylenediamine, mono- and diethanolamine are indicated.

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45

Zhakina, A. Kh, Ye P. Vassilets, O. V. Arnt, A. N. Akzholtay, A. M. Gazaliyev, Z. M. Muldakhmetov, and S. O. Kenzhetayeva. "Synthesis of a composite material based on coal mining waste using wave chemistry methods." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 95, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ch3/14-20.

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Mohammed A B Abdul jabar and Ignatov A V, Mohammed A. B. Abdul jabar and Ignatov A. V. "New Synthesis of Solid-Solution Lead Hydroxyapatite (PbHAP) by Ceramic and Semi-Ceramic Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 3 (2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000655.

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The synthesis of solid solutions lead hydroxyapatite, Pb10(PO4)6*y(OH)2, were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction (ceramic method) (y= 0.95; 0.96; 0.97; 0.98; 0.99 and 1.00) and precipitation (semi ceramic method) (y= 0.97; 0.98; 0.99 and 1.00) methods at 800 and#186;C for 50 hours. The X-ray powder diffraction (DRON-3m diffractometer), electron microscopy scanning (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis which characterized all samples. It has been established that Pb10(PO4)5.82(OH)2 and Pb10(PO4)5.88(OH)2 are the best synthesis for lead hydroxyapatite in the solid-state reaction method, and Pb10(PO4)5.88(OH)2 is the precipitation method.

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47

Mohammed A B Abdul jabar and Ignatov A V, Mohammed A. B. Abdul jabar and Ignatov A. V. "New Synthesis of Solid-Solution Lead Hydroxyapatite (PbHAP) by Ceramic and Semi-Ceramic Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 3 (2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000655/jcsp/42.03.2020.

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The synthesis of solid solutions lead hydroxyapatite, Pb10(PO4)6*y(OH)2, were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction (ceramic method) (y= 0.95; 0.96; 0.97; 0.98; 0.99 and 1.00) and precipitation (semi ceramic method) (y= 0.97; 0.98; 0.99 and 1.00) methods at 800 and#186;C for 50 hours. The X-ray powder diffraction (DRON-3m diffractometer), electron microscopy scanning (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis which characterized all samples. It has been established that Pb10(PO4)5.82(OH)2 and Pb10(PO4)5.88(OH)2 are the best synthesis for lead hydroxyapatite in the solid-state reaction method, and Pb10(PO4)5.88(OH)2 is the precipitation method.

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Gazizov, Almir S., Andrey V. Smolobochkin, Rahimjan A. Turmanov, Michail A. Pudovik, Alexander R. Burilov, and Oleg G. Sinyashin. "Synthesis of Phosphaproline Derivatives: A Short Overview." Synthesis 51, no. 18 (July 15, 2019): 3397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611891.

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Pyrrolidine-based phosphonates, analogues of the natural amino acid proline, possess a diverse set of biological activity. The goal of this short review is to summarize the major developments in the synthesis of phosphaproline derivatives reported since 2004 with special emphasis on the mechanisms and limitations of the methods presented.1 Introduction2 Phosphorylation of Pyrrolidine Derivatives2.1 Syntheses via Pudovik Reaction2.2 Syntheses via Arbuzov Reaction2.3 Decarboxylative Phosphorylation of Proline2.4 Direct C–H Bond Phosphorylation2.5 Other Reactions2.6 Overview of Phosphorylation Methods3 Synthesis of 2-Phosphorylpyrrolidines from Acyclic Precursors3.1 Cyclization of 4-Substituted Butylamine Derivatives3.2 [3+2]-Dipolar Cycloaddition of α-Iminophosphonates3.3 Cyclization of Aminoalkynes and 4-Aminocarbonyl Compounds4 Conclusions

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Lukevics, Edmunds, Pavel Arsenyan, and Olga Pudova. "Methods for the Synthesis of Oligothiophenes." HETEROCYCLES 60, no. 3 (2003): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/rev-02-558.

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Gogin, L. L., D. Yu Yushchenko, V. N. Konev, E. E. Sergeev, E. G. Zhizhina, T. B. Khlebnikova, and Z. P. Pai. "Dichloro-[2,2]-paracyclophane. Methods for Synthesis." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-5-19-30.

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Methods for synthesis of dichloro-[2,2]-paracyclophane (dichloroPCP) are discussed. DichloroPCP is a valuable monomer to prepare polymer coats for electronics. This monomer is not produced in Russia. Analysis of available synthetic techniques leads to conclude that the Hofmann method for cleavage of quaternary ammonium salts is the most appropriate for the industrial production. Application of catalytic technologies – alkali catalysis and catalysis by Lewis acids – is the promising way for practical implementation of this four-stage process.

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