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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Methods of synthesis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Methods of synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

1

Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577/jcsp/43.03.2021.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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Alam, Mohammad A. "Methods for Hydroxamic Acid Synthesis." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190424142821.

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Substituted hydroxamic acid is one of the most extensively studied pharmacophores because of their ability to chelate biologically important metal ions to modulate various enzymes, such as HDACs, urease, metallopeptidase, and carbonic anhydrase. Syntheses and biological studies of various classes of hydroxamic acid derivatives have been reported in numerous research articles in recent years but this is the first review article dedicated to their synthetic methods and their application for the synthesis of these novel molecules. In this review article, commercially available reagents and preparation of hydroxylamine donating reagents have also been described.

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Taeger, Oonagh. "Synthesis of Methods." Homoeopathic Links 25, no. 02 (June 2012): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1298492.

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Bakibayev, A. A., K. B. Zhumanov, S. Yu Panshina, S. I. Gorbin, V. S. Malkov, I. G. Tsoy, B. K. Massalimova, G. K. Matniyazova, and Е. А. Baybazarova. "Synthesis methods of phosphorylated carbamide containing acyclic and heterocyclic compounds." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 95, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 115–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ch3/115-157.

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Zhao, Yang, Wen Hua Qian, Qiao Chen, and Zhi Ming Chen. "Optimization Methods to Texture Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.662.

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The paper describes a framework for exemplar-based texture synthesis. The main idea is reducing synthesis time consuming and advancing synthesis quality by some optimization methods. Many optimizations such as searching along a spiral path, edge expansion, L2 distance computing predigesting, accelerate synthesis speed and the final results also advanced. Experiments show that synthesis results are quite satisfactory and effective.

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Gogin, L. L., E. G. Zhizhina, and Z. P. Pai. "Methods for the Synthesis of Methacrylic Acid and Methacrylates." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 20, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2020-5-374-380.

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The review provides an analysis of the literature on the existing processes for obtaining an important organic product – methacrylic acid and its ester – methyl methacrylate. The main methods of their industrial production are the synthesis from acetone and hydrocyanic acid (the acetone cyanohydrin method) and catalytic syntheses from petrochemical raw materials –ethylene, propylene and isobutylene.

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Young, Douglas W. "Nucleoside Synthesis — Organosilicon Methods." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 429, no. 3 (May 1992): C49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(92)83195-n.

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Rassadin, V. A., D. S. Grosheva, A. A. Tomashevskii, and V. V. Sokolov. "Methods of Sultam Synthesis." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 49, no. 1 (April 2013): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10593-013-1231-3.

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Grekov, F. F., and B. V. Chernovets. "Methods for MgSiN2 synthesis." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (August 2004): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11167-005-0003-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

1

Thom, Catriona. "Synthetic methods directed towards the synthesis of rapamycin." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241117.

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Clark, Jonathan. "New synthetic methods towards the synthesis of taxanes." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34051.

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This thesis is a continuation of previous work done in the Jenkins group to produce taxanes from glucose. The reactions investigated by R. Bonnert and J. Howarth are improved upon to enable the large scale synthesis of the diol (1). After the successful protection of (1) with two tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protecting groups the benzylidene ring was opened by bromination with N-bromosuccinimide. This compound then underwent fragmentation with zinc metal to open the acetal ring and yield the highly functionalised key intermediate chiral cyclohexane (2). This aldehyde was then reduced with sodium borohydride and protected with a triethylsilyl group. The alkene side chain underwent ozonolysis cleanly followed by the addition of lithium-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-bromocyclopropane. The cyclopropane addition was improved upon by the addition of cerium trichloride. Compounds (3) were isolated from this reaction and a series of studies were done to test the viability of these compounds to undergo further reactions, in particular to rearrange to give dienes. Compounds with bromine in were found to rearrange and those with chlorine in did not. It is believed that most of this work was done with compounds containing chlorine, although at the time this was not realised. Detailed spectroscopic studies verified the stereostructures as those desired for taxanes at the key chiral centres. Alternative sugar routes were also considered and this work gave rise to a new Robinson reaction on a carbohydrate, to give compound (4). Unfortunately this compound was found to have the wrong stereostructure for the synthesis of taxanes from it.

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Nimkar, Sandeep Krishnaji. "Studies in asymmetric synthesis: Development of new synthetic methods for syntheses of natural products." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186538.

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The research, to be discussed in three chapters, involves the development of new synthetic methods which are applicable to the total synthesis of many natural products. Chapter 1: As a part of a program to synthesize new auxiliary agents for asymmetric synthesis, we have prepared a structurally rigid acetal from norbornene in three chemical steps. This enantiomerically pure acetal has been used for resolution of racemic α-hydroxy esters and might be applied as a chiral auxiliary for diastereoselective reactions. Chapter 2: The Calicheamicin and Esperamicin antibiotics have shown remarkable biological activity as site-specific cleaving agents of double stranded DNA. The oligosaccharide portion of these molecules plays an important role in the site specificity. We have developed synthetic methodologies that allow synthesis of the deoxyaminosugar components of these antibiotics and can be extended to synthesize unnatural amino sugars for structure-activity studies. Chapter 3: Enantiomerically pure cyclopropyl ketones, which are available via chiral ketals, are very useful for syntheses and diastereoselective manipulations of common and large rings. This method has been extended to introduce up to four contiguous chiral centers in a common ring. This extension could be useful for the syntheses of complex natural products.

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Elgie, Kerry J. "Combinatorial methods in porphyrin synthesis." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517452.

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Underwood, Joseph Mark. "New methods in ring synthesis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277494.

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Wonnacott, Anne. "New methods for spiroketal synthesis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38192.

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Ho, Hoi Tong Lawrence. "New methods in chiral synthesis." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301557.

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Knight, J. "New synthetic methods for the synthesis of #BETA#-lactam antibiotics." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373921.

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Cresswell, Alex. "New methods for nucleophilic fluorination." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:612ea592-2f52-407b-b761-36b02b746e9d.

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This thesis describes investigations into the utility of boron fluorides and tetrafluoroborates as sources of nucleophilic fluorine. Chapter 1 discusses the history and importance of the field of organofluorine chemistry and outlines some of the principle motivations for the site-selective fluorination of organic molecules. Some of the most commonly useed methods of nucleophilic fluorination are briefly surveyed, with an emphasis on the formation of fluorinated stereogenic centres. Literature precedent for the use of tetrafluoroborates and boron trifluoride as nucleophilic fluorinating agents is also presented. Chapter 2 describes the development of a highly regio- and stereoselective S_Ni-type ring-opening fluorination of trans-β-substituted aryl epoxides using BF₃●OEt₂ as a nucleophilic fluorinating agent. This robust and scalable protocol grants efficient access to a variety of functionalised benzylic fluoride building blocks, and provides a solution to the problem of stereocontrol in the synthesis of this class of compounds. To highlight the utility of the resultant syn-fluorohydrins in the synthesis of stereodefined β-fluoro β-aryl amines, their elaboration to a range of aryl-substituted β-fluoroamphetamines is demonstrated. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of tuning the reactivity of BF₃ by replacing one or two of the fluoro ligands on boron for electron-donating alkoxy group(s). On this basis, pinacolatoboron fluoride (pinBF) [which may be prepared in situ by pre-mixing BF₃●OEt₂ and bis(O-trimethylsilyl)pinacol] is identified as a superior reagent to BF₃●OEt₂ for the ring-opening fluorination of trans-β-substituted aryl epoxides bearing electron-rich aryl groups. Chapter 4 details a highly regioselective and stereospecific S_N2-type ring-opening fluorination of 2,3- and 3,4-epoxy amines using HBF₄●OEt₂ as a nucleophilic flurine source. The reactions are both operationally simple to perform and readily scalable, and proceed to completion within 5 min at ambient temperature, providing a highly practical and economical route to stereodefined amino fluorohydrins. To highlight the synthetic utility of this reaction in the preparation of pharmaceutically-important β-fluoro amines, a concise de novo asymmetric synthesis of (S,S)-3-deoxy-3-fluorosafingol is performed. Chapter 5 chronicles the successful development of a protocol for the direct hydroxyfluorination of allylic amines to the corresponding amino fluorohydrins, using m--CPBA as the oxidant and HBF₄●OEt₂ in a dual role as both the Brønstead acid N-protecting agent and nucleophilic fluorine source. With chiral allylic amines which are conformationally biased or constrained, the diastereofacial selectivity of the reaction can be controlled by altering the concentration of HBF₄●OEt₂ employed in the reaction, allowing for a diastereodivergent hydroxyfluorination process. The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated via its application to the diastereodivergent synthesis of 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-L-xylo-phytosphingosine and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-L-lyxo-phytosphingosine, each in 5 steps from Garner's aldehyde. Chapter 6 contains full experimental procedures and characterisation data for all compounds synthesised in chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5.

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Wingstrand, Erica. "New Methods for Chiral Cyanohydrin Synthesis." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10205.

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This thesis deals with method development in asymmetric catalysis and specifically syntheses of enantioenriched O-functionalized cyanohydrins. The first part describes the development of a method for the synthesis of O‑alkoxycarbonylated and O-acylated cyanohydrins. Ethyl cyanoformate and acyl cyanides were added to aldehydes in a reaction catalyzed by a chiral dimeric Ti-salen complex together with a tertiary amine. High yields and enantioselectivities were in most cases obtained. Mechanistic studies were performed and a reaction mechanism was proposed. The second part describes a method in which the undesired minor enantiomer in a Lewis acid–Lewis base-catalyzed acylcyanation is continuously recycled into prochiral starting material. Close to enantiopure O‑acylated cyanohydrins were obtained in high yields. The third part deals with asymmetric acylcyanations of ketones. Acetyl cyanide was found to add to α‑ketoesters in a reaction catalyzed by a chiral Lewis base. Yields up to 77% and 82% ee were obtained. The final part describes an enzymatic method for high-throughput analysis of O‑acylated cyanohydrins. The enantiomeric excess and conversion were determined for products obtained from a number of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
QC 20100818

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Books on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

1

Hayashi, Tamio. Asymmetric synthesis: Graphical abstracts and experimental methods. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha, 1998.

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I͡A, Lukevit͡s Ė. Nucleoside synthesis: Organosilicon methods. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1991.

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Nicolaou, K. C. Classics in total synthesis: Targets, strategies, methods. Weinheim: VCH, 1996.

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Hanson, James Ralph. Organic synthetic methods. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

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Dr, Li Guangtao, ed. Organic synthesis: Concepts and methods. 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003.

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Hubbard, Adrian John. Some methods in nucleoside synthesis. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1985.

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Ebdon, J. R. New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991.

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Ananthasuresh, G. K. Optimal synthesis methods for MEMS. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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1965-, Coldham Iain, and Carruthers W, eds. Modern methods of organic synthesis. 4th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Ananthasuresh, G. K. Optimal Synthesis Methods for MEMS. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0487-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

1

Bajorath, Jürgen. "Virtual Screening Methods." In Diversity-Oriented Synthesis, 483–505. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118618110.ch15.

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Tulinski, Maciej, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods." In Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology, 75–98. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527800308.ch4.

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Allcock, H. R. "General Synthesis Methods." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 4–6. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch2.

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Tan, Cher-Ming, Udit Narula, and Vivek Sangwan. "Graphene Synthesis Methods." In Graphene and VLSI Interconnects, 17–25. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003224884-2.

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Fliess, Michel, and François Messager. "Methods of Nonlinear Discontinuous Stabilization." In Nonlinear Synthesis, 112–31. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2135-5_8.

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Parker, D., and R. J. Taylor. "Analytical methods: determination of enantiomeric purity." In Asymmetric Synthesis, 33–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1346-5_3.

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Di Masi, Giovanni B., and Marina Angelini. "Adaptive methods for piecewise linear filtering." In Nonlinear Synthesis, 88–98. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2135-5_6.

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Ojima, I. "Asymmetric Synthesis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 247–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145319.ch81.

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Geiger, W. E. "Electrochemical Synthesis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 142. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145302.ch55.

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Lee, W. D. "Diastatine Synthesis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 21–22. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145173.ch12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

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Rebić, Teodora, Lazar Dražeta, and Borivoje Đokić. "THE USE OF SELECTION METHODS IN HOSPITALITY." In Synthesis 2015. Belgrade, Serbia: Singidunum University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15308/synthesis-2015-672-674.

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Carin, Lawrence. "Statistical Methods in Compressive Imaging." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.2014.sm2f.1.

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Bloem, Roderick. "Reactive synthesis." In 2015 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2015.7542241.

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Willett, R. M., M. E. Gehm, D. J. Brady, and R. John. "Compressive Spectral Imaging and Multiscale Reconstruction Methods." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.2007.smb4.

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Alur, Rajeev, Rastislav Bodik, Garvit Juniwal, Milo M. K. Martin, Mukund Raghothaman, Sanjit A. Seshia, Rishabh Singh, Armando Solar-Lezama, Emina Torlak, and Abhishek Udupa. "Syntax-guided synthesis." In 2013 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2013.6679385.

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Kolko, Jon. "Methods of design synthesis." In CHI '14: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2559206.2567810.

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Jobstmann, Barbara, and Roderick Bloem. "Optimizations for LTL Synthesis." In 2006 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2006.22.

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Anconelli, B., M. Bertero, P. Boccacci, M. Carbillet, and H. Lanteri. "Iterative methods for the reconstruction of LINC-NIRVANA images." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.2005.smc1.

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Cimatti, Alessandro, Alberto Griggio, Sergio Mover, and Stefano Tonetta. "Parameter synthesis with IC3." In 2013 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2013.6679406.

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Cerny, Pavol. "Program synthesis for networks." In 2016 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2016.7886653.

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Reports on the topic "Methods of synthesis"

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Doudchenko, Nikolay, and Guido Imbens. Balancing, Regression, Difference-In-Differences and Synthetic Control Methods: A Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22791.

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Schrock, R. R. Controlled synthesis of polyenes by catalytic methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6189491.

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D'Andrea, Raffaello, and Geir Dullerud. Synthesis Methods for Distributed and Time Varying Controlled Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388219.

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Kroll, K., E. Cochran, E. Matzel, C. Morency, R. Skoumal, and D. McPhillips. Milestone G: Synthesis of Seismic Methods in Southern Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1708987.

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Kotiuga, P. R. Geometrical and Topological Methods in Time Domain Antenna Synthesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada284208.

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Campbell, Robert L., and Carl M. Pray. Substructure Synthesis Methods and Their Application to Structural-Acoustic Simulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463636.

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Parshikov, I. A. Methods of Biotechnology in the Synthesis of Drugs (2nd Ed.). Primedia E-launch LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-1-68454-785-2.

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Biegler, L. T., I. E. Grossmann, and A. W. Westerberg. Systematic Process Synthesis and Design Methods for Cost Effective Waste Minimization. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764690.

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Gage, Edward, and David J. Cooper. Vegetation Sampling for Wetland Delineation: A Review and Synthesis of Methods and Sampling Issues. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada524401.

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Bilovska, Natalia. HYPERTEXT: SYNTHESIS OF DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS MEDIA MESSAGE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11104.

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Abstract:

In the article we interpret discrete and continuous message as interrupted and constant, limited and continual text, which has specific features and a number of differences between traditional (one-dimensional) text and hypertext (multidimensional). The purpose of this study is to define the concept of “hypertext”, consideration of its characteristics and features of the structure, similarities and differences with the traditional text, including the message in the media and communication. To achieve the goal of the study, we used a number of methods typical of journalism. Empirical analysis enabled a generalized description of the subject of study, which allowed to know it as a phenomenon. With the help of generalization the characteristic and specific regularities and principles of hypertext were studied. The system method is used to identify the dependence of each element of hypertext on its place in the text system as a whole. The retrospective method helped to understand the preconditions for the emergence of hypertext, to trace the dynamics of its development. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) made it possible to formulate the conclusions of the study. Thanks to hypertext and the hypertext systems, the concept of virtual reality has gained tangible meaning. In hypertext space, virtuality organically complements reality. The state of virtuality, in this case, becomes the concept of hyperreality, and all this merges into a single whole in the space of computer text. Due to its volume and multidimensionality, hypertext can arouse scientific interest as an interdisciplinary discipline. In today’s world, the phenomenon of hypertext has been the subject of numerous discussions, conferences and research in the field of social communications, linguistics and psychology. Today, a significant number of organizations conduct large-scale research based on the concepts of hypertext associations and associative navigation.

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