Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Méthodes de substitution'
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Leyris, Adeline. "Nouvelles méthodes en synthèse asymétrique d’oxydes de phosphines secondaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30008.
Full textFor the last decades, Secondary Phosphine Oxides SPO have emerged as effective preligands for transition metal. To date, these preligands are largely employed in several transformations, and associated to a metal, they proved to be efficient as catalysts in several cross-coupling reactions. Lots of pathways allow preparation of SPO in achiral form or as racemic mxture. SPO can be obtained by chemistry resolution of a racemic mixture or by chiral HPLC. In spite of the efficiency of asymmetric synthesis, this way is less employed. We studied two new methods lead to chiral SPO. The first one consists in ring opening of oxazaphospholidines, obtained from (S)-prolinol, by attack of Grignard reactants with retention of configuration on phosphor center. Then, an hydrolysis afford one or the other enantiomers depending on the acid used (tow steps, one-pot). The second one consists in the nuclephile subtitution of the chiral auxiliary ((-)-menthol) of the (Rp)-menthyle hydrogenophenylphosphinate by an organometalics
Jung, Matthieu. "Evolution du VIH : méthodes, modèles et algorithmes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20052/document.
Full textNucleotide sequences data enable the inference of phylogenetic trees, or phylogenies, describing their evolutionary re-lationships during evolution. Combining these sequences with their sampling date or country of origin, allows inferring the temporal or spatial localization of their common ancestors. These data and methods are widely used with viral sequences, and particularly with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to trace the viral epidemic history over time and throughout the globe. Using sequences sampled at different points in time (or heterochronous) is also a mean to estimate their substitution rate, which characterizes the speed of evolution. The most commonly used methods to achieve these tasks are accurate, but are computationally heavy since they are based on complex models, and can only handle few hundreds of sequences. With an increasing number of sequences avail-able in the databases, often several thousand for a given study, the development of fast and accurate methods becomes essential. Here, we present a new distance-based method, named Ultrametric Least Squares, which is based on the princi-ple of least squares (very popular in phylogenetics) to estimate the substitution rate of a set of heterochronous sequences and the dates of their most recent common ancestors. We demonstrate that the criterion to be optimized is piecewise parabolic, and provide an efficient algorithm to find the global minimum.Using sequences sampled at different locations also helps to trace transmission chains of an epidemic. In this respect, we used all available sequences (~3,500) of HIV-1 subtype C, responsible for nearly 50% of global HIV-1 infections, to estimate its major migratory flows on a worldwide scale and its geographic origin. Innovative tools, based on the principle of parsimony, combined with several statistical criteria were used to synthesize and interpret information in a large phylogeny representing all the studied sequences. Finally, the temporal and geographical origins of the HIV-1 subtype C in Senegal were further explored and more specifically for men who have sex with men
Aghezzaf, Brahim. "Programmation mathématique à objectifs multiples méthodes interactives fondées sur le concept des taux de substitution." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213042.
Full textBabin, Guillaume. "A formal approach for correct-by-construction system substitution." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0061/document.
Full textSafety-critical systems depend on the fact that their software components provide services that behave correctly (i.e. satisfy their requirements). Additionally, in many cases, these systems have to be adapted or reconfigured in case of failures or when changes in requirements or in quality of service occur. When these changes appear at the software level, they can be handled by the notion of substitution. Indeed, the software component of the source system can be substituted by another software component to build a new target system. In the case of safety-critical systems, it is mandatory that this operation enforces that the new target system behaves correctly by preserving the safety properties of the source system during and after the substitution operation.In this thesis, the studied systems are modeled as state-transition systems. In order to model system substitution, the Event-B method has been selected as it is well suited to model such state-transition systems and it provides the benefits of refinement, proof and the availability of a strong tooling with the Rodin Platform.This thesis provides a generic model for system substitution that entails different situations like cold start and warm start as well as the possibility of system degradation, upgrade or equivalence substitutions. This proposal is first used to formalize substitution in the case of discrete systems applied to web services compensation and allowed modeling correct compensation. Then, it is also used for systems characterized by continuous behaviors like hybrid systems. To model continuous behaviors with Event-B, the Theory plugin for Rodin is investigated and proved successful for modeling hybrid systems. Afterwards, a correct substitution mechanism for systems with continuous behaviors is proposed. A safety envelope for the output of the system is taken as the safety requirement. Finally, the proposed approach is generalized, enabling the derivation of the previously defined models for web services compensation through refinement, and the reuse of proofs across system models
Sofeu, Casimir. "Développement de méthodes pour la validation de critères de substitution en survie : méta-analyses de cancer." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0383.
Full textSurrogate endpoint can be used instead of the most relevant clinical endpointto assess the efficiency of a new treatment. In a meta-analysis framework, the classical approach for the validation of surrogate endpoint is based on a two-step analysis. For failure time endpoints, this approach often raises estimation issues.We propose a one-step validation approach based on a joint frailty and a joint frailty-copula model.The models include both trial-level and individual-level random effects or copula functions. We chose a non-parametric form of the baseline hazard functions using splines. We estimated parameters and hazard functions using a semi-parametric penalized marginal likelihood method, considering various numerical integration methods. Both individual level and trial level surrogacy were evaluated using Kendall's tau and coefficient of determination. The performance of the estimators was evaluated using simulation studies. The models were applied to individual patient data meta-analyses in cancer clinical trials for assesing potentiel surrogate endpoint to overall survival.The models were quite robust with a reduction of convergence and model estimation issues encountered in the two-step approach.We developed a user friendly R package implementing the models
Jung, Matthieu. "Évolution du VIH : méthodes, modèles et algorithmes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842785.
Full textPichette, drapeau Martin. "Nouvelles méthodes de synthèse pour la formation de liaisons C(aryl)-hétéroatome et C(aryl)-C par réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique et vinylique." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0005.
Full textThe primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). First, we tried to create C(aryl)−heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalysts by this pathway. Second, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of β-halogenostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Third, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths
Pichette, Drapeau Martin. "Nouvelles méthodes de synthèse pour la formation de liaisons C(aryl)-hétéroatome et C(aryl)-C par réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique et vinylique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27546.
Full textThe primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). Firstly, we tried to create C(aryl)-heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6 tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalyst by this pathway. Secondly, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of β halostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Thirdly, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths.
Augustyniak, Rafal. "Etude de la protéine partiellement désordonnée Engrailed 2 par RMN et nouvelles méthodes pour la mesure de coefficients de diffusion et l'attribution des signaux des chaines latérales de protéine." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066436.
Full textRouquet, Guy. "Nouvelles méthodes de génération de radicaux silylés : application à des processus radicalaires sans étain." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14180/document.
Full textTwo new concepts, aiming to substitute ditin radical chemistry by using silyl radicals, are developed throughout this manuscript. The first concept introduces “silaboranes”, molecules made up of a silane unit and a boron atom. For the first time, the ability of these precursors to generate trimethylsilyl radicals was demonstrated by using the SHi reaction at silicon (Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution) from disilanes. Besides, results are supported by kinetic and computationnal studies of the SHi reaction at silicon. Capacity of “silaboranes” to achieve tin-free radical processes was demonstrated thanks to radical addition of halogenated species on sulfonyl oxime ethers. “Silaboranes” concept was then extended to silicon hydrides using intramolecular hydrogen transfer as source of triphenylsilyl radicals. The second concept highlights the ability of allyl tris(trimethylsilyl)silanes to make possible tin-free radical reactions via beta-fragmentation of the tris(trimethylsilyl) group. These compounds, source of tris(trimethylsilyl) radicals and easily available, open very interesting perspectives in tin-free radical addition of bromides and iodides species on sulfonyl derivatives as allyl sulfones, vinyl sulfones or sulfonyl oxime ethers
Nowak, Vila Alex. "Structured prediction with theoretical guarantees." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLE059.
Full textClassification is the branch of supervised learning that aims at estimating a discrete valued mapping from data made of input-output pairs. The most classical and well studied setting is binary classification, where the discrete predictor takes zero or one as value. However, most of the practical classification settings deal with large structured output spaces such as sequences, grids, graphs, permutations, matchings, etc. There are many fundamental differences between structured prediction and vanilla binary or multi-class classification, such as the exponentially large size of the output space with respect to the natural dimension of the output objects and the cost-sensitive nature of the learning task. This thesis focuses on surrogate methods for structured prediction, whereby the typically intractable discrete problem is approached using a convex continuous surrogate problem which in turn can be addressed using techniques from regression
Loreau, Tanguy. "Construction automatique de modèles multi-corps de substitution aux simulations de crashtests." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC082/document.
Full textAt Renault, to fulfill upstream studies, teams in charge of crashworthiness use very simple models to pre-size the vehicle. Today, these models are built from the physical behavior of only one or some reference vehicles. They work and allow to size the project. But today, the company wishes to build its upstream models using all its vehicles. In other words, it wishes to get an automatic method to analyze crashtests simulations to capitalize their results in a database of simplified models.To meet this goal, we decide to use the multi-body model theory. We develop a method to analyze crashtests simulations in order to extract the data required to build a surrogate multi-body model : CrashScan. The analysis process implemented in CrashScan can be split into three major steps.The first one allows to identify the low deformed zones on a crashtest simulation. Then, we can build the topological graph of the future surrogate model. The second step is to analyze the relative kinematics between the low deformed zones : major directions and deformation modes (e.g. crushing or bending) are identified analysing relative movements. The last step is to analyze strengths and moments located between the low deformed zones, viewed in the frames associated to the major directions of deformations in function of the deformations. This allows us to identify equivalent Bouc-Wen hysteretic models. These models have three parameters that we can use : a stiffness, a threshold strength before plastification and a strain of hardening. These parameters can directly be used by upstream studies experts.Finally, we build multi-body models for three different use case. We compare them to their reference over the results they produce for the upstream criteria : models generated with CrashScan seems to grant the precision and the fidelity required to be used during automotive development's upstream phases.To continue this research work and get an industrial solution, there are still some locks to lift, the main ones are : synthesis of any movement into six elementary ones and multi-body synthesis on elements other than beams
Pérez, sánchez Ricardo. "La méthode de substitution appliquée au 240Pu." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0136/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis revolves around the study the gamma-decay and fission probabilities of the compound nucleus (CN) 240Pu. These probabilities are obtained by using the surrogate reaction method, which, through charged particle reactions, aims to produce the same compound nucleus as the one that would be formed through a neutron induced reaction, or desired reaction. The objective is to cover the shortage of nuclear data, in cases in which the targets are too radioactive to be measured directly, for astrophysics and applications. As a matter of fact, if the measurement of the desired reaction is not possible, the reaction models reliance is compromised as their parameters cannot be adjusted. In this cases the gamma-decay and fission probabilities of the CN formed through the surrogate reaction, can help to improve the models. To this end, it is crucial to understand the difference between the formation and decay processes in the compound nuclei formed through a surrogate reaction and a neutron induced one.A collaboration between the nuclear physics laboratories, CENBG and CEA/DAM/DIF, is making the state of the art of surrogate reactions advance. In particular giving some insight about the spin distribution of the CN formed with these reactions, which they proved different to that of the nuclei formed through neutron induced reactions and that this played an important role in the competition between gamma-decay and neutron emission. Nevertheless, this does not seem to be the case for fission, whose data are in agreement with neutron induced ones. To better understand this, we have studied 240Pu, an even-even nucleus, using an experimental setup developed by this collaboration to simultaneously measure gamma-decay and fission.With this set-up, we performed an experiment in 2017 at the tandem accelerator at the IPN of Orsay (France). There a 30 MeV alpha particles beam interacted with the 240Pu target. The inelastically scattered alpha particles, ejectiles, were detected by two telescopes, which allow to identify the decaying nucleus and determine its excitation energy. The decay paths of the formed CN were identified, in coincidence with the telescopes, by detecting the gamma-rays and the fission fragments. With this information, the gamma-decay and fission probabilities were obtained by doing the ratio between the number of detected ejectiles and the number of measured coincidences correct by the detection efficiency.To interpret these unique data, we proceeded in three steps. Firstly, we adjusted the reaction model parameters (nuclear level densities, fission barriers, etc.) of the compound nucleus 240Pu with the existing data of the n+239Pu reactions. Then we calculated the branching ratios G of the decaying nucleus, which represent the probability of the nucleus to decay through a certain channel, for a certain excitation energy, spin and parity. Finally, with M. Dupuis (CEA/DAM/DIF), a calculation to predict the spin distribution of the 240Pu formed through the inelastic scattering of alpha particles was done for the first time. The calculation combined a JLM optical potential with the states of the nucleus generated with a QRPA approach.The spin distribution obtained with this calculation was combined with the calculated branching ratios G to calculate the decay probabilities. The comparison of this calculation to our measured probabilities shows a good agreement, which indicates a good a understanding of the reaction mechanism alpha,alpha'. Using this type of inelastic reaction in the future, could provide additional information about the radiative capture and fission cross sections of more exotic nuclei
Boutoux, Guillaume. "Sections efficaces neutroniques via la méthode de substitution." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654677.
Full textBettinotti, Omar. "Une méthode multi-échelle de substitution faiblement intrusive en dynamique explicite." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073520.
Full textDattée, Brice. "The Dynamics of technology substitutions and successful innovations." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1076.
Full textTechnological substitution is the process by which disruptive technologies replace the dominant ones in an industry. Such paradigmatic shifts have a great effect on the strategic planning of a firm’s technology portfolio. The time-path of the fractional rate of substitution is most often perceived as a smooth S-shape pattern. However, substitution is not a passive unified phenomenon. I review nine empirical examples of more complex substitution patterns which I identified and that are not properly replicated by current models of technological change. Hence, the overarching aim of this research is to understand the broad underlying dynamics of technological substitutions. The formulation of classical models of substitution imposes simplification constraints to reach analytical solvability. I use the system dynamics simulation methodology to build upon existing models by integrating many dynamic aspects derived from a broad theoretical framework and to explore the links between social dynamics, technological developments and substitution patterns. A very interesting pattern of “double shift” was found whereby the substitution of technology n+1 for technology n is suddenly interrupted by the emergence of a third technology n+2. Understanding the underlying dynamics of a double shift could allow a firm to follow a bold strategy of technological leapfrogging
Mortazavi, Amiri Narjes Beigom. "Relations entre motifs structuraux et dynamique de réseau dans les cristaux mixtes Cu-Zn-Sn-Se : études premiers principes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0333/document.
Full textThe works addresses vibrational properties of novel semiconductors, specifically the Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2ZnSnS4 compounds of the kesterite structure, which, in the domain of photovoltaics, become competitive with leading materials of chalcopyrite type, notably Cu(In,Ga)Se2. The anticipated immediate practical interest of such study is that the vibration spectra are likely to make possible a distinction between different structural phases, possible for a given composition. The vibration modes are accessed by using a first-principle theory approach. The manuscript is divided into five chapters, with the following contents: (1) A brief introduction into the work principle and the problematics of photovoltaics, specifically of the solar cells based on multinary semiconductors; the chapter closes by the description of the phase diagram of the Cu-Zn-Sn-Se system. (2) An overview of the density functional theory (DFT) and of the technics of numerical simulations using the SIESTA code. (3) The vibrational properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 in its two phases, kesterite and stannite, as studied by first-principles method, with a detailed comparison being done along with a thorough mode-by-mode analysis. (4) Vibrational properties of a secondary phase Cu2SnSe3, which often competes with the Cu2ZnSnSe4 phase in the process of sample growth. (5) Calculation of phonons in the Cu2ZnSnS4 structure containing intrinsic defects (vacances; anti sites), with the objective of estimating vibrational contributions to entropy and the correction of the composition - temperature phase diagram in this multi nary system. The general conclusion summarises the results which are published in 5 articles
Bompard, Manuel. "MODÈLES DE SUBSTITUTION POUR L'OPTIMISATION GLOBALE DE FORME EN AÉRODYNAMIQUE ET MÉTHODE LOCALE SANS PARAMÉTRISATION." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00771799.
Full textCogan, Scott. "Réanalyse des structures à partir de données expérimentales : Rigidification et substitution." Besançon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BESA2033.
Full textDrexler, Alexander. "Die richtlinienkonforme Interpretation in Deutschland und Frankreich." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30092.
Full textTo guarantee the consistent and effective transposition of European Union directives by the member states, the European Court of Justice has developed three measures, namely, direct effect, state liability in the event of non-implementation and directive-conform interpretation, considered the most complex of these measures.In the first part, the author describes and compares these measures and examines their relationship to each other. The case law of the European Court of Justice establishing the legal basis and the requirements of directive-conform interpretation is analyzed in detail.In the second part, the acceptance and adoption of the aforementioned requirements in Germany is examined. After describing the relationship of European Union law to national law, the author engages in a discourse on the German model of constitutional-conform interpretation. The implementation of directive-conform interpretation as determined by German court decisions and from the German legal doctrine perspective is also set forth. In the third part, French legal doctrine and court decisions pertinent to directive –conform interpretation are presented. The relationship between European Union law, public international law and national law provides the starting point for this analysis. The author identifies the possibilities within French legal methods of implementing the requirements of the directive-conform interpretation
Pecqueux, François. "Élaboration et propriétés mécaniques de biocéramiques macroporeuses pour la substitution osseuse." Nantes, 2009. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=8483447a-85c9-4c04-b784-45e9655359bb.
Full textBiphasic ceramics made of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, used as bone substitutes, are replaced by natural bone during the skeleton remodeling biological process. This is possible only if the microstructure of the material presents an interconnected bimodal porosity. However, porosity is the main factor that decreases their mechanical properties. This work is a complete study of the influence of porosity on the deformation and fracture properties of the materials, from their elaboration to the description of their mechanical behaviour. Compression and bending tests have been performed on specimens covering the whole attainable range of porosity. Test results have been described using analytical models for which all parameters have a physical meaning. Their validity and the hypothesis that led to their definition have been studied. These models allow the description of the mechanical behaviour of the material over the whole range of porosity. A numerical simulation method has been validated for the description of the elastic behaviour of the material, and then to study the influence of a modification of pore morphology. This work suggests the need for an approach combining fracture mechanics and stress concentration by pores, to describe in a complete manner the brittle fracture of the material from flaws which formation would be due to sub-critical microcracking during loading. The conclusions and tools originating from the results have been used to design optimised porous structures for bone substitution
Mbouombouo, Ndassa Ibrahim. "Compréhension de mécanisme réactionnel à l'aide de la méthode ELF (Electron Localization Function)." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066213.
Full textGoutenoire, François. "Etude d'oxydes et d'oxycarbonates de thallium, à structure dérivées de la pérovskite et NaCl, les cuprates supraconducteurs et thallates de calcium." Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN2035.
Full textTheroine, Camille. "Etude de la réaction de capture neutronique radiative pour le noyau instable du ¹⁷³Lu par méthode directe et par réaction de substitution." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797443.
Full textBettinotti, Omar. "A weakly-intrusive multi-scale substitution method in explicit dynamics." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0032/document.
Full textComposite laminates are increasingly employed in aeronautics, but can be prone to extensive delamination when submitted to impact loads. The need of performing virtual testing to predict delamination becomes essential for engineering workflows, in which the use of a fine modeling scheme appears nowadays to be the preferred one. The associated computational cost would be prohibitively high for large structures. The goal of this work consists in reducing such computational cost coupling the fine model, restricted to the surroundings of the delamination process zone, with a coarse one applied to the rest of the structure. Due to the transient behavior of impact problems, the dynamic adaptivity of the models to follow evolutive phenomena represents a crucial feature for the coupling. Many methodologies are currently used to couple multiple models, such as non-overlapping Domain Decomposition method, that, applied to dynamic adaptivity, has to be combined with a re-meshing strategy, considered as intrusive implementation within a Finite Element Analysis software. In this work, the bases of a weakly-intrusive approach, called Substitution method, are presented in the field of explicit dynamics. The method is based on a global-local formulation and is designed so that it is possible to make use of the pre-fixed coarse model the meshes the whole structure to obtain a global response: this pre-computation is then iteratively corrected considering the application of the refined model only where required, in the picture of an adaptive strategy. The verification of the Substitution method in comparison with the Domain Decomposition method is presented
Cartron, Emmanuelle. "Quelle place pour la décision médicale partagée en contexte de transplantation rénale ? : une recherche par méthodes mixtes sur l’expérience vécue par les patients." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1018.
Full textAlthough kidney transplantation provides a significant benefit over dialysis, question regarding the eligibility for transplantation, the impact of replacement treatment on their lives, make the mode of renal replacement therapy a difficult decision. Therefore, Health Authority suggests shared decision-making to help patients make timely treatment modality decision. Little is known about how patient perceive their participation in the shared decision-making process. This research aims to explore the experience of patients and the factors that influence them in decision-making situations, as well as to evaluate the impact of this experience on their future. This research is based on a mixed methods research (QUANTI > quali). It combines an interpretive phenomenological analysis and an observational study design to measure decisional conflict perceived by patients on the waiting list and to explore the factors that influence decision regret, quality of life and adherence among transplant recipients. This study reports that the experience of waiting list was identified as a necessary step in their pathway. They experienced as an implicit decision that shapes patients' attitudes towards other decisions and influences their ability to cope with the uncertainty of living with chronic kidney disease. The challenge of considering all stages of shared medical decision making is major in the context of kidney transplantation to support patient participation decision
Tresse, François. "Cristallochimie de quelques oxydes des éléments de transition : influence de la pression d'oxygène et de substitutions cationiques sur la supraconduction." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164284.
Full textDucasse, Quentin. "Etude de la méthode de substitution à partir de la mesure simultanée des probabilités de fission et d'émission gamma des actinides 236U, 238U, 237Np et 238Np." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0109/document.
Full textNeutron-induced cross sections of short-lived nuclei are important in various fields such as fundamental physics, astrophysics or nuclear energy. However, these cross sections are often extremely difficult to measure due to high radioactivity of the targets involved. The surrogate-reaction method is an indirect way to determine neutron-induced cross sections of short-lived nuclei. In order to study the validity of the method, we have measured for the very first time in a surrogate-reaction experiment simultaneously fission and gamma-decay probabilities for the actinides 236U, 238U, 237Np and 238Np. This is challenging because one has to remove the gamma rays emitted by the fission fragments. The measurement was performed at the Oslocyclotron.Our results show that for a given excitation energy, our gamma-decay probabilities are several times higher than neutron-induced probabilities, which can be attributed to differences in spin distribution between the two types of reactions. On the other hand, our fission probabilities are in good agreement with neutron-induced data. Statistical-model calculations applied with standardparameters cannot reproduce the weak spin sensibility to variations of the angular momentum observed for the fission probabilities. However, it is possible to reproduce the experimental observations by considering a stronger increase of the moment of inertia of the fissionning nucleus with deformation. Further theoretical efforts are needed to improve the understanding of our results
Ranieri, Vincent. "Amélioration des performances du quartz par substitution de germanium au silicium dans le réseau cristallin." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00504709.
Full textNguyen, Florence. "Révélation des préférences en économie de la santé : quel potentiel pour la méthode des choix discrets ? Une application au traitement hormonal substitutif de la ménopause." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10137.
Full textDiscrete choice experiments (DCE) have recently been applied to health care. This work aims to use DCE to assess French women’s preferences for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). First we describe methodological and empirical issues, the construction of the survey and the characteristics of the study sample. Then, we explore the quality properties (consistency and stability) and behaviour properties (transitivity and non dominance) of the stated preferences. An effect of risk presentation and the superiority of a presentation using a constant denominator have been evidenced. Finally, we analyze patients' preferences as a function of HRT attributes and willingness-to-pay are estimated, and we assess the role of individual characteristics. In conclusion, DCE demonstrates good validity, but some properties of the preferences stated should be tested and the effects of presentation should be controlled
Derkx, X. "Etude de la fission d'actinides produits par réactions de transfert multinucléon en cinématique inverse." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539788.
Full textChao, Christina. "Étude des propriétés émollientes de biomolécules commerciales et synthétisées en vue de la substitution du décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2379/document.
Full textEmolliency is a word used to define the ability of a compound to soften or lubricate the skin. ln the cosmetic field, emollients are used to modify the consistency, the viscosity or the polarity of a formulation. Many emollients can be used in cosmetic products. However, in the literature both physicochemical and sensory data ar still lacking, making it difficult to choose an emollient. Furthermore, the sensory analysis usually performed to characterize emollients are particularly time-consuming and thus, expensive. Among the different chemical families of emollients, silicone derivatives stand out thanks to their specific properties. Indeed, they are characterized by an excellent spreading on skin and hair, a smooth skin feel, non-greasy and non-sticky, or by a dry skin feel without a fresh effect. However, even though these sensory properties are exceptional, recent studies wonder about the toxicity of a cyclic silicone particularly used in cosmetic products: the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Thus, this work deals With two main objectives. The first one consists in the research of a bio-based alternative to the D5 For this purpose, a number of commercial and synthesized molecules were characterized and compared With physicochemical measurements and sensory analysis, allowing the observations of trends between structures and properties. The second objective relies on the study of correlations between physico-chemical and sensory data in order to predict the emollient properties of cosmetic ingredients. This would ease the work of formulators during the screening of ingredients
Mauguière, Frédéric. "Etude de la dynamique vibrationnelle de molécules triatomiques par les orbites périodiques et leurs bifurcations à partir de modèles effectifs et ab initio : états excités et effets de substitutions isotopiques." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001115.pdf.
Full textThis thesis work is devoted to vibrational dynamics of triatomic molecules nucleus. For this problem we have a double approach. First, we make quantum calculations by variational, DVR and contact transformations methods. Then we use nonlinear dynamics methods to interpret quantum results. The first part recalls some mathematics about dynamical systems and bifurcation theory. A review of the problem of vibrations in molecular physics is also given. The second part concerns dynamics of vibration with effective models. These models consist of effective hamiltonians built by contact transformations methods. A correspondence principle is used to obtain classical hamiltonians and then make a periodic orbit analysis. These periodic orbits are systematically compared with quantum wave functions. Finally, the last part discusses the dynamics of vibration directly from the potential energy surface. We lead quantum variational and DVR calculations with large basis. The study of periodic orbits brings to light the quantum results. In a first time we are interested in C2v symmetry group molecules. Then we are interested in isotopic substitions who break the symmetry from C2v to Cs
Lebreton, Arnaud. "Synthèse de polymères en étoile par amorçage pluricarbanionique." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009394.
Full textDupuis, Romain. "Surrogate models coupled with machine learning to approximate complex physical phenomena involving aerodynamic and aerothermal simulations." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0017/document.
Full textNumerical simulations provide a key element in aircraft design process, complementing physical tests and flight tests. They could take advantage of innovative methods, such as artificial intelligence technologies spreading in aviation. Simulating the full flight mission for various disciplines pose important problems due to significant computational cost coupled to varying operating conditions. Moreover, complex physical phenomena can occur. For instance, the aerodynamic field on the wing takes different shapes and can encounter shocks, while aerothermal simulations around nacelle and pylon are sensitive to the interaction between engine flows and external flows. Surrogate models can be used to substitute expensive high-fidelitysimulations by mathematical and statistical approximations in order to reduce overall computation cost and to provide a data-driven approach. In this thesis, we propose two developments: (i) machine learning-based surrogate models capable of approximating aerodynamic experiments and (ii) integrating more classical surrogate models into industrial aerothermal process. The first approach mitigates aerodynamic issues by separating solutions with very different shapes into several subsets using machine learning algorithms. Moreover, a resampling technique takes advantage of the subdomain decomposition by adding extra information in relevant regions. The second development focuses on pylon sizing by building surrogate models substitutingaerothermal simulations. The two approaches are applied to aircraft configurations in order to bridge the gap between academic methods and real-world applications. Significant improvements are highlighted in terms of accuracy and cost gains
Giacoma, Anthony. "Efficient acceleration techniques for non-linear analysis of structures with frictional contact." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0095.
Full textComputational mechanics is an essential tool for mechanical engineering purposes. Nowadays, numerical models have to take into account complex physical phenomenons to be even more realistic and become larger and larger. As a consequence, more and more computing capacities are required in order to tackle not only non-linear problems but also large scale problems. For that purpose, both computers and numerical methods have to be developed in order to solve them efficiently. In the last decades, model reduction methods show great abilities to assign such challenges. The frictional contact problem between elastic solids is particularly well-known for its difficulty. Because its governing laws are highly non-linear (non-smooth), prohibitive computational time can occur. In this dissertation, model reduction methods (both a posteriori and a priori approaches) are deployed in order to implement efficient numerical methods to solve frictional contact problem in the finite element framework. First, small perturbations hypothesis with a quasi-static evolution are assumed. Then, reducibility of some frictional solutions is emphasized and discussed using the singular value decomposition. In addition, a scale separability phenomenon is enlightened. Then, the non-linear large time increment method (LATIN) is introduced. Secondly, an accelerated LATIN method is suggested by drawing an analogy between previous scale separability observations and the non-linear multigrid full approximation scheme (FAS). This accelerated non-linear solver relies essentially on the a posteriori model reduction approach. A precomputation strategy for modes relying on surrogate models is also suggested. Next, the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) is used to implement a non-linear solver relying fundamentally on an a priori model reduction method. Finally, some extensions are given to assign parametric studies and to take into account an additional non-linearity such as elastoplastic constitutive laws
Bailliez, Vincent. "Nouvelle méthode de préparation de 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose sur support solide et sans solvant sous irradiation micro-ondes : étude de réactions de substitution avec les azotures alcalins sous irradiation micro-ondes et préparation de produits polyazotés de glucose : synthèse d'analogues de la Fattiviracine." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112036.
Full textDuring the preparation of this doctoral dissertation, several themes have been considered and dealt with. We have elaborated a new method of preparation of 1,6- anhydro-d-glycopyranose. Satisfactory yields were obtained utilizing solid support (basic alumina), without solvent, under microwave irradiation. The new method is highly economical and can readily be extended to the preparation of large amounts of material. A methodological investigation has also been accomplished for substitution reactions in the presence of azide ions under microwave irradiation. Our study has been completing similar researches on the chemistry of carbohydrates, previously achieved in the laboratory applying classical reactions under conditions of microwave irradiation. We were also interested in the synthesis of polynitrogenated derivatives of d-glucose. Starting from levoglucosane, the synthesis of two tetra-nitrogenated derivatives have been carried out. Eventually, we have undertaken the synthesis of fattivlracine that new antiviral agent exhibits a remarkable activity against herpes virus, influenza virus, varicella virus as well as hiv-1. Fattiviracine is an eighteen-membered macrolide encompassing two molecules of d-glucose and carrying two side-chains. We are aware of two other natural products of closely related istructures cycloviracine and glucolipsine, exhibiting rather similar biological activities. The structural difference between the three compounds involve the constitution of their side-chain. Starting from levoglucosane and the readily available s-malic acid, we have synthesised, in ten steps, the common macrolide unit of this family of natural product. Our synthetic scheme, involving a limited number of steps, to obtain the macrocyclic core of these substances make it a valuable procedure for the synthesis of analogues of cyclovlracine and glucolipsine. As a matter of fact, the addition to the macrocycle of various types of side-chains may be now considered
Lefebvre, Dominique. "Hexagallates de lanthanide pour matrices laser et substrats d'épitaxie : élaboration, étude cristallographique et spectroscopique." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066415.
Full textDelorme, Jessica. "Évaluation de la douleur et du mésusage de la buprénorphine et de la méthadone chez les patients dépendants aux opioïdes substitués." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAS023.
Full textOpioid dependence is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence and incidence. Its pharmacological management is based on opioid substitution treatment (OST) (buprenorphine (HDB) and methadone (MTD)), marketed since 1995-1996 in France. Their clinical efficacy has been widely demonstrated by reducing heroin use, overdose mortality and improving patients' quality of life. Nevertheless, at the same time, problems related to the misuse of OST have emerged, which may lead to negative consequences for patients. The first part of this work consisted in studying the misuse of OST in opioid-dependent patients in France through the identification of doctor shopping, using the national EGB database according to two approaches: 1/ a repeated cross-sectional study estimating the annual prevalence of OST misuse between 2004 and 2014: the prevalence of HDB doctor shopping decreased significantly between 2004 and 2014 (12.6 % vs 3.9 %, p<0.001), while that of MTD remained low with no significant change over the study period (0.2 % in 2004 to 0.5 % in 2014); 2/a cohort study to estimate the incidence of OST misuse in opioid-dependent patients and identify the risk factors associated with this misuse: the one-year incidence was 8.4 % [95 % CI: 7.0-10.1] in the HDB group and 0 % in the MTD group, compared to 0.2 % [95 % CI: 0.1-0.2] for the diuretic group (negative control). Factors associated with doctor shopping were female gender (HR: 1.74 [1.20-2.54]), low socio-economic status (HR: 2.95 [2.07-4.44]), psychiatric comorbidities (HR : 1.43 [1.06-1.94]), coprescriptions of hypnotics (HR : 1.90 [1.39-2.61]), weak opioid analgesics (HR : 1.48 [1.09-1.99]) and morphine (HR : 1.69 [1.02-2.80]). Among the many reasons underlying this OST misuse, the existence of poorly relieved pain is frequently found. Indeed, pain is a major problem among opioid-dependent patients because it is still too often underdiagnosed and underestimated, while its prevalence is much higher than in the general population. Its adequate management is all the more important as it will contribute to an improvement and a better balance of the addictive pathology. No french data are available concerning the estimation of the prevalence of pain in OST patients and the description of associated pharmaco-therapeutic analgesic profiles in a real life setting.These issues around pain were the subject of the second and third chapters of this work. The second part of this manuscript focused on estimating the prevalence of pain among opioid-dependent patients in France using a dual approach: 1/ a traditional field prevalence study, including a representative sample of 509 opioid-dependent patients recruited from 12 addiction care centers: the prevalence of acute pain was estimated at 42.0 % [95 % CI: 37.7 - 46.3] and that of chronic pain at 33.2 % [29.1 - 37.3] with no significant difference between BHD and MTD; 2/ an original alternative approach, based on the capture-recapture method to the exhaustive SNIIRAM database: in 2015-2016, the prevalence of chronic pain was estimated at 31.1 % [28.0 - 34.9] in OST patients vs 8.6 % [7.08 - 10.7] in the control population of non-dependent patients. This method has demonstrated its major interest, given not only the speed and reliability of the estimates obtained, but also the ease of implementation and lower cost compared to studies or field surveys, while overcoming the traditional limitations of the latter in terms of representativeness and generalization of results. (...)
Dammak, Khalil. "Prise en compte des incertitudes des problèmes en vibro-acoustiques (ou interaction fluide-structure)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR19/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the robust analysis and reliability optimization of vibro-acoustic problems (or fluid-structure interaction) taking into account the uncertainties of the input parameters. In the design and dimensioning phase, it seems interesting to model the vibro-acoustic systems and their variability, which can be mainly related to the imperfection of the geometry as well as the characteristics of the materials. It is therefore important, if not essential, to take into account the dispersion of the laws of these uncertain parameters in order to ensure a robust design. Therefore, the purpose is to determine the capabilities and limitations, in terms of precision and computational costs, of methods based on polynomial chaos developments in comparison with the Monte Carlo referential technique for studying the mechanical behavior of vibro-acoustic problems with uncertain parameters. The study of the propagation of these uncertainties allows their integration into the design phase. The goal of the reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) is to find a compromise between minimum cost and a target reliability. As a result, several methods, such as the hybrid method (HM) and the Optimum Safety Factor (OSF) method, have been developed to achieve this goal. To overcome the complexity of vibro-acoustic systems with uncertain parameters, we have developed methodologies specific to this problem, via meta-modeling methods, which allowed us to build a vibro-acoustic surrogate model, which at the same time satisfies the efficiency and accuracy of the model. The objective of this thesis is to determine the best methodology to follow for the reliability optimization of vibro-acoustic systems with uncertain parameters
Aupetit, Sébastien. "Contributions aux Modèles de Markov Cachés : métaheuristiques d'apprentissage, nouveaux modèles et visualisation de dissimilarité." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168392.
Full textde métaheuristiques biomimétiques classiques (les algorithmes génétiques, l'algorithme de fourmis artificielles API et l'optimisation par essaim particulaire) au problème de l'apprentissage de MMC. Dans la
deuxième partie, nous proposons un nouveau type de modèle de Markov caché, appelé modèle Markov caché à substitutions de symboles (MMCSS). Un MMCSS permet d'incorporer des connaissances a priori dans le processus d'apprentissage et de reconnaissance. Les premières expérimentations de ces modèles sur des images démontrent leur intérêt. Dans la troisième partie, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de représentation de dissimilarité appelée matrice de scatterplots pseudo-euclidienne (MSPE), permettant de mieux comprendre les interactions entre des MMC. Cette MSPE est construite à partir
d'une technique que nous nommons analyse en composantes principales à noyau indéfini (ACPNI). Nous terminons par la présentation de la bibliothèque HMMTK, développée au cours de ce travail. Cette dernière intègre des mécanismes de parallélisation et les algorithmes développés au cours de la thèse.
Berbecea, Alexandru. "Approches multi-niveaux pour la conception systémique optimale des chaînes de traction ferroviaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917657.
Full textCaza-Szoka, Manouane. "Caractérisation du signal par analyse des données de substitution." Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9316/1/eprint9316.pdf.
Full textOyarzun, Javier. "Inférence bayésienne pour la reconstruction d'arbres phylogénétiques." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17289.
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