Academic literature on the topic 'Méthodes de substitution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Méthodes de substitution"
Methy, N., L. Bedenne, and F. Bonnetain. "Critères de substitution: méthodes de validation et état des lieux en cancérologie digestive." Bulletin du Cancer 96, no. 5 (May 2009): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/bdc.2009.0858.
Full textMassiani, Jérôme. "Comment évaluer les bénéfices économiques d'un grand évènement? Pour un discours de la méthode." ARCHIVIO DI STUDI URBANI E REGIONALI, no. 130 (March 2021): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/asur2021-130008.
Full textFAVERDIN, P. "Alimentation des vaches laitières : comparaison des différentes méthodes de prédiction des quantités ingérées." INRAE Productions Animales 5, no. 4 (October 29, 1992): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1992.5.4.4241.
Full textAksoy, Berrin. "Aspects of Textuality in Translating a History Book from Turkish into English." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.3.02aks.
Full textGaudry, Marc. "Un aperçu de DRAG, un modèle de sécurité routière compréhensif." Articles 69, no. 3 (March 23, 2009): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602115ar.
Full textNickels, Julia, Pierre-Yves Boltz, David Feldman, and Anne Dory. "Impact d’entretiens pharmaceutiques en officine pour les patients refusant les médicaments génériques." Education Thérapeutique du Patient - Therapeutic Patient Education 11, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 20401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tpe/2019012.
Full textMah, Michael, and Kenji Takada. "Gestion orthodontique de l’inclusion de la seconde molaire mandibulaire." L'Orthodontie Française 87, no. 3 (September 2016): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/orthodfr/2016034.
Full textPomies, Maxime, Jolanda Boisson, Rémi Barbier, Adrien Wanko, Philippe Mucchielli, Bénédicte Lepot, Vincent Peynet, and Anthony Marconi. "Réduction des rejets en micropolluants à la source : le projet LUMIEAU-Stra." La Houille Blanche, no. 3 (June 2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2018026.
Full textCollignon, Béatrice. "Recueillir les toponymes inuit. Pour quoi faire?" Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 2 (July 7, 2006): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013198ar.
Full textESNAULT, P., P. J. CUNGI, P. ROMANAT, E. D’ARANDA, J. COTTE, G. LACROIX, A. VICHARD, P. AGUILLON, A. SAILLIOL, and E. MEAUDRE. "Transfusion sanguine en opération extérieure. Expérience à l’hôpital médico-chirurgical de Kaboul." Médecine et Armées Vol. 41 No. 5, Volume 41, Numéro 5 (December 1, 2013): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.6709.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Méthodes de substitution"
Leyris, Adeline. "Nouvelles méthodes en synthèse asymétrique d’oxydes de phosphines secondaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30008.
Full textFor the last decades, Secondary Phosphine Oxides SPO have emerged as effective preligands for transition metal. To date, these preligands are largely employed in several transformations, and associated to a metal, they proved to be efficient as catalysts in several cross-coupling reactions. Lots of pathways allow preparation of SPO in achiral form or as racemic mxture. SPO can be obtained by chemistry resolution of a racemic mixture or by chiral HPLC. In spite of the efficiency of asymmetric synthesis, this way is less employed. We studied two new methods lead to chiral SPO. The first one consists in ring opening of oxazaphospholidines, obtained from (S)-prolinol, by attack of Grignard reactants with retention of configuration on phosphor center. Then, an hydrolysis afford one or the other enantiomers depending on the acid used (tow steps, one-pot). The second one consists in the nuclephile subtitution of the chiral auxiliary ((-)-menthol) of the (Rp)-menthyle hydrogenophenylphosphinate by an organometalics
Jung, Matthieu. "Evolution du VIH : méthodes, modèles et algorithmes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20052/document.
Full textNucleotide sequences data enable the inference of phylogenetic trees, or phylogenies, describing their evolutionary re-lationships during evolution. Combining these sequences with their sampling date or country of origin, allows inferring the temporal or spatial localization of their common ancestors. These data and methods are widely used with viral sequences, and particularly with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to trace the viral epidemic history over time and throughout the globe. Using sequences sampled at different points in time (or heterochronous) is also a mean to estimate their substitution rate, which characterizes the speed of evolution. The most commonly used methods to achieve these tasks are accurate, but are computationally heavy since they are based on complex models, and can only handle few hundreds of sequences. With an increasing number of sequences avail-able in the databases, often several thousand for a given study, the development of fast and accurate methods becomes essential. Here, we present a new distance-based method, named Ultrametric Least Squares, which is based on the princi-ple of least squares (very popular in phylogenetics) to estimate the substitution rate of a set of heterochronous sequences and the dates of their most recent common ancestors. We demonstrate that the criterion to be optimized is piecewise parabolic, and provide an efficient algorithm to find the global minimum.Using sequences sampled at different locations also helps to trace transmission chains of an epidemic. In this respect, we used all available sequences (~3,500) of HIV-1 subtype C, responsible for nearly 50% of global HIV-1 infections, to estimate its major migratory flows on a worldwide scale and its geographic origin. Innovative tools, based on the principle of parsimony, combined with several statistical criteria were used to synthesize and interpret information in a large phylogeny representing all the studied sequences. Finally, the temporal and geographical origins of the HIV-1 subtype C in Senegal were further explored and more specifically for men who have sex with men
Aghezzaf, Brahim. "Programmation mathématique à objectifs multiples méthodes interactives fondées sur le concept des taux de substitution." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213042.
Full textBabin, Guillaume. "A formal approach for correct-by-construction system substitution." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0061/document.
Full textSafety-critical systems depend on the fact that their software components provide services that behave correctly (i.e. satisfy their requirements). Additionally, in many cases, these systems have to be adapted or reconfigured in case of failures or when changes in requirements or in quality of service occur. When these changes appear at the software level, they can be handled by the notion of substitution. Indeed, the software component of the source system can be substituted by another software component to build a new target system. In the case of safety-critical systems, it is mandatory that this operation enforces that the new target system behaves correctly by preserving the safety properties of the source system during and after the substitution operation.In this thesis, the studied systems are modeled as state-transition systems. In order to model system substitution, the Event-B method has been selected as it is well suited to model such state-transition systems and it provides the benefits of refinement, proof and the availability of a strong tooling with the Rodin Platform.This thesis provides a generic model for system substitution that entails different situations like cold start and warm start as well as the possibility of system degradation, upgrade or equivalence substitutions. This proposal is first used to formalize substitution in the case of discrete systems applied to web services compensation and allowed modeling correct compensation. Then, it is also used for systems characterized by continuous behaviors like hybrid systems. To model continuous behaviors with Event-B, the Theory plugin for Rodin is investigated and proved successful for modeling hybrid systems. Afterwards, a correct substitution mechanism for systems with continuous behaviors is proposed. A safety envelope for the output of the system is taken as the safety requirement. Finally, the proposed approach is generalized, enabling the derivation of the previously defined models for web services compensation through refinement, and the reuse of proofs across system models
Sofeu, Casimir. "Développement de méthodes pour la validation de critères de substitution en survie : méta-analyses de cancer." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0383.
Full textSurrogate endpoint can be used instead of the most relevant clinical endpointto assess the efficiency of a new treatment. In a meta-analysis framework, the classical approach for the validation of surrogate endpoint is based on a two-step analysis. For failure time endpoints, this approach often raises estimation issues.We propose a one-step validation approach based on a joint frailty and a joint frailty-copula model.The models include both trial-level and individual-level random effects or copula functions. We chose a non-parametric form of the baseline hazard functions using splines. We estimated parameters and hazard functions using a semi-parametric penalized marginal likelihood method, considering various numerical integration methods. Both individual level and trial level surrogacy were evaluated using Kendall's tau and coefficient of determination. The performance of the estimators was evaluated using simulation studies. The models were applied to individual patient data meta-analyses in cancer clinical trials for assesing potentiel surrogate endpoint to overall survival.The models were quite robust with a reduction of convergence and model estimation issues encountered in the two-step approach.We developed a user friendly R package implementing the models
Jung, Matthieu. "Évolution du VIH : méthodes, modèles et algorithmes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842785.
Full textPichette, drapeau Martin. "Nouvelles méthodes de synthèse pour la formation de liaisons C(aryl)-hétéroatome et C(aryl)-C par réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique et vinylique." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0005.
Full textThe primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). First, we tried to create C(aryl)−heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalysts by this pathway. Second, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of β-halogenostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Third, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths
Pichette, Drapeau Martin. "Nouvelles méthodes de synthèse pour la formation de liaisons C(aryl)-hétéroatome et C(aryl)-C par réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique et vinylique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27546.
Full textThe primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). Firstly, we tried to create C(aryl)-heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6 tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalyst by this pathway. Secondly, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of β halostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Thirdly, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths.
Augustyniak, Rafal. "Etude de la protéine partiellement désordonnée Engrailed 2 par RMN et nouvelles méthodes pour la mesure de coefficients de diffusion et l'attribution des signaux des chaines latérales de protéine." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066436.
Full textRouquet, Guy. "Nouvelles méthodes de génération de radicaux silylés : application à des processus radicalaires sans étain." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14180/document.
Full textTwo new concepts, aiming to substitute ditin radical chemistry by using silyl radicals, are developed throughout this manuscript. The first concept introduces “silaboranes”, molecules made up of a silane unit and a boron atom. For the first time, the ability of these precursors to generate trimethylsilyl radicals was demonstrated by using the SHi reaction at silicon (Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution) from disilanes. Besides, results are supported by kinetic and computationnal studies of the SHi reaction at silicon. Capacity of “silaboranes” to achieve tin-free radical processes was demonstrated thanks to radical addition of halogenated species on sulfonyl oxime ethers. “Silaboranes” concept was then extended to silicon hydrides using intramolecular hydrogen transfer as source of triphenylsilyl radicals. The second concept highlights the ability of allyl tris(trimethylsilyl)silanes to make possible tin-free radical reactions via beta-fragmentation of the tris(trimethylsilyl) group. These compounds, source of tris(trimethylsilyl) radicals and easily available, open very interesting perspectives in tin-free radical addition of bromides and iodides species on sulfonyl derivatives as allyl sulfones, vinyl sulfones or sulfonyl oxime ethers
Books on the topic "Méthodes de substitution"
Olivo, Géraldine, and Myriam Gauthier-Moreau. Guide de substitution au gluten: Méthodes, conseils et recettes. Alternatives, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Méthodes de substitution"
TAPPERT, Lara, Adrien BALDIT, and Pawel LIPINSKI. "Caractérisation biomécanique du disque de l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire." In Mécanique des tissus vivants, 151–82. ISTE Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9160.ch5.
Full textLÉONARD, Jean Léo. "Les ateliers thématiques de Méthodologie en Anthropologie Sociale Critique (MASC)." In Linguistique pour le Développement, 47–70. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.5244.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Méthodes de substitution"
Gellee, T., and B. Philippe. "Utilisation combinée des biomatériaux xénogéniques et d’os autologue en chirurgie reconstructrice préimplantaire : Réflexions à propos de quatre indications méconnues." In 66ème Congrès de la SFCO. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfco/20206602008.
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